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Das, Amaresh, and Lars G. Ljungdahl. "Clostridium pasteurianum F1Fo ATP Synthase: Operon, Composition, and Some Properties." Journal of Bacteriology 185, no. 18 (September 15, 2003): 5527–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.185.18.5527-5535.2003.
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ABSTRACT The atp operon encoding F1Fo ATP synthase in the fermentative obligate anaerobic bacterium Clostridium pasteurianum was sequenced. It consisted of nine genes arranged in the order atpI(i), atpB(a), atpE(c), atpF(b), atpH(δ), atpA(α), atpG(γ), atpD(β), and atpC(ε), which was identical to that found in many bacteria. Reverse transcription-PCR confirmed the presence of the transcripts of all nine genes. The amount of ATPase activity in the membranes of C. pasteurianum was low compared to what has been found in many other bacteria. The F1Fo complexes solubilized from membranes of C. pasteurianum and Escherichia coli had similar masses, suggesting similar compositions for the F1Fo complexes from the two bacteria. Western blotting experiments with antibodies raised against the purified subunits of F1Fo detected the presence of eight subunits, α, β, γ, δ, ε, a, b, and c, in the F1Fo complex from C. pasteurianum. The F1Fo complex from C. pasteurianum was activated by thiocyanate, cyanate, or sulfhydryl compounds; inhibited by sulfite, bisulfite, or bicarbonate; and had tolerance to inhibition by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The target of thiol activation of the F1Fo complex from C. pasteurianum was F1. Thiocyanate and sulfite were noncompetitive with respect to substrate Mg ATP but competitive with respect to each other. The F1 and Fo parts of the F1Fo complexes from C. pasteurianum and E. coli bound to each other, but the hybrid F1Fo complexes were not functionally active.
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Huitric, E., P. Verhasselt, A. Koul, K. Andries, S. Hoffner, and D. I. Andersson. "Rates and Mechanisms of Resistance Development in Mycobacterium tuberculosis to a Novel Diarylquinoline ATP Synthase Inhibitor." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 54, no. 3 (December 28, 2009): 1022–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01611-09.
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ABSTRACT R207910 (also known as TMC207) is an investigational drug currently in clinical studies for the treatment of multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis. It has a high degree of antimycobacterial activity and is equally effective against drug-susceptible and MDR Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. In the present study, we characterized the development of resistance to R207910 in vitro. Ninety-seven independent R207910-resistant mutants were selected from seven different clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis (three drug-susceptible and four MDR isolates) at 10×, 30×, and 100× the MIC. At a concentration of 0.3 mg/liter (10× the MIC), the mutation rates ranged from 4.7 × 10−7 to 8.9 × 10−9 mutations per cell per division, and at 1.0 mg/liter (30× the MIC) the mutation rate ranged from 3.9 × 10−8 to 2.4 × 10−9. No resistant mutants were obtained at 3 mg/liter (100× the MIC). The level of resistance ranged from 0.12 to 3.84 mg/liter for the mutants identified; these concentrations represent 4- to 128-fold increases in the MICs. For 53 of the resistant mutants, the atpE gene, which encodes a transmembrane and oligomeric C subunit of the ATP synthase and which was previously shown to be involved in resistance, was sequenced. For 15/53 mutants, five different point mutations resulting in five different amino acid substitutions were identified in the atpE gene. For 38/53 mutants, no atpE mutations were found and sequencing of the complete F0 ATP synthase operon (atpB, atpE, and atpF genes) and the F1 ATP synthase operon (atpH, atpA, atpG, atpD, and atpC genes) from three mutants revealed no mutations, indicating other, alternative resistance mechanisms. Competition assays showed no measurable reduction in the fitness of the mutants compared to that of the isogenic wild types.
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Huang, Qiuyuan, Li Deng, Dapeng Wu, Chang Liu, and Xiaodong He. "Attentive Tensor Product Learning." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 1344–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33011344.
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This paper proposes a novel neural architecture — Attentive Tensor Product Learning (ATPL) — to represent grammatical structures of natural language in deep learning models. ATPL exploits Tensor Product Representations (TPR), a structured neural-symbolic model developed in cognitive science, to integrate deep learning with explicit natural language structures and rules. The key ideas of ATPL are: 1) unsupervised learning of role-unbinding vectors of words via the TPR-based deep neural network; 2) the use of attention modules to compute TPR; and 3) the integration of TPR with typical deep learning architectures including long short-term memory and feedforward neural networks. The novelty of our approach lies in its ability to extract the grammatical structure of a sentence by using role-unbinding vectors, which are obtained in an unsupervised manner. Our ATPL approach is applied to 1) image captioning, 2) part of speech (POS) tagging, and 3) constituency parsing of a natural language sentence. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in all these three natural language processing tasks.
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Barriuso-Iglesias, Mónica, Carlos Barreiro, Fabio Flechoso, and Juan F. Martín. "Transcriptional analysis of the F0F1 ATPase operon of Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 reveals strong induction by alkaline pH." Microbiology 152, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.28383-0.
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Corynebacterium glutamicum, a soil Gram-positive bacterium used for industrial amino acid production, was found to grow optimally at pH 7·0–9·0 when incubated in 5 litre fermenters under pH-controlled conditions. The highest biomass was accumulated at pH 9·0. Growth still occurred at pH 9·5 but at a reduced rate. The expression of the pH-regulated F0F1 ATPase operon (containing the eight genes atpBEFHAGDC) was induced at alkaline pH. A 7·5 kb transcript, corresponding to the eight-gene operon, was optimally expressed at pH 9·0. The same occurred with a 1·2 kb transcript corresponding to the atpB gene. RT-PCR studies confirmed the alkaline pH induction of the F0F1 operon and the existence of the atpI gene. The atpI gene, located upstream of the F0F1 operon, was expressed at a lower level than the polycistronic 7·5 kb mRNA, from a separate promoter (P-atp1). Expression of the major promoter of the F0F1 operon, designated P-atp2, and the P-atp1 promoter was quantified by coupling them to the pET2 promoter-probe vector. Both P-atp1 and P-atp2 were functional in C. glutamicum and Escherichia coli. Primer extension analysis identified one transcription start point inside each of the two promoter regions. The P-atp1 promoter fitted the consensus sequence of promoters recognized by the vegetative σ factor of C. glutamicum, whereas the −35 and −10 boxes of P-atp2 fitted the consensus sequence for σ H-recognized Mycobacterium tuberculosis promoters CC/GGGA/GAC 17–22 nt C/GGTTC/G, known to be involved in expression of heat-shock and other stress-response genes. These results suggest that the F0F1 operon is highly expressed at alkaline pH, probably using a σ H RNA polymerase.
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Stahl, Dietmar, Steven R. Rodermel, Alap R. Subramanian, and Lawrence Bogorad. "Nucleotide sequence of a 3.46 kb region of maize chloroplast DNA containing the gene clusterrpoC2-rps2-atpl-atpH." Nucleic Acids Research 18, no. 10 (1990): 3073–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/18.10.3073.
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Cece, Valérian, Emma Guillet-Descas, and Guillaume Martinent. "Revue de méthodes longitudinales pour examiner la dynamique des émotions en contexte compétitif." Movement & Sport Sciences - Science & Motricité, no. 105 (2019): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/sm/2019009.
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L’étude des émotions en sport s’est largement développée ces dernières années par l’exploration de leur dynamique et la reconnaissance du rôle du contexte social dans leur déclenchement. Le choix de l’utilisation d’une méthodologie appropriée au regard des objectifs de l’étude revêt ainsi une importance particulière. Cet article propose une revue des méthodes longitudinales permettant de modéliser les processus émotionnels en se centrant sur trois approches prometteuses et relativement récentes : les analyses de classe latente de courbes de croissances (ACLCC), les analyses de transitions de profils latents (ATPL) et les analyses multiniveaux. Les avantages et les inconvénients de chacune sont discutés en s’appuyant sur des exemples issus de la littérature scientifique. Tandis que les ATPL permettent de capturer la dynamique des profils en abordant le concept émotionnel dans son ensemble, les ACLCC sont davantage pertinentes pour modéliser l’hétérogénéité de la dynamique d’une émotion par l’identification de différentes trajectoires. Enfin, les analyses multiniveaux sont particulièrement utiles pour distinguer ce qui relève d’un contexte social (e.g., centre d’entraînement intensif) de ce qui relève de l’individu. Une attention particulière a été accordée à la pertinence de ces méthodes pour examiner le rôle du contexte social interpersonnel dans la complexité des processus émotionnels.
