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Journal articles on the topic 'Atomic vapor cells'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Yanjun Zhang, Yanjun Zhang, Yunchao Li Yunchao Li, Xuwen Hu Xuwen Hu, Lu Zhang Lu Zhang, Zhaojun Liu Zhaojun Liu, Kaifang Zhang Kaifang Zhang, Shihao Mou Shihao Mou, Shougang Zhang Shougang Zhang, and Shubin Yan Shubin Yan. "Micro-fabrication process of vapor cells for chip-scale atomic clocks." Chinese Optics Letters 17, no. 4 (2019): 040202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201917.040202.

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2

Han, Runqi, Zheng You, Yue Shi, and Yong Ruan. "Investigation on spin relaxation of microfabricated vapor cells with buffer gas." International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 64, no. 1-4 (December 10, 2020): 1391–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jae-209458.

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MEMS vapor cells with buffer gas are the core components of chip scale atomic sensors due to the spin precession. We microfabricated rubidium vapor cells filled with neon based on MEMS technology and characterized the performance of MEMS vapor cells by measuring the longitudinal relaxation time. The dependence of spin relaxation time on buffer gas pressure and cell temperature was theoretically and experimentally investigated and the consistency was achieved. This provides a potential simpler approach to evaluate the performance of chip scale atomic sensors, such as atomic magnetometers, based on MEMS vapor cells.

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3

Noor, Radwan M., Mohammad H. Asadian, and Andrei M. Shkel. "Design Considerations for Micro-Glassblown Atomic Vapor Cells." Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems 29, no. 1 (February 2020): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jmems.2019.2949084.

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4

Knapkiewicz, Pawel. "Technological Assessment of MEMS Alkali Vapor Cells for Atomic References." Micromachines 10, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10010025.

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This paper is a review that surveys work on the fabrication of miniature alkali vapor cells for miniature and chip-scale atomic clocks. Technology on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) cells from the literature is described in detail. Special attention is paid to alkali atom introduction methods and sealing of the MEMS structure. Characteristics of each technology are collated and compared. The article’s rhetoric is guided by the proposed classification of MEMS cell fabrication methods and contains a historical outline of MEMS cell technology development.

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5

Böhi, Pascal, and Philipp Treutlein. "Simple microwave field imaging technique using hot atomic vapor cells." Applied Physics Letters 101, no. 18 (October 29, 2012): 181107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4760267.

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6

Knappe, S., V. Gerginov, P. D. D. Schwindt, V. Shah, H. G. Robinson, L. Hollberg, and J. Kitching. "Atomic vapor cells for chip-scale atomic clocks with improved long-term frequency stability." Optics Letters 30, no. 18 (September 15, 2005): 2351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.30.002351.

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7

Xu, Jian, Zhi Yin Gan, Qiang Lv, and Sheng Liu. "A Method for Atomic Vapor Cell Fabrication with Cavity by Laser Drilling." Advanced Materials Research 403-408 (November 2011): 4328–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.403-408.4328.

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Atomic vapor cell is the most important component for atomic clock. A few vapor cells were fabricated based on multi-stack anodic bonding with four fabrication methods. By comparing with three traditional cavity fabrication methods and the first failed method by the laser drilling, it was found that the surface contamination induced in laser drilling and the roughness blocked the successful bonding. The surface roughness has to be less than 8 nm and in this case the method of laser drilling can be used successfully and with high efficiency, resulting in a novel process for atomic vapor cell fabrication with cavity.

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8

Raiford, James A., Solomon T. Oyakhire, and Stacey F. Bent. "Applications of atomic layer deposition and chemical vapor deposition for perovskite solar cells." Energy & Environmental Science 13, no. 7 (2020): 1997–2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ee00385a.

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9

Zhang, Lu, Wendong Zhang, Shougang Zhang, and Shubin Yan. "Micro-fabrication and hermeticity measurement of alkali-atom vapor cells based on anodic bonding." Chinese Optics Letters 17, no. 10 (2019): 100201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201917.100201.

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10

Han, Runqi, Zheng You, Fan Zhang, Hongbo Xue, and Yong Ruan. "Microfabricated Vapor Cells with Reflective Sidewalls for Chip Scale Atomic Sensors." Micromachines 9, no. 4 (April 11, 2018): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi9040175.

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11

Karlen, Sylvain, Jacques Haesler, Thomas Overstolz, Giovanni Bergonzi, and Steve Lecomte. "Sealing of MEMS Atomic Vapor Cells Using Cu-Cu Thermocompression Bonding." Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems 29, no. 1 (February 2020): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jmems.2019.2949349.

