Relevant bibliographies by topics / Atoms of confusion

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Atoms of confusion'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2025
Last updated: 1 August 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Atoms of confusion"

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Walls, Michael G., Changqian Cao, Kui Yu-Zhang, Jinhua Li, Renchao Che, and Yongxin Pan. "Identification of Ferrous-Ferric Fe3O4 Nanoparticles in Recombinant Human Ferritin Cages." Microscopy and Microanalysis 19, no. 4 (2013): 835–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927613001724.

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AbstractRecombinant ferritin is an excellent template for the synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles. This paper describes carefully performed experiments both to identify ironoxides within nanoparticles and to measure the number of iron atoms in the cores of recombinant human H-chain ferritin (HFn), based on spectroscopy techniques. Using electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) analysis, magnetite (Fe3O4) has been unequivocally identified as the ironoxide formed within HFn cores under special preparation conditions. Atom counting analysis by EELS and high-angle annular dark-field imaging furthe
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Jesson, D. E., and S. J. Pennycook. "Incoherence in atomic-resolution Z-contrast imaging." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 978–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100150721.

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Incoherent imaging of atomic clusters, monolayer rafts, or low index crystal projections at atomic resolution in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) offers a number of distinct advantages over coherent imaging methods. These include an improved “interpretable” resolution and no experimental contrast reversals with specimen thickness or objective lens defocus. However, considerable controversy and confusion has arisen concerning the conditions under which the image of a given object can be interpreted using incoherent imaging theory. Here, we attempt to clarify the situation.Firs
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Black, E. R. "Trichloroacetic Acid Ingestion: Self-Harm Attempt." Case Reports in Psychiatry 2017 (2017): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3701012.

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Objective. Trichloroacetic acid (TCAA), or trichloroethanoic acid, is a chemical analogue of acetic acid where three methyl group hydrogen atoms are replaced by chlorine. TCAAs are also abbreviated and referred to as TCAs, causing confusion with the psychiatric antidepressant drug class, especially among patients. TCAAs exist in dermatological treatments such as chemical peels or wart chemoablation medication. TCAA ingestion or overdose can cause gastric irritation symptoms including vomiting, diarrhea, or lassitude. This symptomatology is less severe than TCA overdose, where symptoms may incl
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Oks, Eugene. "O4 -Symmetry-Based Non-Perturbative Analytical Calculations of the Effect of the Helical Trajectories of Electrons in Strongly Magnetized Plasmas on the Width of Hydrogen/Deuterium Spectral Lines." Symmetry 16, no. 8 (2024): 1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym16081009.

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The effects of the helical trajectories of the perturbing electrons in magnetized plasmas on the dynamical Stark width of hydrogen or deuterium spectral lines have been studied analytically in our previous two papers—specifically in the situation where the magnetic field B is so strong that the dynamical Stark width of these lines reduces to the so-called adiabatic Stark width because the so-called nonadiabatic Stark width is completely suppressed. This situation corresponds, for example, to DA and DBA white dwarfs. We obtained those analytical results by using the formalism of the so-called c
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Belloche, Arnaud. "Molecular complexity in the interstellar medium." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 15, S350 (2019): 96–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921319006380.

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AbstractThe search for complex organic molecules in the interstellar medium (ISM) has revealed species of ever greater complexity. This search relies on the progress made in the laboratory to characterize their rotational spectra. Our understanding of the processes that lead to molecular complexity in the ISM builds on numerical simulations that use chemical networks fed by laboratory and theoretical studies. The advent of ALMA and NOEMA has opened a new door to explore molecular complexity in the ISM. Their high angular resolution reduces the spectral confusion of star-forming cores and their
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Dorokhin, Vasily. "The problem of space and time in gravitation from the point of view of the absence of absolutes." Философская мысль, no. 11 (November 2024): 33–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8728.2024.11.70774.

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The subject of the research is the philosophical problem of space and time in the physics (nature) of gravitation, the change in the theories of gravitation of the specifics of the concepts of space and motion-time with the development of our knowledge of physics in the field of theoretical physics and modern results of experimental physics. Among other things, unexplained phenomena directly related to space and time are investigated, such as nonlocality and confusion, which manifest themselves both in the microcosm – photons, electrons, individual atoms are entangled, and in the macrocosm – p
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Hadi Minakhani, Mohammad, Soroush Taji, Pooneh Pishkar, Bardia Vakili, and Pouya Pishkar. "PHYSICOCHEMICAL FEATURE-DRIVEN NANOTOXICITY PREDICTION USING SUPERVISED MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS." International Journal of Advanced Research 13, no. 05 (2025): 808–19. https://doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/20964.

