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Journal articles on the topic 'Attachment disorder in children'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 January 2023

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1

Pearce, Colby. "An integration of theory, science and reflective clinical practice in the care and management of attachment-disordered children: A Triple-A approach." Educational and Child Psychology 27, no. 3 (2010): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpsecp.2010.27.3.73.

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The formation of functional attachments is a critical developmental task of infancy and early childhood. Attachments play a significant role in the development of a child’s enduring beliefs about self, other and world (Attachment Representations). Infants become attached to the people who provide physical and emotional care on a continuous and consistent basis. Quality of care and the infant’s early experiences influence the type of attachment the infant develops. When care is grossly deficient and early experiences are characterised by physical and emotional distress, the infant’s attachment to its caregiver is also disturbed. Children who display markedly disturbed and developmentally inappropriate social relatedness in most contexts, and who have experienced grossly deficient care, might accurately be diagnosed with Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) or Disinhibited Attachment Disorder (DAD). Attachment-disordered children pose a substantial care and management challenge to all who care for and work with them in the home and educational contexts. Successful management of these children and the remediation of their attachment difficulties are predicated on understanding what function their apparently antisocial and defensive tendencies serve and approaches that support the development of functional attachments. Key roles are attributed to cortical arousal, attachment representations and beliefs about accessibility to needs provision in the diagnosis and remediation of attachment disorders. Drawing from observations of caregiving practices that promote functional attachments in infancy, strategies are presented for the home and classroom that address elevated cortical arousal levels, promote secure attachment representations and reassure the child regarding accessibility to needs provision.

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Humphreys, Kathryn L., Charles A. Nelson, Nathan A. Fox, and Charles H. Zeanah. "Signs of reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder at age 12 years: Effects of institutional care history and high-quality foster care." Development and Psychopathology 29, no. 2 (April 12, 2017): 675–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579417000256.

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AbstractTwo disorders of attachment have been consistently identified in some young children following severe deprivation in early life: reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder. However, less is known about whether signs of these disorders persist into adolescence. We examined signs of reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder at age 12 years in 111 children who were abandoned at or shortly after birth and subsequently randomized to care as usual or to high-quality foster care, as well as in 50 comparison children who were never institutionalized. Consistent with expectations, those who experienced institutional care in early life had more signs of reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder at age 12 years than children never institutionalized. In addition, using a conservative intent-to-treat approach, those children randomized to foster care had significantly fewer signs of reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder than those randomized to care as usual. Analyses within the ever institutionalized group revealed no effects of the age of placement into foster care, but number of caregiving disruptions experienced and the percentage of the child's life spent in institutional care were significant predictors of signs of attachment disorders assessed in early adolescence. These findings indicate that adverse caregiving environments in early life have enduring effects on signs of attachment disorders, and provide further evidence that high-quality caregiving interventions are associated with reductions in both reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder.

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Willcox, Emy. "Reactive attachment disorder in children." Paediatric Nursing 7, no. 6 (July 1995): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/paed.7.6.14.s21.

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Gregersen, Maja, Ditte Vestbjerg Ellersgaard, Anne Søndergaard, Camilla Christiani, Nicoline Hemager, Katrine Søborg Spang, Birgitte Klee Burton, et al. "T128. ATTACHMENT REPRESENTATIONS IN CHILDREN AT FAMILIAL HIGH RISK OF SEVERE MENTAL DISORDERS. ASSOCIATIONS WITH PSYCHOPATHOLOGY, LEVEL OF FUNCTIONING, AND PSYCHOTIC EXPERIENCES." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa029.688.

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Abstract Background There is evidence of higher rates of insecure and disorganized attachment in infancy in children born to parents with severe mental disorders, but evidence on attachment in middle childhood for these children is lacking. This study aims to explore attachment representations in seven-year-old children born to parents with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. We also aim to explore possible associations between attachment and psychopathology, level of functioning, and psychotic experiences in these children. Methods The Danish High Risk and Resilience Study VIA 7 is a prospective cohort study of 522 seven-year-old children born in Denmark. The cohort consists of children where one or both parents have been diagnosed with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder (N=202), children where one or both parents have been diagnosed with bipolar affective disorder (N=120) and children where neither of the parents have been diagnosed with these disorders (N=200). Attachment representations were assessed with the Story Stem Assessment Protocol whereas psychopathology, level of functioning, and psychotic experiences were assessed with K-SADS. Results Data analyses are ongoing but preliminary results indicate that there are no significant differences in attachment representations between the three groups of children, but that there are associations between higher rates of insecure and disorganized attachment and a higher risk of psychopathology. Results will be presented at the SIRS-conference. Discussion Understanding attachment and its correlates in children at familial high risk of severe mental disorders is important in order to strengthen our understanding of developmental trajectories towards mental disorders in these children.

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Pritchett, Rachel, Jennifer Pritchett, Emma Marshall, Claire Davidson, and Helen Minnis. "Reactive Attachment Disorder in the General Population: A Hidden ESSENCE Disorder." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/818157.

