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Journal articles on the topic 'Attachment organs'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Zodrow, Erwin L., Josef Pšenička, and Wei-Ming Zhou. "Reproductive Biology of the Arborescent Seed-Fern Linopteris obliqua: Implications for Taxonomy (Medullosales, Late Pennsylvanian Sydney Coalfield, Canada)." Folia Musei rerum naturalium Bohemiae occidentalis. Geologica et Paleobiologica 54, no. 1-2 (December 1, 2020): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fbgp-2020-0002.

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AbstractA shaley slab (65 x 45 x 7 cm) from the Sydney Coalfield, Canada, Cantabrian age, on splitting apart revealed 2 – 3 layers each entombing thousands of abscised pinnules of Linopteris obliqua and eight dispersed compound-synangial structures. The campanulary-ventral-sporal micromorphology of the best preserved structure of these compares sufficiently well with previously reported structures from the Sydney Coalfield named Potoniea krisiae. Earlier studies involving larger sampling suites furthermore contributed to the observation that Hexagonocarpus sp. (female organ) and P. krisiae (male organ) usually co-occur with abscised L. obliqua pinnules; however, these two organs do not co-occur on isochronous bedding planes. In the absence of confirmatory organic attachments, the presented data provide as yet the strongest support for the hypothesis of the organs’ connectivity, but whether female-male trees existed or not, and the mode of attachment of the organs remain unknown. Hypothesized for the latter is pinnate attachment.
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Zodrow, Erwin L., Josef Pšenička, and Wei-Ming Zhou. "Reproductive Biology of the Arborescent Seed-Fern Linopteris obliqua: Implications for Taxonomy (Medullosales, Late Pennsylvanian Sydney Coalfield, Canada)." Folia Musei rerum naturalium Bohemiae occidentalis. Geologica et Paleobiologica 54, no. 1-2 (December 1, 2020): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fbgp-2020-0002.

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Abstract A shaley slab (65 x 45 x 7 cm) from the Sydney Coalfield, Canada, Cantabrian age, on splitting apart revealed 2 – 3 layers each entombing thousands of abscised pinnules of Linopteris obliqua and eight dispersed compound-synangial structures. The campanulary-ventral-sporal micromorphology of the best preserved structure of these compares sufficiently well with previously reported structures from the Sydney Coalfield named Potoniea krisiae. Earlier studies involving larger sampling suites furthermore contributed to the observation that Hexagonocarpus sp. (female organ) and P. krisiae (male organ) usually co-occur with abscised L. obliqua pinnules; however, these two organs do not co-occur on isochronous bedding planes. In the absence of confirmatory organic attachments, the presented data provide as yet the strongest support for the hypothesis of the organs’ connectivity, but whether female-male trees existed or not, and the mode of attachment of the organs remain unknown. Hypothesized for the latter is pinnate attachment.
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3

SIMKOVÁ, A., Y. DESDEVISES, M. GELNAR, and S. MORAND. "Morphometric correlates of host specificity in Dactylogyrus species (Monogenea) parasites of European Cyprinid fish." Parasitology 123, no. 2 (July 31, 2001): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182001008241.

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We test the hypothesis that living on larger fish may impose constraints, i.e. the need to develop large attachment organs, related to the necessity to remain attached on large gills. For this, we compiled data on body size and morphometric measurements of attachment organs of 44 Dactylogyrus species (ectoparasites with direct life-cycle) from 19 cyprinid species. Nineteen dactylogyrid species were considered as specialists (infecting only 1 host species) and 25 as generalists (infecting more than 1 species). The lack of phylogenetic information lead us to perform comparative analyses using raw values and independent contrasts obtained by random phylogenies. Our results show that rich parasite communities are formed by specialists and generalists whereas poor communities are composed mainly of generalist parasites. Moreover, specialists are found on larger hosts, which may reflect a specialization on a predictable resource, as larger fish live longer and offer large gills for parasite colonization. Parasite specialization is shown to be linked with adaptation of attachment organs to their fish hosts. Two morphometric variables of the attachment organ, the total length of anchor and length of base of anchor, were positively correlated with host length for specialists.
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4

Terenina, N. B., N. D. Kreshchenko, N. B. Mochalova, and S. O. Movsesyan. "Serotonin and neuropeptide FMRFamide in the attachment organs of trematodes." Helminthologia 55, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/helm-2018-0022.

