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Hodgson, Todd R. "Alpha-thalassemia mental retardation (ATR-X) syndrome: Elucidating cellular functions of the ATRX gene." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26657.
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Mutations in the ATRX gene are responsible for the alpha-thalassemia mental retardation (ATR-X) syndrome. ATRX is a putative global transcription regulator and chromatin remodelling protein. The goal of this research is to characterize interactions ATRX has with other proteins involved in transcription regulation, and identify domains in ATRX that may be responsible for these interactions. Several stable NIH 3T3 tet-off cell lines have been established that contain a human ATRX transgene. In addition, ATRX, PML, and Daxx appear to co-localize in nuclear bundles, suggesting they may act together transiently, or in a complex, in a regulatory role. A domain has been identified on ATRX that appears to target the protein to nuclear bundles, and interact with PML and Daxx. ATRX patient mutations appear to alter these interactions. This work attempts to elucidate cellular functions of ATRX, in hopes of establishing a better understanding of the neuropathology of this complex disease.
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Lu, Yangtian. "Synthesis and Properties Study of a Doubly-Crosslinked Material Based on a Hyperbranched Polyacrylate with Hydrocarbon-Fluorocarbon Ester Substituents." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1369046926.
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Zhang, Tao, Tao Chen, Ihsan Amin, and Rainer Jordan. "ATRP with a light switch: photoinduced ATRP using a household fluorescent lamp." Royal Society of Chemistry, 2014. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A36423.
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Photoinduced atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was achieved using a simple household fluorescent lamp as the light source. In solution, methyl methacrylate could be polymerized to welldefined polymers; the photoinduced ATRP system did only convert monomers during irradiation and was inactive in the dark. In situ monitoring by UV-vis spectroscopy revealed the photoredox cycle between Cuᶦᶦ and Cuᶦ species. The linear development of the polymer number average molar mass with monomer conversion, the low dispersity as well as chain extension experiments showed the controlled nature of the polymerization. Photoinduced ATRP was also used to prepare homo- and block copolymer brushes and patterned brushes on surfaces by photoinduced surface-initiated ATRP (PSI-ATRP).
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Bannister, Iveta. "Branching copolymerisations by ATRP." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.499571.
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Sherrington and co-workers have shown that branched vinyl polymers can be synthesized by the addition of a chain transfer agent to a conventional free radical statistical copolymerisation of a vinyl and a divinyl monomer. In the presence of the chain transfer agent, the molecular weight of the primary chains is reduced, gelation can be suppressed and soluble, branched polymers are obtained as the sole product. Living polymerisation techniques offer a way to control the primary chain length without the need for a transfer agent simply by adjusting the monomer/initiator molar ratio. It is suggested that a significant degree of intramolecular cyclisation is the most likely explanation for the remarkable delay in the onset of gelation.
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Osborne, Victoria Lee. "Polyelectrolyte brushes via ATRP." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.614887.
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Janke, Reinhard. "ATRP-Pfropfungen von oxidischen Partikeloberflächen." [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=972264132.
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Law, Martin. "Targets and targeting of ATRX." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437181.
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Simpson, Neil John. "Homogenous, aqueous ATRP from functionalised polysaccharides." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.501810.
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Unilever would like to explore the use of functional polysaccharides in then detergency formulations. The aim of this work was to grow various polymer chains of pre-determined lengths via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerisation (ATRP), from a water-soluble polysaccharide and to understand and improve the process. This work has given Unilever the option to fine tune polysaccharide-graft-copolymers for industrial use, whilst also satisfying a full investigation of these novel initiators, using new techniques developed within this work. In this respect, 'controlled or living' growth of chains from a post-modified, water soluble polysaccharide is reported for the first time using the following water soluble monomers: 4-styrene sulfonic acid sodium salt, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl niethacrylate, poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate and sodium methacrylate. Examples of psuedo first order control plots were seen, with linear increase in molecular weight (PDi values from 2 to 1.2) and with high monomer conversions. The addition of a non-ii ATRP appeared to increase monomer conversion.
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Malet, Federic Louis Gino. "Aqueous ATRP of amine-based methacrylates." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367786.
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Segura, Martel Samantha Nicole. "ATE EATs red de espacios alimentarios colectivos en las laderas de Ate." Bachelor's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/20267.
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La vulnerabilidad alimentaria no solo se debería observar, medir e investigar desde el ámbito de la salud, la economía y lo social, ya que es una problemática multidimensional; es decir, la alimentación también afecta y condiciona a una ciudad en el espacio urbano, la arquitectura, y el territorio. Ello se hace evidente en el caso de la zona alta de Santa Clara, una de las laderas del distrito de Ate, Lima, en la cual las dinámicas alimentarias se diferencian por el tipo de territorio en el que se habita. Es por ello, que la investigación plantea la reinterpretación de las dinámicas de la alimentación a través de la indagación sore el rol de la arquitectura alimentaria colectiva como potencial transformador. La propuesta ATE EATs / Red de espacios alimentarios colectivos en las laderas de Ate, más que una propuesta de solución, plantea estrategias de pigmentación multiescalar que aprovechan los diversos roles de la arquitectura alimentaria como una herramienta para la consolidación de una vida urbana de calidad. Finalmente, la presente investigación evidencia la importancia de observar las dinámicas de las redes alimentarias barriales desde la experiencia cotidiana de la comunidad. Cabe añadir que aún es posible seguir experimentando con la arquitectura y su vínculo con la alimentación y el territorio.
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Ventura, Vásquez Jorge Daniel. "Conjunto habitacional en Ate." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/582202.
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El conjunto habitacional estará caracterizado por el programa Mivivienda, el cual es uno de los más importantes de la actualidad del Perú. Los perfiles socioeconómicos de este programa involucran a la mayoría de la población. Por ello, el proyecto se realizará en el distrito de Ate, ya que está vinculado al nivel socioeconómico (NSE) objetivo de este proyecto. Por otro lado, el proyecto tiene como énfasis potenciar el espacio público y sus secuencias desde lo público a lo privado, los cuales estarán conectados entre sí en distintos niveles. Estos espacios podrán relacionarse con viviendas de pisos altos y será una extensión del espacio público principal. La secuencia de espacios desde el público al privado es una idea que alentaría a los habitantes a convivir estrechamente con sus vecinos debido a que se puede percibir lo exterior como propio. Esto tiene como objetivo alentar la vida en comunidad y expandir la vida no sólo en el hogar sino a la calle o espacio público. El proyecto considerará la mayor densidad posible para el terreno pero se propondrá la mayor área libre entre espacio público posible.Tesis
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Kwasniewska, Alexandra. "The role of Atrx in vertebrate development." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.509970.
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Norman, James Alistair. "Controlled polymerisation of (meth)acrylates by ATRP." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.621056.
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Simakova, Antonina Alekseyevna. "Development of Aqueous ATRP for Biomedical Applications." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2015. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/1047.
