Academic literature on the topic 'Attached gingiva'
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Journal articles on the topic "Attached gingiva"
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Pradhan, Shaili, and Benju Shrestha. "Correlation of Width of Attached Gingiva on Oral Hygiene Maintenance and Gingival Health." Journal of Nepalese Society of Periodontology and Oral Implantology 4, no. 1 (August 28, 2020): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnspoi.v4i1.30895.
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Introduction: Attached gingiva aids in increased resistance to external injury and contribute in stabilisation of gingival margin against frictional forces as well as dissipates physiological forces exerted by the muscular fibers of the alveolar mucosa on gingival tissues.
Objective: To assess width of attached gingiva in adults and correlate with oral hygiene maintenance and gingival inflammation.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in patients aged 20-40 years visiting dental OPD with healthy periodontium. Plaque index (PI) and Gingival index (GI) were recorded. Mucogingival junction was determined by visual and functional method. Keratinised gingiva width (KGW) and probing pocket depth (PPD) was recorded and attached gingiva width (AGW) was calculated as (KGW–PPD).
Results: Total 85 patients (43 males and 42 females) enrolled in this study. Among total, 48.23% had AGW<1 mm. AGW <1 mm most commonly was found in mandibular first premolar, highest mean AGW was found in maxillary incisors. The mean GI and PI values for AGW<1 mm were found to be higher than those for AGW≥ 1 mm. However, result did not show any significant relation between AGW and severity of gingival inflammation (P value 0.608) and plaque control (P value 0.297).
Conclusion: The correlation between attached gingiva width and severity of gingival inflammation and plaque index was not significant statistically. However, the mean gingival index and plaque index score were higher for the attached gingiva width less than 1 mm.
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Shah, Harish Kumar, Sanjeev Shrestha, Shivalal Sharma, and Pujan Acharya. "Operculum from Erupting Third Molar: An Alternative Donor Site for an Epithelialised-Free Soft-Tissue Autograft." Journal of Nepalese Society of Periodontology and Oral Implantology 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 75–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnspoi.v3i2.30888.
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Gingival augmentation technique is used to increase the thickness of attached gingiva and arresting the progress of recession. Autogenous epithelialised free gingival graft obtained from palate is a well-established periodontal plastic procedure for root coverage and increasing the width of attached gingiva. This case report shows augmentation of attached gingiva from operculum of erupting third molar as an alternative donor site in marginal tissue recession not extending beyond the mucogingival junction with soft and hard tissue loss interdentally of 31 and 41 in a 20-year-old female.
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Chan, M. F., M. Cassidy, and A. S. High. "Ameloblastoma of attached gingiva." British Dental Journal 176, no. 12 (June 1994): 471–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4808483.
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Cha, Bong-Kuen, Yeon-Hee Lee, Nam-Ki Lee, Dong-Soon Choi, and Seung-Hak Baek. "Soft Tissue Thickness for Placement of an Orthodontic Miniscrew Using an Ultrasonic Device." Angle Orthodontist 78, no. 3 (May 1, 2008): 403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/051607-237.1.
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Abstract Objectives: To evaluate area- and gender-related differences in the soft tissue thickness of potential areas for installing miniscrews in the buccal-attached gingiva and the palatal masticatory mucosa. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 61 Korean young adults. An ultrasonic gingival-thickness meter was used to measure the soft-tissue thickness in the buccal-attached gingiva just adjacent to the mucogingival junction of the upper and lower arches and 4 mm and 8 mm below the gingival crest in the palatal masticatory mucosa. Independent t-test, paired t-test, and one-way analysis of variance were used for statistical analysis. Results: Buccal-attached gingiva thickness in the upper arch was significantly greater in men than in women, but buccal-attached gingiva thickness in the lower arch and palatal masticatory mucosa thickness 4 and 8 mm below the gingival crest did not show gender differences. Significantly thicker soft tissue occurred in the anterior areas in the upper arch and in the posterior areas in the lower arch. In the palatal masticatory mucosa, significantly thicker soft tissue was found 4 mm below the gingival crest in the anterior areas and 8 mm below the gingival crest in the posterior areas. The areas between the canines and the premolars showed higher values than other areas 4 mm below the gingival crest. However, the soft-tissue thickness 8 mm below the gingival crest showed a progressive increase from the anterior to the posterior areas. Conclusion: Measurements of the soft-tissue thickness using an ultrasonic device could help practitioners select the proper orthodontic miniscrew in daily clinical practice.