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Lee, Eung Gwan, Jeong Seock Seo, Min Ho Cha, Mi Chung Suh, and Woong Seop Sim. "Cytokinin stimulates expression of the chloroplast ATP synthase VI subunit gene (atpl)." Journal of Plant Biology 45, no. 2 (June 2002): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03030286.
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Martín-Galiano, Antonio J., Luz Balsalobre, Asunción Fenoll, and Adela G. de la Campa. "Genetic Characterization of Optochin-Susceptible Viridans Group Streptococci." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47, no. 10 (October 2003): 3187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.47.10.3187-3194.2003.
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ABSTRACT Two clinical isolates of viridans group streptococci (VS) with different degrees of susceptibility to optochin (OPT), i.e., fully OPT-susceptible (Opts) VS strain 1162/99 (for which the MIC was equal to that for Streptococcus pneumoniae, 0.75 μg/ml) and intermediate Opts VS strain 1174/97 (MIC, 6 μg/ml) were studied. Besides being OPT susceptible, they showed characteristics typical of VS, such as bile insolubility; lack of reaction with pneumococcal capsular antibodies; and lack of hybridization with rRNA (AccuProbe)-, lytA-, and pnl-specific pneumococcal probes. However, these VS Opts strains and VS type strains hybridized with ant, a gene not present in S. pneumoniae. A detailed characterization of the genes encoding the 16S rRNA and SodA classified isolates 1162/99 and 1174/97 as Streptococcus mitis. Analysis of the atpCAB region, which encodes the c, a, and b subunits of the F0F1 H+-ATPase, the target of optochin, revealed high degrees of similarity between S. mitis 1162/99 and S. pneumoniae in atpC, atpA, and the N terminus of atpB. Moreover, amino acid identity between S. mitis 1174/97 and S. pneumoniae was found in α helix 5 of the a subunit. The organization of the chromosomal region containing the atp operon of the two Opts VS and VS type strains was spr1284-atpC, with spr1284 being located 296 to 556 bp from atpC, whereas in S. pneumoniae this distance was longer than 68 kb. In addition, the gene order in S. pneumoniae was IS1239-74 bp-atpC. The results suggest that the full OPT susceptibility of S. mitis 1162/99 is due to the acquisition of atpC, atpA, and part of atpB from S. pneumoniae and that the intermediate OPT susceptibility of S. mitis 1174/97 correlates with the amino acid composition of its a subunit.
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Ventura, Marco, Carlos Canchaya, Douwe van Sinderen, Gerald F. Fitzgerald, and Ralf Zink. "Bifidobacterium lactis DSM 10140: Identification of the atp (atpBEFHAGDC) Operon and Analysis of Its Genetic Structure, Characteristics, and Phylogeny." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 5 (May 2004): 3110–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.5.3110-3121.2004.
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ABSTRACT The atp operon is highly conserved among eubacteria, and it has been considered a molecular marker as an alternative to the 16S rRNA gene. PCR primers were designed from the consensus sequences of the atpD gene to amplify partial atpD sequences from 12 Bifidobacterium species and nine Lactobacillus species. All PCR products were sequenced and aligned with other atpD sequences retrieved from public databases. Genes encoding the subunits of the F1F0-ATPase of Bifidobacterium lactis DSM 10140 (atpBEFHAGDC) were cloned and sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequences of these subunits showed significant homology with the sequences of other organisms. We identified specific sequence signatures for the genus Bifidobacterium and for the closely related taxa Bifidobacterium lactis and Bifidobacterium animalis and Lactobacillus gasseri and Lactobacillus johnsonii, which could provide an alternative to current methods for identification of lactic acid bacterial species. Northern blot analysis showed that there was a transcript at approximately 7.3 kb, which corresponded to the size of the atp operon, and a transcript at 4.5 kb, which corresponded to the atpC, atpD, atpG, and atpA genes. The transcription initiation sites of these two mRNAs were mapped by primer extension, and the results revealed no consensus promoter sequences. Phylogenetic analysis of the atpD genes demonstrated that the Lactobacillus atpD gene clustered with the genera Listeria, Lactococcus, Streptococcus, and Enterococcus and that the higher G+C content and highly biased codon usage with respect to the genome average support the hypothesis that there was probably horizontal gene transfer. The acid inducibility of the atp operon of B. lactis DSM 10140 was verified by slot blot hybridization by using RNA isolated from acid-treated cultures of B. lactis DSM 10140. The rapid increase in the level of atp operon transcripts upon exposure to low pH suggested that the ATPase complex of B. lactis DSM 10140 was regulated at the level of transcription and not at the enzyme assembly step.
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Qi, Xiangying, Kaiqi Wang, Liping Yang, Zhenshan Deng, and Zhihong Sun. "The complete mitogenome sequence of the coral lily (Lilium pumilum) and the Lanzhou lily (Lilium davidii) in China." Open Life Sciences 15, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 1060–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/biol-2020-0102.
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AbstractBackgroundThe mitogenomes of higher plants are conserved. This study was performed to complete the mitogenome of two China Lilium species (Lilium pumilum Redouté and Lilium davidii var. unicolor (Hoog) cotton).MethodsGenomic DNA was separately extracted from the leaves of L. pumilum and L. davidii in triplicate and used for sequencing. The mitogenome of Allium cepa was used as a reference. Genome assembly, annotation and phylogenetic tree were analyzed.ResultsThe mitogenome of L. pumilum and L. davidii was 988,986 bp and 924,401 bp in length, respectively. There were 22 core protein-coding genes (including atp1, atp4, atp6, atp9, ccmB, ccmC, ccmFc, ccmFN1, ccmFN2, cob, cox3, matR, mttB, nad1, nad2, nad3, nad4, nad4L, nad5, nad6, nad7 and nad9), one open reading frame and one ribosomal protein-coding gene (rps12) in the mitogenomes. Compared with the A. cepa mitogenome, the coding sequence of the 24 genes and intergenic spacers in L. pumilum and L. davidii mitogenome contained 1,621 and 1,617 variable sites, respectively. In the phylogenetic tree, L. pumilum and L. davidii were distinct from A. cepa (NC_030100).ConclusionsL. pumilum and L. davidii mitogenomes have far distances from other plants. This study provided additional information on the species resources of China Lilium.
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Gong, Yan Sheng, Wei Zhou, Rong Tu, and Takashi Goto. "Preparation of Stoichiometric TiNx Films by Laser CVD with Metalorganic Precursor." Advanced Materials Research 239-242 (May 2011): 318–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.239-242.318.
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Nearly stoichiometric TiNxfilms were deposited on Al2O3substrates by laser enhanced chemical vapor deposition (CVD) with tetrakis (diethylamido) titanium (TDEAT) and ammonia as the source materials. Emphases were given on the effects of laser power (PL) and pre-heating temperature (Tpre) on the composition and deposition rate of TiNxfilms. Single phase of TiNxfilms with columnar cross section were obtained. The ratio of N to Ti in TiNxfilms increased with increasingPLand was close to stoichiometric atPL> 150 W. The deposition rate of TiNxfilms with a depositing area of 300 mm2was about 18-90 µm/h, which decreased with increasingPLandTpre.
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Zhao, Zhe, Lauren J. Eberhart, Lisa H. Orfe, Shao-Yeh Lu, Thomas E. Besser, and Douglas R. Call. "Genome-Wide Screening Identifies Six Genes That Are Associated with Susceptibility to Escherichia coli Microcin PDI." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 20 (July 24, 2015): 6953–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01704-15.