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The widespread use of metal oxide nanoparticles across various industries has raised significant concerns regarding their potential toxicity. Conventional toxicological assessment methods remain time-intensive, costly, and limited in scalability. In this study, a machine learning–based framework was developed to classify nanoparticle toxicity using physicochemical descriptors. A dataset containing nine key features such as dosage, surface area, and core size of the nanoparticles was employed to train and evaluate six supervised learning algorithms: Decision Tree, Random Forest, Gradient Boos
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Ginn, Helen Mary, and David Ian Stuart. "The slip-and-slide algorithm: a refinement protocol for detector geometry." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 24, no. 6 (2017): 1152–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577517013327.

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Geometry correction is traditionally plagued by mis-fitting of correlated parameters, leading to local minima which prevent further improvements. Segmented detectors pose an enhanced risk of mis-fitting: even a minor confusion of detector distance and panel separation can prevent improvement in data quality. The slip-and-slide algorithm breaks down effects of the correlated parameters and their associated target functions in a fundamental shift in the approach to the problem. Parameters are never refined against the components of the data to which they are insensitive, providing a dramatic boo
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MacDiarmid, Alan G., and Weigong Zheng. "Electrochemistry of Conjugated Polymers and Electrochemical Applications." MRS Bulletin 22, no. 6 (1997): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400033595.

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The discovery in 1977–78 that trans-polyacetylene — (CH)x, the prototype conducting polymer (Figure 1)—could be chemically p-doped (partly oxidized) or n-doped (partly reduced) with a concomitant increase of its conductivity through the semiconducting to the metallic regime introduced new concepts of considerable theoretical and possible technological importance to condensed matter science. In 1979 it was discovered that p- or n-doping of trans-(CH)x could be accomplished electrochemically and that these processes were electrochemically reversible. Polyacetylene is the simplest example of a co
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PARK, BUHM SOON. "Chemical translators: Pauling, Wheland and their strategies for teaching the theory of resonance." British Journal for the History of Science 32, no. 1 (1999): 21–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087498003471.

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It was well said by Clerk Maxwell: ‘For the sake of persons of different types of mind scientific truth should be presented in different forms, and should be regarded as equally scientific whether it appears in the robust form and colouring of a physical illustration, or in the tenuity and paleness of a symbolical expression.’From N. V. Sidgwick's Presidential Address to the Chemical Society, London, 1937During the years between 1930 and 1950, chemistry underwent a transformation that affected both research and education. New subdisciplines like chemical physics and physical organic chemistry
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Atoms of confusion"

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Lopes, Filipa Maria Sampaio. "Atos de confusão." Master's thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/23578.

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Dissertação de mestrado em Direito<br>O nosso trabalho tem como temática primordial os atos de confusão, atos que consubstanciam concorrência desleal, quando os requisitos do artigo 317º, a) do Código da Propriedade Industrial estejam preenchidos. Procurámos, ao longo destas páginas, oferecer uma visão global de concorrência, por forma a tentar explicitar o modo de funcionamento do mercado dos dias de hoje, para que, assim, pudéssemos alcançar a noção de concorrência desleal e, aí chegados, perceber quais os limites que os concorrentes devem respeitar para que as suas condutas (enformada
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Barroca, Ana Cristina Tavares da Cunha Mota de Almeida. "A concorrência desleal na publicidade comparativa: atos de confusão e denegrição." Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/10994.

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A publicidade tem como objetivos essenciais informar e persuadir. Embora possam ser considerados objetivos diferentes, ambos estão frequentemente presentes nas mensagens publicitárias. A publicidade assume um enorme peso na vida económica e social dos Estados. As sociedades comerciais, os comerciantes e os prestadores de serviços subsistem no mercado global mercê da publicidade que difundem por referência aos seus produtos e serviços. O recurso às comparações de produtos, de preços, de marcas, de serviços, poderá ser uma forma de informar os consumidores, com o intuito de, com base nessas inf
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Books on the topic "Atoms of confusion"

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Bernath, Peter F. Spectra of Atoms and Molecules. 5th ed. Oxford University PressNew York, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197754498.001.0001.

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Abstract Spectra of Atoms and Molecules provides advanced undergraduates and graduate students with a working knowledge of the field of spectroscopy. The book illuminates fundamental principles of spectroscopy for chemists, physicists, astronomers, atmospheric scientists, and engineers, with the primary goal of teaching the interpretation of spectra. Highlights include an entirely new chapter on the spectroscopy of clouds and aerosols, as well as the presentation of group theory as needed to understand spectroscopy. Each chapter includes detailed worked examples, plus numerous problems allowin
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Book chapters on the topic "Atoms of confusion"

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Nathanson, Gilbert M. "When Liquid Rays Become Gas Rays: Can Evaporation Ever Be Non-Maxwellian?" In Molecular Beams in Physics and Chemistry. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63963-1_27.