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Summary The serotoninergic and FMRFamidergic nervous system of the attachment organs of trematodes were examined using immunocytochemical techniques and confocal scanning laser microscopy. Adult trematodes from eight families as well as cercariae and metacercariae from ten families were studied. TRITC-conjugated phalloidin was used to stain the muscle fibres. The serotonin- and FMRFamide-immunoreactive (IR) nerve cells and fibres were revealed to be near the muscle fibres of the oral and ventral suckers of the trematodes and their larvae. The results indicate the important role of neurotransmitters, serotonin and neuropeptide FMRFamide in the regulation of muscle activity in the attachment organs of trematodes and can be considered in perspective for the development of new anthelmintic drugs, which can interrupt the function of the attachment organs of the parasites.
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5

Kolbasov, Gregory A., Jens T. Høeg, and Alexei S. Elfimov. "Scanning electron microscopy of acrothoracican cypris larvae (Crustacea, Thecostraca, Cirripedia, Acrothoracica, Lithoglyptidae)." Contributions to Zoology 68, no. 3 (1999): 143–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-06803001.

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Scanning electron microscopy was used to provide a full morphological description of cypris morphologyin the acrothoracican species Lithoglyptes milis and L. habei (Lithoglyptidae).Special attention was givento lattice organs, antennules, thorax, thoracopods, abdomen, and furcal rami. Cypris larvae of the Acrothoracica share some putative plesiomorphic features with the cypris-like ascothoracid larvae of the non-cirripede taxon Ascothoracida. The most notable are traces of abdominal segmentation and carapace lattice organs without pore fields. Acrothoracican cyprids also share numerous synapomorphies with those of the Thoracica and the Rhizocephala. This list includes a four-segmented antennule with a triangular first segment of two sclerites set at an angle to each other, a cylindrical second segment, a small third segment functioning asan attachment organ, and a cylindrical fourth segment bearinghomologous sensory setae. Further apomorphies are a pair of frontolateral horn glands exiting anteroventrally on the headshield (carapace), a pair of multicellular cement glands exiting on the attachment organs, a single stout, serrated and non-natatory seta on the thoracopodal exopods and a highly reduced abdomen with at best traces of segmentation. These synapomorphies in cypris morphology supporta monophyletic taxon Cirripedia comprising the Acrothoracica, Thoracica, and Rhizocephala but excluding the Ascothoracida.
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6

Geoffroy, J. S., and S. D. Rosen. "Demonstration that a lectin-like receptor (gp90MEL) directly mediates adhesion of lymphocytes to high endothelial venules of lymph nodes." Journal of Cell Biology 109, no. 5 (November 1, 1989): 2463–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.109.5.2463.

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Lymphocyte migration from the blood into most secondary lymphoid organs is initiated by a highly selective adhesive interaction with the endothelium of specialized blood vessels known as high endothelial venules (HEV). The propensity of lymphocytes to migrate to particular lymphoid organs is known as lymphocyte homing, and the receptors on lymphocytes that dictate interactions with HEV at particular anatomical sites are designated "homing receptors". Based upon antibody blockade experiments and cell-type distribution studies, a prominent candidate for the peripheral lymph node homing receptor in mouse is the approximately 90-kD cell surface glycoprotein (gp90MEL) recognized by the monoclonal antibody MEL-14. Previous work, including sequencing of a cDNA encoding for this molecule, supports the possibility that gp90MEL is a calcium-dependent lectin-like receptor. Here, we show that immunoaffinity-purified gp90MEL interacts in a sugar-inhibitable manner with sites on peripheral lymph node HEV and prevents attachment of lymphocytes. Lymphocyte attachment to HEV in Peyer's patches, a gut-associated lymphoid organ, is not affected by gp90MEL. The results demonstrate that gp90MEL, as a lectin-like receptor, directly bridges lymphocytes to the endothelium.
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7

Watanabe, H., J. T. Høeg, B. K. K. Chan, R. Kado, S. Kojima, and A. Sari. "First report of antennular attachment organs in a barnacle nauplius larva." Journal of Zoology 274, no. 3 (March 2008): 284–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2007.00384.x.