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12

YOU Zheng, 尤政, 马波 MA Bo, 阮勇 RUAN Yong, 陈硕 CHEN Shuo, and 张高飞 ZHANG Gao-fei. "Microfabrication of MEMS alkali metal vapor cells for chip-scale atomic devices." Optics and Precision Engineering 21, no. 6 (2013): 1440–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/ope.20132106.1440.

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13

Hasegawa, M., R. K. Chutani, C. Gorecki, R. Boudot, P. Dziuban, V. Giordano, S. Clatot, and L. Mauri. "Microfabrication of cesium vapor cells with buffer gas for MEMS atomic clocks." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 167, no. 2 (June 2011): 594–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2011.02.039.

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14

Fan, H. Q., S. Kumar, R. Daschner, H. Kübler, and J. P. Shaffer. "Subwavelength microwave electric-field imaging using Rydberg atoms inside atomic vapor cells." Optics Letters 39, no. 10 (May 14, 2014): 3030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.39.003030.

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15

Bopp, D. G., V. M. Maurice, and J. E. Kitching. "Wafer-level fabrication of alkali vapor cells using in-situ atomic deposition." Journal of Physics: Photonics 3, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 015002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2515-7647/abcbe5.

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16

Karlen, Sylvain, Jean Gobet, Thomas Overstolz, Jacques Haesler, and Steve Lecomte. "Lifetime assessment of RbN_3-filled MEMS atomic vapor cells with Al_2O_3 coating." Optics Express 25, no. 3 (January 26, 2017): 2187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.25.002187.

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17

Ru, Ning, Xiaochi Liu, Junyi Duan, and Jifeng Qu. "Measuring Relaxation Rate of Atomic Vapor Cells by Microwave Field Detection Technique." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 70 (2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3062169.

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18

Knapkiewicz, Pawel. "Alkali Vapor MEMS Cells Technology toward High-Vacuum Self-Pumping MEMS Cell for Atomic Spectroscopy." Micromachines 9, no. 8 (August 16, 2018): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi9080405.

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The high-vacuum self-pumping MEMS cell for atomic spectroscopy presented here is the result of the technological achievements of the author and the research group in which he works. A high-temperature anodic bonding process in vacuum or buffer gas atmosphere and the influence of the process on the inner gas composition inside a MEMS structure were studied. A laser-induced alkali vapor introduction method from solid-state pill-like dispenser is presented as well. The technologies mentioned above are groundbreaking achievements that have allowed the building of the first European miniature atomic clock, and they are the basis for other solutions, including high-vacuum optical MEMS. Following description of the key technologies, high-vacuum self-pumping MEMS cell construction and preliminary measurement results are reported. This unique solution makes it possible to achieve a 10−6 Torr vacuum level inside the cell in the presence of saturated rubidium vapor, paving the way to building a new class of optical reference cells for atomic spectroscopy. Because the level of vacuum is high enough, experiments with cold atoms are potentially feasible.

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19

Ghashghaei, Fahime, Alireza Rashedi, Farrokh Sarreshtedari, and Mahmood Sabooni. "Effect of the magnetically induced dichroism on the distribution of atomic polarization in Cesium vapor cells." Advanced Optical Technologies 9, no. 4 (September 25, 2020): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aot-2019-0066.

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AbstractDistribution of the atomic polarization in a Cesium vapor cell, induced by optical pumping, is analytically calculated and discussed when an external magnetic field interacts with the system. Based on the rate equations of the optically pumped atomic system and considering the effect of magnetically induced dichroism on the absorption of polarized propagating light, we have obtained the light intensity and atomic polarization distribution along the propagation direction of the gas cell. It is shown that based on the initial light polarization and the laser detuning, the external magnetic field considerably changes the polarization distribution. The obtained results of the polarization distribution versus applied magnetic field can be used for different investigations, including the study of the atomic magnetometer’s sensitivity.

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20

Litvinov, A. N., G. A. Kazakov, B. G. Matisov, and I. E. Mazets. "Double radiooptical resonance in 87Rb atomic vapor in cells with antirelaxation wall coating." Technical Physics 54, no. 2 (February 2009): 268–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063784209020170.

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21

Maurice, V., J. Rutkowski, E. Kroemer, S. Bargiel, N. Passilly, R. Boudot, C. Gorecki, L. Mauri, and M. Moraja. "Microfabricated vapor cells filled with a cesium dispensing paste for miniature atomic clocks." Applied Physics Letters 110, no. 16 (April 17, 2017): 164103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4981772.