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ABSTRACTThe microcin PDI inhibits a diverse group of pathogenicEscherichia colistrains. Coculture of a single-gene knockout library (BW25113;n= 3,985 mutants) against a microcin PDI-producing strain (E. coli25) identified six mutants that were not susceptible (ΔatpA, ΔatpF, ΔdsbA, ΔdsbB, ΔompF, and ΔompR). Complementation of these genes restored susceptibility in all cases, and the loss of susceptibility was confirmed through independent gene knockouts inE. coliO157:H7 Sakai. Heterologous expression ofE. coliompFconferred susceptibility toSalmonella entericaandYersinia enterocoliticastrains that are normally unaffected by microcin PDI. The expression of chimeric OmpF and site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the K47G48N49region within the first extracellular loop ofE. coliOmpF is a putative binding site for microcin PDI. OmpR is a transcriptional regulator forompF, and consequently loss of susceptibility by the ΔompRstrain most likely is related to this function. Deletion of AtpA and AtpF, as well as AtpE and AtpH (missed in the original library screen), resulted in the loss of susceptibility to microcin PDI and the loss of ATP synthase function. Coculture of a susceptible strain in the presence of an ATP synthase inhibitor resulted in a loss of susceptibility, confirming that a functional ATP synthase complex is required for microcin PDI activity. Intransexpression ofompFin the ΔdsbAand ΔdsbBstrains did not restore a susceptible phenotype, indicating that these proteins are probably involved with the formation of disulfide bonds for OmpF or microcin PDI.
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Tseng, Wei-Kuo, and Hsuan-Shih Lee. "Building the Latitude Equation of the Mid-longitude." Journal of Navigation 60, no. 1 (December 15, 2006): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463307224129.
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We were amused by the Cross Track Distance at Mid-Longitude problem posed by Paul Hickley in The Journal of Navigation 57, 320. Two professors, John Ponsonby and Peter Hoare, replied to the invitations immediately. Both their solutions to the original article give superb accuracy. The two solutions are certainly ingenious and creative and encouraged us to develop new formula for building the Mid-Longitude Equation on great circle. Regrettably, the original author doesn’t think that the two were the solution that ATPL examiners were looking for. I also think that the two solutions would be beyond the capacity of the average undergraduate. Our method gives a good understanding logically and easily to be mnemonic, and the derivation process is found without any need to appeal to any formula of spherical trigonometry.
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Rodermel, Steven R., and Lawrence Bogorad. "Molecular Evolution and Nucleotide Sequences of the Maize Plastid Genes for the α Subunit of CF1 (atpA) and the Proteolipid Subunit of CF0 (atpH)." Genetics 116, no. 1 (May 1, 1987): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/116.1.127.
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ABSTRACT The nucleotide sequences of the maize plastid genes for the α subunit of CF1 (atpA) and the proteolipid subunit of CF 0 (atpH) are presented. The evolution of these genes among higher plants is characterized by a transition mutation bias of about 2:1 and by rates of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitution which are much lower than similar rates for genes from other sources. This is consistent with the notion that the plastid genome is evolving conservatively in primary sequence. Yet, the mode and tempo of sequence evolution of these and other plastid-encoded coupling factor genes are not the same. In particular, higher rates of nonsynonymous substitution in atpE (the gene for the ∊ subunit of CF1) and higher rates of synonymous substitution in atpH in the dicot vs. monocot lineages of higher plants indicate that these sequences are likely subject to different evolutionary constraints in these two lineages. The 5′- and 3′ transcribed flanking regions of atpA and atpH from maize, wheat and tobacco are conserved in size, but contain few putative regulatory elements which are conserved either in their spatial arrangement or sequence complexity. However, these regions likely contain variable numbers of "species-specific" regulatory elements. The present studies thus suggest that the plastid genome is not a passive participant in an evolutionary process governed by a more rapidly changing, readily adaptive, nuclear compartment, but that novel strategies for the coordinate expression of genes in the plastid genome may arise through rapid evolution of the flanking sequences of these genes.
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Hansmann, Paul. "Daffodil Chromoplast DNA: Comparison with Chloroplast DNA, Physical Map, and Gene Localization." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 42, no. 1-2 (February 1, 1987): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1987-1-219.
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Abstract In daffodil, development of chloroplasts or chromoplasts is not accompanied by plastid DNA modification. This has been shown by comparing the fragment pattern of different restriction endonucleases, and by the lack of methylation of CCGG sequences. A physical map has been constructed for the plastome using the restriction endonucleases Sal I, Pst I, and Bgl I. The fragments containing the genes for the large subunit of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rbcL), the alpha, beta, and epsilon subunits of the ATP synthase complex (atpA , atpB, atpE ), cytochrome f(petA ), and for the 51 kDa chlorophyll apoprotein of photosystem II (psbB) have been identified. The respective gene locations correspond to those on spinach chloroplast DNA.
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Jiang, Bin, Jiaxin Na, Lele Wang, Dongmei Li, Chunhong Liu, and Zhibiao Feng. "Separation and Enrichment of Antioxidant Peptides from Whey Protein Isolate Hydrolysate by Aqueous Two-Phase Extraction and Aqueous Two-Phase Flotation." Foods 8, no. 1 (January 18, 2019): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8010034.
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At present, peptides are separated by molecular exclusion chromatography and liquid chromatography. A separation method is needed in any case, which can be scaled up for industrial scale. In this study, aqueous two-phase extraction (ATPE) and aqueous two-phase flotation (ATPF) were applied to separate and enrich antioxidant peptides from trypsin hydrolysates of whey protein isolates (WPI). The best experimental conditions were investigated, and the results were evaluated using the 2,2′-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) free radical scavenging activity of the peptides-per-unit concentration and the recovery rate (Y) of peptides in the top phase of both ATPE and ATPF. Under optimal conditions, the Y and ABTS free radical scavenging activity per unit concentration in top phase of ATPE could reach 38.75% and 12.94%, respectively, and in ATPF could reach 11.71% and 29.18%, respectively. The purified peptides were characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). PeptideCutter and PeptideMass were applied to analyze and calculate the peptide sequencing. KILDKVGINYWLAHK, VGINYWLAHKALCSEK, and TPEVDDEALEKFDKALK sequences having antioxidant activity were detected in the top phase of ATPE, and VGINYWLAHKALCSEK, KILLDKVGINYWLAHK, ILLDKVGINYWLAHK, IIAEKTKIPAVFK, KIIAEKTKIPAVFK, and VYVEELKPTPEGDLEILLQK sequences having antioxidant activity were detected in the top phase of ATPF. In conclusion, antioxidant peptides were successfully separated from the WPI hydrolysate by ATPE and ATPF; compared with ATPE, ATPF has superior specificity in separating antioxidant peptides.
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Rak, Malgorzata, Chen Hsien Su, Jonathan Tong Xu, Ricardo Azpiroz, Angela Mohan Singh, and Alexander Tzagoloff. "Regulation of mitochondrial translation of the ATP8/ATP6 mRNA by Smt1p." Molecular Biology of the Cell 27, no. 6 (March 15, 2016): 919–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e15-09-0642.
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Expression of the mitochondrially encoded ATP6 and ATP8 genes is translationally regulated by F1 ATPase. We report a translational repressor (Smt1p) of the ATP6/8 mRNA that, when mutated, restores translation of the encoded Atp6p and Atp8p subunits of the ATP synthase. Heterozygous smt1 mutants fail to rescue the translation defect, indicating that the mutations are recessive. Smt1p is an intrinsic inner membrane protein, which, based on its sedimentation, has a native size twice that of the monomer. Affinity purification of tagged Smt1p followed by reverse transcription of the associated RNA and PCR amplification of the resultant cDNA with gene-specific primers demonstrated the presence in mitochondria of Smt1p- ATP8/ATP6 and Smt1p- COB mRNA complexes. These results indicate that Smt1p is likely to be involved in translational regulation of both mRNAs. Applying Occam’s principle, we favor a mechanistic model in which translation of the ATP8/ATP6 bicistronic mRNA is coupled to the availability of F1 for subsequent assembly of the Atp6p and Atp8p products into the ATP synthase. The mechanism of this regulatory pathway is proposed to entail a displacement of the repressor from the translationally mute Smt1- ATP8/ATP6 complex by F1, thereby permitting the Atp22p activator to interact with and promote translation of the mRNA.