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Reactive attachment disorder (RAD) is a severe disorder of social functioning. Previous research has shown that children with RAD may have poor cognitive and language abilities; however, findings mainly come from biased, institutionalised samples. This paper describes the characteristics of all children who were given a suspected or likely diagnosis of reactive attachment disorder in an epidemiological study of approximately 1,600 children investigating the prevalence of RAD in the general population. We found that children with RAD are more likely to have multiple comorbidities with other disorders, lower IQs than population norms, more disorganised attachment, more problem behaviours, and poorer social skills than would be found in the general population and therefore have a complex presentation than can be described as ESSENCE. We discuss the clinical and educational implications.

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Kildahl, Arvid Nikolai, Maria Hagen Engebretsen, and Sissel Berge Helverschou. "Attachment disorder in autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability." Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities 13, no. 2 (March 4, 2019): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/amhid-09-2018-0039.

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PurposeAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is an exclusion criterion for one of the two attachment disorders in the DSM 5. However, previous findings indicate that ASD and attachment disorder are unrelated conditions and may co-occur. The purpose of this paper is to explore the diagnostic assessment of an adolescent male with ASD, intellectual disability (ID), severe challenging behaviour and a suspected attachment disorder.Design/methodology/approachCase study methodology was chosen because of its suitability in the exploration of complex clinical phenomena where prior knowledge is sparse.FindingsIt was possible to identify symptoms of attachment disorder in a case involving ASD, ID, anxiety and severe challenging behaviour. The Disturbances of Attachment Interview was particularly useful in this assessment, as was assessment of ASD symptoms and developmental history. Differentiating the two attachment disorders proved challenging.Research limitations/implicationsThere is a need for further research in ASD and attachment disorders not limited by current diagnostic categories.Practical implicationsCo-occurring symptoms of attachment disorder may be identified in individuals with ASD and ID, and exploration of these symptoms in assessments of children and adolescents with ASD/ID and challenging behaviour may be beneficial.Originality/valueThe study adds to previous findings on attachment disorder in ASD, demonstrating that identification of attachment disorder is possible even in the presence of a highly complex clinical picture involving severe challenging behaviour. It may also assist other clinicians in identifying and making more accurate assessment of attachment disorder in ASD and ID.

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Stinehart, Michelle A., David A. Scott, and Hannah G. Barfield. "Reactive Attachment Disorder in Adopted and Foster Care Children." Family Journal 20, no. 4 (August 9, 2012): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1066480712451229.

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A disruption in the initial attachment formed between an infant and a primary caregiver often leads to some type of disordered or disorganized attachment. While research has been conducted on the etiology, symptoms, and effective forms of therapy regarding this disorder, much definitive information remains unknown or unclear. With the increasing use of foster care in America and the frequency of adoption, it is becoming obvious that more attention is needed in the area of how to best appropriately approach a diagnosis of reactive attachment disorder. This article will discuss current trends and implications for mental health professionals working in the field of foster care and adoption settings.

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Millward, R., E. Kennedy, K. Towlson, and H. Minnis. "Reactive attachment disorder in looked‐after children." Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties 11, no. 4 (December 2006): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13632750601022212.

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Vega, Heather, Kimberly Cole, and Kenneth Hill. "Interventions for children with reactive attachment disorder." Nursing 49, no. 6 (June 2019): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nurse.0000554615.92598.b2.

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Schröder, Martin, Süheyla Seker, Delfine d’Huart, Yonca Izat, Margarete Bolten, Klaus Schmeck, and Marc Schmid. "The Relationship of Temperament and Character, Parental Stress, and Mental Health Problems with Attachment Disorders among Children." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23 (November 22, 2022): 15458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315458.

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According to Cloninger’s model, personality is conceptualized in temperament and character traits contributing to a child’s psychosocial development. Additionally, parent–child interaction is important for the child’s socio-emotional development. To date, the relationship between attachment and temperament and character for child mental health development and its effects on parents remains mostly unclear. The aim of the present study was thus to examine the relationship of attachment, temperament and character, parental stress, and mental health problems among 125 children (mean age = 7.14 years) in Switzerland. Temperament and character, attachment disorder (symptoms), parental stress, and mental health problems were assessed with psychometric questionnaires; attachment was assessed with an additional observational measure. Descriptive characters of the sample were presented, and group differences and correlations were computed. For temperament traits, results revealed significant group differences for novelty seeking and persistence and attachment disorder types. For character traits, the findings showed significant group differences for self-directedness and cooperativeness and attachment disorder types. Moderate effect sizes for groups differences were found. Further, the mixed-type (inhibited and disinhibited) and inhibited attachment disorder type were the most burdened groups. The present findings suggest that temperament and character traits, as well as parental stress and mental health problems are associated with the occurrence of attachment disorders among children. Future longitudinal studies with larger samples are needed to examine the causal relationships of temperament and character with attachment, including person-related and environmental factors among children.

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Bizzi, F. "Children with Somatic Symptoms Disorders and Disruptive Behavior Disorder: Which is the Role of Anger to Caregivers?" European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1925.