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22

Vilshanskaya, E. V., S. A. Saakyan, V. A. Sautenkov, D. A. Murashkin, B. B. Zelener, and B. V. Zelener. "Saturation spectroscopy of calcium atomic vapor in hot quartz cells with cold windows." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 946 (January 2018): 012130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/946/1/012130.

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23

Anderson, D. A., and G. Raithel. "Continuous-frequency measurements of high-intensity microwave electric fields with atomic vapor cells." Applied Physics Letters 111, no. 5 (July 31, 2017): 053504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4996234.

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24

Han, Runqi, Mikhail Balabas, Chris Hovde, Wenhao Li, Hector Masia Roig, Tao Wang, Arne Wickenbrock, Elena Zhivun, Zheng You, and Dmitry Budker. "Is light narrowing possible with dense-vapor paraffin coated cells for atomic magnetometers?" AIP Advances 7, no. 12 (December 2017): 125224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4997691.

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25

Krasteva, A., D. Slavov, and S. Cartaleva. "Coherent Population Trapping Resonances in Cs Atomic Vapor Layers of Micrometric Thickness." International Journal of Optics 2011 (2011): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/683415.

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We report on a novel behavior of the electromagnetically induced absorption (EIA) resonance observed on theD2line of Cs for atoms confined in cells with micrometric thickness. With the enhancement of light intensity, the EIA resonance amplitude suffers from fast reduction, and even at very low intensity (W < 1 mW/cm2), resonance sign reversal takes place and electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) resonance is observed. Similar EIA resonance transformation to EIT one is not observed in conventional cm-size cells. A theoretical model is proposed to analyze the physical processes behind the EIA resonance sign reversal with light intensity. The model involves elastic interactions between Cs atoms as well as elastic interaction of atom micrometric-cell windows, both resulting in depolarization of excited state which can lead to the new observations. The effect of excited state depolarization is confirmed also by the fluorescence (absorption) spectra measurement in micrometric cells with different thicknesses.

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26

Kim, Jae Yoo. "The Stability Effect of Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) of Al₂O₃ on CH₃NH₃PbI₃ Perovskite Solar Cell Fabricated by Vapor Deposition." Key Engineering Materials 753 (August 2017): 156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.753.156.

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The perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with Al2O3 passivation layer were fabricated and characterized. The PSC have some advantages of easier and cheaper fabrication process than that of conventional Si solar cells, III-V compound semiconductor solar cells, and organic solar cells. The perovskite light harvester, CH3NH3PbI3, was deposited by vapor deposition on [compact TiO2 / F-doped tin oxide (FTO) / glass]. The advantage of vapor deposition over solution process is expected to be able to offer the thin film with smoother surface over larger area. Then, Al2O3 passivation layer was deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) on the CH3NH3PbI3 light harvester. Al2O3 passivation layer was expected to prevent the CH3NH3PbI3 light harvester from oxidation and improve the solar cell efficiency, and ALD has been one of the most effective methods to deposit Al2O3 thin film for last 25 years. The atomic layer deposited Al2O3 layer thickness was optimized from the solar cell characterization. The optimized power conversion efficiency (PCE) and Al2O3 thickness were ~8.0 % and ~10.0 nm, respectively.

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27

Elrawemi, Mohamed, Liam Blunt, Leigh Fleming, Francis Sweeney, David Robbins, and David Bird. "Metrology of Al2O3 Barrier Film for Flexible CIGS Solar Cells." International Journal of Energy Optimization and Engineering 4, no. 4 (October 2015): 46–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijeoe.2015100104.

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Flexible Cu (In, Ga) Se2 (CIGS) solar cells are very attractive renewable energy sources because of their high conversion efficiencies, their low cost potential and their many application possibilities. However, they are at present highly susceptible to long term environmental degradation as a result of water vapor ingress through the protective encapsulation layer to the absorber (CIGS) layer. The basic methodology to prevent the water vapor permeation is to combine an oxide layer (e.g. AlOx) coating with suitable polymer substrates. Nevertheless, micro and nano-scale defects can appear at any stage of the coating process thus affecting the module efficiency and lifespan. The main aim of this research paper is to use surface metrology techniques including: White Light Scanning Interferometry (WLSI), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM) to characterise the aluminum oxide (Al2O3) barrier film defects, which appear to be directly responsible for the water vapor permeability. This paper reports on the development of a characterisation method for defect detection based on “Wolf Pruning” method and then correlates this with measured water vapor transmission rates (WVTRs) using standard MOCON® test. The results presented in this paper provided a detailed knowledge of the nature of micro and nano-scale defects on the Al2O3 barrier films which are responsible for water vapor and oxygen ingress. This result can then be used to provide the basis for developing roll-to-roll in process metrology devices for quality control of flexible PV module manufacture.