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Preparation of functional bio-responsive polymer-based materials is the subject of increasing research efforts. Such type of materials could find broad applications in biology and medicine due to their promising performance in the areas of drug and biomolecule delivery, tissue engineering and diagnostic systems. The preparation of such materials has significantly advanced over last 20 years due to the development of reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) methods. Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), the most often used RDRP procedure, is a versatile and powerful technique for preparation of various functional polymers. Even though ATRP showed great potential for design and synthesis of materials for biomedical applications, there are still many improvements and innovations that should be made in order to effectively utilize this method for production of useful biomaterials. This dissertation seeks to obtain the information required for improving the understanding of several aspects of ATRP, primarily focusing on controlling the polymerization in aqueous media, and how this contributes to the preparation of materials relevant to the biomedical field. Accordingly, this dissertation is divided into VIII chapters, where Chapter I is an introduction to the ATRP in aqueous media and reviews state of the art of aqueous ATRP and materials prepared by this method. Protein-polymer hybrids (PPH) are commercially available therapeutics for treatment of various diseases. Over the last decade the traditional procedure employed for preparation of PPHs had been “grafting-to”, i.e. attaching a preformed polymer to a biomolecule. This technique was challenged by a new approach “grafting-from”, where a well-defined polymer can be grown directly from a specific site on a biomolecule. This method significantly improves purification procedures and yield, which can potentially bring the cost down. Grafting-from requires performing the polymerization under aqueous conditions, optimally under biocompatible conditions. However, conducting ATRP in homogeneous aqueous media is inherently difficult due to multiple side reactions and high reaction rates.
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Wager, Nicholas. "Automatic Target Recognition (ATR) ATR : background statistics and the detection of targets in clutter /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1994. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA293062.
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Thesis (M.S. in Applied Physics) Naval Postgraduate School, December 1994.Thesis advisor(s): David L. Fried, David Scott Davis. :December 1994." Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.
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Hansson, Susanne. "ARGET ATRP as a Tool for Cellulose Modification." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Ytbehandlingsteknik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-105762.
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The importance of finding new applications for cellulose‐based products has increased, especially to meet the demand for new environmentally friendly materials, but also since the digitalization of our society will eventually decrease the need for paper. To expand the application area of cellulose, modification to improve and/or introduce new properties can be a requisite. Thus, the focus of this study has been to achieve fundamental knowledge about polymer grafting of cellulose via well‐controlled radical polymerization. Cellulose, in the form of filter paper, has successfully been grafted via activators regenerated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization (ARGET ATRP) of the monomers: methyl methacrylate, styrene, and glycidyl methacrylate. The advantages of ARGET ATRP are that only a small amount of a copper catalyst is required and the reaction can be performed in limited amount of air; yet, providing for relatively well‐controlled reactions. These benefits can render ARGET ATRP an attractive method for industrial utilization. The contact‐angle measurements of the grafted filter papers confirmed that the hydrophobicity of cellulose was significantly increased, even for shorter graft lengths. FT‐IR spectroscopy established that the amount of polymer successively increased with monomer conversion. High‐resolution FT‐IR microscopy (FT‐IRM) was proven to be a very useful technique for the analysis of cellulose substrates, displaying the spatial distribution of polymer content on cellulose fibers. The polymer was shown to be fairly homogenously distributed on the fiber. An initiator with a reducible disulfide bond rendered cleavage of the polymer grafts possible, employing mild reaction conditions. The cleaved grafts and the free polymers – formed from a sacrificial initiator in parallel to the grafting – were shown to have similar molar masses and dispersities, confirming that the grafts can be tailored by utilizing a sacrificial initiator. Moreover, the initiator content on filter paper and microcrystalline cellulose was assessed. A comparison between the two grafting techniques, grafting‐from cellulose via ARGET ATRP and grafting‐to cellulose via copper(I)‐catalyzed alkyne‐azide cycloaddition, was performed. To achieve a trustworthy comparison, the free polymer formed in parallel to the grafting‐from reaction was employed as the prepolymer in the grafting‐to approach, resulting in nearly identical graft length on the substrates for the two grafting methods. FT‐IRM analyses verified that under the selected conditions, the grafting‐from technique is superior to the grafting‐to approach with respect to controlling the distribution of the polymer content on the surface. The results were corroborated with X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy.QC 20121126
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Muers, Mary R. "The role of ATRX in development and differentiation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437020.
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Adhikerana, Asep Sunjaya. "The singing behaviour of coal tits (Parus ater)." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/15073.
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This thesis investigates the singing behaviour of coal tits (Parus ater) from two different study sites. A background to the functional significance of songs in a broad context is given in Chapter 1. This chapter also briefly introduces the biology of coal tits. Chapter 2 describes more general aspects of coal tit songs, and evaluates and compares the variability in song structure of two coal tit populations. The study has looked at the distribution of songs within populations, and at the effect of distance between individuals on the composition of their repertoires. The results are presented in Chapter 3. A new hypothesis has been proposed to explain the significance of song repertoires, namely the anti-exhaustion hypothesis. The hypothesis was tested on coal tits, and the results are presented in Chapter 4. Using playback experiments the singing interaction in coal tits was investigated. Two experiments were carried out in order to test the predictions that a bout of song could give information about individual's fitness, and that song length might indicate individual 'strength'. The results are presented in Chapter 5.
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Ivanochko, Danton. "ATRX Protects Cells Against Replication-Induced Genomic Instability." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35123.
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Expansive proliferation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) is a prerequisite to the temporal waves of neuronal differentiation that generate the six-layered cerebral cortex. NPC expansion places a heavy burden on proteins that regulate chromatin packaging and genome integrity, which is further reflected by the growing number of developmental disorders caused by mutations in chromatin regulators. Accordingly, mutations in ATRX, a chromatin remodelling protein required for heterochromatin maintenance at telomeres and simple repeats, cause the ATR-X syndrome. Here, we demonstrate that proliferating ATRX-null cells accumulate DNA damage, while also exhibiting sensitivity to hydroxyurea-induced replication fork stalling. Specifically, PARP1 hyperactivation and replication-dependent double strand DNA breakage indicated replication fork protection defects, while DNA fiber assays confirmed that ATRX was required to protect replication forks from degradation. Interestingly, inhibition of the exonuclease MRE11 by the small molecule mirin could prevent degradation. Thus, ATRX is required to limit replication stress during NPC expansion.
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Chaabane, Khalid. "Bilan énergétique de Abax ater (Villers) (Coleoptera, Carabidae)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212613.
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Parida, Dambarudhar. "Intensification of ATRP polymer syntheses by microreaction technologies." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAE011/document.