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IntroductionThe quality of adult-infant interactions represents a critical context in which child adaptation problems could evolve, and child psychopathology could develop. Literature has investigated the role of attachment to caregivers, nevertheless, there is a paucity of studies on middle-childhood and early adolescence in patients with somatic symptoms disorders and disruptive behavior disorders.ObjectiveThis study investigates the attachment to caregivers in children with somatic symptoms disorders and disruptive behavior disorders, focusing on the role of Anger to mothers and fathers.AimsThe aims are to verify the presence of: – high frequency of insecure attachment;– an overrepresentation of attachment disorganization;– high levels of Anger to caregivers.MethodFifty-six patients with somatic symptoms disorders, and 42 patients with disruptive behavior disorders, aged from 8 to 15, are administered the child attachment interview.ResultsFindings show: – Insecure attachment in more than half of the patients;– a significant presence of disorganized attachment with respect to both parents;– higher levels of anger to father in children with somatic symptoms disorders.ConclusionConsidering the attachment to have a regulatory function, the knowledge of the different attachment strategies in middle-childhood and early adolescence may enhance our understanding and improve the management and the treatment of patients with somatic symptoms disorders and disruptive behavior disorders.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.

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Ridgeway, Brenda. "Depression, Alcohol Abuse, and Alcoholism in One versus Two Parents and the Implications for Child Attachment and Self-Regulation in Infancy through Adolescence." International Scholarly Research Notices 2015 (March 29, 2015): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/275649.

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This study’s purpose was to determine whether the influence of combined parental disorders can cause greater frequency in the occurrence of insecure child attachment and dysfunctions in self-regulation as opposed to the influence of one parent having a disorder. The research design is a quantitative meta-analysis that combined effects from 10 studies to establish differences in the frequency of occurrence for insecure child attachment and dysfunctions in self-regulation through an examination of Cohen’s d. Global analysis of Cohen’s effect (d) indicated that children being reared by two disordered parents had higher frequency in occurrence of insecure attachment and self-regulation dysfunction than those children reared by only one disordered parent. By addressing the issues surrounding the child population where both parents are disordered, children would have a better chance at healthy development by way of interventions that minimize the occurrence of child psychopathology and foster improvements in the social and overall human condition.

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Giltaij, Hans P., Paula S. Sterkenburg, and Carlo Schuengel. "Adaptive behaviour, comorbid psychiatric symptoms, and attachment disorders." Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities 10, no. 1 (January 4, 2016): 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/amhid-07-2015-0035.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe the mental and intellectual developmental status of children with combined intellectual disabilities, reactive attachment disorder (RAD), and/or disinhibited social engagement disorder (DSED), and to describe the presence of comorbid diagnoses. Design/methodology/approach – The study included 55 children that were referred for psychiatric consultation due to low intellectual functioning (borderline or mild; IQ 50-84). Attachment diagnoses were based on the Clinical Observation of Attachment (COA) procedure. Development was measured with the Dutch version of the Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales. Psychopathology was measured with the DISC-IV and AUTI-R. Emotional and behavioural problems were measured with the Dutch version of the Developmental Behaviour Checklist. Findings – Children with and without attachment diagnoses had similar IQs. However, children with disturbed attachment, RAD, and/or DSED had lower levels of adaptive behaviour than those without attachment diagnoses. No comorbidity was associated with autism or ADHD. However, 80 per cent of children with RAD and/or DSED were also diagnosed with ADHD. Parents of children with DSED often reported disruptive anti-social behaviour. Practical implications – Children with RAD and/or DSED may have unused developmental potential. Disturbed attachment should be considered in some cases of ADHD. Originality/value – Findings suggested that diagnostic expertise provided added value for distinguishing disordered attachment in young clients with intellectual disability.

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Maeda, Saki, Tadahiro Kanazawa, Yuuya Nagai, and Toshihiko Hinobayashi. "Attachment in young children with autism spectrum disorder." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 79 (September 22, 2015): 2EV—117–2EV—117. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.79.0_2ev-117.

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Dekkers, Tycho J., Rianne Hornstra, Barbara J. van den Hoofdakker, Suzanne R. C. de Jong, Jessica V. Schaaf, Guy Bosmans, and Saskia van der Oord. "Attachment Representations in Children with and without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)." Brain Sciences 11, no. 11 (November 16, 2021): 1516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111516.

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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children is associated with several adverse family characteristics, such as higher parenting stress, more conflicted parent–child relationships, lower parental competence, and higher levels of parental psychopathology. Hence, children with ADHD more often grow up under suboptimal circumstances, which may impact the development of their attachment representations. Here, we investigated whether children with ADHD have more insecure and disorganized attachment representations than their typically developing peers, and which factors could explain this association. We included 104 children between 4 and 11 years old, 74 with ADHD (without Conduct Disorder) and 30 typically developing control children. Children completed a state-of-the-art story stem task to assess their attachment representation, and we measured parents’ expressed emotion (as an index of parent–child relationship quality), parents’ perceived sense of competence, parental education levels, and parent-rated ODD symptoms of the child. We found that, after controlling for multiple comparisons, children with ADHD had less secure and more ambivalent and disorganized attachment representations relative to their typically developing peers. These group differences were independent of comorbid ODD and parental education levels. There were no group differences on avoidant attachment representations. Explorative analyses within the ADHD group showed that attachment representations were not related to parent–child relationship quality, perceived parenting competence, parental education levels, and comorbid ODD symptoms. We conclude that children with ADHD disproportionately often have attachment problems. Although this conclusion is important, treatment implications of this co-occurrence are yet unclear as research on ADHD and attachment is still in its infancy.

