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Journal articles on the topic 'Atomic swap'

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Published: 25 May 2024

Last updated: 19 July 2025

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Mohanty, Debasis, Divya Anand, Hani Moaiteq Aljahdali, and Santos Gracia Villar. "Blockchain Interoperability: Towards a Sustainable Payment System." Sustainability 14, no. 2 (2022): 913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14020913.

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The highly fragmented blockchain and cryptocurrency ecosystem necessitates interoperability mechanisms as a requirement for blockchain-technology acceptance. The immediate implication of interchain interoperability is automatic swapping between cryptocurrencies. We performed a systematic review of the existing literature on Blockchain interoperability and atomic cross-chain transactions. We investigated different blockchain interoperability approaches, including industrial solutions, categorized them and identified the key mechanisms used, and list several example projects for each category. We focused on the atomic transactions between blockchain, a process also known as atomic swap. Furthermore, we studied recent implementations along with architectural approaches for atomic swap and deduced research issues and challenges in cross-chain interoperability and atomic swap. Atomic swap can instantly transfer tokens and significantly reduce the associated costs without using any centralized authority, and thus facilitates the development of a sustainable payment system for wider financial inclusion.

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Miraz, Mahdi H., and David C. Donald. "Atomic Cross-chain Swaps: Development, Trajectory and Potential of Non-monetary Digital Token Swap Facilities." Annals of Emerging Technologies in Computing 3, no. 1 (2019): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33166/aetic.2019.01.005.

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Since the introduction of Bitcoin in 2008, many other cryptocurrencies have been introduced and gained popularity. Lack of interoperability and scalability amongst these cryptocurrencies was - and still is - acting as a significant impediment to the general adoption of cryptocurrencies and coloured tokens. Atomic Swaps – a smart exchange protocol for cryptocurrencies - is designed to facilitate a wallet-to-wallet transfer enabling direct trades amongst different cryptocurrencies. Since swaps between cryptocurrencies are still relatively unknown, this article will investigate the operation and market development thus far and query the advantages they offer and the future challenges they face. The paper contains detailed literature and technology reviews, followed by the main analysis and findings.

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Li, Wen-An. "Quantum SWAP gate with atomic ensembles in two distant cavities." Optics Communications 284, no. 2 (2011): 685–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2010.09.050.

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Ji, Yunfeng, Yuting Xiao, Birou Gao, and Rui Zhang. "Threshold/Multi Adaptor Signature and Their Applications in Blockchains." Electronics 13, no. 1 (2023): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics13010076.

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Adaptor signature is a variant of digital signatures and useful for fair excheng in financial applications such as cryptocurrencies, to name a few, off-chain transaction protocols, atomic swaps and other privacy-enhancing mechanisms. However, similar to normal digital signatures, an adaptor signature also suffers from the loss of the secret key and single-point failure, which is insufficient in practice. In this paper, we address this constraint by introducing two new concepts as enhancements: multi-adaptor signatures and threshold adaptor signatures. First, we propose the formal security models for multi-adaptor signature and threshold adaptor signature. Then, we present specific schemes for these two primitives based on the commonly used blockchain signature scheme Schnorr and the post-quantum signature scheme Dilithium, respectively. Furthermore, we provide security proofs for these four schemes. Finally, we demonstrate interesting applications for blockchains, such as oracle-based conditional payment and n to n atomic swap.

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Tan, Chenkai, Shaoyi Bei, Zhengjun Jing, and Neal Xiong. "An Atomic Cross-Chain Swap-Based Management System in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (January 26, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6679654.

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The blockchain-based management system has been regarded as a novel way to improve the efficiency and safety of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs). A blockchain-based scheme’s performance depends on blockchain nodes’ computing power composed from the road-side unit (RSU). However, the throughput of blockchain-based application in VANETs is limited by the network bandwidth. A single blockchain cannot record large-scale VANETs’ data. In this paper, we design an atomic cross-chain swap-based management system (ACSMS) to boost the scalability of blockchain-based application in VANETs. The blockchain-based public-key encryption with keyword search is further introduced to protect user privacy. The analysis shows that ACSMS achieves cross-chain swap without loss of CAV security privacy. The simulation results show that our method can realize multiple blockchain-based applications in VANETs.

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Chauhan, Anil Kumar, and Asoka Biswas. "Atomic swap gate, driven by position fluctuations, in dispersive cavity optomechanics." Journal of Modern Optics 66, no. 4 (2018): 438–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500340.2018.1542513.

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Engelmann, Felix, Thomas Kerber, Markulf Kohlweiss, and Mikhail Volkhov. "Zswap: zk-SNARK Based Non-Interactive Multi-Asset Swaps." Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2022, no. 4 (2022): 507–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.56553/popets-2022-0120.