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Hassani, Ali, Roozbeh Sadrimanesh, Seyed Aliakbar Vahdati, and Pooyan Sadr-eshkevari. "Free Gingival Graft Immobilization: A Pilot Study on a Newly Designed Stent." Journal of Oral Implantology 36, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1563/aaid-joi-d-09-00034.
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Abstract The presence of adequate gingiva with firm attachment to the underlying periosteum and bone is important for the overall long-term success of implant-supported oral rehabilitation. In the presence of an atrophic edentulous mandible, peri-implant soft tissue management is a challenging task. Therefore, mucosal grafts are sometimes necessary in patients with insufficient attached gingiva around abutments. Immobilization of this graft is mandatory for its survival. The study design included 5 edentulous patients with inadequate attached gingival zone, all candidates for implant surgery and free gingival graft. In the first surgery the implants were inserted, and in the second operation a free gingival graft was obtained from the palate and sutured to the mandibular site. A newly designed stent was applied for the stabilization of the graft. Two to 3 weeks after the second surgery, the stents were removed and the attached gingival width was measured. Long-term evaluations were performed to follow the survival of the graft. All grafts were intact at the time of stent removal. In all cases, the long-term evaluations revealed adequate attached gingiva around the implant. It may be concluded that immobilization of free gingival graft in the recipient site increases its success rate and its survival rate. The application of the newly designed stent can serve as a proper and easy immobilizer for peri-implant soft tissue management.
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Rijal, Arjun Hari, Bhageshwar Dhami, Nashib Pandey, and Deepa Aryal. "Prevalence of Gingival Pigmentation and its Association with Gingival Biotype and Skin Colour." Journal of Nepalese Society of Periodontology and Oral Implantology 5, no. 1 (July 1, 2021): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnspoi.v5i1.38178.
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Introduction: The facial appearance depends on several oral and extraoral factors including colour of facial skin and pigmentation of gingival epithelium. The colour of the gingiva varies among individuals and is thought to be associated with cutaneous pigmentation which ranges from light to dark brown or black colour.
Objective: To assess the prevalence of physiological gingival pigmentation, gingival biotype and their association with skin colur in Nepalese subjects visiting Kantipur Dental College and Hospital (KDCH).
Methods: This was an analytical cross-sectional study which was carried out from February 2020 to June 2020 in all patients of age-group 16 to 80 years visiting the Department of Periodontics at KDCH after ethical approval. Patients were recruited by convenience sampling and examined thoroughly to find out gingival biotype and extent of gingival pigmentation intraorally as well as skin colour extraorally.
Results: In this study, 210 patients were examined among which, 105 (50%) were males and 105 (50%) were females. Out of 210, 33 (15.7%) had pink tissue without pigmentation, 84 (40%) had pigmentation only in attached gingiva, 58 (27.6%) in attached gingiva and interdental papilla, 32 (15.2%) had diffuse pigmentation involving all parts of gingiva, 2 (1%) had in marginal gingiva only, and 1 (0.5%) in marginal gingiva and interdental papilla.
Conclusion: A strong association was found between gingival pigmentation and facial skin colour in present study (P <0.001). Establishing the pattern of gingival pigmentation in Nepalese population will help to choose a specific depigmentation therapy that will harmonise with skin colour.
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Al-Zo'ubi, Ibraheem A., Mohammad M. Hammad, and Elham S. J. Abu Alhaija. "Periodontal Parameters in Different Dentofacial Vertical Patterns." Angle Orthodontist 78, no. 6 (November 1, 2008): 1006–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/092807-462.1.