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8

RODRIGUEZ, PILAR, and STEVEN V. FEND. "On spermatophore-producing aquatic microdrile oligochaetes (Annelida: Clitellata)." Zootaxa 4497, no. 1 (October 8, 2018): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4497.1.3.

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The formation of encapsulated spermatophores is exceptional among aquatic oligochaetes, although it seems to have occurred independently in several unrelated taxa. Among the microdriles, some variations appear unique to single species. The recently described lumbriculid Uktena riparia Fend et al. forms spermatophores in the male duct and attaches them within a deep spermathecal bursa. The attachment of spermatophores to the body wall, in the clitellar region, or in the vicinity of male or spermathecal pores has been reported in Paranadrilus Gavrilov, Bothrioneurum Štolc and some Aktedrilus Knöllner species. Anatomical comparison of reproductive organs suggests convergent development of glandular organs in the male duct or spermathecae, used for the formation, transfer and/or attachment of spermatophores to the concopulant worms. The presence of similar organs in Smithsonidrilus Brinkhurst, where spermatophores have not been reported, is also discussed. Furthermore, a lectotype is designated for Paranadrilus descolei Gavrilov, 1955.
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9

Takakuda, Kazuo, Seiji Asoda, and Takayuki Arita. "Mechanical Attachment of Soft Fibrous Tissues to Artificial Materials with Mesh Structures(1D3 Artificial Organs & Implants I)." Proceedings of the Asian Pacific Conference on Biomechanics : emerging science and technology in biomechanics 2007.3 (2007): S73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeapbio.2007.3.s73.

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10

Kampowski, Tim, Laura Eberhard, Friederike Gallenmüller, Thomas Speck, and Simon Poppinga. "Functional morphology of suction discs and attachment performance of the Mediterranean medicinal leech ( Hirudo verbana Carena)." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 13, no. 117 (April 2016): 20160096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0096.

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Medicinal leeches use their suction discs for locomotion, adhesion to the host and, in the case of the anterior disc, also for blood ingestion. The biomechanics of their suction-based adhesion systems has been little understood until now. We investigated the functional morphology of the anterior and posterior suckers of Hirudo verbana by using light and scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, we analysed the adhesion qualitatively and quantitatively by conducting behavioural and mechanical experiments. Our high-speed video analyses provide new insights into the attachment and detachment processes and we present a detailed description of the leech locomotion cycle. Pull-off force measurements of the anterior and posterior suction organs on seven different substrates under both aerial and water-submersed conditions reveal a significant influence of the surrounding medium, the substrate surface roughness and the tested organ on attachment forces and tenacities.
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11

Labonte, David, and Walter Federle. "Rate-dependence of ‘wet’ biological adhesives and the function of the pad secretion in insects." Soft Matter 11, no. 44 (2015): 8661–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5sm01496d.

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We combine detailed force measurements on isolated attachment organs of live insects with a theoretical approach based on fracture mechanics to show that viscous energy dissipation of ‘wet’ insect pads is akin to that of ‘dry’ elastomers.
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12

True, D. D., M. S. Singer, L. A. Lasky, and S. D. Rosen. "Requirement for sialic acid on the endothelial ligand of a lymphocyte homing receptor." Journal of Cell Biology 111, no. 6 (December 1, 1990): 2757–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.111.6.2757.