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Privacy-oriented cryptocurrencies, like Zcash or Monero, provide fair transaction anonymity and confidentiality, but lack important features compared to fully public systems, like Ethereum. Specifically, supporting assets of multiple types and providing a mechanism to atomically exchange them, which is critical for e.g. decentralized finance (DeFi), is challenging in the private setting. By combining insights and security properties from Zcash and SwapCT (PETS 21, an atomic swap system for Monero), we present a simple zk-SNARKs based transaction scheme, called Zswap, which is carefully malleable to allow the merging of transactions, while preserving anonymity. Our protocol enables multiple assets and atomic exchanges by making use of sparse homomorphic commitments with aggregated open randomness, together with Zcash friendly simulation-extractable non-interactive zero-knowledge (NIZK) proofs. This results in a provably secure privacypreserving transaction protocol, with efficient swaps, and overall performance close to that of existing deployed private cryptocurrencies. It is similar to Zcash Sapling and benefits from existing code-bases and implementation expertise.

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Fancher, C. T., K. L. Nicolich, K. M. Backes, et al. "A self-locking Rydberg atom electric field sensor." Applied Physics Letters 122, no. 9 (2023): 094001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0137127.

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A crucial step toward enabling real-world applications for quantum sensing devices such as Rydberg atom electric field sensors is reducing their size, weight, power, and cost (SWaP-C) requirements without significantly reducing performance. Laser frequency stabilization is a key part of many quantum sensing devices and, when used for exciting non-ground state atomic transitions, is currently limited to techniques that require either large SWaP-C optical cavities and electronics or use significant optical power solely for frequency stabilization. Here, we describe a laser frequency stabilization technique for exciting non-ground state atomic transitions that solves these challenges and requires only a small amount of additional electronics. We describe the operation, capabilities, and limitations of this frequency stabilization technique and quantitatively characterize its performance. We show experimentally that Rydberg electric field sensors using this technique are capable of data collection while sacrificing only 0.1% of available bandwidth for frequency stabilization of noise up to 900 Hz.

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Volkoff, T. J., and Yiğit Subaşı. "Ancilla-free continuous-variable SWAP test." Quantum 6 (September 8, 2022): 800. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2022-09-08-800.

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We propose a continuous-variable (CV) SWAP test that requires no ancilla register, thereby generalizing the ancilla-free SWAP test for qubits. In this ancilla-free CV SWAP test, the computational basis measurement is replaced by photon number-resolving measurement, and we calculate an upper bound on the error of the overlap estimate obtained from a finite Fock cutoff in the detector. As an example, we show that estimation of the overlap of pure, centered, single-mode Gaussian states of energy E and squeezed in opposite quadratures can be obtained to error &#x03F5; using photon statistics below a Fock basis cutoff O(Eln&#x2061;&#x03F5;&#x2212;1). This cutoff is greatly reduced to E+O(Eln&#x2061;&#x03F5;&#x2212;1) when the states have rapidly decaying Fock tails, such as coherent states. We show how the ancilla-free CV SWAP test can be extended to many modes and applied to quantum algorithms such as variational compiling and entanglement spectroscopy in the CV setting. For the latter we also provide a new algorithm which does not have an analog in qubit systems. The ancilla-free CV SWAP test is implemented on Xanadu's 8-mode photonic processor in order to estimate the vacuum probability of a two-mode squeezed state.

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Wu, Jin-Lei, Yan Wang, Jin-Xuan Han, et al. "One-step implementation of Rydberg-antiblockade SWAP and controlled-SWAP gates with modified robustness." Photonics Research 9, no. 5 (2021): 814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/prj.415795.

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Campbell, Sawyer D., Donovan E. Brocker, Jogender Nagar, and Douglas H. Werner. "SWaP reduction regimes in achromatic GRIN singlets." Applied Optics 55, no. 13 (2016): 3594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.55.003594.

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Lin, Xiu, Rong-Can Yang, and Xiang Chen. "Implementation of a quantum $\sqrt{\rm_{swap}}$ gate for two distant atoms trapped in separate cavities." International Journal of Quantum Information 13, no. 01 (2015): 1550003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749915500033.

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We present a scheme to implement a quantum [Formula: see text] gate for two-atom trapped in distant cavities connected via an optical fiber. In the whole process, the atomic system, the cavity modes and the fiber are not excited ensuring that the operation is insensitive to atomic spontaneous emission, cavity decay and the fiber loss. This scheme is significant for distributed and scalable quantum computation.

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Shao, Xiao-Qiang, Li Chen, Shou Zhang, and Yong-Fang Zhao. "Swap gate and controlled swap gate based on a single resonant interaction with cavity quantum electrodynamics." Physica Scripta 79, no. 6 (2009): 065004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/79/06/065004.