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Abstract Objective: To assess periodontal parameters in a Jordanian population in individuals with three different facial types. Materials and Methods: Forty-five dental students (ages 20–26 years) with short, average, and long face heights were divided into three equal groups. The plaque index, gingival index, gingival thickness, width of keratinized gingiva, and width of attached gingiva were measured in each group. Occlusal factors, including the dynamic occlusion and the presence or absence of premature contacts were recorded. Differences among the three groups were assessed using Student's t-test, chi-square test, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. Results: No differences were present in the plaque index, gingival index, gingival attachment, width of attached and keratinized gingiva and gingival thickness between the subjects in the three groups studied. None of the subjects in the long face group had canine guidance dynamic occlusion. Conclusions: There were no differences in the periodontal parameters between the different dentofacial vertical patterns, but there was a difference in the canine guidance dynamic occlusion.
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Ladhad, Trushna. "Attached Gingiva …‥ Then And Now ….????" CODS Journal of Dentistry 4, no. 1 (2012): 31–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/cods-4-1-31.
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Vieira, Ésio de Oliveira, Rivail Antonio Sergio Fidel Junior, Carlos Marcelo da Silva Figueredo, and Ricardo Guimarães Fischer. "Clinical evaluation of a dermic allograft in procedures to increase attached gingiva width." Brazilian Dental Journal 20, no. 3 (2009): 191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-64402009000300003.
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The aim of this study was to clinically evaluate the use of alloderm to increase the width of attached gingiva. Nine patients were selected. The inclusion criteria were: attached gingiva smaller than 1 mm; Miller's class I and II gingival recession; patients able to attend control dental appointments; absence of periodontal pocket and endodontic treatment in the neighboring area where the acellular dermal graft would be placed. The clinical evaluation included: allograft shrinkage 7, 14, 21, 30, 60 and 90 days after surgery; width of attached gingiva at the end of the study; difference in color and mobility of allograft. Allograft shrinkage was calculated by comparing its area immediately after surgery to its areas in the other days. Five standardized photographs were taken, digitized and the allograft area was measured. Paired Student's t-test was used to compare the clinical data (α=0.05). The mean allograft shrinkage 90 days after surgery was 90.43% and the mean width was 1.27 mm. Difference in color was observed in only 1 subject and no allograft mobility was detected. The results showed a large shrinkage of allograft 90 days after its insertion, raising doubts as to its validity for increasing the width of attached gingiva.
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Neppala Gowtham and Nabeel Ahmed. "Preference of technique for measurement of width of attached gingiva in abutment teeth for fixed dental prosthesis -A retrospective study." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL3 (September 18, 2020): 861–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl3.3038.
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Attached gingiva is the distance between the mucogingival junction to a projection of the external surface of the sulcus or the periodontal pocket. There are mainly 3 methods for evaluating attached gingiva functional method (roll technique), the visual method with or without histochemical staining, anesthesia method. This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted to identify the most commonly used technique for measuring the width of attached gingiva among patients. The study group consists of Adult patients who attended the outpatient Department of Prosthodontics from June 2019-March 2020. 86,000 case sheets were reviewed and sampling was done using simple random sampling. A chi-square test was done to evaluate the correlation between age, gender and Profession with Technique for measurement of Attached gingiva. From the study, we can see that most of the students used Roll technique to find Attached gingiva and some used Balloon technique to find attached gingiva. However, there is no significant correlation between age, gender and Profession with Technique of width of attached gingiva.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Attached gingiva"
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Andlin-Sobocki, Anna. "Gingival recession, keratinized and attached gingiva in anterior teeth of children." Umeå, Sweden : Dept. of Orthodontics, University of Umeå, 1993. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/35846640.html.
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Kremer, Alexandre, and Mathieu Ruscher. "Récessions gingivales et hauteur de gencive attachée : évolution de données cliniques de 1981 à 2001 dans une population de chirurgiens dentistes." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002STR1D031.
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Brito, Maria Leonor Albuquerque Figueiredo da Costa. "Caracterização da mucosa alveolar como factor de previsibilidade na preservação óssea alveolar após extracção dentária : um novo método de classificação." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/19541.