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Compés, C., A. Iniesta, V. Pereira, C. Martínez, C. Justo, and M. E. Herrero. "Preventing Attachment Disorder (Ad): Attachment-Focused Dyadic Group Therapy With Borderline Personality Disorder – and Former Ad – Mothers." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S515—S516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1906.

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Children with mothers with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) have a high risk of developing attachment difficulties, and this risk is like to grow when their mothers experienced severe neglect and/or abuse in their childhood and early adolescence. Our objective was to clinically assess and lend support to a small group of young mothers at risk. We recruited mothers aged 18-25, with 1-12 month-old children. None was married, had a stable residence and sexual partner, and most were unemployed. All had early diagnosis of AD, had at present BPD, and had received extended global and residential psychiatric treatment in our Therapeutic Community (SIRIO Project) along their adolescence. We conducted six consecutive 4 h weekly sessions, which were attended by mothers with their babies in the familiar setting of the Community. The explicit aim proposed to them was: “to come to be listened and accompanied and to share their motherhood experiences” with members of our multidisciplinary team (nurse, social worker, therapeutic educator, psychologist and psychiatrist), who were known to them.Fears, somatizations, more-or-less concealed rejection of her baby, apathy, sadness, suspiciousness, jealousy, relational difficulties with their couples and family figures… were common findings that were addressed in the sessions.Main conclusionMinor but positive changes occurred in the dyadic mother-baby relationship. This was more patent concerning breastfeeding, relationships with their couple and extended family and pediatricians, and attitudes toward job seeking. In addition, the frequent contact with these mothers elicited markedly positive reactions in the 8-9 children/adolescents currently residing in our community.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Sheperis, Carl J., R. Anthony Doggett, Nicholas E. Hoda, Tracy Blanchard, Edina L. Renfro-Michel, Sacky H. Holdiness, and Robyn Schlagheck. "The Development of an Assessment Protocol for Reactive Attachment Disorder." Journal of Mental Health Counseling 25, no. 4 (October 1, 2003): 291–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.17744/mehc.25.4.x1bwb2xyd1p638bh.

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Attachment is a critical issue among children in foster and adoptive settings. It is essential for mental health counselors who work with these children to develop appropriate appraisal skills for diagnosing Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD), a syndrome associated with extreme attachment problems. However, there is no comprehensive procedure to assess a child for RAD.Thus, we propose a battery of semi-structured interviews, global assessment scales, attachment-specific scales, and behavioral observations to help mental health counselors identify the disorder. We provide a case example to illustrate the utility of each assessment process.

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Owen, Christy. "Obscure Dichotomy of Early Childhood Trauma in PTSD Versus Attachment Disorders." Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 21, no. 1 (November 23, 2017): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524838017742386.

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There are two competing schools of thoughts involving children who have experienced early childhood trauma. One posture’s nosology focuses on the post-traumatic stress responses; the other focuses on the deviant behaviors that ensue from pathogenic care in early childhood. This author sought to review the literature from a holistic perspective, embracing both diagnostic positions. Seventy-three articles addressing childhood trauma and the ensuing emotional or behavioral disturbances were evaluated, mostly empirical—including 16 that specified posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 21 that specified attachment disorders, and 37 that included potential overlaps between both trauma derivatives. An additional 138 studies were reviewed but not included herein because those focused on broader issues. Statistical data, financial and emotional impacts, and the effects of disrupted attachments were addressed—including both children with secure attachments and those with compromised attachments. The critical effect of both positive and negative parental responses was evaluated, as well as correlations or overlaps in the diagnostic criteria and symptom manifestations of the children and any apparent gaps in the current research. The literature details that the prognosis and course of treatment vary significantly between the two etiologies—apparently at least in part due to possible clinician bias in conceptualizations of the two populations. There are clear overlaps in the diagnostic criteria that strongly suggest comorbidity between the disorders, however, which is especially critical to analyze in the future, since there are solid, empirical, evidence-based treatment protocols for PTSD, but not for attachment disorders resulting from pathogenic caregiver maltreatment.

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Lietor, M. D. C. Molina, I. Cuevas, and M. Blanco Prieto. "Child maltreatment, attachment and psychopathology: A case report." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1666.

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IntroductionThe exposure to child maltreatment increases the lifetime risk for many psychopathological symptoms: depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder, personality disorder and dissociation. Besides, adopted children, especially those with a history of institutional living before adoption, are at greater risk for a range of developmental, behavioral and attachment concerns. The case report is of a 17-year-old male, with reactive attachment disorder (RAD). He suffered child maltreatment in his family of origin before the international adoption.ObjectivesThe aim of this study is to present a case-report illustrating the relationship between chil maltreatment, adopted children and the reactive attachment disorder.MethodsA bibliographic search was performed about reactive attachment disorder. Information regarding the clinical case was obtained by consulting the patient’s file.ResultsA 17-years-old male who was adopted at age of 9 from Spain. According to reports from the orphanage, the patient suffered severe maltreatment by his family of origin, with scars on his back. The patient presents impulse control disorder, with verbal and physical heteroaggressiveness in situations of frustration, hunger and sleep. He stopped attending the institute at the age of 12, with marked isolation and reversal of the sleep-wake cycle. His treatment plan are partial hospitalization, psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy.ConclusionsBoth child maltreatment and adoption are risk factors for the presence of psychopathology during the lifetime. Especially during the pre-adoption process and the first years after adoption, both the family and the child should be able to use specialized Mental Health services.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

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Karayağız, Şaban, Timuçin Aktan, and Lider Zeynep Karayağız. "Parental Attachment Patterns in Mothers of Children with Anxiety Disorder." Children 7, no. 5 (May 11, 2020): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children7050046.

