Academic literature on the topic 'Attachment behavior in adolescence. Family Family recreation'

<p><span><strong>Background.</strong> Adolescence represents a challenging transitional period where changes in biological, emotional, cognitive and social domains can increase the risk of developing internalised problems including subthreshold depression. Adolescent-parent attachment style, perceived support and family functioning may increase risk for depressive symptoms or may reduce such risk. Adolescent-parent attachment, adolescent-perceived support from parents and family functioning were examined as correlates of depressive symptom presentation within this age group.</span></p><p><strong>Methods.</strong> Participants included a maternal parent and an adolescent (65.5% female) from each family. Adolescents were in Grade 7 (<em>n</em>=175) or Grade 10 (<em>n</em>=31). Data were collected through home interviews. The Self-Report of Family Inventory (SFI), Experiences of Close Relationships Scale (ECR), Network of Relationships Inventory (NRI), Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) and Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) were used to assess depression, parental support and attachment. </p><p><strong>Results. </strong>Two models were examined: one with adolescent report of depressive symptoms as the outcome and a second with parent report of adolescent internalising symptoms as the outcome. The model predicting adolescent-reported depressive symptoms was significant with older age, higher levels of avoidant attachment, and higher levels of youth-reported dysfunctional family interaction associated with more depressive symptomatology. In the model predicting parent report of adolescent internalising symptoms only higher levels of dysfunctional family interaction, as reported by the parent, were associated with higher levels of internalising symptoms.</p><p><strong>Conclusion. </strong>Positive family communication, cohesion and support predictive of a secure parent-adolescent attachment relationship reduced the risk of a depressive symptom outcome. Secure adolescents were able to regulate their emotions, knowing that they could seek out secure base attachment relations within their family and from friends during times of stress, buffering against the development of depressive symptoms.</p>

Introduction. The period of life known as adolescence generally refers to transition from childhood to adulthood. Adolescents' progress toward autonomy involves remaining connected with, as well as separated from parents. Young people and their parents usually have mixed feelings about adolescent autonomy and attachment. An estimated 50% of children born in the 80s have spent part of their developmental years in single-parent households. Divorce is almost always a stressful event in children's lives. Youthful suicide rate has increased dramatically and is the third leading cause of death among 15-19 year olds. Conduct disorder is one of the most frequently diagnosed conditions in adolescents. Suicidal adolescents and adolescents with conduct disorder are much more likely than their peers to have grown up in disrupted, disorganized homes with lack of attachment between parents and their children. Material and methods This prospective study was carried out during 2002, 2003, and 2004. The research included 60 adolescents treated at the Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry in Novi Sad, 30 with diagnosed conduct disorder and 30 with suicidal behavior. Results Along with other kinds of distress, suicidal adolescents have experienced an escalation of family problems a few months prior to attempted suicide. Discussion Divorce and life in single-parent households is almost always a stressful period in children's lives. Conduct disorder and suicidal behavior represent a desperate cry for help. Conclusion Most adolescents in both groups live in single-parent house?holds. These young people have frequently passed into adolescence with little reason to feel that they could rely on their parents for support, or on their home as a place of sanctuary. .

This research aimed to examine the relationship between family time and family structure with adolescents’ self-regulation in some selected Junior Secondary Schools, Harari Regional State, Ethiopia. To run on, data were collected through selfreporting questionnaire, standardized tests from 325 students selected through systematic sampling method. The data analysis was conducted using a t-test, Pearson product moment correlation, factorial ANOVA, and multiple regression. This research indicates that adolescents have a slightly lower level of self-regulatory behavior. There is a statistically significant relationship between adolescents’ self-regulation and family time, family structure, and family time activity. Family time activity especially those who have leisure or recreation time together has significantly influencing adolescence self-regulation; however, gender could not make such effect independently as well as in combination with family time activity. Moreover, among others, family time activity and family structure are found to be important predictors of adolescents’ self-regulatory skills. Among the variability, family time activity significantly has added to the prediction of self-regulation, accounting for 14,8% of the variability, while, family time activity and family structure together have added 17,7% of the variability. In the end, recommendations are also made for how to properly address the gaps noted in this research.