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L'objectif de ce travail fut d'intensifier des procédés de polymérisation radicalaire par transfert d'atomes (ATRP) du méthacrylate de 2-(dimétylamino)éthyle (DMAEAMA) au moyen de technologies de microréaction (microréacteurs, micromélangeurs) et de paramètres de procédé (géométrie du réacteur, température, pression ... ).L'impact du prémélange sur les caractéristiques d'un copolymère statistique du DMAEMA et du méthacrylate de benzyle synthétisé dans des microréacteurs hélicoïdaux (CT) fut étudié en utilisant des principes différents de micromélange: bilamination, multilamination interdigitale (!MM) et jet d'impact. Des caractéristiques bien mieux contrôlées ont été obtenues avec !'IMM et l'intensification du procédé (Pl) a été clairement démontrée encomparaison d'un réacteur fermé ; en effet des masses molaires et conversions plus élevées ainsi que de plus faibles indices de polymolécularité (PDI) ont été obtenus pour des temps de passage inférieurs. Pour la production de PMADAME linéaire, le PI a également été réalisé par augmentation de la température et de la pression (jusqu'à 1 OO bars). Toutefois de trop hautes températures se sont avérées préjudiciables notamment pour de longs temps de passage. L'effet de l'augmentation du taux de cisaillement (via la longueur du réacteur) ne fut bénéfique qu'en régime dilué à un stade précoce de la réaction lorsque les masses molaires sont encore faibles. Comparés aux CT, un mélange interne favorisé par une technique d'inversion de flux s'est révélé être une stratégie très efficace pour réduire davantage le PDI et obtenir des masses molaires et conversions plus élevées. Des polymères branchés synthétisés en microréacteurs à inversion de flux (CFI) par ATRP en présence d'inimère présentèrent une structure plus ramifiée soulignant ainsi la supériorité des CFI sur les CT et réacteurs fermés en termes de PDI et d'efficacité de branchement. Considérant les caractéristiques des CFI, l'augmentation d'échelle des microréacteurs fut considérée par accroissement de leur diamètre. La productivité du procédé a été augmentée d'un facteur 4 tout en gardant un bon contrôle sur les caractéristiques macromoléculaires. Ainsi fut-il démontré que l'inversion de flux est un moyen très efficace pour contrebalancer l'effet négatif d'une augmentation du diamètre du microréacteurThe aim of this work was to intensify Atom Transfer Radical polymerization (ATRP) processes for the production of DMAEMA-based (co)polymers by relying on microreaction technology tools (microreactor, micromixers) and process parameters (reactor geometry, temperature, pressure ... ). Impact of premixing on macromolecular characteristics of P(DMAEMA-co-BzMA) synthesized in coiled tube (CT) microreactors was studied using different micromixing principles: bilamination, interdigital multilamination (IMM) and impact jet.Better controlled characteristics were obtained with !MM and process intensification (PI) was clearly demonstrated in comparison with batch mode as higher molecular weights, increased monomer conversions and lower polydispersity indices (PDI) were obtained for lower residence times. For the production of linear PDAEMA, PI was also achieved by application of elevated temperature and pressure (up to 100 bars). However, high temperature was found to be detrimental for long residence times. Effect of increased shear rate (i.e. reactor length) was found only beneficial in dilute regime at the early stage of the polymerization reaction when molecular weights are low. ln comparison with CT reactors, internal mixing promoted by flow inversion technique was found to be quite an effective strategy to reduce further PDI and obtain higher molecular weights and monomer conversions. Branched polymers synthesized by self condensing vinyl copolymerization (SCVCP) adapted to ATRP in tubular coil flow inverter (CFI) microreactors exhibited higher branched structure highlighting the superiority of CFI microreactor over CT and batch reactors in terms of PD! and branching efficiency. Finally, considering such features of CFI, attempt was made to scale-up microreactors by increasing their diameter. lt was found that process throughput can be increased by more than a factor of 4 while keeping a good control over macromolecular characteristics. Thus itwas demonstrated that flow inversion is quite effective to counter balance the detrimental effect of an increase in microreactor diameter
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Huaman, Diaz Marlet Maricielo. "Centro Social – Cultural en Ate." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/656704.
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El proyecto de la presente tesis busca desarrollar las pautas para el diseño de un Centro Social – Cultural ubicado en Ate. El centro surge como respuesta al déficit de este tipo de infraestructura comunitaria en un distrito que como consecuencia de su forma alargada y de gran extensión territorial se ha desarrollado de manera desordenada y sin el equipamiento necesario para una adecuada calidad de vida para una población de 599 196 habitantes. Ante esta situación, se debe aprovechar la oportunidad para fomentar la práctica de actividades que promuevan un crecimiento personal y mejore la cohesión social de los habitantes entre sí y con su entorno.
El equipamiento propone implementar espacios para el desarrollo de actividades socioculturales de frecuencia diaria como la recreación, el aprendizaje, y el deporte, dirigidas al público en general, pero enfatizando en la población predominante de carácter joven que abarca hasta los 29 años. Por tal motivo, el proyecto se enfoca en brindar espacios permeables que a través de plataformas sociales y espacios públicos permitan la interacción entre los usuarios de los distintos paquetes culturales.
Como resultado, el proyecto se divide en dos bloques, uno cultural y otro deportivo, los cuales se unen a través de plataformas exteriores que refuerzan la interacción visual y de actividades entre usuarios. Finalmente, se refuerza la relación del proyecto con su entorno mediante el biohuerto interior y el parque público que rodea a todo el volumen y permite visualizar las actividades desarrolladas en el centro social – cultural.The project of this thesis seeks to develop the guidelines for the design of a Social - Cultural Center located in Ate. The center arises as a response to the deficit of this type of community infrastructure in a district that, as a consequence of its elongated shape and large territorial extension, has developed in a disorderly manner and without the necessary equipment for an adequate quality of life for a population of 599 196 habitants. Given this situation, the opportunity should be taken to encourage the practice of activities that promote personal growth and improve the social cohesion of the inhabitants with each other and with their environment. The facility proposes to implement spaces for the development of socio-cultural activities such as recreation, learning, and sports, aimed at the general public, but emphasizing the predominant population of a young age that covers up to 29 years. For this reason, the project focuses on providing permeable spaces that, through social platforms and public spaces, allow interaction between users of the different cultural packages. As a result, the project is divided into two blocks, one cultural and the other sports, which are joined through exterior platforms that reinforce visual interaction and activities between users. Finally, the project's relationship with its surroundings is reinforced through the interior vegetable garden and the public park that surrounds the entire volume and allows the activities carried out in the social-cultural center to be viewed.
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Rettig, Hartmut Arnim. "Methoden zur Synthese von definierten bioorganisch-synthetischen Blockcopolymeren." Phd thesis, [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=982242581.
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Leander, Kjell. "Sothönans ( Fulica atra ) miljökrav vid häckning i utbredningsområdets randzon." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Biologi, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-2497.
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In Sweden you will find the coot chiefly in the southern parts. The species winters in the southern part of the Baltic Sea and along the coasts of northern Europe. The number of coots is heavily decreased by harsh winters. The population of the coots in Sweden is estimated to 20 000 to 30 000 pairs. The region of Dalarna is the random zone for the breeding of coots in Sweden . During the summer of 2006 the coot was reported to reproduce in at least 31 lakes and rivers preferably in the southern part of the Dalarna region. From Lake Brunnsjön at least 50 pairs of coots were reported. Lake Brunnsjön is by far the most nutrient rich lake in Dalarna.From the three lakes that are included in the study, namely Lake Glistjärn, Lake Limsjön and Lake Kyrkbytjärn, the water analysis shows high pH values, well-buffered waters and meso- trophic waters.The number of successful breedings was eleven. Lake Glistjärn zero breeding, Lake Limsjön four and Lake Kyrkbytjärn seven breedings. The northernmost lake in Dalarna where breeding occurred is Lake Limsjön.