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AbstractA rare mistake by Otto Stern led to a confusion between density and flux in his first measurement of a Maxwellian speed distribution. This error reveals the key role of speed itself in Stern’s development of “the method of molecular rays”. What if the gas-phase speed distributions are not Maxwellian to begin with? The molecular beam technique so beautifully advanced by Stern can also be used to explore the speed distribution of gases evaporating from liquid microjets, a tool developed by Manfred Faubel. We employ liquid water and alkane microjets containing dissolved helium atoms to mo
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Scerri, Eric. "Discoverers of the Periodic System." In The Periodic Table. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190914363.003.0008.

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The periodic system was not discovered by Dmitri Mendeleev alone, as is commonly thought, or even just by Mendeleev and Julius Lothar Meyer. It was discovered by as many as five or six individuals at about the same time, in the decade of the 1860s, following the rationalization of atomic weights at the Karlsruhe conference. It became apparent by the middle of the nineteenth century that something needed to be done to resolve the widespread confusion over equivalent and atomic weights. Amedeo Avogadro had already proposed a solution to Gay-Lussac’s law that preserved John Dalton’s indivisible e
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Baggott, Jim. "Quantum rules." In Beyond measure. Oxford University PressOxford, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198529279.003.0004.

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Abstract The development of quantum theory was driven by a consistently repeated failure of classical physics to accommodate the results of ever more sophisticated experiments on the microphysical world of radiation, elementary particles, atoms, and molecules. Each break-through in the development of the theory’s conceptual structure was followed (sometimes very rapidly) by new experimental data that just did not fit, pointing to the need for yet further refinements. As is typical in such a radical change in the approach to acquiring scientific understanding, old and often unsuitable concepts
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Bauer, Mark S. "Isaac Watts (1674–1748)." In A Mind Apart. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195336405.003.0025.

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Abstract The Hurry of the Spirits, in a Fever and Nervous Disorders My frame of nature is a ruffl ed sea, And my disease the tempest. Nature feels A strange commotion to her inmost centre; The throne of reason shakes. ‘Be still, my thoughts; Peace and be still.’ In vain my reason gives The peaceful word, my spirit strives in vain To calm the tumult and command my thoughts. This flesh, this circling blood, these brutal powers, Made to obey, turn rebels to the mind, Nor hear its laws. The engine rules the man. Unhappy change! When nature’s meaner springs, Fir’d to impetuous ferments, break all o
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Hogger, Christopher John. "More language definitions." In Essentials of Logic Programming. Oxford University PressOxford, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198538202.003.0010.

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Abstract A literal is either an atomic formula or a negated atomic formula, as in theseThe first kind is called a positive literal and the second kind is called a negative literal. The use of the word atom in many Edinburgh Prolog texts refers there to what we are calling a constant, not to what we are calling an atomic formula; this confusion of terminology is the fault of certain-persons-who­shall-not-be-named who sought to import LISP terminology into Prolog.
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Kiernan, Vincent. "Aftermath." In Atomic Bill. Cornell University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501765636.003.0007.

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This chapter looks at William Laurence's return as the nation eagerly transitioned to the postwar era. It recounts his first story after his return: a front-page eyewitness account of the Nagasaki bombing, and analyzes how his Tinian story was changed relatively little by the War Department. He had written it right after the bombing, but the War Department had sat on the dispatch for weeks until finally releasing it to all newspapers for use on that date. The chapter then shifts to investigate the possibility of long-lived and highly poisonous radioactivity that the atomic bombs may have depos
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Wight, Martin. "Review of The Church and the Atom: A Study of the Moral and Theological Aspects of Peace and War, Being the Report of a Commission Appointed by the Archbishops of Canterbury and York at the Request of the Church Assembly to Consider the Report of the British Council of Churches’ Commission Entitled “The Era of Atomic Power,” Foreword by E. G. Selwyn, Chairman (London: Press and Publications Board, Church Assembly, 1948); and The Lambeth Conference 1948: The Encyclical Letter from the Bishops; together with Resolutions and Reports (London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1948)." In Faith and the Philosophy of History. Oxford University PressOxford, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198905554.003.0049.

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Abstract The Church and the Atom, Wight observed, is “an Anglican commentary” on a report commissioned by the British Council of Churches. “The Report contains a scholarly re-statement of the just war doctrine. It recognizes that the distinction between combatants and non-combatants (pp. 38–9), between military and non-military objectives (pp. 41–2), between ‘strict necessity’ and its abuse (pp. 49–52), assume a moral climate which no longer exists (p. 49). . . . Meanwhile, in applying the just war doctrine to contemporary events, it condemns the past but licenses the future. It retrospectivel
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Fontani, Marco, Mariagrazia Costa, and Mary Virginia Orna. "Misadventures in Radiochemistry." In The Lost Elements. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199383344.003.0020.