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Weidenfeller, Johannes, Lucia C. Valor, Julien Gacon, et al. "Scaling of the quantum approximate optimization algorithm on superconducting qubit based hardware." Quantum 6 (December 7, 2022): 870. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2022-12-07-870.

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Quantum computers may provide good solutions to combinatorial optimization problems by leveraging the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA). The QAOA is often presented as an algorithm for noisy hardware. However, hardware constraints limit its applicability to problem instances that closely match the connectivity of the qubits. Furthermore, the QAOA must outpace classical solvers. Here, we investigate swap strategies to map dense problems into linear, grid and heavy-hex coupling maps. A line-based swap strategy works best for linear and two-dimensional grid coupling maps. Heavy-hex coupling maps require an adaptation of the line swap strategy. By contrast, three-dimensional grid coupling maps benefit from a different swap strategy. Using known entropic arguments we find that the required gate fidelity for dense problems lies deep below the fault-tolerant threshold. We also provide a methodology to reason about the execution-time of QAOA. Finally, we present a QAOA Qiskit Runtime program and execute the closed-loop optimization on cloud-based quantum computers with transpiler settings optimized for QAOA. This work highlights some obstacles to improve to make QAOA competitive, such as gate fidelity, gate speed, and the large number of shots needed. The Qiskit Runtime program gives us a tool to investigate such issues at scale on noisy superconducting qubit hardware.

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Manibog, Kristine, Kannan Sankar, Sun-Ae Kim, Yunxiang Zhang, Robert L. Jernigan, and Sanjeevi Sivasankar. "Molecular determinants of cadherin ideal bond formation: Conformation-dependent unbinding on a multidimensional landscape." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 39 (2016): E5711—E5720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1604012113.

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Classical cadherin cell–cell adhesion proteins are essential for the formation and maintenance of tissue structures; their primary function is to physically couple neighboring cells and withstand mechanical force. Cadherins from opposing cells bind in two distinct trans conformations: strand-swap dimers and X-dimers. As cadherins convert between these conformations, they form ideal bonds (i.e., adhesive interactions that are insensitive to force). However, the biophysical mechanism for ideal bond formation is unknown. Here, we integrate single-molecule force measurements with coarse-grained and atomistic simulations to resolve the mechanistic basis for cadherin ideal bond formation. Using simulations, we predict the energy landscape for cadherin adhesion, the transition pathways for interconversion between X-dimers and strand-swap dimers, and the cadherin structures that form ideal bonds. Based on these predictions, we engineer cadherin mutants that promote or inhibit ideal bond formation and measure their force-dependent kinetics using single-molecule force-clamp measurements with an atomic force microscope. Our data establish that cadherins adopt an intermediate conformation as they shuttle between X-dimers and strand-swap dimers; pulling on this conformation induces a torsional motion perpendicular to the pulling direction that unbinds the proteins and forms force-independent ideal bonds. Torsional motion is blocked when cadherins associate laterally in a cis orientation, suggesting that ideal bonds may play a role in mechanically regulating cadherin clustering on cell surfaces.

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Bapat, Aniruddha, Andrew M. Childs, Alexey V. Gorshkov, Samuel King, Eddie Schoute, and Hrishee Shastri. "Quantum routing with fast reversals." Quantum 5 (August 31, 2021): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2021-08-31-533.

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We present methods for implementing arbitrary permutations of qubits under interaction constraints. Our protocols make use of previous methods for rapidly reversing the order of qubits along a path. Given nearest-neighbor interactions on a path of length n, we show that there exists a constant ϵ≈0.034 such that the quantum routing time is at most (1−ϵ)n, whereas any swap-based protocol needs at least time n−1. This represents the first known quantum advantage over swap-based routing methods and also gives improved quantum routing times for realistic architectures such as grids. Furthermore, we show that our algorithm approaches a quantum routing time of 2n/3 in expectation for uniformly random permutations, whereas swap-based protocols require time n asymptotically. Additionally, we consider sparse permutations that route k≤n qubits and give algorithms with quantum routing time at most n/3+O(k2) on paths and at most 2r/3+O(k2) on general graphs with radius r.

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Han, Munhyun, Hong-Seok Seo, and Bongki Mheen. "High-resolution and a wide field-of-view eye-safe LiDAR based on a static unitary detector for low-SWaP applications." Optics Express 30, no. 17 (2022): 30918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.468880.