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Betzenhauser, Matthew J., Larry E. Wagner, Hyung Seo Park, and David I. Yule. "ATP Regulation of Type-1 Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor Activity Does Not Require Walker A-type ATP-binding Motifs." Journal of Biological Chemistry 284, no. 24 (April 22, 2009): 16156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m109.006452.
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ATP is known to increase the activity of the type-1 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R1). This effect is attributed to the binding of ATP to glycine rich Walker A-type motifs present in the regulatory domain of the receptor. Only two such motifs are present in neuronal S2+ splice variant of InsP3R1 and are designated the ATPA and ATPB sites. The ATPA site is unique to InsP3R1, and the ATPB site is conserved among all three InsP3R isoforms. Despite the fact that both the ATPA and ATPB sites are known to bind ATP, the relative contribution of these two sites to the enhancing effects of ATP on InsP3R1 function is not known. We report here a mutational analysis of the ATPA and ATPB sites and conclude neither of these sites is required for ATP modulation of InsP3R1. ATP augmented InsP3-induced Ca2+ release from permeabilized cells expressing wild type and ATP-binding site-deficient InsP3R1. Similarly, ATP increased the single channel open probability of the mutated InsP3R1 to the same extent as wild type. ATP likely exerts its effects on InsP3R1 channel function via a novel and as yet unidentified mechanism.
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Fursenko, Tetiana. "SPECIFICS OF ATTAINING THE QUALIFICATION OF A PILOT IN CANADA." Educational Analytics of Ukraine, no. 4 (2020): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.32987/2617-8532-2020-4-93-101.
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The aim of the paper is to give an overview of the qualification requirements for future pilots in Canada and to discuss trends in such professionals training modernization. The methodological framework of the research is comprised of general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization – to study the works of foreign scientists, official and legal documents); specific-scientific methods (categorial analysis – to reveal the essence and clarify the definitions of the basic concepts of the study), and the structural and functional analysis – to determine the organizational, content and procedural features of pilot training in Canada. The analysis of the normative and legislative documents showed that the most professionally important licenses giving a pilot a professional right to work in the aviation industry and civil aviation are the Commercial Pilot’s License – CPL and the Airline Transport Pilot’s License – ATPL. The paper concentrates on the analysis of the requirements for knowledge and skills that a pilot has to possess and develop as well as a number of important steps to be completed to get the CPL and ATPL as specified in the corresponding sections of the Canadian Aviation Regulations. In order to obtain a license, a future pilot has to comply with the requirements for age, health status, a number of written examinations and flight training – flight hours, flight conditions and the level of skills. The qualification of a pilot can be attained at Flight Training Units or following the completion of university and college programs. The paper describes the specifics of integrated courses offered by the former – the Commercial Pilot Licence – Aeroplane (CPL(A)) integrated course, Commercial Pilot Licence – Aeroplane/Instrument Rating (CPL(A)/IR) Integrated Course, and Airline Transport Pilot Licence – ATP(A) Integrated Course. The conclusion is made that the types of flights and pilot activities in terms of CPL (A), CPL (A) / IR and ATP (A) licenses are largely the same. The difference lies in the number of hours provided for certain activity types and several specific requirements such as flying in difficult weather conditions or interaction between crew members. Among pilots’ training modernization trends we single out the following: its organization based on the competence approach, a reduction in the cost of training a new generation of pilots and increasing its efficiency through the introduction of new technologies in the training process.
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Kucharczyk, Róża, Emilia Baranowska, and Joanna Rytka. "Molekularne podłoże chorób spowodowanych mutacjami w genach kodujących podjednostki syntazy ATP." Postępy Biochemii 64, no. 4 (December 29, 2018): 304–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/pb.2018_144.
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Syntaza ATP jest ostatnim enzymem systemu OXPHOS, odpowiedzialnym za syntezę ATP. Mutacje zarówno w genach jądrowych jak i mitochondrialnych, kodujących podjednostki enzymu (17 białek), prowadzą do chorób neurodegeneracyjnych. Dwie podjednostki tego enzymu, 8 (ATP8, inna nazwa A6L) i a (ATP6), kodowane są w genomie mitochondrialnym przez geny MT-ATP8 i MT-ATP6. 17 mutacji związanych z chorobami zidentyfikowano w pięciu genach jądrowych kodujących podjednostki enzymu. 58 mutacji zostało opisanych w genach MT-ATP8 i MT-ATP6, 36 z nich zostało zdeponowanych w bazie danych MITOMAP. Dla większości z nich zarówno patogenny charakter jak i mechanizm choroby nie są znane. W tej pracy podsumowujemy aktualną wiedzę na temat molekularnych podstaw chorób spowodowanych nieprawidłowym funkcjonowaniem syntazy ATP. Opisujemy mutacje w genach kodujących podjednostki enzymu oraz dane biochemiczne uzyskane w badaniach komórek pacjentów, modeli komórkowych i drożdżowych, a ponadto badania wykorzystujące drożdże mające na celu selekcję leków i poznanie ich mechanizmu działania. Mutacje w podjednostkach 8 i a wprowadziliśmy do ostatnio opublikowanej struktury domeny błonowej enzymu i dyskutujemy ich strukturalne i funkcjonalne konsekwencje.
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Smith, Christopher P., and Peter E. Thorsness. "Formation of an Energized Inner Membrane in Mitochondria with a γ-Deficient F1-ATPase." Eukaryotic Cell 4, no. 12 (December 2005): 2078–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.4.12.2078-2086.2005.
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ABSTRACT Eukaryotic cells require mitochondrial compartments for viability. However, the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is able to survive when mitochondrial DNA suffers substantial deletions or is completely absent, so long as a sufficient mitochondrial inner membrane potential is generated. In the absence of functional mitochondrial DNA, and consequently a functional electron transport chain and F1Fo-ATPase, the essential electrical potential is maintained by the electrogenic exchange of ATP4− for ADP3− through the adenine nucleotide translocator. An essential aspect of this electrogenic process is the conversion of ATP4− to ADP3− in the mitochondrial matrix, and the nuclear-encoded subunits of F1-ATPase are hypothesized to be required for this process in vivo. Deletion of ATP3, the structural gene for the γ subunit of the F1-ATPase, causes yeast to quantitatively lose mitochondrial DNA and grow extremely slowly, presumably by interfering with the generation of an energized inner membrane. A spontaneous suppressor of this slow-growth phenotype was found to convert a conserved glycine to serine in the β subunit of F1-ATPase (atp2-227). This mutation allowed substantial ATP hydrolysis by the F1-ATPase even in the absence of the γ subunit, enabling yeast to generate a twofold greater inner membrane potential in response to ATP compared to mitochondria isolated from yeast lacking the γ subunit and containing wild-type β subunits. Analysis of the suppressing mutation by blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis also revealed that the α3β3 heterohexamer can form in the absence of the γ subunit.
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Ross, Paul E., George R. Ehring, and Michael D. Cahalan. "Dynamics of ATP-induced Calcium Signaling in Single Mouse Thymocytes." Journal of Cell Biology 138, no. 5 (September 8, 1997): 987–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.138.5.987.