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Soon after the death of Pierre Curie, his widow Marie Skłodowska Curie, began to assume a prominent role in the laboratory, to which she presumably could not have aspired if her husband had survived. Within three years of her husband’s fatal accident (1906), the number of researchers in the small laboratory in Paris’ Rue Cuvier, grew from seven to 24. Marie Curie had a managerial approach to the running of the laboratory and soon increased her international prestige, gaining supremacy in the field of radioactivity. Her scientific authority was evident while Pierre was still living, but it came
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Shapiro, Howard M. "Fluorescent Probes." In Flow Cytometry for Biotechnology. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195183146.003.0006.

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In the jargon of cytometry, cellular characteristics, such as size, nucleic acid content, and membrane potential, are usually referred to as parameters, a term that is also used for the physical characteristics, such as absorption, light scattering, and fluorescence intensity, that are measured by cytometric instrumentation. Fluorescence, as a physical parameter, plays a key role in the detection of probes on beads for multiplexed analysis. Cellular parameters can be classed as intrinsic or extrinsic. Intrinsic cellular parameters are those that can be measured without the use of a reagent; me
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Conference papers on the topic "Atoms of confusion"

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Shi, Guoshuai. "Studying and Improving Code Understandability Through Atoms of Confusion." In 2025 IEEE/ACM 47th International Conference on Software Engineering: Companion Proceedings (ICSE-Companion). IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/icse-companion66252.2025.00031.

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de Oliveira, Benedito, Márcio Ribeiro, José Aldo Silva da Costa, et al. "Atoms of Confusion." In SBES '20: 34th Brazilian Symposium on Software Engineering. ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3422392.3422437.

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Langhout, Chris, and Mauricio Aniche. "Atoms of Confusion in Java." In 2021 IEEE/ACM 29th International Conference on Program Comprehension (ICPC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpc52881.2021.00012.

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Gopstein, Dan, Anne-Laure Fayard, Sven Apel, and Justin Cappos. "Thinking aloud about confusing code: a qualitative investigation of program comprehension and atoms of confusion." In ESEC/FSE '20: 28th ACM Joint European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering. ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3368089.3409714.

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Tabosa, Davi, Windson Viana, and Lincoln Rocha. "Atoms of Confusion in the Android Open Source Project: A Prevalence Study." In Workshop de Visualização, Evolução e Manutenção de Software. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/vem.2024.3840.

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The Android Open Source Project (AOSP) is the open-source project responsible for the Android operating system. In the AOSP, developers collaborate to add features, fix bugs, and improve the performance of a code base of more than 14 million lines written in different programming languages (e.g., C, Java, and Kotlin). This code must have minimum quality requirements to facilitate its maintenance and evolution. However, latent software quality problems can persist in such complex projects, leading to maintainability and evolution issues. An example of a latent problem is Atoms of Confusion (AC)
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Bogachenkova, Victoria, Linh Nguyen, Felipe Ebert, Alexander Serebrenik, and Fernando Castor. "Evaluating Atoms of Confusion in the Context of Code Reviews." In 2022 IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance and Evolution (ICSME). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsme55016.2022.00048.

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Feijó, Diego N., Carlos D. A. de Almeida, and Lincoln S. Rocha. "Studying the Impact of Continuous Delivery Adoption on Atoms of Confusion Rate in Open-Source Projects." In Workshop de Visualização, Evolução e Manutenção de Software. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/vem.2023.235685.

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Atoms of Confusion (AoC) are indivisible code patterns that may cause confusion for developers when trying to understand them, and that have less confusing equivalent patterns. Previous works suggest it is a good practice to avoid them. While there are studies on AoC relating them to bugs, there is not much about their relationship with the practices of Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery (CI/CD). Since CI/CD is generally praised as a group of good practices, related to better code being released reliably and faster to clients, there’s a possibility that the presence of CI/CD would
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Shi, Guoshuai, Farshad Kazemi, Michael W. Godfrey, and Shane McIntosh. "Reevaluating the Defect Proneness of Atoms of Confusion in Java Systems." In ESEM '24: ACM / IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement. ACM, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3674805.3686677.

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Tabosa, Davi, Oton Pinheiro, Lincoln Rocha, and Windson Viana. "A Dataset of Atoms of Confusion in the Android Open Source Project." In MSR '24: 21st International Conference on Mining Software Repositories. ACM, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3643991.3644874.

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Pinheiro, Oton, Lincoln Rocha, and Windson Viana. "How They Relate and Leave: Understanding Atoms of Confusion in Open-Source Java Projects." In 2023 IEEE 23rd International Working Conference on Source Code Analysis and Manipulation (SCAM). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/scam59687.2023.00022.

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