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High three-dimensional (3D) resolution for a wide field-of-view (FoV) is difficult in LiDARs because of the restrictions concerning size, weight, and power consumption (SWaP). Using a static unitary detector (STUD) approach, we developed a photodetector and a laser module for a LiDAR. Utilizing the fabricated photodetector and laser module, a LaserEye2 LiDAR prototype for low-SWaP applications was built using the STUD approach, which efficiently enables short-pulse detection with the increased FoV or large photosensitive area. The obtained 3D images demonstrated a diagonal FoV of > 31°, a frame rate of up to 15 Hz, and a spatial resolution of 320 × 240 pixels within a detection range of > 55 m. This prototype can be applied to drones to rapidly detect small or thin hazardous objects such as power lines.

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Sugianto, Sugianto. "Interoperabilitas dalam Jaringan Blockchain Lintas-Rantai Analisis Keamanan dan Kinerja." Jurnal Minfo Polgan 14, no. 1 (2025): 222–30. https://doi.org/10.33395/jmp.v14i1.14682.

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Interoperabilitas blockchain menjadi tantangan krusial seiring meningkatnya jumlah jaringan blockchain yang terisolasi. Penelitian ini mengevaluasi mekanisme interoperabilitas lintas-rantai, khususnya kerentanan keamanan dan efisiensi kinerja. Melalui tinjauan literatur, simulasi protokol lintas-rantai (contoh: Atomic Swap, Relay Chains), dan analisis latensi transaksi serta konsumsi energi, penelitian ini mengidentifikasi trade-off antara desentralisasi, keamanan, dan skalabilitas. Hasil menunjukkan protokol berbasis relay menawarkan keamanan tinggi namun kurang efisien energi, sedangkan solusi berbasis hash-lock mengutamakan kecepatan tetapi rentan terhadap serangan berbasis waktu. Studi ini mengusulkan model hibrida yang menggabungkan verifikasi terdesentralisasi dan algoritma konsensus teroptimasi untuk meningkatkan interoperabilitas tanpa mengorbankan keamanan.

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Ferrera, Eduardo, Alfonso Alcántara, Jesús Capitán, Angel Castaño, Pedro Marrón, and Aníbal Ollero. "Decentralized 3D Collision Avoidance for Multiple UAVs in Outdoor Environments." Sensors 18, no. 12 (2018): 4101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18124101.

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The use of multiple aerial vehicles for autonomous missions is turning into commonplace. In many of these applications, the Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have to cooperate and navigate in a shared airspace, becoming 3D collision avoidance a relevant issue. Outdoor scenarios impose additional challenges: (i) accurate positioning systems are costly; (ii) communication can be unreliable or delayed; and (iii) external conditions like wind gusts affect UAVs’ maneuverability. In this paper, we present 3D-SWAP, a decentralized algorithm for 3D collision avoidance with multiple UAVs. 3D-SWAP operates reactively without high computational requirements and allows UAVs to integrate measurements from their local sensors with positions of other teammates within communication range. We tested 3D-SWAP with our team of custom-designed UAVs. First, we used a Software-In-The-Loop simulator for system integration and evaluation. Second, we run field experiments with up to three UAVs in an outdoor scenario with uncontrolled conditions (i.e., noisy positioning systems, wind gusts, etc). We report our results and our procedures for this field experimentation.

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Barshak, E. V., B. P. Lapin, D. V. Vikulin, S. S. Alieva, C. N. Alexeyev, and M. A. Yavorsky. "All-fiber SWAP-CNOT gate for optical vortices." Computer Optics 45, no. 6 (2021): 853–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2412-6179-co-938.

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We study the propagation of optical vortices in a system which consists of a tandem of a multi-helical and twisted anisotropic fiber. We show that at certain resonance regimes of the optical fibers such a system allows one to control sign flipping of the topological charge and the circular polarization of the input optical vortex. Moreover, parameters of the multihelical and the twisted anisotropic fibers are established for the implementation of a logical operation that corresponds to the sequential executing of two fundamental SWAP and CNOT gates over the states of circularly polarized optical vortices.

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Martiel, Simon, and Timothée Goubault de Brugière. "Architecture aware compilation of quantum circuits via lazy synthesis." Quantum 6 (June 7, 2022): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2022-06-07-729.

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Qubit routing is a key problem for quantum circuit compilation. It consists in rewriting a quantum circuit by adding the least possible number of instructions to make the circuit compliant with some architecture&apos;s connectivity constraints. Usually, this problem is tackled via either SWAP insertion techniques or re-synthesis of portions of the circuit using architecture aware synthesis algorithms. In this work, we propose a meta-heuristic that couples the iterative approach of SWAP insertion techniques with greedy architecture-aware synthesis routines. We propose two new compilation algorithms based on this meta-heuristic and compare their performances to state-of-the-art quantum circuit compilation techniques for several standard classes of quantum circuits and show significant reduction in the entangling gate overhead due to compilation.

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Ciccarello, F., and V. Giovannetti. "A quantum non-Markovian collision model: incoherent swap case." Physica Scripta T153 (March 1, 2013): 014010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/2013/t153/014010.