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28

Chen, Shuo, Yong Ruan, and Bo Ma. "A New Packaging Method of Alkali Metal Simple Substrate and Related Key Techniques." Key Engineering Materials 562-565 (July 2013): 1361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.562-565.1361.

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The vapor cells, which contain the simple substrate of alkali metals, are usually the key part of MEMS atomic devices. Alkali metal is extremely active with oxygen and water, making it incompatible with some necessary MEMS process since the instruments are not oxygen-proof. By using paraffin to packet the simple substrate of alkali metals, rubidium for example, the oxidation and deterioration of the metal can be avoided, making it easier to transfer Alkali metals into the vapor cells. It has also been reported that paraffin can serve as a wall-coating material to improve the Q-factor and the long-term frequency stability of the atomic devices. A mold method of manufacturing the package is introduced along with the related key technologies. Laser beam method and needle mold method are discussed to make blind holes on the paraffin wax layer. Paraffin packages containing rubidium simple substrate has been achieved, ranging from 0.9mm3 to 1.6mm3 in size, with the smallest one containing 0.2μL of rubidium inside. The sealing performance of the package has been tested in a one-month (30 days) test and proves to work well by judging from the color of the sealed metal. A low-temperature anodic bonding process is introduced for the fabrication, and absorption spectrum of the vapor cell is obtained, proving that alkali metal simple substrate has been transferred to the vapor cells.

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29

Baluktsian, T., C. Urban, T. Bublat, H. Giessen, R. Löw, and T. Pfau. "Fabrication method for microscopic vapor cells for alkali atoms." Optics Letters 35, no. 12 (June 3, 2010): 1950. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.35.001950.

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30

Woetzel, S., F. Talkenberg, T. Scholtes, R. IJsselsteijn, V. Schultze, and H. G. Meyer. "Lifetime improvement of micro-fabricated alkali vapor cells by atomic layer deposited wall coatings." Surface and Coatings Technology 221 (April 2013): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2013.01.044.

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31

Talker, Eliran, Roy Zektzer, Yefim Barash, Noa Mazurski, and Uriel Levy. "Atomic spectroscopy and laser frequency stabilization with scalable micrometer and sub-micrometer vapor cells." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B 38, no. 5 (September 2020): 050601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/6.0000416.

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32

Lou, Janet W., and Geoffrey A. Cranch. "Characterization of atomic spin polarization lifetime of cesium vapor cells with neon buffer gas." AIP Advances 8, no. 2 (February 2018): 025305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5010294.

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33

Na, Sungjae, Sayah Lee, Won-Gyu Choi, Chan-Gyu Park, Sang Ouk Ryu, and Taeho Moon. "Atomic-layer-deposited TiO2 with vapor-grown MAPbI3−xClx for planar perovskite solar cells." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A 37, no. 1 (January 2019): 010902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.5052287.

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34

Kiwoong Kim, Won-Kyu Lee, In-Seon Kim, and Han Seb Moon. "Atomic Vector Gradiometer System Using Cesium Vapor Cells for Magnetocardiography: Perspective on Practical Application." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 56, no. 2 (April 2007): 458–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2007.890610.

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35

Knappe, S., V. Velichansky, H. G. Robinson, J. Kitching, and L. Hollberg. "Compact atomic vapor cells fabricated by laser-induced heating of hollow-core glass fibers." Review of Scientific Instruments 74, no. 6 (June 2003): 3142–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1575925.

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36

Weller, Daniel, Arzu Yilmaz, Harald Kübler, and Robert Löw. "High vacuum compatible fiber feedthrough for hot alkali vapor cells." Applied Optics 56, no. 5 (February 10, 2017): 1546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.56.001546.

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37

Liau, Teh Chau, Jin Jei Wu, Jian Qi Shen, and Tzong Jer Yang. "Frequency-Sensitive Optical Response via Tunable Band Structure in an EIT-Based Layered Medium." Advanced Materials Research 160-162 (November 2010): 1432–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.160-162.1432.