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Pilon, Laura Nicole. "Synthesis and characterisation of hydroxyl-functional polymers by ATRP." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.401485.
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Magnani, Maurizio. "Polimeri metacrilici contenenti ferrocene: sintesi mediante ATRP e proprietà." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/6545/.
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An investigation on the synthesis and properties of ferrocene-containing methacrylate monomer and polymer was carried out. Block copolymers of Ferrocenylmethyl Methacrylate with methyl, butil and esil methacrylate, were also prepared. The side-chain ferrocene-containing polymers and copolymers were prepared via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The glass transition temperature (Tg) values of the polymers and copolymers were measured by differential scan calorimetry (DSC).The thermal degradation behavior of copolymers was also studied and compared with the respective homopolymers. Cyclic voltammetry was employed to study the electrochemical properties. Preliminar electrochemical studies with a glassy carbon and Indium Tin Oxide electrodes modified with ferrocene-polymer conducted in aqueous and organic media are reported.
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Radegård, Madeleine. "Habitatanvändning av svartmes (Periparus ater) och entita (Poecile palustris)." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för miljö- och livsvetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-65418.
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Competition is common between closely related species, no less between birds. For tits in temperate forests, competition for food and space is usually stronger during winter, as foraging opportunities are few. Many species with an otherwise broad diet, therefore, start eating the same available food items and thus increase their overlap in the use of food resources. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether coal tits and marsh tits compete with each other. The observations were made in 10 selected locations with varying types of forests. In the study, 20 entrants and 20 blacks were observed for 5 minutes per individual. Every minute the position of the individual was noted in the tree.The results indicate an asymmetrical competition between the species because marsh tits changed its habitat use and were found lower in trees in the presence of coal tits, whereas coal tits did not change its habitat use in the presence of marsh tits. The movement by the Marsh tits can then reduce competition and give both species a better chance of living together.Konkurrens är vanligt mellan närbesläktade arter, inte minst mellan fåglar. Konkurrensen om mat och boplatser blir oftast starkare på vinterhalvåret då det är svårare att hitta mat och många arter som annars föredrar olika sorters föda då börjar äta samma sort. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om svartmes och entita konkurrerar med varandra. Observationerna gjordes på 10 utvalda platser med varierande skogstyper. I studien observerades 20 entitor och 20 svartmesar i 5 minuter per individ. Varje minut noterades individens position i trädet. Resultaten visar att det kan förekomma en asymmetrisk konkurrens mellan arterna då entitan flyttade sig nedåt i höjdnivå i närvaro av svartmes, medan svartmes inte ändrade plats i närvaro av entita. Entitans nedflyttning kan då minska konkurrensen och ge båda arter bättre möjlighet till samlevnad.
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Goodall, Emma. "Characterizing the enhanced neuronal apoptosis in ATRX knockout mice." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28398.
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Mutations in ATRX, a SWI/SNF-like chromatin remodeling protein, cause the very rare ATR-X mental retardation syndrome (OMIM# 30032). The ATR-X syndrome is characterized by global developmental delay and 95% of cases are diagnosed with severe to profound mental retardation. Previous experiments have established a developmental requirement for ATRX and have suggested a role for ATRX in corticogenesis. Conditional forebrain specific ATRX -/- mice were shown to have a loss of cortical mass, which resulted from a 12-fold increase in apoptosis during early stages of corticogenesis.
We show that the loss of ATRX results in a loss of neurons but does not affect the differentiation of astrocytes. Furthermore, we demonstrate enhanced p53mediated apoptosis in the ATRX knockout model. Consistent with this, we demonstrated elevated activity levels of caspase-9 and -3, key apoptotic factors. Additionally, we show an upregulation of the pro-apoptotic genes Bid and Peg3 in ATRX knockout samples. Together these results suggest that ATRX may play a critical role in promoting neuronal survival by inhibiting p53 mediated apoptosis.
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Descailleaux, Casella Pierre. "Centro Comunitario Recreacional en Huaycan, Ate." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/624954.
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El proyecto de Tesis que he desarrollado denominado Centro Comunitario Recreacional en la zona de Huaycán, distrito de Ate en Lima, parte de una premisa donde el deporte es una de las armas fundamentales para el desarrollo social de los usuarios así como un elemento integrador de comunidades. Es de esta manera como se inician las líneas que componen diversos capítulos y sustentan la necesidad de tener un proyecto que incorpora equipamiento deportivo con infraestructura de alta calidad así como espacios complementarios para la educación necesarios en la zona propuesta. Con una idea clara del deporte como propulsor social, la investigación recupera ejemplos de proyectos de la misma tipología de países desarrollados para explicar la composición de los espacios arquitectónicos así como también proyectos de sus similares en la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia en donde se exponen los beneficios que estos han traído para una ciudad que apostó por el urbanismo con proyectos de estas características para su desarrollo.The Project of Thesis that I have developed, entitled Community Recreation Center in Huaycan area, district of Ate in the province and department of Lima is based upon the idea that sport is one of the main instruments to promote the social development of the users and to integrate communities. This is how this investigation starts, composed of a variety of chapters that empowers the idea of the necessity of having a project that provides sport facilities with an A level infrastructure as well as different areas that enhance the different educational institutions spread in the area. Within an strong idea of sport as the engine of the social development, this investigation gathers different projects of the same typology in developed countries to illustrate the composition of the architectural spaces of these centers as well as projects of neighbor cities such as Medellin, Colombia where we can see the benefits that these have brought to a city that has made its commitment to urbanism for its growth.
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Middleton, Fiona Kay. "Targeting ATR for selective cancer therapy." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.743391.