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Foulds, Steph, Viv Kendon, and Tim Spiller. "The controlled SWAP test for determining quantum entanglement." Quantum Science and Technology 6, no. 3 (2021): 035002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/abe458.

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Farn, En-Jung. "Novel steganographic method based on jig swap puzzle images." Journal of Electronic Imaging 18, no. 1 (2009): 013003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3073979.

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Maleki, Yusef, and Aleksei M. Zheltikov. "Perfect swap and transfer of arbitrary quantum states." Optics Communications 496 (October 2021): 126870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2021.126870.

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Wang, Hong-Fu, Xiao-Qiang Shao, Yong-Fang Zhao, Shou Zhang, and Kyu-Hwang Yeon. "Linear optical implementation of an ancilla-free quantum SWAP gate." Physica Scripta 81, no. 1 (2010): 015011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/81/01/015011.

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Talebian, E. "A short review note on the qubits and SWAP." Optik 124, no. 20 (2013): 4400–4401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2013.01.027.

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Santiago, Freddie, Carlos O. Font, Sergio R. Restaino, Syed N. Qadri, and Brett E. Bagwell. "Design, Fabrication and Characterization of an Adaptive Retroreflector (AR)." Photonics 9, no. 3 (2022): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9030124.

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Recent work at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory studied atmospheric turbulence on dynamic links with the goal of developing an optical anemometer and turbulence characterization system for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) applications. Providing information on the degree of atmospheric turbulence, as well as wind information and scintillation, in a low size, weight and power (SWaP) system is key for the design of a system that is also capable of adapting quickly to changes in atmospheric conditions. The envisioned system consists of a bi-static dynamic link between a transmitter (Tx) and a receiver (Rx), relying on a small UAV. In a dynamic link, the propagation distance between the Tx/Rx changes rapidly. Due to SWaP constraints, a monostatic system is challenging for such configurations, so we explored a system in which the Tx/Rx is co-located on a mobile platform (UAV), which has a mounted retroreflector. Beam divergence control is key in such a system, both for finding the UAV (increased beam divergence at the Tx) and for signal optimization at the Rx. This led us to the concept of using adaptive/active elements to control the divergence at the Tx but also to the implementation of an adaptive/active retroreflector in which the return beam divergence can be controlled in order to optimize the signal at the Rx. This paper presents the design, fabrication and characterization of a low SWaP adaptive retroreflector.

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Kulkova, Svetlana E., Alexander V. Bakulin, Q. M. Hu, and Rui Yang. "Study of Nickel Segregation at the TiNi-Titanium Oxide Interface." Materials Science Forum 738-739 (January 2013): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.738-739.269.

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Ab-intio investigations of atomic and molecular oxygen on TiNi(110) surface are performed by using the projector augmented wave method with generalized gradient approximation for the exchange-correlation functional. Our results confirm the formation of a Ni-rich interface TiO2(100)/TiNi(110), for which the formation energies (Hf) of point defects at the interfacial layers were estimated. It is shown that Hf of swap Ti-Ni defect has a lower energy than that for the Ni antisites at the interfacial layers. The formation energies of point defects in bulk TiNi, monoclinic TiO, and rutile TiO2 are also calculated. Our results demonstrate that Hf of Ni-antisites in TiO is twice less than that in TiO2. The formation of small Ni clusters is also discussed.

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LI, CHE-MING, LI-YI HSU, and DER-SAN CHUU. "QUANTUM SECRET ENCRYPTION AND DECRYPTION IN CAVITY QED." International Journal of Quantum Information 07, no. 03 (2009): 681–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749909003500.

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We present a proposal of the quantum secret encryption, transmission, and decryption implementation for quantum secret-sharing protocol using cavity QED. In the proposed scheme, the information is stored in two identical two-level atoms, and the two-qubit logic transformation is realized through the interaction between atoms and a nonresonant cavity mode. The proposed scheme requires no ancilla states to assist the intermediate atomic transitions and conditional quantum dynamics for quantum phase flip and quantum state diffusion. The encryption and decryption of quantum states are mostly governed by the Hamiltonian of an atom-cavity system. Moreover, secret transmission using quasi-swap gates for entanglement swapping has also been presented. With fewer supplements of external fields, a speed quantum protocol can be realized without universal gates.

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Nimasha, Sumudu, Sashikesh Ganeshalingam, Navaratnarajah Kuganathan, Konstantinos Davazoglou, and Alexander Chroneos. "Defects and Calcium Diffusion in Wollastonite." Chemistry 2, no. 4 (2020): 937–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemistry2040059.