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Anxiety disorder on of the most common illnesses in the context of psychiatry. Potential causes include genetic and environmental factors, as well as the parental attachment of the individuals. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between parental attachment style and anxiety disorders for a group of children and their parents. Study data were collected from the mothers (N = 40) of children with an anxiety disorder who visited a child psychiatry outpatient clinic at a city hospital and a private institution in Kayseri (Turkey) in 2018. For the control group, 40 mothers of children without any mental illness were also included in the study. The purposive sampling method was used in the selection of the participants for both groups (experimental and control). Sociodemographic data sheet and parental bonding instrument (PBI) were utilized as the data collection instruments. Then, data were analyzed based on the descriptive analysis methodology that included mean scores, standard deviation, p-value, t-experimental, two-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation experiments by using SPSS v.22. The findings revealed that the mothers of the participants with a college degree in the experimental group had fewer perceptions of protection (t = 2.38, p < 0.01), but more perception of care from their mothers than fathers (t =−2.28, p < 0.05). In addition, although the perceived care of parents was found lower than the participants in the control group, the participants in both groups evaluated their parents analogously for overprotection. Findings showed that the mothers in the experimental group predominantly described their parents as neglecting.

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Batty, Daphne. "Helping Attachment Disordered Children." Adoption & Fostering 18, no. 3 (October 1994): 51–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030857599401800314.

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Coleman, Anne M., and Allen Rand Coleman. "Effectiveness of Therapeutic Attachment Camps for Improving Behavior in Children with Reactive Attachment Disorder." Open Family Studies Journal 9, no. 1 (October 10, 2017): 132–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874922401709010132.

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Background:Early childhood attachment disruption manifests in disruptive, oppositional behavior and reduced ability for trusting intimate relationships. Chronic emotional disorder negatively affects the entire family system, making treatment difficult.Objective:The goal of the study was to assess a family therapeutic treatment program for children with Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) conducted through an intensive, one-week camp.Methods:Therapeutic camps included training for caregivers, support for siblings, behavioral interventions for children with RAD, and family therapy exercises. Camps were conducted across North America. Standardized behavioral health rating scales were used to evaluate outcomes.Results:Therapeutic Attachment Camp effectively reduced disruptive behaviors within a one week period and improved family mental health scores. Pretest to post-test scores on the Randolph Attachment Disorder Questionnaire showed significant change in a clinically positive direction. Behaviors specifically associated with attachment and conscience development improved, such as showing remorse or guilt, self-control, telling the truth and accepting parental direction. Child anxiety was observed to be less based on self-rating on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Parent anxiety was significantly reduced based on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Statistical effects were moderate to large.Conclusion:Results suggested that a treatment program addressing the needs of the entire family and combining attachment exercises with psychoeducation and structured parenting practice can be effective within a short time frame. Findings have implications for community and family mental health, and for developing culturally relevant treatments that integrate disciplines.

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Speltz, Matthew L., Mark T. Greenberg, and Michelle Deklyen. "Attachment in preschoolers with disruptive behavior: A comparison of clinic-referred and nonproblem children." Development and Psychopathology 2, no. 1 (January 1990): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579400000572.

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AbstractThis study tested the hypothesis that preschool-aged children with significant externalizing behavior problems are more likely to have insecure attachment relationships than nonproblem peers, as measured by separation/ reunion behavior at the time of clinic referral. Fifty children (ages 3–6) and their mothers participated: 25 referred to a child psychiatry clinic for one of the DSM-III-R Disruptive Behavior Disorders, and 25 matched comparison children without behavior problems. Using two new attachment coding systems for children of this age, we found that 84% of the children in the clinic group were classified as insecure, whereas only 28% of the comparison group were so classified (p <.001). Clinic children were also found more frequently to protest their mother's departure and to search for her more often during the separation. The implications of these results for the validity of separation/reunion behavior as an index of attachment at this age are discussed, as well as the methodological and conceptual problems that complicate our study of the link between attachment and behavior disorder.

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Moneta, Maria Eugenia, Paula Rothhammer, and Ximena Carrasco. "Attachment as Environmental Factor Influencing the Development of Externalizing and Internalizing Behaviors in Children with Atten-tional Déficit Hyperactivity Disorder." Journal of Psychology and Psychotherapy Research 3, no. 2 (September 4, 2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.12974/2313-1047.2016.03.02.1.

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The current study aims at the relevance of parenting environment in the generation of co-morbid disorders in children diagnosed with Attention Déficit/ hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Although considerable evidence has demonstrated that ADHD has a biological and genetic basis, our work points towards family environment and attachment during development. We postulate that attachment style and mothers attitude towards the child early in development, have a role to play in the generation of co-morbid behavior. We demonstrated that school children experiencing insecure attachment patterns have higher proportion of co-morbid behaviors than secure children diagnosed with ADHD and controls. Results are discussed with regard to the role of environmental and family factors in the development of the illness and treatment course. These findings provide empirical evidence for the differential susceptibility to maternal (principal care person) influences in ADHD children, suggesting the importante of early interventions.