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Extracellular ATP (ATPo) elicits a robust change in the concentration of intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in fura-2–loaded mouse thymocytes. Most thymocytes (60%) exposed to ATPo exhibited a biphasic rise in [Ca2+]i; [Ca2+]i rose slowly at first to a mean value of 260 nM after 163 s and then increased rapidly to a peak level of 735 nM. In many cells, a declining plateau, which lasted for more than 10 min, followed the crest in [Ca2+]i. Experiments performed in the absence of extracellular [Ca2+]o abolished the rise in thymocyte [Ca2+]i, indicating that Ca2+ influx, rather than the release of stored Ca2+, is stimulated by ATPo. ATPo- mediated Ca2+ influx was potentiated as the [Mg2+]o was reduced, confirming that ATP4− is the active agonist form. In the absence of Mg2+o, 3′-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoyl-ATP (BzATP) proved to be the most effective agonist of those tested. The rank order of potency for adenine nucleotides was BzATP4−>ATP4−>MgATP2−>ADP3−, suggesting purinoreceptors of the P2X7/P2Z class mediate the ATPo response. Phenotyping experiments illustrate that both immature (CD4−CD8−, CD4+CD8+) and mature (CD4+CD8−, CD4−CD8+) thymocyte populations respond to ATP. Further separation of the double-positive population by size revealed that the ATPo-mediated [Ca2+]i response was much more pronounced in large (actively dividing) than in small (terminally differentiated) CD4+CD8+ thymocytes. We conclude that thymocytes vary in sensitivity to ATPo depending upon the degree of maturation and suggest that ATPo may be involved in processes that control cellular differentiation within the thymus.
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He, Jiuya, Holly C. Ford, Joe Carroll, Corsten Douglas, Evvia Gonzales, Shujing Ding, Ian M. Fearnley, and John E. Walker. "Assembly of the membrane domain of ATP synthase in human mitochondria." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 12 (February 12, 2018): 2988–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1722086115.
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The ATP synthase in human mitochondria is a membrane-bound assembly of 29 proteins of 18 kinds. All but two membrane components are encoded in nuclear genes, synthesized on cytoplasmic ribosomes, and imported into the matrix of the organelle, where they are assembled into the complex with ATP6 and ATP8, the products of overlapping genes in mitochondrial DNA. Disruption of individual human genes for the nuclear-encoded subunits in the membrane portion of the enzyme leads to the formation of intermediate vestigial ATPase complexes that provide a description of the pathway of assembly of the membrane domain. The key intermediate complex consists of the F1-c8 complex inhibited by the ATPase inhibitor protein IF1 and attached to the peripheral stalk, with subunits e, f, and g associated with the membrane domain of the peripheral stalk. This intermediate provides the template for insertion of ATP6 and ATP8, which are synthesized on mitochondrial ribosomes. Their association with the complex is stabilized by addition of the 6.8 proteolipid, and the complex is coupled to ATP synthesis at this point. A structure of the dimeric yeast Fo membrane domain is consistent with this model of assembly. The human 6.8 proteolipid (yeast j subunit) locks ATP6 and ATP8 into the membrane assembly, and the monomeric complexes then dimerize via interactions between ATP6 subunits and between 6.8 proteolipids (j subunits). The dimers are linked together back-to-face by DAPIT (diabetes-associated protein in insulin-sensitive tissue; yeast subunit k), forming long oligomers along the edges of the cristae.
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Gomolka, Zbigniew, Damian Kordos, and Ewa Zeslawska. "The Application of Flexible Areas of Interest to Pilot Mobile Eye Tracking." Sensors 20, no. 4 (February 12, 2020): 986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20040986.
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Recent progress in the development of mobile Eye Tracking (ET) systems shows that there is a demand for modern flexible solutions that would allow for dynamic tracking of objects in the video stream. The paper describes a newly developed tool for work with ET glasses, and its advantages are outlined with the example of a pilot study. A flight task is performed on the FNTP II MCC simulator, and the pilots are equipped with the Mobile Tobii Glasses. The proposed Smart Trainer tool performs dynamic object tracking in a registered video stream, allowing for an interactive definition of Area of Interest (AOI) with blurred contours for the individual cockpit instruments and for the construction of corresponding histograms of pilot attention. The studies are carried out on a group of experienced pilots with a professional pilot CPL(A) license with instrumental flight (Instrument Rating (IR)) certification and a group of pilots without instrumental training. The experimental section shows the differences in the perception of the flight process between two distinct groups of pilots with varying levels in flight training for the ATPL(A) line pilot license. The proposed Smart Trainer tool might be exploited in order to assess and improve the process of training operators of advanced systems with human machine interfaces.
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Foresta, C., M. Rossato, P. Chiozzi, and F. Di Virgilio. "Mechanism of human sperm activation by extracellular ATP." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 270, no. 6 (June 1, 1996): C1709—C1714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1996.270.6.c1709.
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We have identified the mechanism whereby extracellular ATP (ATPe) triggers the acrosome reaction in human spermatozoa. This nucleotide opens a ligand-gated ion channel expressed on the sperm plasma membrane. ATPe threshold and 50% effective concentration calculated on the total added ATPe are 0.1 and 2 mM, respectively, corresponding to a free ATP concentration (ATP4-) of 3 and 200 microM, respectively. The ATPe-gated channel is selective for monovalent cations (Na+, choline, and methylglucamine), whereas on the contrary, permeability to Ca2+ is negligible. Isosmolar replacement of extracellular Na+ with sucrose fully blocked ATPe-dependent sperm activation, thus suggesting a mandatory role for Na+ influx. These results show that human sperm express an ATPe-gated Na+ channel that might have an important role in sperm activation before egg fertilization.
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Jia, Lixia, Mary K. Dienhart, and Rosemary A. Stuart. "Oxa1 Directly Interacts with Atp9 and Mediates Its Assembly into the Mitochondrial F1Fo-ATP Synthase Complex." Molecular Biology of the Cell 18, no. 5 (May 2007): 1897–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e06-10-0925.
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The yeast Oxa1 protein is involved in the biogenesis of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) machinery. The involvement of Oxa1 in the assembly of the cytochrome oxidase (COX) complex, where it facilitates the cotranslational membrane insertion of mitochondrially encoded COX subunits, is well documented. In this study we have addressed the role of Oxa1, and its sequence-related protein Cox18/Oxa2, in the biogenesis of the F1Fo-ATP synthase complex. We demonstrate that Oxa1, but not Cox18/Oxa2, directly supports the assembly of the membrane embedded Fo-sector of the ATP synthase. Oxa1 was found to physically interact with newly synthesized mitochondrially encoded Atp9 protein in a posttranslational manner and in a manner that is not dependent on the C-terminal, matrix-localized region of Oxa1. The stable manner of the Atp9-Oxa1 interaction is in contrast to the cotranslational and transient interaction previously observed for the mitochondrially encoded COX subunits with Oxa1. In the absence of Oxa1, Atp9 was observed to assemble into an oligomeric complex containing F1-subunits, but its further assembly with subunit 6 (Atp6) of the Fo-sector was perturbed. We propose that by directly interacting with newly synthesized Atp9 in a posttranslational manner, Oxa1 is required to maintain the assembly competence of the Atp9-F1-subcomplex for its association with Atp6.
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Mulligan, R. M., P. Leon, and V. Walbot. "Transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of maize mitochondrial gene expression." Molecular and Cellular Biology 11, no. 1 (January 1991): 533–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.11.1.533.
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Lysed maize mitochondria synthesize RNA in the presence of radioactive nucleoside triphosphates, and this assay was utilized to compare the rates of transcription of seven genes. The rates of incorporation varied over a 14-fold range, with the following rank order: 18S rRNA greater than 26S rRNA greater than atp1 greater than atp6 greater than atp9 greater than cob greater than cox3. The products of run-on transcription hybridized specifically to known transcribed regions and selectively to the antisense DNA strand; thus, the isolated run-on transcription system appears to be an accurate representation of endogenous transcription. Although there were small differences in gene copy abundance, these differences cannot account for the differences in apparent transcription rates; we conclude that promoter strength is the main determinant. Among the protein coding genes, incorporation was greatest for atp1. The most active transcription initiation site of this gene was characterized by hybridization with in vitro-capped RNA and by primer extension analyses. The DNA sequences at this and other transcription initiation sites that we have previously mapped were analyzed with respect to the apparent promoter strengths. We propose that two short sequence elements just upstream of initiation sites form at least a portion of the sequence requirements for a maize mitochondrial promoter. In addition to modulation at the level of transcription, steady-state abundance of protein-coding mRNAs varied over a 20-fold range and did not correlate with transcriptional activity. These observations suggest that posttranscriptional processes are important in the modulation of mRNA abundance.