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The DNA damage response (DDR), comprising repair and cell cycle checkpoints, maintains genomic stability. DDR dysfunction, particularly loss of the G1 checkpoint (e.g. p53 mutation), is common in cancer increasing reliance on S/G2 checkpoints. ATR, a kinase activated by ssDNA-dsDNA junctions arising following DNA damage (e.g. from chemo/radiotherapy), signals to homologous recombination repair (HRR) and S/G2 checkpoints. ATR inhibitors (ATRi) may therefore be tumour-selective chemo/radiosensitisers. Vertex Pharmaceuticals developed two novel, potent and selective ATRi, VE-821 and VE-822/VX-970. VX-970 is currently in clinical trial. ATR activity/inhibition was explored using a proprietary enzyme assay at Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd. VE-821, although less potent than VE-822, was more selective for ATR over ATM. VE-821 and VE-822 inhibited ATR in breast cancer cells with wild type or mutant p53, which correlated with reduced proliferation and survival independently of p53 status. VE-821 was more cytotoxic to cancer than non-cancer breast cells. VE-821 sensitisation to gemcitabine/ionising radiation (IR) was p53-independent but tumour cell-specific in these unmatched cells. Radiosensitisation was not attributed to cell cycle effects of VE-821. In isogenic p53 WT or null/mutant cells dysfunctional p53 was associated with greater chemo/radiopotentiation by VE-821 (but not sensitivity to VE-821 alone) but not consistently with reduction of IR-induced G2 arrest. Defects in ATM, BRCA2 or XRCC3 (HRR), XRCC1 (base excision repair) and Ku80 (non- homologous end joining - NHEJ) conferred sensitivity to VE-821. Sensitivity to VE-821 was dependent on the expression of DNA-PKcs (NHEJ) but not its activity or NHEJ per se. High DNA-PKcs was associated with higher cMyc levels but cMyc was not a determinant of VE-821. To support clinical trials of ATRi a pharmacodynamic (PD) biomarker was developed. After UV/4NQ0 exposure pChklSer345 was most ATR-specific but unreliable in surrogate tissue (human PBMCs). Phosphorylation of H2AX was robust and ATR-specific at <1 hour and therefore the recommended PD biomarker.
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Baik, Hayeon. "Role of the SUMO pathway in Acute Myeloid Leukemias response to treatments." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT016/document.
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Les thérapies de différenciation sont une alternative prometteuse aux drogues génotoxiques utilisées en chimiothérapie pour le traitement de nombreux cancers. En particulier, l’acide tout-trans rétinoïque (ATRA) est utilisé avec succès pour traiter la leucémie aiguë promyélocytaire, un sous-type des leucémies aiguës myéloïdes (LAM). Malheureusement, son efficacité clinique est limitée dans les autres sous-types des LAM. Cela est en particulier du à une répression épigénétique des gènes de réponse à l’ATRA. Les SUMO constituent une famille de modificateurs post-traductionnels apparentés à l’ubiquitine dont la conjugaison sur de nombreuses protéines, appelée sumoylation, est impliquée dans la régulation de nombreux processus cellulaires, dont la transcription. Dans ce contexte, l’objective de ma thèse a été de comprendre le rôle de la sumoylation dans la réponse des LAM aux thérapies de différenciation. Nous avons pu montrer que la sumoylation réprime la différenciation induite par ATRA dans plusieurs lignées cellulaires, des cellules primaires de patients y compris celles résistantes à la chimiothérapie. L’inhibition de la sumoylation par les inhibiteurs pharmacologiques ou la surexpression des désumoylases augmente de façon remarquable la différenciation par ATRA et, à l’inverse l’augmentation de la sumoylation suite à une surexpression de SUMO ou son enzyme de conjugaison Ubc9 réduit fortement l’efficacité d’ATRA. L’ATRA synergise avec l’inhibition de la sumoylation pour limiter la prolifération des cellules de LAM in vitro et in vivo. D’un point de vue mécanistique, l’inhibition de la sumoylation favorise la différenciation des cellules de LAM en facilitant l’expression des gènes responsables de la différenciation myéloïde. Ainsi, cibler la sumoylation constitue une approche prometteuse pour sensibiliser la LAM aux thérapies de différenciationDifferentiation therapies are a promising alternative to genotoxic-based chemotherapies in the treatment of many cancers. In particular, All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) is successfully used for Acute Promyelocytic Leukemias, a subtype of Acute Myeloid Leukemias. However, its clinical efficiency is very limited in the other AML subtypes, in particular because of epigenetic repression of ATRA-responsive genes. SUMOs are a family of post-translational modifiers related to ubiquitin and their conjugation, sumoylation, to their substrate proteins regulate many processes including gene transcription. The aim of my thesis was to understand the role of sumoylation in AML responses to treatments. I showed that sumoylation represses ATRA-induced differentiation in many AML cell lines and primary patient samples, including those resistant to chemotherapies. Inhibition of sumoylation with pharmacological inhibitors or overexpression of desumoylases markedly increased their differentiation by ATRA and increasing sumoylation by overexpression of SUMO or its conjugating enzyme Ubc9 strongly reduce ATRA efficiency. Inhibition of sumoylation synergize with ATRA to arrest AML cells proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, inhibition of sumoylation primes AML cells for differentiation by facilitating the expression of master genes of the myeloid differentiation. Targeting the SUMO pathway thus constitute a promising approach to sensitize AML to differentiation therapies
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Naoe, Tomoki. "Mechanism-based Therapy for Leukemia: A Lesson from Atra Therapy." Nagoya University School of Medicine, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/5372.
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Nuss, Stefan. "Polymermodifizierung von Metall- und Halbleiternanopartikeln durch ATRP "grafting from"-Polymerisation." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=977228878.
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Raman, Sundhya. "Studies of ATRX mutations as a cause of mental retardation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289112.
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Atoloye, Oluwafemi. "The design and synthesis of peptide/protein based ATRP initiators." Thesis, Durham University, 2005. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/2803/.
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A series of novel hetero-bifunctional linkers functionalised as ATRP initiators and protein and peptide-reactive agents has been prepared using standard synthetic techniques. A protein-based initiator has been applied to the initiation of living polymerisation in the synthesis of a novel bioconjugate. The linkers were designed based on the properties of polyethylene glycol and short alkyl chains coupled to either amine selective or thiol selective moieties for chemoselectivity, and bromoisobutyryl esters to facilitate atom transfer living polymerisation. The bi-functional linkers have also been coupled to short peptides based on the RGD bio-recognition sequence synthesised by standard solid phase peptide synthesis and the protein. Human Serum Albumin (HSA) using standard conditions to prepare peptide/protein-based ATRP initiators. Attempts at functionalising peptides with the N succinimidyl 4-(2-bromo-2- methylpropionyloxy) butanoate linker were unsuccessful. Model test of the protein based ATRP initiators in living polymerisation towards a novel strategy for bioconjugate synthesis was inconclusive as premature termination of the polymer chain was observed by MALDI analysis.
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Fidge, Christopher. "Synthesis of phosphorous-containing polymers by ATRP and SET-LRP." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2009. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/1081/.
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The aim of this work was to synthesise phosphorous-containing polymers with controlled molecular weights and low PDIs. Phosphorus functionality was introduced both by polymerising a phosphorus-containing monomer and by the reaction of functional polymers with phosphorous compounds in a postpolymerisation approach. Cu(0)-mediated SET-LRP was studied to ascertain if it could be used for the polymerisation of ethylene glycol containing monomers. When using copper wire as the source of metal, significant periods of inactivity or ‘induction’ time were observed at the beginning of the polymerisation. By altering the polymerisation temperature and the surface area of the copper, their affect on the ‘induction’ time was studied. SET-LRP was used to polymerise DEGMEMA, PEGA454, PEGMA475 and PEGMA1100, serving as model compounds for subsequent polymerisations of phosphorus-containing monomers. ATRP and SET-LRP were used to synthesise homopolymers of DEMOEP and copolymers of DEMOEP with both DEGMEMA and PEGMA475. ATRP resulted in well defined polymers with low PDIs, but SET-LRP of DEMOEP and DEMOEP/DEGMEMA exhibited high termination and high PDIs. By replacing DEGMEMA with PEGMA475, polymer synthesis by SET-LRP was much improved; termination was low, molecular weight growth was linear with respect to conversion and the final polymers had narrow molecular weight distributions. The control of these polymers by SET-LRP equalled those of ATRP. Deprotection chemistry was used to attempt the removal of the ethyl groups of the pendant phosphate groups in DEMOEP-containing polymers. Three different systems were used and their affect on the polymers was studied. Using a post-polymerisation modification strategy, reactive succinimidyl-ester containing polymers were modified with the amino-functional phosphate, AMPA. In a similar fashion, the reaction of P-H bonds residues with amines and aldehydes was also studied for the modification of reactive polymers. These ‘Kabachnik-Fields’ reactions were performed on small molecule model amines, commercially available amino-functional polymers and finally, a water-soluble succinimidyl-ester containing copolymer synthesised by ATRP.