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Mérat, Y., Y. Lajoie, J. Michel, C. Samson-Morasse, and C. Beauregard. "Attachment disorder and/or autistic spectrum disorder by children aged two/five years." Neuropsychiatrie de l'Enfance et de l'Adolescence 60, no. 5 (July 2012): S203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurenf.2012.04.410.

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Seim, Astrid R., Thomas Jozefiak, Lars Wichstrøm, and Nanna S. Kayed. "Validity of reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder in adolescence." European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 29, no. 10 (December 12, 2019): 1465–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00787-019-01456-9.

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AbstractAlthough reactive attachment disorder (RAD) and disinhibited social engagement disorder (DSED) are acknowledged as valid disorders in young children, controversy remains regarding their validity in adolescence. An unresolved question is whether symptoms of RAD and DSED are better conceptualized as other psychiatric disorders at this age. All adolescents (N = 381; 67% consent; 12–20 years old) living in residential youth care in Norway were interviewed to determine the symptoms and diagnosis of RAD/DSED and other common psychiatric disorders using the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment (CAPA). The construct validity of RAD and DSED, including structural and discriminant validity, was investigated using confirmatory factor analysis and latent profile analysis. Two-factor models distinguishing between symptoms of RAD and DSED and differentiating these symptoms from the symptoms of other psychiatric disorders revealed better fit than one-factor models. Symptoms of RAD and DSED defined two distinct latent groups in a profile analysis. The prevalence of RAD was 9% (95% CI 6–11%), and the prevalence of DSED was 8% (95% CI 5–11%). RAD and DSED are two distinct latent factors not accounted for by other common psychiatric disorders in adolescence. RAD and DSED are not uncommon among adolescents in residential youth care and therefore warrant easy access to qualified health care and prevention in high-risk groups.

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Zsizsmann, Christine, Chatra Weerasinghe, and Noelle Belcher. "Undersocialized Conduct and Attachment Disorders: A child psychiatric team experience with a developmental and systems approach." Children Australia 16, no. 2 (1991): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200012396.

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The paper deals mainly with work undertaken at Travancore Child and Family Centre and discusses the connection between attachment disorder and Undersocialized Conduct Disorder. Clinical examples illustrate the difficulties such children present to the caregivers and workers in the systems around the child. As these children generally fail to respond readily to therapies based on the child’s ability to form trusting relationships, management and treatment strategies which rely on careful assessment of the child’s attachment behaviour are described.

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Thrall, Elizabeth E., Cathy W. Hall, Jeannie A. Golden, and Beverly L. Sheaffer. "Screening measures for children and adolescents with reactive attachment disorder." Behavioral Development Bulletin 15, no. 1 (2009): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0100508.

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Hall, Sara Elizabeth Kay, and Glenn Geher. "Behavioral and Personality Characteristics of Children With Reactive Attachment Disorder." Journal of Psychology 137, no. 2 (March 2003): 145–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223980309600605.

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Becker-Weidman, Arthur. "Treatment for Children with Reactive Attachment Disorder: Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy." Child and Adolescent Mental Health 13, no. 1 (February 2008): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-3588.2006.00428.x.

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Teague, Samantha J., Kylie M. Gray, Bruce J. Tonge, and Louise K. Newman. "Attachment in children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review." Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 35 (March 2017): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2016.12.002.

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Kočovská, Eva, Philip Wilson, David Young, Alan Michael Wallace, Charlotta Gorski, Michael Follan, Maureen Smillie, et al. "Cortisol secretion in children with symptoms of reactive attachment disorder." Psychiatry Research 209, no. 1 (August 2013): 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2012.12.011.

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Bruce, Molly, David Young, Susan Turnbull, Maki Rooksby, Guy Chadwick, Catriona Oates, Rebecca Nelson, Genevieve Young-Southward, Caroline Haig, and Helen Minnis. "Reactive Attachment Disorder in maltreated young children in foster care." Attachment & Human Development 21, no. 2 (July 18, 2018): 152–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2018.1499211.

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Mukaddes, Nahit Motavalli, F. Nimet Kaynak, Gülsevim Kinali, Hümeyra Besikci, and Halim Issever. "Psychoeducational Treatment of Children with Autism and Reactive Attachment Disorder." Autism 8, no. 1 (March 2004): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361304040642.

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Sadiq, Fareeha Amber, Louise Slator, David Skuse, James Law, Christopher Gillberg, and Helen Minnis. "Social use of language in children with reactive attachment disorder and autism spectrum disorders." European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 21, no. 5 (March 3, 2012): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00787-012-0259-8.

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Minnis, Helen, Susan Macmillan, Rachel Pritchett, David Young, Brenda Wallace, John Butcher, Fiona Sim, Katie Baynham, Claire Davidson, and Christopher Gillberg. "Prevalence of reactive attachment disorder in a deprived population." British Journal of Psychiatry 202, no. 5 (May 2013): 342–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.112.114074.