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Mulligan, R. M., P. Leon, and V. Walbot. "Transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of maize mitochondrial gene expression." Molecular and Cellular Biology 11, no. 1 (January 1991): 533–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.11.1.533-543.1991.
Full textAbstract:
Lysed maize mitochondria synthesize RNA in the presence of radioactive nucleoside triphosphates, and this assay was utilized to compare the rates of transcription of seven genes. The rates of incorporation varied over a 14-fold range, with the following rank order: 18S rRNA greater than 26S rRNA greater than atp1 greater than atp6 greater than atp9 greater than cob greater than cox3. The products of run-on transcription hybridized specifically to known transcribed regions and selectively to the antisense DNA strand; thus, the isolated run-on transcription system appears to be an accurate representation of endogenous transcription. Although there were small differences in gene copy abundance, these differences cannot account for the differences in apparent transcription rates; we conclude that promoter strength is the main determinant. Among the protein coding genes, incorporation was greatest for atp1. The most active transcription initiation site of this gene was characterized by hybridization with in vitro-capped RNA and by primer extension analyses. The DNA sequences at this and other transcription initiation sites that we have previously mapped were analyzed with respect to the apparent promoter strengths. We propose that two short sequence elements just upstream of initiation sites form at least a portion of the sequence requirements for a maize mitochondrial promoter. In addition to modulation at the level of transcription, steady-state abundance of protein-coding mRNAs varied over a 20-fold range and did not correlate with transcriptional activity. These observations suggest that posttranscriptional processes are important in the modulation of mRNA abundance.
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Gatenby, A. A., S. J. Rothstein, and M. Nomura. "Translational coupling of the maize chloroplast atpB and atpE genes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 86, no. 11 (June 1, 1989): 4066–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.86.11.4066.
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Barros, Mario H., and Alexander Tzagoloff. "Aep3p-dependent translation of yeast mitochondrial ATP8." Molecular Biology of the Cell 28, no. 11 (June 2017): 1426–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e16-11-0775.
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Translation of mitochondrial gene products in Saccharomyces cerevisiae depends on mRNA-specific activators that bind to the 5’ untranslated regions and promote translation on mitochondrial ribosomes. Here we find that Aep3p, previously shown to stabilize the bicistronic ATP8-ATP6 mRNA and facilitate initiation of translation from unformylated methionine, also activates specifically translation of ATP8. This is supported by several lines of evidence. Temperature-sensitive aep3 mutants are selectively blocked in incorporating [35S]methionine into Atp8p at nonpermissive but not at the permissive temperature. This phenotype is not a consequence of defective transcription or processing of the pre-mRNA. Neither is it explained by turnover of Aep3p, as evidenced by the failure of aep3 mutants to express a recoded ARG8m when this normally nuclear gene is substituted for ATP8 in mitochondrial DNA. Finally, translational of ATP8 mRNA in aep3 mutants is partially rescued by recoded allotopic ATP8 (nATP8) in a high-expression plasmid or in a CEN plasmid in the presence of recessive mutations in genes involved in stability and polyadenylation of RNA.
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Amundsen, Keenan, and Scott Warnke. "Agrostis Species Relationships Based on trnL-trnF and atpI-atpH Intergenic Spacer Regions." HortScience 47, no. 1 (January 2012): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.47.1.18.
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The bentgrasses (Agrostis spp.) are among the most important species to the turfgrass industry. They have complex genomes resulting from polyploidization and high rates of interspecific hybridization. An understanding of species relationships would improve the efficiency of developing improved bentgrass cultivars. To elucidate the evolutionary relationships among Agrostis species, phylogenetic analyses were performed on sequences of two chloroplast-encoded intergenic spacer regions. A 298-bp region of the trnL-trnF intergenic spacer and a 451-bp region of the atpI-atpH intergenic spacer were included in the analyses. A total of 47 Agrostis accessions were included with both cultivated and unimproved material from the National Plant Germplasm System. Of these 47 Agrostis collections, there were 10 unique trnL-trnF haplotypes and eight distinct atpI-atpH haplotypes, indicating a high degree of shared sequence identity within these chloroplast intergenic regions. These findings suggest that the chloroplast genomes of A. canina and A. stolonifera are more closely related to each other than either species is to A. capillaris, incongruent with our previous understanding of genome relationships in the genus.
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WU, Shenmao, Liping YIN, Zhirui DENG, Qin CHEN, Yining FU, and Huajie XUE. "Using DNA Barcoding to Identify the Genus Lolium." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 43, no. 2 (December 10, 2015): 536–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha4329747.
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Seeds of the genus Lolium are difficult to identify based on morphology for morphological likeness and some physical deformation such as friction and flattening during storage and transport. DNA barcoding, a newly-established method, has been used to discriminate a variety of agricultural crops with its own advantages. In present study, DNA barcodes for the genus Lolium were investigated for the first time. DNA sequences of psbA-trnH, rbcL, atpF-atpH, and the ITS2 region were evaluated for their ability to differentiate Lolium from the related genus Festuca. As confirmed by inter-intraspecific divergence and Kimura 2 parameter analysis, the greatest divergence existed in ITS2, followed by psbA-trnH. On the contrary, rbcL and atpF-atpH possessed poor genetic variation of 0-0.0115, and was relatively difficult in discrimination of genus Lolium. For ITS2 sequence, no inter-intraspecific distance overlaps were observed and each species has a distinct barcoding gap. ITS2 could effectively discriminate all species based on a neighbor-joining tree. Thus, the ITS2 region is a candidate for DNA barcoding of Lolium.
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Chen, Siqi, Yuanbing Wang, Kongfu Zhu, and Hong Yu. "Mitogenomics, Phylogeny and Morphology Reveal Ophiocordyceps pingbianensis Sp. Nov., an Entomopathogenic Fungus from China." Life 11, no. 7 (July 14, 2021): 686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11070686.
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The new entomopathogenic fungus Ophiocordyceps pingbianensis, collected from Southeast China, was described by mitogenomic, morphological, and phylogenetic evidence. The systematic position of O. pingbianensis was determined by phylogenetic analyses based on six nuclear gene (ITS, tef1-α, nrSSU, nrLSU, rpb1 and rpb2) and 14 mitochondrial protein-coding gene (PCGs) (cox1, cox2, cox3, atp6, atp8, atp9, cob, nad1, nad2, nad3, nad4, nad5, nad6 and nad4L) data. Phylogenetic analyses reveal that O. pingbianensis was belonged to the Hirsutella nodulosa clade in the genus Ophiocordyceps of Ophiocordycipiaceae. This fungus exhibits distinctive characteristics which differed from other related Ophiocordyceps species with slender and geminate stromata, monophialidic conidiogenous cells with an inflated awl-shaped base, a twisty and warty phialide neck and a fusiform or oval conidia, as well as being found on a tiger beetle of Coleoptera buried in moss at the cave. The complete mitochondrial genome of O. pingbianensis was a circular DNA molecule 80,359 bp in length, containing 15 PCGs, 24 open reading frames genes (ORFs), 25 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs) and 27 introns. Ophiocordyceps pingbianensis, containing 27 introns, has the second largest mitogenome in Ophiocordycipiaceae and was next to O. sinensis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the mitogenome from a new entomopathogenic fungus, and thus provides an important foundation for future studies on taxonomy, genetics and evolutionary biology of Ophiocordycipiaceae.
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Fu, C., A. Pleumsamran, U. Oh, and D. Kim. "Different properties of the atrial G protein-gated K+ channels activated by extracellular ATP and adenosine." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 269, no. 4 (October 1, 1995): H1349—H1358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1995.269.4.h1349.