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The entry of blood-borne lymphocytes into most secondary lymphoid organs is initiated by a highly specific adhesive interaction with the specialized cuboidal endothelial cells of high endothelial venules (HEV). The adhesive receptors on lymphocytes that dictate interactions with HEV in different lymphoid organs are called homing receptors, signifying their critical role in controlling organ-selective lymphocyte migration. Considerable work has established that the mouse peripheral lymph node homing receptor (pnHR), defined by the mAb MEL-14, functions as a lectin-like adhesive protein. We have previously shown that sialidase treatment of peripheral lymph node (PN) HEV abrogates lymphocyte attachment to the HEV both in vivo and in vitro. We extend this evidence by demonstrating that Limax agglutinin (LA), a sialic acid-specific lectin, when reacted with HEV exposed in cryostat-cut tissue sections, blocks lymphocyte attachment to PN HEV and, unexpectedly, to the HEV of Peyer's patches (PP) as well. Using a recombinant form of the pnHR as a histochemical probe for its cognate adhesive site (HEV-ligand) on PN HEV, we demonstrate that both sialidase and Limax agglutinin functionally inactive this ligand. It is concluded that the requirement for sialic acid is at the level of the pnHR interaction with its HEV ligand. A distinct sialyloligosaccharide may encode the recognition determinant of a PP HEV ligand.
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13

Stoolman, LM, TA Yednock, and SD Rosen. "Homing receptors on human and rodent lymphocytes--evidence for a conserved carbohydrate-binding specificity." Blood 70, no. 6 (December 1, 1987): 1842–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v70.6.1842.1842.

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Abstract Lymphocyte recirculation begins with the attachment of circulating cells to the structurally distinctive postcapillary venules of lymphoid organs termed high-endothelial venules (HEVs). In both rodents and humans, the attachment of lymphocytes to the HEVs of peripheral lymph nodes (PNs) on the one hand and gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALTs) on the other appears to involve discrete adhesive structures on the surfaces of the interacting cells. In rodents, we previously showed that a carbohydrate-binding receptor at the lymphocyte surface participates in the attachment to the HEV of peripheral nodes. The studies reported herein document the involvement of a similar receptor in the selective attachment of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to the HEVs of PNs. We argue that the close functional relationship between the human and rodent receptors indicates that this component of the adhesive interaction has been conserved through evolution.
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14

Stoolman, LM, TA Yednock, and SD Rosen. "Homing receptors on human and rodent lymphocytes--evidence for a conserved carbohydrate-binding specificity." Blood 70, no. 6 (December 1, 1987): 1842–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v70.6.1842.bloodjournal7061842.

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Lymphocyte recirculation begins with the attachment of circulating cells to the structurally distinctive postcapillary venules of lymphoid organs termed high-endothelial venules (HEVs). In both rodents and humans, the attachment of lymphocytes to the HEVs of peripheral lymph nodes (PNs) on the one hand and gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALTs) on the other appears to involve discrete adhesive structures on the surfaces of the interacting cells. In rodents, we previously showed that a carbohydrate-binding receptor at the lymphocyte surface participates in the attachment to the HEV of peripheral nodes. The studies reported herein document the involvement of a similar receptor in the selective attachment of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to the HEVs of PNs. We argue that the close functional relationship between the human and rodent receptors indicates that this component of the adhesive interaction has been conserved through evolution.
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15

Rubtsova, N. Yu, and R. A. Heckmann. "Structure and morphometrics of Ancyrocephalus paradoxus (Monogenea: Ancyrocephalidae) from Sander lucioperca (Percidae) in Czechia." Helminthologia 56, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/helm-2018-0037.

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SummaryNew morphometric data, including details of the copulatory system and attachment structures, as well as inner organs are provided for Ancyrocephalus paradoxus Creplin, 1839. Scanning electron microscopy reveals new information of the body shape, position of the cephalic organs’ openings, and structure of anchors, as well as differences in the in anchors’ structure in adults and sub-adults of A. paradoxus. Energy dispersive analysis for X-ray was conducted for the first time for anchors in Monogenea and revealed structural differences between different parts of the anchors in two age groups.
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16

Zurek, Daniel B., Stanislav N. Gorb, and Dagmar Voigt. "Locomotion and attachment of leaf beetle larvae Gastrophysa viridula (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae)." Interface Focus 5, no. 1 (February 6, 2015): 20140055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2014.0055.