Research has addressed the consequences of being a victim of physical and relational aggression but less so the consequences of being an aggressor during adolescence. Consequently, relatively little is known about the extent to which aggression in early adolescence increases the risk of later aggression and other psychosocial problems. This study involves a representative sample of seventh- and ninth-grade students from Washington State (N = 1,942). Students were surveyed on recruitment and then again 1 and 2 years later to learn about ongoing behavior problems, substance use, depression, and self-harm behaviors. Surveys also included measures of several hypothesized promotive factors: attachment to family, school commitment, and academic achievement. Findings suggest that being physically and/or relationally aggressive in grades 7 to 9 increases the risk of aggression and possibly other problem behaviors after accounting for age, gender, race, and a prior measure of each outcome. Independent promotive effects were observed in most analyses, although family attachment appeared a less robust predictor overall. Implications for prevention include acting on the behavior itself and enhancing promotive influences to lessen the risk of agression and other related problems.

The article is based on the materials of foreign sources and discusses the current trends in the relationship of adolescents and their parents. The following problems are discussed: influence of upbringing styles and parental attitudes on various aspects of psychological development of adolescents; contribution of relationships with parents and peers into social and personality development in adolescence; peculiarities of teenagers’ attachments to parents; child-parent conflicts. The recent studies of family education and its influence on psychological development confirm the positive role of authoritative parenting style, the negative impact of rigid parenting style on adolescent aggression and so on. It is shown that excessive parental control does not contribute to the development of self-esteem and increases self-criticism in adolescent girls. In relatively new researches devoted to "technoference" the negative impact of technical means (phone, gadgets) on interaction between parents and children is shown. The article stresses the importance of attachment to parents in adolescence; the role of the quality of attachment in formation of autonomy; capacity to solve problems and cope with difficulties associated with Internet addiction; aggression and school performance. The article also presents studies of positive and negative aspects of the impact of conflict with parents on the personality development of adolescents, gender differences in behavior during the conflict between mother and father, the contribution of marital conflicts to psychological development in adolescence.

Childhood maltreatment (CM) is a pervasive public health problem worldwide, with negative health consequences across the lifespan. Despite these adverse outcomes, identifying children who are being maltreated remains a challenge. Thus, there is a need to identify reliably observable features of parent–child interaction that indicate risk for CM and that can instigate strategically targeted family supports. The aim of this longitudinal study was to assess multiple aspects of observed mother–child interaction from infancy to late adolescence as risk indicators of the overall severity of CM by age 18. Mother–child dyads were assessed in infancy (N = 56), at age 7 years (N = 56), and at age 19 years (N = 56/110). Severity of CM through age 18 was indexed by combined prospective and retrospective assessments. Interactions associated with severity of CM by age 18 included maternal hostility in infancy, maternal withdrawal in infancy and middle childhood, child disorganized attachment behavior in middle childhood and late adolescence, as well as hostile and role-confused interactions in late adolescence. This study identifies new indices of maternal and child behavior as important risk indicators for the severity of CM. These indices could be used to improve early identification and tailor preventive interventions for families at risk for CM.

Introduction. Suffering from psychosocial vulnerability, particularly during adolescence, increases the likelihood of experiencing adverse life circumstances, psychiatric conditions, and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). Objective. We studied: 1. record-based demographic and clinical characteristics, as well as the frequency of NSSI in adolescents, beneficiaries of services for vulnerable population of one of six Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO’s), we compared by beneficiary type: internal (IB) versus external (EB); 2. predictive relationship of NSSI with depression, difficulties in emotion regulation (DER) and suicidal ideation (administered measures); 3. Comparison of average scores on measures by: quality of attachment (QOA) and presence/absence of NSSI. Method. A convenience sample of 255 adolescents (45.5% women, ages 11-15) answered instruments in institutional facilities (Mexico City and Puebla), where 181 (71%) resided as IB and 74 (29%) resided in family home (EB). The mental health staff of each NGO specified according to the record: demographics, psychiatric diagnoses, history of trauma, and QOA between the minor and his attachment figure. Results. 42% denied NSSI episodes, 16.9% indicated a non-significant pattern, and 35.6% reported a significant and recent pattern. IB presented higher scores in all measurements, higher report of interpersonal trauma, depressive, anxiety, and behavior disorders. Minors with positive QOA obtained significantly lower scores. Discussion and conclusion. Compared to EB’s, adolescents residing in NGOs have a higher risk profile, particularly those without a positive QOA, a fact that is associated with a greater presence of psychopathology and significant and recent NSSI.