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BackgroundReactive attachment disorder (RAD) is associated with early childhood maltreatment and has unknown population prevalence beyond infancy.AimsTo estimate RAD prevalence in a deprived population of children.MethodAll 1646 children aged 6-8 years old in a deprived sector of an urban UK centre were screened for RAD symptoms. Parents of high and low scorers were interviewed using semi-structured interviews probing for psychopathology and individuals likely to have RAD were offered face-to-face assessment.ResultsQuestionnaire data were available from 92.8% of teachers and 65.8% of parents. Assessments were conducted with 50% of those invited and missing data were imputed - based on the baseline data - for the rest. We calculated that there would be 23 children with definite RAD diagnoses, suggesting that the prevalence of RAD in this population was 1.40% (95% CI 0.94-2.10).ConclusionsIn this deprived general population, RAD was not rare.

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Follan, Michael, Seonaid Anderson, Sarah Huline-Dickens, Emma Lidstone, David Young, Gordon Brown, and Helen Minnis. "Discrimination between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and reactive attachment disorder in school aged children." Research in Developmental Disabilities 32, no. 2 (March 2011): 520–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2010.12.031.

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Yahya, Fatahyah, Rizal Abu Bakar, and Nur Fatihah Mat Yusoff. "The Influence of Adult Attachment on Relationship Quality among Multi-Ethnic Group of Parents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Children." Journal of Cognitive Sciences and Human Development 1, no. 2 (March 1, 2016): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/jcshd.202.2016.

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This study aimed to explore the influence of adult attachment on relationship quality among parents having children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). A correlational research design was used to achieve the research objectives. Sixty eight parents of children with ADHD participated in this study. Two measures were used in this study: the Experience in Close Relationship (ECR) and the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS). The findings indicated that when the anxiety attachment level of the participants was high, the marital satisfaction was low.The findings of this study can make a contribution to those focusing on conflict resolution and marital quality with a deeper understanding on the interpersonal problems in the relationship from attachment theory perspectives. It is suggested that a longitudinal research be conducted in the future with both groups of clinical and community in order to explore how attachment variables can predict relationship adjustment and child adjustment overtime.Keywords: adult attachment; marital quality; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

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Shirzad, Galin. "The role of Maternal Attachment Styles in Predicting the Parent-Child Relationship and Anxiety Disorders in Children." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 3 (March 22, 2017): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v3i3.1560.

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The present study was conducted to assess the role of maternal attachment styles in predicting anxiety disorders in children. The present correlational study was conducted on 300 mothers and primary school students in Tehran selected through multistage random cluster sampling. The data collection tools used included the Adult Attachment Scale and Spence Childrenâ€™s Anxiety Scale. The data obtained were then analyzed using the multivariate regression, the multivariate analysis of variance and the Pearson Correlation test. The results obtained showed that attachment styles predict anxiety disorders. There was a negative relationship between the secure attachment style and childrenâ€™s anxiety and a positive relationship between the insecure attachment style and anxiety disorders. Problems in separation, the lack of tolerance for turmoil and the tendency to believe that events are out of oneâ€™s own control are mechanisms that explain the relationship between attachment styles and anxiety. Anxiety disorders associated with the parent-child interactions can be reduced through identifying the attachment style with the parents as a factor associated with childrenâ€™s anxiety.Keywords: attachment styles; anxiety disorders;

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Wimmer, Jane S., M. Elizabeth Vonk, and Patrick Bordnick. "A Preliminary Investigation of the Effectiveness of Attachment Therapy for Adopted Children with Reactive Attachment Disorder." Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal 26, no. 4 (July 16, 2009): 351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10560-009-0179-8.

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Mikic, Natalie, and Miguel M. Terradas. "Understanding maternal mentalizing capacity and attachment representations of children with reactive attachment disorder: Two case illustrations." Psychoanalytic Psychology 35, no. 2 (April 2018): 260–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pap0000153.

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Spinazzola, Joseph, Bessel Kolk, and Julian D. Ford. "Developmental Trauma Disorder: A Legacy of Attachment Trauma in Victimized Children." Journal of Traumatic Stress 34, no. 4 (May 28, 2021): 711–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jts.22697.

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Sheaffer, Beverly L., Jeannie A. Golden, Katharine T. Bridgers, and Cathy W. Hall. "Nonverbal processing and social competency in children with reactive attachment disorder." Behavioral Development Bulletin 15, no. 1 (2009): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0100509.

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Aideuis, Dianna. "Promoting attachment and emotional regulation of children with complex trauma disorder." International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy 3, no. 4 (2007): 546–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0100822.

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Kissgen, Ruediger, Maya Krischer, Vanessa Kummetat, Ralf Spiess, Roland Schleiffer, and Kathrin Sevecke. "Attachment Representation in Mothers of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." Psychopathology 42, no. 3 (2009): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000209333.

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Niederhofer, Helmut. "Attachment as a Component of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." Psychological Reports 104, no. 2 (April 2009): 645–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.104.2.645-648.

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As Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder-like symptoms may reflect a somatic disorder or interactional problems of the child and parents or have a genetic basis, the ADHD-like symptoms seem as important as a genetic interpretation. This holds also for therapeutic interventions. In the clinic, 101 children with ADHD-like symptoms were assessed. Attachment classification was based on responses to the Parent-Child Reunion Inventory. Of 79 insecurely attached patients, 72 presented ADHD-like symptoms, whereas only 5 of 22 securely attached showed such symptoms.