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While adult green dock leaf beetles Gastrophysa viridula use tarsal adhesive setae to attach to and walk on smooth vertical surfaces and ceilings, larvae apply different devices for similar purposes: pretarsal adhesive pads on thoracic legs and a retractable pygopod at the 10th abdominal segment. Both are soft smooth structures and capable of wet adhesion. We studied attachment ability of different larval instars, considering the relationship between body weight and real contact area between attachment devices and the substrate. Larval gait patterns were analysed using high-speed video recordings. Instead of the tripod gait of adults, larvae walked by swinging contralateral legs simultaneously while adhering by the pygopod. Attachment ability of larval instars was measured by centrifugation on a spinning drum, revealing that attachment force decreases relative to weight. Contributions of different attachment devices to total attachment ability were investigated by selective disabling of organs by covering them with melted wax. Despite their smaller overall contact area, tarsal pads contributed to a larger extent to total attachment ability, probably because of their distributed spacing. Furthermore, we observed different behaviour in adults and larvae when centrifuged: while adults gradually slipped outward on the centrifuge drum surface, larvae stayed at the initial position until sudden detachment.
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17

Bolt, Sophie H., Marloes Witjes, and Barbara van den Ende. "Restless Feelings: Desiring Direct Contact After Postmortem Organ Donation." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 82, no. 1 (September 14, 2018): 42–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030222818800207.

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This article investigates the emergence of a growing demand in the Netherlands: the wish of organ donor families and organ recipients to establish contact. Such direct contact transgresses both the anonymity and privacy long considered by many to be fundamental to organ donation. Legislation prescribes that privacy should be safeguarded, but the parties involved increasingly manage to find each other. Research is needed to provide insight into the ramifications of direct contact, which may inform mourning counseling and psychosocial support. Drawing on qualitative interviews with donor’s relatives, we analyze the reasons for the desire to have direct contact. We seek to understand how meanings are constructed and contested through organs at the margins of life and death in the individualized and secularized society of the Netherlands. We find that relatives struggle with persistent restless feelings after postmortem organ donation and may develop a level of personal attachment and assign inalienability to human body parts.
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18

Heepe, Lars, Jonas O. Wolff, and Stanislav N. Gorb. "Influence of ambient humidity on the attachment ability of ladybird beetles (Coccinella septempunctata)." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 7 (September 22, 2016): 1322–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.7.123.

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Many insects possess adhesive foot pads, which enable them to scale smooth vertical surfaces. The function of these organs may be highly affected by environmental conditions. Ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae) possess dense tarsal soles of tenent setae, supplemented with an adhesive fluid. We studied the attachment ability of the seven-spotted ladybird beetle (Coccinella septempunctata) at different humidities by horizontal traction experiments. We found that both low (15%) and high (99%) relative humidities lead to a decrease of attachment ability. The significantly highest attachment forces were revealed at 60% humidity. This relationship was found both in female and male beetles, despite of a deviating structure of adhesive setae and a significant difference in forces between sexes. These findings demonstrate that not only dry adhesive setae are affected by ambient humidity, but also setae that stick due to the capillarity of an oily secretion.
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19

Hajer, Jaromír, Simona Karschová, and Dana Řeháková. "SILKS AND SILK-PRODUCING ORGANS OF NEOTROPICAL TARANTULA AVICULARIA METALLICA (ARANEAE, MYGALOMORPHAE, THERAPHOSIDAE)." Ecologica Montenegrina 7 (September 2, 2016): 313–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2016.7.9.