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Extracellular ATP (ATPo) and adenosine activate G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K+ currents in atrial cells. Earlier studies have suggested that the two agonists may use separate pathways to activate the K+ current. Therefore, we examined whether the K+ channels activated by the two agonists have different properties under identical ionic conditions. In cell-attached patches, K+ channels activated by 100 microM ATP in the pipette had a single-channel conductance and mean open time of 32.0 +/- 0.2 pS and 0.5 +/- 0.1 ms, respectively, compared with 31.3 +/- 0.3 pS and 0.9 +/- 0.1 ms for the K+ channels activated by adenosine (140 mM KCl). With ATPo as the agonist, the K+ channel activity in cell-attached patches was approximately threefold lower than that in inside-out patches with 100 microM GTP in the bath. Applying ATP to the cytoplasmic side of the membrane (ATPi) produced a biphasic concentration-dependent effect on channel activity: an increase at low [mean affinity constant (K0.5) = 190 microM] and a decrease at high (K0.5 = 1.3 mM) concentrations. In contrast, with adenosine as the agonist, K+ channel activity in cell-attached patches was approximately fourfold greater than that in inside-out patches with 100 microM GTP in the bath. In inside-out patches, ATPi only augmented the K+ channel activity (K0.5 = 32 microM). These results show that although both ATPo and adenosine activate kinetically similar K+ channels in atrial cells, the channels are regulated differently by intracellular nucleotides.
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Enan, Mohamed R. "Molecular Identification of Date Palm Varieties Using Chloroplast Barcode atpF-atpH Spacer." Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Biosciences 8, no. 3 (June 30, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2582-2845.8075.
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Moon, Eunpyo, Teh-hui Kao, and Ray Wu. "Sequence of the chloroplast-encoded atpB-atpE-trnM gene clusters from rice." Nucleic Acids Research 15, no. 10 (1987): 4358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/15.10.4358.
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Schulte, Erika, Sabine Staubach, Beate Laser, and Ulrich Kūck. "Wheat mitochondrial DNA: organization and sequences of the atpA and atp9 genes." Nucleic Acids Research 17, no. 18 (1989): 7531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/17.18.7531.
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Lill, Holger, and Nathan Nelson. "The atp1 and atp2 operons of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803." Plant Molecular Biology 17, no. 4 (October 1991): 641–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00037050.
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Jazdzewska, E., Z. Sadoch, A. Niklas, and A. Majewska-Sawka. "Plant regeneration from sugar beet leaf protoplasts: analysis of shoots by DNA fingerprinting and restriction fragment length polymorphism." Canadian Journal of Botany 78, no. 1 (March 7, 2000): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b99-145.
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Shoots were regenerated from leaf protoplasts of cytoplasmic male sterile and male fertile diploid sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) genotypes. Protoplasts cultured in Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 5 µM naphthaleneacetic acid, 2 µM 6-benzylaminopurine, 100 µM n-propyl gallate, and diamine putrescine at concentrations of 50, 100, or 500 µM were able to synthesize a new cell wall and entered successive mitotic divisions leading to the formation of callus colonies. Shoots were obtained via organogenesis by continuous culture of calli on the same basal medium supplemented with either cytokinin alone, or with a combination of cytokinin and auxin. The regenerants of both lines were characterized with regard to ploidy, and the regenerants of the male sterile line were further characterized with regard to possible somaclonal variation and organization of two mitochondrial genes: atpA and atp6. Chromosome counting revealed that tetra-, hexa-, and octa-ploids were present among regenerants. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis identified one somaclonal variant among 31 shoots tested, whereas hybridization with both mitochondrial probes showed no notable changes in the organization of mtDNA within these loci.Key words: Beta vulgaris L., protoplasts, regeneration, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), atpA, atp6.
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Makaroff, C. A., and J. D. Palmer. "Mitochondrial DNA rearrangements and transcriptional alterations in the male-sterile cytoplasm of Ogura radish." Molecular and Cellular Biology 8, no. 4 (April 1988): 1474–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.8.4.1474.
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Maternally inherited mutations, such as cytoplasmic male sterility, provide useful systems in which to study the function of plant mitochondrial genomes and also their interaction with nuclear genes. We have studied the organization and expression of the organelle genomes of the male-sterile cytoplasm of Ogura radish and compared them with those of normal radish to identify alterations that might be involved in cytoplasmic male sterility. The chloroplast DNAs of Ogura and normal radish are virtually indistinguishable, whereas their mitochondrial DNAs are highly rearranged. Alignment of a restriction map constructed for the 257-kilobase Ogura mitochondrial genome with that published for the 242-kilobase genome of normal radish reveals that the two mitochondrial DNAs differ in arrangement by at least 10 inversions. The transcriptional patterns of several known mitochondrial genes and of rearranged mitochondrial sequences were examined in three nuclear backgrounds. Altered transcripts were observed for three mitochondrial genes, atpA, atp6, and coxI. Rearrangements map near each of these genes and therefore may be responsible for their transcriptional alterations. Radish nuclear genes that restore fertility to the Ogura cytoplasm have no effect on the atp6 and coxI transcripts, but do influence the atpA transcriptional pattern.
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Makaroff, C. A., and J. D. Palmer. "Mitochondrial DNA rearrangements and transcriptional alterations in the male-sterile cytoplasm of Ogura radish." Molecular and Cellular Biology 8, no. 4 (April 1988): 1474–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.8.4.1474-1480.1988.
Full textAbstract:
Maternally inherited mutations, such as cytoplasmic male sterility, provide useful systems in which to study the function of plant mitochondrial genomes and also their interaction with nuclear genes. We have studied the organization and expression of the organelle genomes of the male-sterile cytoplasm of Ogura radish and compared them with those of normal radish to identify alterations that might be involved in cytoplasmic male sterility. The chloroplast DNAs of Ogura and normal radish are virtually indistinguishable, whereas their mitochondrial DNAs are highly rearranged. Alignment of a restriction map constructed for the 257-kilobase Ogura mitochondrial genome with that published for the 242-kilobase genome of normal radish reveals that the two mitochondrial DNAs differ in arrangement by at least 10 inversions. The transcriptional patterns of several known mitochondrial genes and of rearranged mitochondrial sequences were examined in three nuclear backgrounds. Altered transcripts were observed for three mitochondrial genes, atpA, atp6, and coxI. Rearrangements map near each of these genes and therefore may be responsible for their transcriptional alterations. Radish nuclear genes that restore fertility to the Ogura cytoplasm have no effect on the atp6 and coxI transcripts, but do influence the atpA transcriptional pattern.
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Boczkowska, Maja, Anna Rucińska, Marcin Olszak, and Arkadiusz Nowak. "Ocena przydatności loci barkodowych do identyfikacji gatunków roślin łąk i muraw kserotermicznych. Komunikat." Biuletyn Instytutu Hodowli i Aklimatyzacji Roślin, no. 288 (July 22, 2020): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.37317/biul-2020-0010.
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Analiza sekwencji kilku loci nosząca nazwę barkodingu, została wykorzystana do identyfikacji gatunków roślinwystępujących w środkowoeuropejskich zbiorowisk traworoślowych. W toku analizy przebadano użyteczność 14regionów chloroplastowych i jednego jądrowego do identyfikacji gatunków. Osiem spośród nich (matK, rbcL, rpoC1,trnH-psbA, atpF-atpH, trnL, psbI-psbK i ITS) wykorzystano do stworzenia kombinacji barkodów, które umożliwiająokreślenie tożsamości próbki tkanki roślinnej o pochodzeniu łąkowym, bez konieczności porównania z kluczemdo oznaczania roślin.
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Stribinskis, Vilius, Guo-Jian Gao, Steven R. Ellis, and Nancy C. Martin. "Rpm2, the Protein Subunit of Mitochondrial RNase P in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Also Has a Role in the Translation of Mitochondrially Encoded Subunits of Cytochrome c Oxidase." Genetics 158, no. 2 (June 1, 2001): 573–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/158.2.573.