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Furlong, Shaun Antony. "Synthesis and characterisation of novel copolymers and latexes via ATRP." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341545.
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Tebikachew, Behabitu Ergette. "Preparation of VACNT/PMMA composites via ATRP and their characterization." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/3843.
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Mestrado em Ciência de MateriaisVertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNT) were synthesized using thermal chemical vapour deposition (CVD) technique and modified with oxygen-containing functional groups (hydroxyl, carbonyl and carboxyl) using an Ar:O2 (97:3) plasma. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have confirmed that those functional groups have been successfully grafted from the surface of the nanotubes. The plasma treatment was also found to remove significant amounts of amorphous carbon produced and deposited on the forests during the CVD process. The aligned carbon nanotube forests were further modified with an atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiator to grow poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) chains via an in situ controlled/living radical polymerization. The resulting VACNT/PMMA composite was analyzed using Raman, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopies, and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). The TEM image mode and the 1H-NMR results clearly showed the presence of a polymer matrix surrounding the vertically aligned CNT forests. In addition, compressive tests carried out for both pristine VACNT and VACNT/PMMA composite have showed a higher compressive strength of the composite material than the pristine. This resulted from the denser structural arrangement of the vertically aligned CNTs due to the zipping effect observed for CNTs in solution processing methods and due to the presence of the polymer matrix, which gives extra support for the VACNTs.
Nanotubos de carbono alinhados verticalmente (VACNT) foram preparadas por deposição química em fase vapor (CVD) em parede quente e posteriormente submetidos a um tratamento com plasma de uma mistura Ar:O2 (97:3) de modo a obter grupos hidroxilo, carbonilo, carboxílo à superfície. Esta modificação superficial dos nanotubos foi confirmada através das espectroscopias de XPS e de Raman, bem como por microscopia electrónica de varrimento. Os resultados obtidos mostraram ainda que através do tratamento de plasma se remove uma quantidade significativa de material grafítico que fora depositado durante o processo CVD. Após o tratamento com plasma dos VACNT, procedeu-se ao ancoramentp do iniciador de polimerização radicalar por transferência e átomo (ATRP) à sua superfície. Seguidamente procedeu-se à preparação de cadeias de poli(metacrilato de metido) (PMMA) a partir da superfície. O compósito obtido VACNT/PMMA foi caracterizado pelas espectroscopias de Raman, de FT-IR e 1H-RMN e ainda por microscopia de transmissão electrónica em varrimento (STEM). Os resultados obtidos a partir de imagens em modo TEM e do RMN-1H confirmaram a presença da matriz polimérica em torno dos VACNT. Além disso, os testes de compressão realizados tanto para as florestas originais, como para o compósito, revelaram que este último apresentou uma resistência à compressão superior que resulta da compactação (zipping) sofrida pelos tubos durante o processamento em solução, bem como da presença da matriz polimérica a qual confere uma maior estabilidade dimensional e mecânica à floresta de CNTs.
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Delorme, Marilyne. "Downregulation of ATRX disrupts cell proliferation and cell cycle progression." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27627.
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ATRX is a chromatin remodelling protein of the SNF2 family of chromatin remodelling proteins. Mutations in the ATRX gene have been shown to cause the ATR-X syndrome, an X-linked mental retardation disorder. ATRX is part of a chromatin-remodelling complex with Daxx that localizes to PML nuclear bodies or pericentromeric heterochromatin and is thought to regulate gene expression. In mice, Atrx inactivation results in embryonic lethality whereas conditional forebrain specific Atrx ablation showed impaired development and disorganization of the cortex. Furthermore, ATRX phosphorylation was shown to be cell cycle dependant, suggesting an important role for ATRX in cell cycle regulation. In this study we investigated the effects of ATRX downregulation in cell culture models, using siRNA transient transfection, a clone expressing an shRNA targeted to ATRX, and Atrxnull MEFs. ATRX downregulated cells showed reduced growth rates and cell cycle defects at the G1 and S phases of the cell cycle. Moreover, ATRX ablation was associated with an altered Rb phosphorylation status and decreased expression of the cyclin A and E2F-1 proteins. Taken together our results suggest that ATRX may play a significant role in cell cycle progression that is pertinent for proper development.
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Smolne, Sebastian. "Cu- and Fe-mediated Atom-Transfer Radical Polymerization in Aqueous Solution." Doctoral thesis, Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0028-87E3-5.
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Wingert, Amanda E. "Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) of 3-O-Methacryloyl-1,2:5,6-di-O-Isopropylidene-D-Glucofuranose (MAIpGlc): Towards Sugar-Functionalized, Non-Ionic, Diblock Copolymer Brushes." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1299005265.
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Sully, Jessica. "The development of in vacuo ATR spectroscopy." Thesis, University of York, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245910.
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Chung, Edgar N. 1977. "A cost effective ATE calibration/verification solution." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/86290.
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Thesis (S.B. and M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2000.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 64-65).
by Edgar N. Chung.
S.B.and M.Eng.
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Hartmann, Paulo Airton. "Feuerbach e o ate?smo antropol?gico." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2012. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/2904.
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Previous issue date: 2012-08-29Feuerbach answer the question: Where and how the religion arises? The man, endowed of intelligence and consciousness, is able to think as individuals and as species. As an individual perceives limited. As a species finds its essence. His essence and all its potentials and wishes, he projects this to out of himself and call this of God. Feuerbach, with his atheism, wants repay to man the dignity lost and shows that theology is, on reality, an anthropology. Finally is made the critique of Feuerbach s critique
Feuerbach responde ? pergunta: de onde e como surge a religi?o? O homem, dotado de intelig?ncia e consci?ncia, ? capaz de pensar-se como indiv?duo e como esp?cie. Como indiv?duo percebe-se limitado. Como esp?cie descobre a sua ess?ncia. Sua ess?ncia e todas as suas potencialidades e desejos ele as projeta para fora de si e as chama Deus. Feuerbach, com seu ate?smo, quer restituir ao homem a dignidade perdida e demonstrar que a teologia ?, na verdade, uma antropologia. Por fim faz-se a cr?tica da cr?tica de Feuerbach
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Weber, Anika Maria. "Targeting ATM/ATR signalling in lung cancer." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3117219f-5273-4dc7-9a28-c531c708663f.