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Silks and silk-producing organs of the theraphosid species Avicularia metallica were studied using scanning electron microscopy. The spinning apparatus is made up of two pairs of spinnerets located at the end of the ventral side of the opisthosoma. Both pairs of spinnerets are equipped with spigots (modified setae), i.e. external outlets of silk-producing glands which, in the case of posterior lateral spinnerets, are present on all three segments.The secreted silk, which hardens when exposed to air, is processed by movements of spinnerets and the opisthosoma. An investigation of spinning activity revealed two different manners in which silk is affixed to the ground: (1) by smearing silk secretion directly onto the surface of the substratum; or (2) by attaching silken fibers onto a layer of adhesive silk of attachment fields. The fibers connecting the walls of tubular shelters to the silk of attachment fields are essentially bundles of parallel nanofibrils. The connection between multifibrillar connecting fibers and the adhesive silk of attachment fields is, in essence, “silk-to-silk” connection. Nanoglobules (spherical subunits) are the basic microstructural blocks in the studied silk materials irrespective of whether the fibrils are a part of the tube, connecting fibers, or attachment fields. SEM images showed that the liquid silk, running through spigot ducts, has two components, which do not mix as they leave the spigots. The peripheral component of the solidified protein mixture surrounds the central component, which has a granular appearance
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20

Zurek, D., D. Voigt, and S. Gorb. "The role of attachment organs in the larval locomotion of the beetle Gastrophysa viridula." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 146, no. 4 (April 2007): S146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.296.

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21

Rao, Xiaozhen, and Gang Lin. "Scanning electron microscopy of the cypris larvae ofCapitulum mitella(Cirripedia: Thoracica: Scalpellomorpha)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 94, no. 2 (September 19, 2013): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315413001173.

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Adult specimens ofCapitulum mitellawere collected in August 2011 in the intertidal zone of Dinghai, Fuzhou, Fujian, China (26°16′N 119°48′E). The morphology of the cypris larva reared under our conditions was determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Special emphasis was given to the carapace, lattice organs, antennules, thoracopods and furcal rami. The whole carapace surface is sculptured by slender ridges demarcating rectangular or irregular polygonal areas with very fine pores. The cyprid possesses five pairs of lattice organs, arranged as two anterior and three posterior pairs. The second segment carries a preaxial seta 2 and a postaxial seta 2. The third segment carries a postaxial seta 3 outside the attachment disc, whereas a postaxial disc seta, an axial disc seta and two radial disc setae are located inside the attachment disc. The attachment disc is somewhat bell shaped. A series of slender cuticular flaps forms a distinct ‘velum’ around the base of the disc. The fourth segment carries four subterminal setae and five terminal setae. The cyprid bears six pairs of biramous natatory thoracopods consisting of a protopod (coxa + basis), a two-segmented exopod and a two-segmented endopod. The cyprid possesses a rudimentary abdomen and an almost completely cleaved telson with a pair of one-segmented furcal rami. The morphology and setation of the antennules ofC. mitellaresemble those ofBalanus amphitrite(=Amphibalanus amphitrite) andMegabalanus rosa, but differ in some morphological details.
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22

Lyakh, Anton, Evgenija Dmitrieva, Maryana Popyuk, Olga Shikhat, and Alexandr Melnik. "A GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRIC APPROACH TO THE ANALYSIS OF THE SHAPE VARIABILITY OF THE HAPTORAL ATTACHMENT STRUCTURES OF LIGOPHORUS SPECIES (PLATYHELMINTHES: MONOGENEA)." Ecologica Montenegrina 14 (October 30, 2017): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2017.14.10.

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The taxonomy of Ligophorus Euzet & Suriano, 1977, like the most of monopisthocotylean monogeneans, relies heavily on the morphology of sclerites of the posterior attachment organ (haptor). Geometric morphometric approach is used to analyse variability and compare the shapes of haptoral structures of these monogeneans. We outline the shapes of the sclerities by cubic Bezier curves and store results in SVG files. Every SVG outline is reduced to a set of harmonics of Elliptic Fourier transform using ElFourier program. Harmonics are the sequence of unique numbers that describe the shape of structures and are invariant to their sizes, rotation, and orientation. They allow reconstructing source outline images, finding their average form, analyzing variability and comparing shapes in combination with other numerical data like dimensions. We use that approach to investigate intra- and interspecific variability of 400 haptoral structures of seven representatives of Ligophorus, parasitising four mullet species from the Black Sea, and to discriminate these monogeneans. This method is perspective for the creation of semiautomatic key for identification of helminthes, which are mainly distinguished by the shape and dimensions of the attachment organs. The obtained results and method prospects are discussed.
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23

ŠIMKOVÁ, A., M. PEČÍNKOVÁ, E. ŘEHULKOVÁ, M. VYSKOČILOVÁ, and M. ONDRAČKOVÁ. "Dactylogyrus species parasitizing European Barbus species: morphometric and molecular variability." Parasitology 134, no. 12 (July 30, 2007): 1751–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182007003265.