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Abstract RPM2 is a Saccharomyces cerevisiae nuclear gene that encodes the protein subunit of mitochondrial RNase P and has an unknown function essential for fermentative growth. Cells lacking mitochondrial RNase P cannot respire and accumulate lesions in their mitochondrial DNA. The effects of a new RPM2 allele, rpm2-100, reveal a novel function of RPM2 in mitochondrial biogenesis. Cells with rpm2-100 as their only source of Rpm2p have correctly processed mitochondrial tRNAs but are still respiratory deficient. Mitochondrial mRNA and rRNA levels are reduced in rpm2-100 cells compared to wild type. The general reduction in mRNA is not reflected in a similar reduction in mitochondrial protein synthesis. Incorporation of labeled precursors into mitochondrially encoded Atp6, Atp8, Atp9, and Cytb protein was enhanced in the mutant relative to wild type, while incorporation into Cox1p, Cox2p, Cox3p, and Var1p was reduced. Pulse-chase analysis of mitochondrial translation revealed decreased rates of translation of COX1, COX2, and COX3 mRNAs. This decrease leads to low steady-state levels of Cox1p, Cox2p, and Cox3p, loss of visible spectra of aa3 cytochromes, and low cytochrome c oxidase activity in mutant mitochondria. Thus, RPM2 has a previously unrecognized role in mitochondrial biogenesis, in addition to its role as a subunit of mitochondrial RNase P. Moreover, there is a synthetic lethal interaction between the disruption of this novel respiratory function and the loss of wild-type mtDNA. This synthetic interaction explains why a complete deletion of RPM2 is lethal.
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Prikryl, Jana, Margarita Rojas, Gadi Schuster, and Alice Barkan. "Mechanism of RNA stabilization and translational activation by a pentatricopeptide repeat protein." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, no. 1 (December 20, 2010): 415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1012076108.
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Pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins comprise a large family of helical repeat proteins that bind RNA and modulate organellar RNA metabolism. The mechanisms underlying the functions attributed to PPR proteins are unknown. We describe in vitro studies of the maize protein PPR10 that clarify how PPR10 modulates the stability and translation of specific chloroplast mRNAs. We show that recombinant PPR10 bound to its native binding site in the chloroplast atpI–atpH intergenic region (i) blocks both 5′→3′ and 3′→ 5 exoribonucleases in vitro; (ii) is sufficient to define the native processed atpH mRNA 5′-terminus in conjunction with a generic 5′→3′ exoribonuclease; and (iii) remodels the structure of the atpH ribosome-binding site in a manner that can account for PPR10’s ability to enhance atpH translation. In addition, we show that the minimal PPR10-binding site spans 17 nt. We propose that the site-specific barrier and RNA remodeling activities of PPR10 are a consequence of its unusually long, high-affinity interface with single-stranded RNA, that this interface provides a functional mimic to bacterial small RNAs, and that analogous activities underlie many of the biological functions that have been attributed to PPR proteins.
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HUANG, MING-ZHONG, DING-KUN LIU, JUN-MEI YIN, and GUANG-SUI YANG. "Cleisostoma hainanense, a new species (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae) from Hainan, China: evidence from morphological and DNA analyses." Phytotaxa 428, no. 3 (January 14, 2020): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.428.3.7.
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A new species, Cleisostoma hainanense (Orchidaceae: Epidedroideae: Aeridinae) from Hainan, China, is described and illustrated. Detailed morphological comparisons indicate that C. hainanense is similar to C. paniculatum, but differs in tauren-shaped mid-lobe with truncated tip, conical spur with inconspicuous septum and arch-shaped back wall callus. The molecular study based on nuclear ribosomal ITS and four plastid (atpI-atpH, matK, psbA-trnH, rbcL) regions support that the new species is sister to C. paniculatum.
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Turner, A. K., L. Z. Barber, P. Wigley, S. Muhammad, M. A. Jones, M. A. Lovell, S. Hulme, and P. A. Barrow. "Contribution of Proton-Translocating Proteins to the Virulence of Salmonella enterica Serovars Typhimurium, Gallinarum, and Dublin in Chickens and Mice." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 6 (June 2003): 3392–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.6.3392-3401.2003.
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ABSTRACT We investigated the attenuating effects of a range of respiratory chain mutations in three Salmonella serovars which might be used in the development of live vaccines. We tested mutations in nuoG, cydA, cyoA, atpB, and atpH in three serovars of Salmonella enterica: Typhimurium, Dublin, and Gallinarum. All three serovars were assessed for attenuation in their relevant virulence assays of typhoid-like infections. Serovar Typhimurium was assessed in 1-day-old chickens and the mouse. Serovar Gallinarum 9 was assessed in 3-week-old chickens, and serovar Dublin was assessed in 6-week-old mice. Our data show variation in attenuation for the nuoG, cydA, and cyoA mutations within the different serovar-host combinations. However, mutations in atpB and atpH were highly attenuating for all three serovars in the various virulence assays. Further investigation of the mutations in the atp operon showed that the bacteria were less invasive in vivo, showing reduced in vitro survival within phagocytic cells and reduced acid tolerance. We present data showing that this reduced acid tolerance is due to an inability to adapt to conditions rather than a general sensitivity to reduced pH. The data support the targeting of respiratory components for the production of live vaccines and suggest that mutations in the atp operon provide suitable candidates for broad-spectrum attenuation of a range of Salmonella serovars.
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Pizzo, P., P. Zanovello, V. Bronte, and F. Di Virgilio. "Extracellular ATP causes lysis of mouse thymocytes and activates a plasma membrane ion channel." Biochemical Journal 274, no. 1 (February 15, 1991): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2740139.
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Extracellular ATP (ATPo) caused a concentration-dependent lysis of mouse thymocytes. Lysis, as judged by release of the cytosolic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase, was preceded by depolarization of the plasma membrane and by Ca2+ influx. Both Na+ uptake (which sustained plasma membrane depolarization) and Ca2+ influx showed (1) the same dependence on the ATPo concentration; (2) the same nucleotide specificity; and (3) the same Hill coefficient. However, whereas the rise in the cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) was fully inhibited by the known Ca2+ blocker verapamil, plasma membrane depolarization was enhanced under these conditions. Plasma membrane depolarization was greater and was shifted to lower ATPo concentrations in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+o), whereas the rise in [Ca2+]i was greater in Na(+)-free media. Plasma membrane depolarization also occurred in Na(+)-free choline- or methylglucamine-containing media, and was potentiated by chelation of free divalent ions with EDTA, supporting previous reports pointing to ATP4-as the active species. Among a number of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, only adenosine 5′-[gamma-thio]triphosphate and ADP were partially effective. Furthermore, ethidium bromide (Mr 380), Lucifer Yellow (Mr 463) and Eosin Yellowish (Mr 692) did not permeate through the ATPo-activated channel. These findings suggest that lytic effects of ATPo in mouse thymocytes depend on the activation of a membrane channel with low selectivity for cations and an Mr cut-off of 200.
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Suzuki, Haruka, Hiroshi Kuroda, Yasushi Yukawa, and Masahiro Sugiura. "The downstream atpE cistron is efficiently translated via its own cis-element in partially overlapping atpB–atpE dicistronic mRNAs in chloroplasts." Nucleic Acids Research 39, no. 21 (August 16, 2011): 9405–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkr644.
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GRZYBOWSKA-SZATKOWSKA, LUDMIŁA, BRYGIDA ŚLASKA, JOLANTA RZYMOWSKA, ANNA BRZOZOWSKA, and BOLESŁAW FLORIAŃCZYK. "Novel mitochondrial mutations in the ATP6 and ATP8 genes in patients with breast cancer." Molecular Medicine Reports 10, no. 4 (August 8, 2014): 1772–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2014.2471.
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LI, MING-HE, XUE-YAN YUAN, DING-KUN LIU, JIANG-FENG LIU, and SHI-PIN CHEN. "Bulbophyllum yunxiaoense sp. nov. (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae: Malaxideae) from Fujian, China: Morphological and molecular analyses." Phytotaxa 332, no. 1 (December 15, 2017): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.332.1.6.
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We have described and illustrated a new species, Bulbophyllum yunxiaoense (Malaxideae, Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae), from Fujian Province in southeast China. The size and overall floral morphology of the new species are similar to those of Bulbophyllum pingtungense, a species endemic to Taiwan Island on the southeast coast of China and its closest relative according to a cladistic analysis of nuclear (ITS) and plastid (matK, trnL-F, and atpI-atpH) DNA sequences. However, B. yunxiaoense is distinguishable from B. pingtungense by flower colour, shorter scape, and longer lateral sepal.