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Após a realização de uma exodontia, ocorrem alterações dimensionais no osso alveolar, relacionadas com a cicatrização alveolar que conduz, inevitavelmente, à reabsorção óssea. Estas alterações devem ser conhecidas e correctamente avaliadas antes do procedimento cirúrgico e sempre que se inicia qualquer reabilitação protética.
Um grupo de 12 pacientes foi submetido a avaliação pós-exodontia na Consulta de Cirurgia Oral da Clínica Dentária Universitária da Universidade Católica Portuguesa – Viseu. A cada paciente foi extraído, por técnica fechada, um dente maxilar da região compreendida entre o dente 15 e 25, com indicação de exodontia, com a condição de presença de dentes adjacentes. Foram definidos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, sendo que todos os pacientes que apresentavam doença sistémica ou factores locais que potenciassem a reabsorção óssea foram excluídos.
As alterações dimensionais ósseas verticais e horizontais foram avaliadas para cada grupo gengival, previamente definido, em três tempos distintos, no momento da exodontia (Baseline), 1 mês após a exodontia (T1) e 3 meses após a exodontia (T2).
Os resultados foram previsíveis, de acordo com a bibliografia consultada, verificando-se existiu perda óssea vertical e horizontal, ao longo dos três meses, sendo mais acentuda no grupo gengival G1 e menos acentuada no G3. Verificou-se a existência de correlação forte entre a perda de volume ósseo vertical e a espessura de gengiva aderida.After tooth extraction, dimensional changes occur in the alveolar bone, related to cellular healing which inevitably leads to bone resorption. These changes must be known and properly evaluated before surgery and prosthetic rehabilitation. A group of 12 patients underwent post-extraction evaluation in Oral Surgery appointment at the University Dental Clinic of the Catholic University of Portugal in Viseu. In each patient was extracted, by flapless technique, a single maxillary tooth, with the requirement of the presence of adjacent teeth, located in region between the tooth 15 and 25, with indication for extraction. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined, and all patients with a systemic disease or local factors that enhance bone resorption were excluded. The vertical and horizontal bone dimensional changes were evaluated for each gingival group, previously set, in three different times, at the time of extraction (Baseline), 1 month after extraction (T1) and 3 months after extraction (T2). The results were predictable, according to the bibliography, checking whether there has vertical and horizontal bone loss, over the three months, were severe in the gingival group G1 and less pronounced in G3. It has been found that there is a strong correlation between loss of vertical bone volume and thickness of attached gingiva.
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Marques, Diana Raquel Sousa. "Utilização de matrizes dérmicas para aumento de gengiva aderente." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/35555.
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Trabalho final do 5º ano com vista à atribuição do grau de mestre no âmbito do ciclo de estudos de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Dentária apresentado à Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra.Introdução: Os enxertos gengivais, nomeadamente o enxerto gengival livre e o enxerto de tecido conjuntivo, apresentam resultados mais previsíveis e a sua utilização está fortemente indicada em aumentos de gengiva aderente. Contudo, recentemente, foram introduzidos outras técnicas de enxertos alternativos e biomateriais, de forma a evitar morbilidade da zona dadora e superar a disponibilidade limitada de tecido autógeno. Um dos procedimentos alternativos são as matrizes dérmicas acelulares. Objectivo: Este trabalho pretende, através da realização de uma revisão da literatura, verificar a aplicação das matrizes dérmicas xenógenas nas técnicas de cirurgia plástica periodontal para aumento de gengiva aderente. E além disso, outro dos objectivos deste trabalho é exemplificar o modo de utilização destas matrizes dérmicas em cirurgias periodontais para aumento de gengiva aderente, recorrendo a uma série de casos clínicos. Material e Métodos: Efectuou-se uma pesquisa recorrendo a uma base de dados primária (MEDLINE), selecionando-se publicações entre 2000 e Janeiro de 2016, publicações em língua inglesa e portuguesa, e publicações que descrevessem a utilização de matrizes dérmicas para aumento de gengiva aderente. Resultados: No total foram identificados 9 artigos: 3 revisões sistemáticas e 1 meta-análise, 2 estudos clínicos controlados e aleatorizados e 3 séries de casos. Conclusão: A utilização de matrizes dérmicas para aumento de gengiva aderente é um procedimento eficaz. Contudo, de acordo com a evidência disponível, não se verifica coerência nos ganhos significativos de tecido queratinizado com este material. Em investigações futuras são desejáveis estudos com um maior período de follow-up, de forma a que se possam retirar conclusões mais sólidas sobre os benefícios alongo prazo destes materiais para