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Temple, Valerie K., Jocelynn L. Cook, Kathy Unsworth, Hasu Rajani, and Mansfield Mela. "Mental Health and Affect Regulation Impairment in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD): Results from the Canadian National FASD Database." Alcohol and Alcoholism 54, no. 5 (January 9, 2019): 545–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agz049.

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AbstractAimsIndividuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) frequently have challenges with regulating emotional arousal, or affect regulation (AR), and experience high rates of mental health disorders. This study examined children and adults with FASD to investigate the relationship between AR impairment and several mental health problems and diagnoses.MethodsData from the Canadian national FASD database was used for analysis. Seven mental health diagnoses, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, conduct disorder, attachment disorder, intellectual disability, and language disorder were examined. A history of suicidality was also examined. The prevalence of these mental health problems in individuals with and without AR impairment was compared.ResultsIndividuals with FASD and AR impairment were significantly more likely to be diagnosed with conduct disorder (OR 4.8), attachment disorder (OR 6.1), or post-traumatic stress disorder (OR 8.1) when compared to those without AR impairment. They were also more likely to have a history of suicidality (OR 8.6). AR impairment was most commonly found in those with greater overall neurodevelopmental impairment. Having AR impairment was associated with receiving a diagnosis of FASD at a later age, but was not related to gender, intellectual disability, or language disorder.ConclusionAR impairment is strongly related to several mental health diagnoses in those with FASD and presents some promising possibilities for targeted early intervention.

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Pratikno, Ahmad Sudi, and Sumantri Sumantri. "Breastfeeding, Attachment, dan Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) pada Perkembangan Anak." Auladuna : Jurnal Prodi Pendidikan Guru Madrasah Ibtidaiyah 4, no. 1 (December 14, 2022): 32–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.36835/au.v4i01.1097.

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ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) Breastfeeding, attachment, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are three things that very related in child development. Breastfeeding is an activity to children starting from the age of 0-2 years, while breastfeeding that is really done completely and uninterruptedly, it will create attachment between the biological mother and her biological child. This is even until the child grows up. The impact that occurs if breastfeeding and attachment is not optimal or even does not appear, there will be a pattern of ADHD behavior, namely ADHD behavior pattern that is over activity, subsequently the child cannot be quiet. ABSTRAK (INDONESIA) Breastfeeding, attachment, dan attention deficit hyperactivity disorder adalah tiga hal yang sangat berkaitan dalam perkembangan seorang anak. Breastfeeding adalah kegiatan menyusui pada anak yang dimulai dari usia 0-2 tahun, sedangkan breastfeeding yang benar-benar dilakukan secara utuh dan tanpa terputus, maka akan menciptakan attachment (kemelekatan) antara sang ibu kandung kepada anak kandugnya. Hal ini bahkan sampai anak beranjak dewasa. Dampak yang terjadi jika breastfeeding dan attachment ini tidak maksimal atau bahkan tidak muncul, maka akan timbul pola perilaku ADHD, yakni pola perilaku anak yang aktif namun overdosis, sehingga anak tersebut tidak bisa diam.

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Kahane, Lital, and Mohamed El-Tahir. "Attachment behavior in children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders." Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities 9, no. 2 (March 2, 2015): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/amhid-06-2014-0026.

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Purpose – Significance of attachment relationship to the development and impairments among children with autism has been studied. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the literature for studies completed on the attachment and assess the effect of autism on attachment development. Different moderators of attachment are also reviewed. Design/methodology/approach – Systematic reviews were searched for in different databases to establish the necessity and relevance of the current paper. The last systematic review on the topic was published in 2004 so studies done after that year were searched for in electronic databases and experts on the filed were also contacted before choosing the ten studies selected for this review. Findings – Attachment is present among children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD), however not prevalent as in normally developing children. The security and organization of attachment behavior are affected by the severity of the diagnosis of Autism and the co-morbidities associated. Maternal sensitivity and insightfulness support the development of secure attachment in children with ASD while impairments in joint attention and symbolic play proved to be risk factors for insecurity and disorganization of attachment. Originality/value – The review contributes to the relatively understudied topic of attachment behavior in autism spectrum disorders focussing on the influence brought to the bonding connection by different influencing factors like: mothers’ sensitivity, insightfulness and attachment style, parenting style and symbolic play levels.

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Turner, Melody, Helen Beckwith, Robbie Duschinsky, Tommie Forslund, Sarah Louise Foster, Barry Coughlan, Sanchita Pal, and Professor Carloe Schuengel. "Attachment difficulties and disorders." InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 12, no. 4 (February 27, 2019): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1755738018823817.

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Children and young people who are adopted from care, in care, or at risk of going into care are at higher risk of attachment difficulties and disorders. This may increase the likelihood of mental health conditions and poor emotional regulation. GPs play a role in managing this risk in the community in conjunction with a multi-disciplinary team and supporting referrals to secondary care. However, many GPs are unfamiliar with the terminology of attachment difficulties, attachment disorders, secure attachment and insecure attachment. This article aims to explain these terms and provide an update for GPs on the implications of the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence guidelines on child attachment, which focuses on looked after children.

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