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Wollastonite (CaSiO3) is an important mineral that is widely used in ceramics and polymer industries. Defect energetics, diffusion of Ca ions and a solution of dopants are studied using atomistic-scale simulation based on the classical pair potentials. The energetically favourable defect process is calculated to be the Ca-Si anti-site defect cluster in which both Ca and Si swap their atomic positions simultaneously. It is calculated that the Ca ion migrates in the ab plane with an activation energy of 1.59 eV, inferring its slow diffusion. Favourable isovalent dopants on the Ca and Si sites are Sr2+ and Ge4+, respectively. Subvalent doping by Al on the Si site is a favourable process to incorporate additional Ca in the form of interstitials in CaSiO3. This engineering strategy would increase the capacity of this material.

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Hsueh, Shu-Shun, S. S. (Steven) Wang, Shu-Han Chen, Chia-Lin Wang, W. (Josephine) Wu та Ta-Hsien Lin. "Insights to Human γD-Crystallin Unfolding by NMR Spectroscopy and Molecular Dynamics Simulations". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, № 3 (2022): 1591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031591.

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Human γD-crystallin (HGDC) is an abundant lens protein residing in the nucleus of the human lens. Aggregation of this and other structural proteins within the lens leads to the development of cataract. Much has been explored on the stability and aggregation of HGDC and where detailed investigation at the atomic resolution was needed, the X-ray structure was used as an initial starting conformer for molecular modeling. In this study, we implemented NMR-solution HGDC structures as starting conformers for molecular dynamics simulations to provide the missing pieces of the puzzle on the very early stages of HGDC unfolding leading up to the domain swap theories proposed by past studies. The high-resolution details of the conformational dynamics also revealed additional insights to possible early intervention for cataractogenesis.

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Strekalov, Dmitry, Ninoslav Majurec, Andrey Matsko, Vladimir Ilchenko, Simone Tanelli, and Razi Ahmed. "W-Band Photonic Receiver for Compact Cloud Radars." Sensors 22, no. 3 (2022): 804. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22030804.

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We introduce an RF-photonics receiver concept enabling the next generation of ultra-compact millimeter wave radars suitable for cloud and precipitation profiling, planetary boundary layer observations, altimetry and surface scattering measurements. The RF-photonics receiver architecture offers some compelling advantages over traditional electronic implementations, including a reduced number of components and interfaces, leading to reduced size, weight and power (SWaP), as well as lower system noise, leading to improved sensitivity. Low instrument SWaP with increased sensitivity makes this approach particularly attractive for compact space-borne radars. We study the photonic receiver front-end both analytically and numerically and predict the feasibility of the greater than unity photonic gain and lower than ambient effective noise temperature of the device. The receiver design is optimized for W-band (94 GHz) radars, which are generally assessed to be the primary means for observing clouds in the free troposphere as well as planetary boundary layer from space.

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Alshahry, Saleh M., Awwad H. Alshehry, Abdullah K. Alhazmi, and Vamsy P. Chodavarapu. "A Size, Weight, Power, and Cost-Efficient 32-Channel Time to Digital Converter Using a Novel Wave Union Method." Sensors 23, no. 14 (2023): 6621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23146621.

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We present a Tapped Delay Line (TDL)-based Time to Digital Converter (TDC) using Wave Union type A (WU-A) architecture for applications that require high-precision time interval measurements with low size, weight, power, and cost (SWaP-C) requirements. The proposed TDC is implemented on a low-cost Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), Artix-7, from Xilinx. Compared to prior works, our high-precision multi-channel TDC has the lowest SWaP-C requirements. We demonstrate an average time precision of less than 3 ps and a Root Mean Square resolution of about 1.81 ps. We propose a novel Wave Union type A architecture where only the first multiplexer is used to generate the wave union pulse train at the arrival of the start signal to minimize the required computational processing. In addition, an auto-calibration algorithm is proposed to help improve the TDC performance by improving the TDC Differential Non-Linearity and Integral Non-Linearity.

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Cui, Xing-Hao, Xiao-Hong Li, Xiu-Juan Jin, Rui-Zhou Zhang, Hong-Ling Cui, and Hai-Tao Yan. "First-principles study on the effect of atomic swap on the electronic properties and quantum capacitance of Sc2CF2 monolayer." Vacuum 204 (October 2022): 111371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2022.111371.

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Zhang, Shou, Xiao-Qiang Shao, Li Chen, Yong-Fang Zhao, and Kyu-Hwang Yeon. "Robust \sqrt{{\bf swap}} gate on nitrogen-vacancy centres via quantum Zeno dynamics." Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 44, no. 7 (2011): 075505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/44/7/075505.

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Borne, Adrien, Tracy E. Northup, Rainer Blatt, and Barak Dayan. "Efficient ion-photon qubit SWAP gate in realistic ion cavity-QED systems without strong coupling." Optics Express 28, no. 8 (2020): 11822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.376914.