os pacientes. Introduction: Gingival grafts, namely free gingival grafts and connective tissue grafts, have more predictable results and their use is strongly recommended for agumentation of attached gingiva. Despite this, recently, other techniques were introduced in the form of alternative biomaterials and grafts to avoid the morbidity associated to the donor area and overcome the limited availability of autologous tissue. One these alternative procedures are acellular dermal matrix. Objective: This paper aims, by conducting a literature review, to examine the application of the xenogenic dermal matrix in periodontal plastic surgery techniques to increase attached gingiva. In addition, another objective of this study is to illustrate how to use these dermal matrixes in periodontal surgery to increase attached gingiva, using a series of clinical cases. Material and Methods: The search resorted to the primary data base MEDLINE (PubMed) selecting publications between 2000 and January 2016, publications in English and Portuguese, and publications that describe the use of dermal matrix to increase attached gengiva. Results: In total were identified nine articles: three systematic reviews and one meta-analysis, two randomized controlled clinical and and three case series. Conclusion: The use of acellular dermal matrix to increase the attached gengiva is an effective procedure. However, according to the available evidence, there is no coherence in the significative gains of the keratinized tissue with this material. In further investigations, will be necessary studies with a bigger follow-up time, to be possible to take more solid conclusions about the long-term benefits of these materials in the patients.
Books on the topic "Attached gingiva"
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Andlin-Sobocki, Anna. Gingival recession, keratinized and attached gingiva in anterior teeth of children. Umeå: [University of Umeå], 1993.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Attached gingiva"
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Kumar, Tarun. "Reconstruction of Attached Gingiva around an Implant by Free Gingival Graft." In Treatment Planning Steps in Oral Implantology: A Color Atlas, 465. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/14127_91.
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Heasman, P. A., and P. J. Waterhouse. "Periodontal diseases in children." In Paediatric Dentistry. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789277.003.0020.
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Periodontal diseases comprise a group of infections that affect the supporting structures of the teeth: marginal and attached gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. Acute gingival diseases—primarily herpetic gingivostomatitis and necrotizing gingivitis—are ulcerative conditions that result from specific viral and bacterial infection. Chronic gingivitis, however, is a non-specific inflammatory lesion of the marginal gingiva which reflects the bacterial challenge to the host when dental plaque accumulates in the gingival crevice. The development of chronic gingivitis is enhanced when routine oral hygiene practices are impaired. Chronic gingivitis is reversible if effective plaque control measures are introduced. If left untreated, the condition invariably converts to chronic periodontitis, which is characterized by resorption of the supporting connective tissue attachment and apical migration of the junctional epithelia. Slowly progressing, chronic periodontitis affects most of the adult population to a greater or lesser extent, although the early stages of the disease are detected in adolescents. Children are also susceptible to aggressive periodontal diseases that involve the primary and permanent dentitions, and present in localized or generalized forms. These conditions, which are distinct clinical entities affecting otherwise healthy children, must be differentiated from the extensive periodontal destruction that is associated with certain systemic diseases, degenerative disorders, and congenital syndromes. Periodontal tissues are also susceptible to changes that are not, primarily, of an infectious nature. Factitious stomatitis is characterized by self-inflicted trauma to oral soft tissues and the gingiva are invariably involved. Drug-induced gingival enlargement is becoming increasingly prevalent with the widespread use of organ transplant procedures and long-term immunosuppressant therapy. Localized enlargement may occur as a gingival complication of orthodontic treatment. A classification of periodontal diseases in children is given in Table 12.1. Marginal gingival tissues around the primary dentition are more highly vascular and contain fewer connective tissue fibres than tissues around the permanent teeth. The epithelia are thinner with a lesser degree of keratinization, giving an appearance of increased redness that may be interpreted as mild inflammation. Furthermore, the localized hyperaemia that accompanies eruption of the primary dentition can persist, leading to swollen and rounded interproximal papillae and a depth of gingival sulcus exceeding 3mm.