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Abstract:The authors studied the level of Affective and Cognitive Empathy in 26 adolescents that live in establishments that institucionalises adolescents at risk , and studied the type of attachment and the perception they have of their early relationships with parents . This study aims to better understand the adolescents to implement intervention strategies to improve the social behavior of adolescents at risk and in need of special educational measures . Three instruments adapted for the Portuguese adolescent population were utilized for this study: the Basic Empathy Scale ( Jolliffe , 2005) , The Adolescent Attachment Inventory - IPPA ( Armsden & Greenberg , 1987) and Drawing Circles of Representatives family ( S. Pipp , Shaver P. , S. Jennings , S.Lamborn & KW Fischer , 1985). The results showed us that these adolescents of the PIAC had a lower level of empathy than that in a school population studied by Susana Anastácio (2013 ) , in 344 adolescents. It was possible to compare the results with those obtained with the IPPA and with the Design of Circles Representatives of the Family in a normal population of 400 Adolescents. The Mann Whitney test showed that this population of the PIAC differs significantly from the normal population in Attachment to peers and in the subscale Alienation to peers, as well as in the perception that adolescents imagine how the early relationships with their parents was. These results are in agreement with the results obtained by Susana Anastácio (2013 ).Keywords : adolescence : empathy, attachment; early relationshipResumo:Os autores estudaram o nível de Empatia Afetiva e Cognitiva em 26 adolescentes institucionalizados em estabelecimentos que acolhem jovens em risco, e ainda o tipo de vinculação e a perceção que eles têm das suas relações precoces com os pais. Este estudo visa conhecer melhor os jovens no sentido de implementar estratégias de intervenção que permitam melhorar o comportamento social de jovens em risco e necessitados de medidas educativas especiais. Foram utilizados para este estudo três instrumentos já aferidos para a população adolescente portuguesa e que são: a Escala de Empatia Básica (Jolliffe, 2005; versão portuguesa: Nobre Lima, Rijo & Matias, 2011) , O Inventário de Vinculação na Adolescência-IPPA ( Armsden & Greenberg, 1987; versão portuguesa: Lúcia Neves, 1995) e o Desenho de Círculos Representativos da Família de S. Pipp, P. Shaver, S. Jennings, S.Lamborn & K. W. Fischer, 1985) Versão: M.C. Canavarro. Os resultados obtidos e que foram comparados com os resultados obtidos por Susana Anastácio (2013), numa população de 344 adolescentes permite-nos identificar nestes jovens do PIAC uma empatia em média mais baixa que na população escolar já estudada. Foi possível comparar os resultados obtidos nos adolescentes do PIAC com os resultados obtidos com o IPPA e com o Desenho dos Círculos Representativos da Família numa população de 400 Adolescentes em que o teste de Mann Whitney mostrou que esta população do PIAC difere significativamente da população normal na Vinculação aos amigos e na subescala de Alienação aos amigos do IPPA, tal como nos resultados obtidos por Susana Anastácio (2013). Foi significativa também a diferença entre os grupos de adolescentes quanto à perceção que têm da distância aos pais na relação precoce.Palavras chave: adolescência: empatia; vinculação; relação precoce