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The optical response of an atomic vapor can be controlled by using tunable quantum interference induced by external control field. A periodic layered medium whose unit cells consist of dielectric (e.g., GaAs) and EIT (electromagnetically induced transparency) atomic vapor is suggested. It is demonstrated that such an EIT-based periodic layered medium shows more flexible optical response (sensitive to frequency) than a conventional photonic crystal does. The controllable band structure that depends on the external control field can be applicable to designs of new devices such as photonic switches and photonic logic gates, where one laser field can be controlled by the other one, and would have potential applications in the field of integrated optical circuits and other related areas, e.g., the all-optical technique.

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38

Ji, Yu, Qi Gan, Lei Wu, Jintang Shang, and Ching-Ping Wong. "Wafer-Level Hermetic All-Glass Packaging for Microalkali Vapor Cells of Chip-Scale Atomic Devices." IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology 5, no. 11 (November 2015): 1551–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcpmt.2015.2462748.

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39

Ji, Yu, Jintang Shang, Qi Gan, Lei Wu, and Ching-Ping Wong. "Improvement of Sensitivity by Using Microfabricated Spherical Alkali Vapor Cells for Chip-Scale Atomic Magnetometers." IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology 8, no. 10 (October 2018): 1715–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcpmt.2018.2868313.

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40

Quan, Wei, Yang Liu, and Yao Chen. "Coating Qualities Evaluation for Alkali-Metal Atomic Vapor Cells Based on Frustrated Total Internal Reflection." Chinese Physics Letters 31, no. 3 (March 2014): 030701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0256-307x/31/3/030701.

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41

Duensing, Felix, Elisabeth Gruber, Paul Martini, Marcelo Goulart, Michael Gatchell, Bilal Rasul, Olof Echt, Fabio Zappa, Masoomeh Mahmoodi-Darian, and Paul Scheier. "Complexes with Atomic Gold Ions: Efficient Bis-Ligand Formation." Molecules 26, no. 12 (June 8, 2021): 3484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26123484.

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Complexes of atomic gold with a variety of ligands have been formed by passing helium nanodroplets (HNDs) through two pickup cells containing gold vapor and the vapor of another dopant, namely a rare gas, a diatomic molecule (H2, N2, O2, I2, P2), or various polyatomic molecules (H2O, CO2, SF6, C6H6, adamantane, imidazole, dicyclopentadiene, and fullerene). The doped HNDs were irradiated by electrons; ensuing cations were identified in a high-resolution mass spectrometer. Anions were detected for benzene, dicyclopentadiene, and fullerene. For most ligands L, the abundance distribution of AuLn+ versus size n displays a remarkable enhancement at n = 2. The propensity towards bis-ligand formation is attributed to the formation of covalent bonds in Au+L2 which adopt a dumbbell structure, L-Au+-L, as previously found for L = Xe and C60. Another interesting observation is the effect of gold on the degree of ionization-induced intramolecular fragmentation. For most systems gold enhances the fragmentation, i.e., intramolecular fragmentation in AuLn+ is larger than in pure Ln+. Hydrogen, on the other hand, behaves differently, as intramolecular fragmentation in Au(H2)n+ is weaker than in pure (H2)n+ by an order of magnitude.

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42

Ivanov, Anton E., Christoph Affolderbach, Gaetano Mileti, and Anja K. Skrivervik. "Design of atomic clock cavity based on a loop-gap geometry and modified boundary conditions." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 9, no. 7 (June 27, 2017): 1373–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078717000691.

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In this study, we investigate a concept that can be used to improve the magnetic field homogeneity in a microwave cavity applied in a novel, high-performance atomic frequency standard. We show that by modifying the boundary conditions in the case of a loop-gap geometry, a good improvement of the field homogeneity can be obtained. Such a design demonstrates high potential to improve the frequency stability; it is compact and hence suitable for a future generation of compact, high-precision frequency standards based on vapor cells and a pulsed optical pumping (POP) regime (POP atomic clocks).

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43

Balabas, M. V., D. Budker, J. Kitching, P. D. D. Schwindt, and J. E. Stalnaker. "Magnetometry with millimeter-scale antirelaxation-coated alkali-metal vapor cells." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 23, no. 6 (June 1, 2006): 1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.23.001001.

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44

Bogi, A., C. Marinelli, A. Burchianti, E. Mariotti, L. Moi, S. Gozzini, L. Marmugi, and A. Lucchesini. "Full control of sodium vapor density in siloxane-coated cells using blue LED light-induced atomic desorption." Optics Letters 34, no. 17 (August 25, 2009): 2643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.34.002643.