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Siddiqui, Aliza U., and Mark M. Wilde. "The SWAP imposter: Bidirectional quantum teleportation and its performance." AVS Quantum Science 5, no. 1 (2023): 011407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/5.0135467.

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Bidirectional quantum teleportation is a fundamental protocol for exchanging quantum information between two parties. Specifically, two individuals make use of a shared resource state as well as local operations and classical communication (LOCC) to swap quantum states. In this work, we concisely highlight the contributions of our companion paper [A. U. Siddiqui and M. M. Wilde, arXiv:2010.07905 (2020)]. We develop two different ways of quantifying the error of nonideal bidirectional teleportation by means of the normalized diamond distance and the channel infidelity. We then establish that the values given by both metrics are equal for this task. Additionally, by relaxing the set of operations allowed from LOCC to those that completely preserve the positivity of the partial transpose, we obtain semidefinite programing lower bounds on the error of nonideal bidirectional teleportation. We evaluate these bounds for some key examples—isotropic states and when there is no resource state at all. In both cases, we find an analytical solution. The second example establishes a benchmark for classical versus quantum bidirectional teleportation. Another example that we investigate consists of two Bell states that have been sent through a generalized amplitude damping channel. For this scenario, we find an analytical expression for the error, as well as a numerical solution that agrees with the former up to numerical precision.

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Muminov, Baurzhan, Altai Perry, Rakib Hyder, M. Salman Asif, and Luat T. Vuong. "Toward simple, generalizable neural networks with universal training for low-SWaP hybrid vision." Photonics Research 9, no. 7 (2021): B253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/prj.416614.

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Wang, Pengjun, Jian Ding, Weiwei Chen, et al. "Terahertz plasmonic SWAP and Fredkin gates utilizing graphene nano-ribbon waveguides." Optics Communications 463 (May 2020): 125397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2020.125397.

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Guo, Zhihan, Xinyu Zeng, Kan Wu, et al. "Cornus." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 16, no. 2 (2022): 379–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/3565816.3565837.

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Two-phase commit (2PC) is widely used in distributed databases to ensure atomicity of distributed transactions. Conventional 2PC was originally designed for the shared-nothing architecture and has two limitations: long latency due to two eager log writes on the critical path, and blocking of progress when a coordinator fails. Modern cloud-native databases are moving to a storage disaggregation architecture where storage is a shared highly-available service. Our key observation is that disaggregated storage enables protocol innovations that can address both the long-latency and blocking problems. We develop Cornus, an optimized 2PC protocol to achieve this goal. The only extra functionality Cornus requires is an atomic compare-and-swap capability in the storage layer, which many existing storage services already support. We present Cornus in detail and show how it addresses the two limitations. We also deploy it on real storage services including Azure Blob Storage and Redis. Empirical evaluations show that Cornus can achieve up to 1.9X latency reduction over conventional 2PC.

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Zhu, Linkai, Shanwen Hu, Zeyu Zhang, and Changpu Meng. "A Cross-Chain Solution to Connect Multiple DNS Blockchains in Consensus Roots System." Applied Sciences 15, no. 13 (2025): 7422. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15137422.

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The Domain Name System (DNS) is a key part of the Internet, and it is used for global domain name resolution. However, it has security risks due to its centralized or semi-centralized design and reliance on a few root servers. To improve DNS security and long-term stability, this study proposes the consensus roots system, a blockchain-based distributed domain architecture. The system uses a 1 + N master-subchain structure to solve the problem of trust and data synchronization across blockchains. The master chain acts as a relay and uses Hyperledger Fabric, a consortium blockchain platform, to support semi-centralized cross-chain communication. Subchains are local blockchains that need to connect with the master chain. To ensure safe and reliable transactions, the system uses a staged-proposal atomic swap method on the master chain. Compared to prior approaches, this work introduces a cross-chain architecture that enables more efficient trust synchronization, reducing latency and improving scalability without compromising security.

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Shin, Jaekwon, Yongseok Choi, Shinyoung Ahn, et al. "T-CAS : A Method of Timer-based Controlling Concurrency of Shared Memory Systems that do not support Atomic Compare & Swap." KIISE Transactions on Computing Practices 28, no. 5 (2022): 267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5626/ktcp.2022.28.5.267.

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Krasteva, Jekova, and Schmid. "Simulating Arbitrary Electrode Reversals in Standard 12-lead ECG." Sensors 19, no. 13 (2019): 2920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19132920.