Abstract.ADOPTIVE PARENTALITY AND PROBLEMS OF CHILD CONDUCTTraditionally, research in the context of the adoption has tried to answer two main research questions. The first question is whether adopted children have more problems than non-adopted children and the second is whether adopted children get recover from adversity experienced before being adopted. In the literature on adoption there are evidences that have been responding to these questions. Recent research on adoption, in addition to the above issues, address the issue referred to the processes and factors operating in the psychological adjustment of children adopted. With the intention of responding to these ultimate questions this research is designed, which focuses on the analysis of the psychological characteristics of parents and the processes of relationship between parents and children. Specifically parents are analysed in attachment related aspects, sensitivity, reflective functioning and parental stress. These issues are discussed in the context of the family adoption and its relationship with behavioural problems in children. The sample amounted to a total of 98 Spanish families, 40 adoptive families and 58 non adoptive families. The multiple linear regression revealed that when parents had a personal history of low maternal and paternal overprotection and high affection by the figure of the mother in childhood and adolescence, a positive parental reflective function under parental stress and high quality in the interaction between mothers and children, the behavioural adjustment difficulties decreased. Deepening on the dynamics and functioning that occurs inside adoptive families will improve designs for future lines of action in this context.Key words: Adoption, family typologies, behavior problems, childhood.Resumen.Tradicionalmente, la investigación en el contexto de la adopción ha tratado de dar respuesta a dos preguntas principales de investigación. La primera pregunta es si los niños adoptados presentan más problemas que los niños no adoptados y la segunda es si los niños se recuperan de la adversidad experimentada antes de ser adoptados. En la literatura sobre adopción existen evidencias que han ido dando respuesta a estos interrogantes. Investigaciones más recientes en adopción abordan, además de las cuestiones anteriores, la cuestión referida a los procesos y factores que operan en el ajuste psicológico de los niños adoptados. Con la intención de dar respuesta a estas últimas cuestiones se ha diseñado la presente investigación, que se centra en el análisis de las características psicológicas de los padres y madres y los procesos de relación entre padres e hijos. En concreto se analizan en los padres aspectos relacionados con el apego, con la sensibilidad, la función reflexiva y el estrés parentales. Estos temas se analizan en el contexto familiar de la adopción, así como su relación con los problemas de conducta en los menores. La muestra ascendió a un total de 98 familias españolas, 40 familias de adopción internacional y 58 familias no adoptivas. El análisis de regresión lineal múltiple reveló que cuando los padres y madres presentaban una historia personal de baja sobreprotección materna y paterna y alto afecto por parte de la figura de la madre en la infancia y la adolescencia, una función reflexiva parental positiva, bajo estrés parental y alta calidad en la interacción entre madres e hijos, las dificultades de adaptación conductual disminuyeron. Profundizar en la dinámica y el funcionamiento que se da en el interior de las familias adoptivas permitirá mejorar los diseños de futuras líneas de intervención en este contexto.Palabras clave: Adopción, tipologías de familias, problemas de conducta, infancia.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of early familial influences on the development of young adults' emotional intelligence. It was hypothesized that attachment security would be positively and significantly related to emotional intelligence, and conversely, that insecure attachment would be inversely related to emotional intelligence.

During the researcher's work with looked after children for the past four years, it became clear that adolescent placements were much more likely to break down than others. Although there is some literature about foster placement breakdowns, the researcher did not really get an answer as to the causes of adolescent placement breakdowns. This study therefore explores causal factors of adolescent placement breakdowns as seen by foster carers, adolescents and professionals. It is evident from this study that there are no easy answers. Although the adolescent, as much as any other child, craves to belong, to be listened to and be respected, it seems that it is not always possible for foster carers to put this into practice, given the challenging behaviour that adolescents often display. Recommendations are based on relevant literature and the empirical study, in the hope that it might be useful to those with an interest in this field.
Social Work
M.Diac. (Play Therapy)

In the experience of being a play therapist and social worker, the researcher became aware of the breakdown of adolescent foster placements. Although there are many causal factors of adolescent foster care breakdown, it was the treatment and sustaining of these placements that the researcher was interested in. The utilization of dyadic brief Gestalt play therapy aims to support the relationship between the carer and adolescent in order to sustain and stabilize the foster placement. The empirical study includes data collection and analysis. The data was gathered through observations and field notes from unstructured interviews, in this case the dyadic therapeutic process with the adolescent and carer. The data was then analyzed, and eleven outcomes were discussed: the building of a therapeutic relationship, the process of dialogue, the gaining of awareness, contact, resistance, the internal working model, polarities, working in the here and now, the utilization of Gestalt experiments and Gestalt play therapeutic techniques. In addition, the implications of the brief Gestalt therapeutic model were identified. These themes are discussed fully in the final chapter encompassing conclusions and recommendations.This study found that it was possible to work effectively with the adolescent and carer in a dyadic brief Gestalt therapeutic way utilizing play therapy techniques. Recommendations regarding the conclusions were made in relation to the outcomes of this study.
Social Work
M.Diac. (Play therapy)