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Cells respond to the induction of DNA damage with activation of the DNA damage response (DDR), a complex signalling network which orchestrates cell cycle arrest and DNA repair in order to maintain genomic stability and cell viability. Activation of these signalling pathways enables cancer cells to survive DNA damaging chemo- or radiotherapy and contributes to the development of therapy resistance. Therefore, components of the DDR have become attractive targets for chemo- or radiosensitisation. Furthermore, cancer cells frequently exhibit defects in certain DDR components and may, as a consequence, become highly dependent on remaining DDR pathways to survive DNA damage. Two apical mediators of the DDR are the serine/threonine protein kinases ATM and ATR. ATM is frequently mutated in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and defects in ATM may render the tumour cells dependent on ATR signalling for survival. In this study, we characterised the functional consequences of ATM mutations in NSCLC cell lines and established an immunohistochemistry-based assay to identify patients with loss of ATM expression. As a single agent, pharmacological ATR inhibition (ATRi) was selectively cytotoxic for cells deficient in both ATM and p53. Furthermore, ATRi in combination with either ATM or PARP inhibition selectively killed tumour cells with mutant p53. We show that following ATR inhibition, ATM and p53 perform critical cell cycle checkpoint functions, independently of each other. Our results suggest that while retained function in any of these pathways is sufficient to maintain cell viability, functional loss of ATM, ATR and p53 results in premature mitotic entry, chromosome fragmentation and mitotic catastrophe. We conclude that in NSCLC the functional status of both ATM and p53 determines the cellular response to ATR inhibition, and propose that a combination of ATR inhibition with ATM or PARP inhibition may have broad utility for the treatment of p53-mutated NSCLC.
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Almeida, Paula de 1988. "Copolímeros de metacrilato de alquila e metacrilato de sacarose sintetizados via ATRP." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/248792.
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Orientador: Maria Isabel FelisbertiDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química
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Resumo: Neste trabalho foram sintetizados copolímeros anfifílicos e em bloco baseados em metacrilato de sacarose (SMA) e nos metacrilatos de alquila (MAlq): metacrilato de etila (EMA), metacrilato de n-butila (BMA) e metacrilato de n-hexila (HMA), via polimerização radicalar por transferência de átomo (ATRP). Para tal, utilizou-se o sistema catalítico catalisador/desativador/iniciador/ligante constituído de CuBr/CuBr2/2,2,2-tribromoetanol/1,1,4,7,10,10-hexametiltrietilenotetramina. Este sistema catalítico é inédito para a polimerização do EMA, BMA e HMA e dos copolímeros. A polimerização dos MAlq pode ser considerada viva, pois seguiu cinética de polimerização de pseudo-primeira ordem, gerando-se polímeros com polidispersidade estreita (PDI<1,3), massa molar pré-determinada e funcionalizados. A constante de velocidade de polimerização segue a ordem kEMA>kBMA>kHMA, ordem inversa do relatado para a polimerização radicalar livre. Os copolímeros inéditos [P(MAlq-b-SMA)] foram sintetizados, apresentando distribuição bimodal de massa molar, devido à copolimerização parcial dos macroiniciadores. Supõe-se que as cadeias dos macroiniciadores fiquem encapsuladas em agregados dos copolímeros durante a síntese, impossibilitando sua reação. As análises de GPC utilizando os solventes DMF e THF para um mesmo copolímero resultaram em massas molares diferindo entre si de cerca de 10 vezes, sugerindo que os copolímeros se agregam ou se auto-organizam em solução de DMF/THF a 5DMF:95THF (v/v). O caráter anfifílico foi comprovado pela estabilização de uma emulsão de água e benzeno. Demais propriedades físico-químicas dos copolímeros, tais como solubilidade, intumescimento, temperatura de transição vítrea, variação da capacidade calorífica e estabilidade térmica, são distintas a dos respectivos macroiniciadores, evidenciando as mudanças de propriedades dos polímeros devido à inserção de SMA
Abstract: In the present work, amphiphilic block copolymers based on sucrose methacrylate (SMA) and the alkyl methacrylates (MAlq): ethyl methacrylate (EMA), n-butyl methacrylate (BMA) and n-hexyl methacrylate (HMA), were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), employing the CuBr/CuBr2/2,2,2-tribromoethanol/1,1,4,7,10,10-hexamethyltriethylenetetramine as a catalyst/ deactivator/initiator/ligant system. This is a novel system for polymerizing EMA, BMA, HMA and their copolymers. This MAlq polymerization may be considered "living", because it followed a pseudo-first order kinetics, which resulted in polymer with narrow polidispersity (PDI<1,3), controlled molar mass and preserved chain end functionality. The apparent rate constants of the polymerization were found to follow the kEMA>kBMA>kHMA order, which is the opposite order reported in free radical polymerization. The novel copolymers [P(MAlq-b-SMA)] were synthesized, showing bimodal molar mass distribution, due to partial PMAlq copolymerization. Possibly, PMAlq chains are encapsulated into copolymer aggregates during polymerization, stopping its reaction. GPC analysis with DMF and THF as solvents differed in molar mass about 10 times, suggesting that copolymers can organize in a 5DMF:95THF (v/v) DMF/THF solution. The stabilization of a water and benzene emulsion proved the copolymers amphiphilicity. Other copolymer physical-chemistry properties, such as solubility, swelling, glass transition temperature, heat capacity change and thermal stability are different when compared to the macroinitiators, which is an evidence of change in polymer properties due to SMA monomer insertion.
Mestrado
Físico-Química
Mestra em Química
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Boutzen, Héléna. "Activité de l'acide tout-trans-rétinoïque dans les leucémies aigües myéloïdes portant des mutations sur les isocitrate déshydrogénases : combinaisons et perspectives thérapeutiques." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30328.