Conference papers on the topic "Attached gingiva"
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Degorce, T. "Le défaut osseux antérieur : un défi esthétique et chirurgical." In 66ème Congrès de la SFCO. Les Ulis, France: EDP Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/sfco/20206601002.
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Aujourdhui, le succès de lostéointégration des implants n’est plus à démontrer et les systèmes implantaires ne cessent de saméliorer. Toutefois dans le secteur antérieur, lobtention d’un résultat esthétique stable dans le temps, reste encore un challenge difficile. L’objectif est de développer un profil démergence péri-implantaire esthétique en référence aux dents adjacentes. Dans cette perspective, la reconstruction des défauts osseux du secteur antérieur est essentielle et déterminante. C’est un véritable défi car elle obéit spécifiquement à une triple problématique : Elle doit permettre la mise en place de l’implant dans une position idéale dans tous les sens de lespace. Elle doit recréer des volumes esthétiques en harmonie avec les dents collatérales et assurer ainsi le soutien de larchitecture des tissus mous. Elle doit enfin garantir la meilleure stabilité possible dans le temps du volume reconstruit pour éviter la formation de récessions inesthétiques et difficiles à corriger. Plusieurs techniques ont été décrites et peuvent être utilisées selon les indications et lexpertise du chirurgien. L’Os autogène a longtemps été considéré comme le « gold standard ». Mais outre les inconvénients liés au prélèvement, il a aussi montré ses limites dans le secteur antérieur en particulier lorsquil est utilisé sous forme de bloc, par sa susceptibilité à se résorber. La transformation du bloc en lame d’os corticale pour réaliser un coffrage rempli de particules autour du défaut, permet de traiter des des défauts verticaux et le résultat semble plus stable dans le temps. Pour éviter le prélèvement autogène, il est possible dutiliser des blocs allogéniques qui permettent dobtenir des reconstructions horizontales importantes. Toutefois, la manipulation est délicate et la stabilité du volume régénéré est largement discutée dans la littérature. La régénération osseuse guidée reste sans doute la technique la plus utilisée. Elle a lavantage de pouvoir, le plus souvent, placer l’implant dans le même temps opératoire ce qui simplifie et raccourcit notablement le temps de traitement. Toutefois dans le secteur antérieur il est souhaitable de reconstruire l’os dans une position coronaire et vestibulée. Dans ces conditions les membranes non résorbables et les armatures titane présentent des avantages sur les membranes résorbables qui manquent de rigidité pour maintenir le volume lors de la cicatrisation. Lors de notre exposé, les avantages et les inconvénients de chacune de ces techniques seront discutées pour en cerner les meilleures indications. En particulier, nous verrons comment l’utilisation de l’os allogénique sous forme particulaire associéà des membranes résorbables rigides, permet de simplifier les procédures, diminuer les risques dexposition et traiter un grand nombre de défauts osseux y compris verticaux. Enfin, la présentation d un grand nombre de cas cliniques pour illustrer ces techniques nous permettront dinsister sur limportance de la gestion des tissus mous à tous les stades du traitement. Lapport de tissus mous sous forme de greffe avant l’augmentation osseuse permettra daugmenter la hauteur de gencive attachée pour permettre une bonne vascularisation du greffon et surtout un recouvrement complet sans tension indispensable pour limiter le risque dexposition. Différentes techniques de greffes gingivales permettront ensuite, sans nécessité dexposer l’os régénéré, de repositionner la ligne de jonction muco-gingivale et recréer l’épaisseur et la hauteur de gencive attachée nécessaires. Une bonne gestion des tissus mous est indissociable des protocoles de régénération osseuse et seul la combinaison des deux peut permettre de répondre à notre objectif de développement d’un profil démergence esthétique et stable.