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Electrode reversal errors in standard 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECG) can produce significant ECG changes and, in turn, misleading diagnoses. Their detection is important but mostly limited to the design of criteria using ECG databases with simulated reversals, without Wilson's central terminal (WCT) potential change. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first study that presents an algebraic transformation for simulation of all possible ECG cable reversals, including those with displaced WCT, where most of the leads appear with distorted morphology. The simulation model of ECG electrode swaps and the resultant WCT potential change is derived in the standard 12-lead ECG setup. The transformation formulas are theoretically compared to known limb lead reversals and experimentally proven for unknown limb–chest electrode swaps using a 12-lead ECG database from 25 healthy volunteers (recordings without electrode swaps and with 5 unicolor pairs swaps, including red (right arm—C1), yellow (left arm—C2), green (left leg (LL) —C3), black (right leg (RL)—C5), all unicolor pairs). Two applications of the transformation are shown to be feasible: ‘Forward’ (simulation of reordered leads from correct leads) and ‘Inverse’ (reconstruction of correct leads from an ECG recorded with known electrode reversals). Deficiencies are found only when the ground RL electrode is swapped as this case requires guessing the unknown RL electrode potential. We suggest assuming that potential to be equal to that of the LL electrode. The ‘Forward’ transformation is important for comprehensive training platforms of humans and machines to reliably recognize simulated electrode swaps using the available resources of correctly recorded ECG databases. The ‘Inverse’ transformation can save time and costs for repeated ECG recordings by reconstructing the correct lead set if a lead swap is detected after the end of the recording. In cases when the electrode reversal is unknown but a prior correct ECG recording of the same patient is available, the ‘Inverse’ transformation is tested to detect the exact swapping of the electrodes with an accuracy of (96% to 100%).

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Lee, Sang Min, Sang-Kyung Choi, and Hee Su Park. "Experimental direct estimation of nonlinear functionals of photonic quantum states via interferometry with a controlled-swap operation." Optics Express 21, no. 15 (2013): 17824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.21.017824.

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Zhang, Feng-Yang, Pei Pei, Zhen Wang, and He-Shan Song. "Realizing a SWAP gate and generating cluster states in a controllable superconducting coupling system." Physica Scripta 82, no. 6 (2010): 065010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/82/06/065010.

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MohammadNejad, Shahram, and Anahita KhodadadKashi. "Realization of Quantum SWAP Gate Using Photonic Integrated Passive and Electro-optically Active Components." Fiber and Integrated Optics 38, no. 2 (2019): 117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01468030.2019.1580802.

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Otranto, S., I. Blank, R. E. Olson, and R. Hoekstra. "Evidence of electron saddle swap oscillations in angular differential ion–atom charge exchange cross sections." Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 45, no. 17 (2012): 175201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/45/17/175201.

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Tzintzarov, George N., Sunil G. Rao, and John D. Cressler. "Integrated Silicon Photonics for Enabling Next-Generation Space Systems." Photonics 8, no. 4 (2021): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8040131.

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A review of silicon photonics for space applications is presented. The benefits and advantages of size, weight, power, and cost (SWaP-C) metrics inherent to silicon photonics are summarized. Motivation for their use in optical communications systems and microwave photonics is addressed. The current state of our understanding of radiation effects in silicon photonics is included in this discussion. Total-ionizing dose, displacement damage, and single-event transient effects are discussed in detail for germanium-integrated photodiodes, silicon waveguides, and Mach-Zehnder modulators. Areas needing further study are suggested.

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Karthick Selvan, M., and S. Balakrishnan. "Construction of two-qubit gates using B Gate." Physica Scripta 99, no. 3 (2024): 035113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ad23b6.

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Abstract In the circuit model of quantum computation, an entangling two-qubit gate and a set of single-qubit gates are used as universal gate set or basis gates for doing quantum computation. CNOT and iSWAP gates, the perfect entanglers that can create maximally entangled two-qubit states in one application, are broadly used entangling two-qubit basis gates in quantum computers. In this paper, we analyze the potentiality of B gate, an unexplored non-perfect entangler of the form, exp i π ( σ ˆ x ⨂ σ ˆ x ) 8 + i π ( σ ˆ y ⨂ σ ˆ y ) 16 , as an entangling two-qubit basis gate in quantum computers by studying its ability to generate other two-qubit gates. We derive a necessary condition for a two-qubit gate to be generated by n applications of B gate. Using this condition, we show that the gates that can be generated by two and three applications of B gate are contained in the 50% and 92.97% of the volume of Weyl chamber of two-qubit gates, respectively. We prove that two applications of B gate can generate both SWAP and SWAP † which is not possible for CNOT and iSWAP gates; further, we conjecture that three applications of B gate can generate all perfect entanglers. Finally, we discuss about the construction of a three independent parameter universal two-qubit quantum circuit using four B gates that can generate all two-qubit gates. In the end, we mention about the schemes to implement B gate in ion-trap quantum computers.

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