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Les leucémies aigües myéloïdes (LAM) sont caractérisées par l'accumulation de blastes leucémiques pour lesquels les programmes de différenciation sont dérégulés. Les mutations des isocitrate déshydrogénases (IDH), présentes chez 15% des patients atteints de LAM à risque cytogénétique intermédiaire, participent à cette dérégulation en induisant la production de R-2-Hydroxyglutarate (R-2-HG), responsable d'une hyperméthylation globale de l'ADN. Nous avons identifié une signature génique spécifique de la mutation IDH1 R132H, caractérisée par une dérégulation des facteurs de transcription clés impliqués dans la différenciation granulocytaire, mais également par la dérégulation de gènes répondeurs à la différenciation induite par l'ATRA. Nous avons montré que la mutation IDH1 R132H sensibilise les lignées cellulaires et blastes d'échantillons primaires de patients à la différenciation induite par l'ATRA, à la fois in vitro et in vivo à des concentrations cliniquement relevantes. De plus, le traitement par une forme perméante du R-2-HG sensibilise la forme IDH1 WT à la différenciation induite par l'ATRA, alors que l'inhibition de la production du R-2-HG réduit de façon significative les effets de l'ATRA dans la lignée HL60 IDH1 R132H. L'ATRA permet de diminuer la viabilité cellulaire et augmenter l'apoptose spécifiquement en présence de la mutation IDH1 R132H, et conduit à une réduction drastique de la formation de colonies en milieu semi-solide. Il réduit également la prise tumorale de la lignée MOLM14 IDH1 R132H xénogreffées dans des souris NOD-Scid-IL2rynull et augmente de façon très significative la survie globale des souris, révélant l'effet potentiellement anti-leucémique de l'ATRA spécifiquement en présence de la mutation IDH1 R132H. Nous avons également mis en évidence un effet synergique entre l'ATRA et le dasatinib, spécifiquement en présence de la mutation IDH1 R132H, à la fois in vitro et in vivo. Pour finir, nous avons montré que la mutation IDH1 R132H réduit la survie de souris xénogreffées par rapport à la forme sauvage, ainsi que la sensibilité in vitro aux chimiothérapies classiquement utilisées pour le traitement des LAM (AraC et Idarubicine). Malgré tout, l'ajout d'ATRA permet d'augmenter l'efficacité des chimiothérapies, spécifiquement en présence de la mutation IDH1 R132H. Pour conclure, cette étude donne un rationnel pour tester ces combinaisons au cours de futurs essais cliniques dans ce sous-groupe de patientsAcute myeloid leukemia (AML) is characterized by accumulation of malignant blasts with impaired differentiation programs due to recurrent mutations such as isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations found in 15% of AML patients. These mutations result in the production of (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), leading to a hypermethylation phenotype that impairs hematopoietic differentiation. Here we identified mutant IDH1-specific gene signatures regulated by key transcription factors involved in myeloid differentiation and responsive to retinoids. Accordingly, we showed that the presence of the IDH1 mutation sensitized AML cell lines and primary patient samples to all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-induced differentiation both in vitro and in vivo using clinically achievable doses. Moreover, treatment with a cell-permeable form of 2-HG sensitized wild-type IDH1 AML cells to ATRA-induced myeloid differentiation, while inhibition of 2-HG production significantly diminished ATRA effects in mutant IDH1 cells. ATRA treatment specifically decreased cell viability and induced apoptosis of mutant IDH1 blasts in vitro. ATRA also reduced tumor burden of mutant IDH1 AML cells xenografted in NOD-Scid-IL2rynull mice and highly increased mice overall survival, revealing a potent anti-leukemic effect of ATRA in the presence of IDH1 mutation. Moreover, we showed a synergistic effect between ATRA and dasatinib specifically in the presence of IDH1 R132H mutation, both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we demonstrated that IDH1 R132H reduces survival of mice xenografted with mutant cell lines compared to the WT, and reduces sensitivity to chemotherapies (AraC and Idarubicine) in vitro. Nevertheless, the association of ATRA to chemotherapies increases their activity specifically in the presence of IDH1 R132H mutation. These therapeutic strategies hold promise for this AML patient subgroup in future clinical studies
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Kolybaba-Stewart, Addie [Verfasser], and Anne-Kathrin [Akademischer Betreuer] Classen. "The Drosophila homologues of the human ATRX gene underlying the ATRX mental retardation syndrome have independent functions at chromatin / Addie Kolybaba-Stewart ; Betreuer: Anne-Kathrin Classen." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1148941274/34.
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Mitson, Matthew. "The structure and function of the chromatin remodelling domain of ATRX." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.442902.
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Petkus, Gediminas. "Laukių (Fulica atra) sankaupų gausa ir pasiskirstymas žuvininkystės ūkių tvenkiniuose Lietuvoje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20140627_170047-29084.
Full textAbstract:
Laukio sankaupų gausa, pasiskirstymas ir formavimosi fenologija tirta naudojantis duomenimis surinktais 2009-2010 m. dvidešimt viename Lietuvos žuvininkystės ūkyje. Bendras ūkių plotas sudarė apie 10000 ha. Per sezoną (balandy - gegužę) kiekviename ūkyje buvo atliekama 13 apskaitų. Sprendžiant pagal maksimalias sankaupų reikšmes atskiruose ūkiuose, bendras maksimalus laukių skaičius Lietuvos žuvininkystės tvenkiniuose 2009 ir 2010 m sudarė atitinkamai 17793 (vidut. 855,86±SD710,94 ir 18107 (862,24 ±SD612,78). Tačiau kai kuriuose tvenkiniuose susitelkdavo net iki 1000-3000 laukių. Statistiškai patikimo skirtumo tarp laukių bendros gausos 2009 ir 2010 metais neaptikta. Tačiau nuo 2009 -2010 iki 1996-2001 sankaupų gausa patikimai išaugo. Toks teigiamas trendas aiškintinas gausiau beriamais žuvų pašarais paskutiniais tyrimų metais. Kol žuvų tvenkiniuose yra vanduo laukių koncentracija čia 0,3-2 karto didesnė nei ežeruose. Tačiau ankstyvas vandens nuleidimas žuvininkystės ūkių tvenkiniuose neleidžia laukių sankaupoms padidėti iki maksimalių reikšmių. Vidutiniškai, sankaupas formuojantys laukiai išnaudoja 34,08 % (2009 m.) - 41,18 % ūkių tvenkinių teritorijos. Pagal šį rodiklį žuvų auginimo tvenkiniai užima tarpinę poziciją tarp eutrofinių ir mezotrofinių taip vadinamų “laukių ežerų”. Papildomo maisto (žuvų pašarų) faktorius dominuoja tarp kitų – laukių gausos skirtumus tarp ūkių apsprendžiančių – faktorių. Iš pastarųjų antras pagal svarba yra žuvininkystės ūkio plotas.Research of abundance, distribution and phenology of Coot staging concentrations were performed using data-basis, from 21 fish farms in Lithuania. In total, 10000 ha pond area was covered with 13 counts carried out on each fish farm since April to October, in 2009-2010. According to peak values from each fish farm total amounts of Coots in all fish farms were 17793 (average 855,86±SD710,94, and 18107 (862,24 ±SD612,78). In particular ponds, size of Coot concentrations reached from 1000 to 3000 individuals. Difference in total abundance of staging concentrations of Coot in fish farms between 2009 and 2010 years was not significant while between 2009 -2010 and 1996-2001 size of concentrations has increased significantly. The later phenomenon related to improvement of food availability due to increase in amounts of fish foods. When with water, fish ponds supports 0.3-2 times higher concentrations of coots than natural lakes do. However, early amelioration of ponds do not allow Coot concentrations to grow up to its peak. In average, in 2009-2010 staging coots exploited 4,08 % (2009 m.) - 41,18 % of total area of Lithuanian fish ponds. According to these values, fish ponds could be placed between eutrophic and mezotrophic “Coot lakes”. Factor of artificial (fish) food dominates among other factors responsible for differences in numbers of staging coots in fish farms. Area of fish farm ranks as second important factor in this respect.