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45

Gerginov, Vladislav, Svenja Knappe, Vishal Shah, Peter D. D. Schwindt, Leo Hollberg, and John Kitching. "Long-term frequency instability of atomic frequency references based on coherent population trapping and microfabricated vapor cells." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 23, no. 4 (April 1, 2006): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.23.000593.

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46

LIU Na, 刘. 娜., 樊哲一 FAN Zhe-yi, 任杰灵 REN Jie-ling, 刘. 双. LIU Shuang, 龚士博 GONG Shi-bo, 周欢萍 ZHOU Huan-ping, and 陈. 棋. CHEN Qi. "Preperation of perovskite materials and perovskite solar cells by vapor-assisted solution process." Chinese Optics 10, no. 5 (2017): 568–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/co.20171005.0568.

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47

Winantyo, Rangga, Djoko Hartanto, and Kenji Murakami. "Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on ZnO Nanorods Array." Advanced Materials Research 1117 (July 2015): 98–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1117.98.

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Kim et al. suggest that replacing ZnO particle with ZnO vertically aligned nanorods shows much higher energy conversion efficiency [1]. The difference between nanoparticles and nanorods can be seen on figure 1. Yet, vertically aligned nanorods can be grown through the difficult and expensive methods. Pomar et al. reported the growing through atomic layer deposition (ALD) method [2]. Jeong et al. grew the vertically aligned nanorods using metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) method with really high temperature (700-900oC) [3]. When the nanorods are applied for DSSCs, synthesizing really fine nanorods is not necessary. Lee et al. managed to grow nanorods on the seed layer for DSSC application which was post-annealed at 500-600oC [4]. Hu et al. reported vertically aligned nanorods using low temperature chemical bath method, but the deposition time is between 3 hours and 6 days [5].

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48

Уваров, А. В., А. И. Баранов, Е. А. Вячеславова, Н. А. Калюжный, Д. А. Кудряшов, А. А. Максимова, И. А. Морозов, С. А. Минтаиров, Р. А. Салий, and А. С. Гудовских. "Формирование гетероструктур GaP/Si-фотопреобразователей с помощью комбинации методов МОС-гидридной эпитаксии и атомно-слоевого плазмохимического осаждения." Письма в журнал технической физики 47, no. 14 (2021): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pjtf.2021.14.51189.18781.

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The possibility of creating a lower junction of multijunction A3B5/Si solar cells based on an n-GaP/p-Si heterostructure was shown, using a combination of plasma enhanced atomic-layer deposition (PEALD) and metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) at a temperature (Ts) not exceeding 650 °C. Photoelectric properties of structures grown at 650 °C, depends on the conditions of the PEALD process, in particular, the use of additional processing in Ar plasma.

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49

Grafskaia, Kseniia N., Azaliia F. Akhkiamova, Dmitry V. Vashurkin, Denis S. Kotlyarskiy, Diego Pontoni, Denis V. Anokhin, Xiaomin Zhu, and Dimitri A. Ivanov. "Bicontinuous Gyroid Phase of a Water-Swollen Wedge-Shaped Amphiphile: Studies with In-Situ Grazing-Incidence X-ray Scattering and Atomic Force Microscopy." Materials 14, no. 11 (May 28, 2021): 2892. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14112892.

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We report on formation of a bicontinuous double gyroid phase by a wedge-shaped amphiphilic mesogen, pyridinium 4′-[3″,4″,5″-tris-(octyloxy)benzoyloxy]azobenzene-4-sulfonate. It is found that this compound can self-organize in zeolite-like structures adaptive to environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, humidity, solvent vapors). Depending on the type of the phase, the structure contains 1D, 2D, or 3D networks of nanometer-sized ion channels. Of particular interest are bicontinuous phases, such as the double gyroid phase, as they hold promise for applications in separation and energy. Specially designed environmental cells compatible with grazing-incidence X-ray scattering and atomic force microscopy enable simultaneous measurements of structural parameters/morphology during vapor-annealing treatment at different temperatures. Such in-situ approach allows finding the environmental conditions at which the double gyroid phase can be formed and provide insights on the supramolecular structure of thin films at different spatial levels.

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50

Liew, Li-Anne, John Moreland, and Vladislav Gerginov. "Wafer-level filling of microfabricated atomic vapor cells based on thin-film deposition and photolysis of cesium azide." Applied Physics Letters 90, no. 11 (March 12, 2007): 114106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2712501.

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