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SUMMARYThe aims of the study were (1) to describe the Dactylogyrus communities living on selected South European Barbus species, (2) to analyse morphometric variability of their attachment and reproductive organs, and (3) to perform molecular phylogenetic analyses, in order to investigate the mode of speciation in Dactylogyrus species parasitizing congeneric hosts. In Bulgaria, Dactylogyrus crivellius, D. dyki and D. petenyi were found on B. balcanicus, and D. dyki on B. cyclolepis. In Spain, Dactylogyrus carpathicus and D. dyki were detected on B. meridionalis. Morphometric analyses of D. dyki revealed significant differences in the attachment and reproductive organs when individuals from different Barbus species were compared. Two monophyletic groups were recognized from the molecular phylogenetic analyses: the first included D. carpathicus and D. crivellius which have large body size and anchors, with a weakly supported basal position of D. malleus from B. barbus; the second included D. dyki and D. petenyi which have small body and anchor sizes. The comparison of host and parasite phylogenies did not indicate the intrahost speciation. Intraspecific molecular variability was found between individuals of D. dyki and D. carpathicus from different Barbus species, suggesting the need for a taxonomic revision for these species.
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24

Kampowski, Tim, Lara-Louise Thiemann, Lukas Kürner, Thomas Speck, and Simon Poppinga. "Exploring the attachment of the Mediterranean medicinal leech ( Hirudo verbana ) to porous substrates." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 17, no. 168 (July 2020): 20200300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2020.0300.

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Haematophagous ectoparasites must ensure a reliable hold to their host during blood meals and, therefore, have evolved a broad spectrum of versatile and effective attachment mechanisms. The Mediterranean medicinal leech ( Hirudo verbana ), for example, uses suction on both smooth and textured air-tight substrates. However, preliminary studies showed that H. verbana is also capable of attaching itself to air-permeable substrates, where suction does not work. Using high-speed videography and mechanical tests, we comparatively investigated the attachment of H. verbana on both smooth and textured air-tight as well as on porous artificial substrates, also considering the influence of mucus on sucker surfaces. In general, the leech-specific locomotion cycle did not differ between the tested surfaces, and the leeches were able to reliably attach to both air-tight and porous substrates. From our results, we conclude that suction is presumably the primary attachment mechanism of H. verbana . However, secondary mechanisms such as mechanical interlocking with surface asperities and pores or capillary forces occurring at the interface between the mucus-covered suckers and the substratum are also employed. In any case, the rich repertoire of applicable attachment principles renders the organs of H. verbana functionally highly resilient.
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Prüm, Bettina, Robin Seidel, Holger Florian Bohn, and Thomas Speck. "Impact of cell shape in hierarchically structured plant surfaces on the attachment of male Colorado potato beetles (Leptinotarsa decemlineata)." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 3 (January 23, 2012): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.3.7.

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Plant surfaces showing hierarchical structuring are frequently found in plant organs such as leaves, petals, fruits and stems. In our study we focus on the level of cell shape and on the level of superimposed microstructuring, leading to hierarchical surfaces if both levels are present. While it has been shown that epicuticular wax crystals and cuticular folds strongly reduce insect attachment, and that smooth papillate epidermal cells in petals improve the grip of pollinators, the impact of hierarchical surface structuring of plant surfaces possessing convex or papillate cells on insect attachment remains unclear. We performed traction experiments with male Colorado potato beetles on nine different plant surfaces with different structures. The selected plant surfaces showed epidermal cells with either tabular, convex or papillate cell shape, covered either with flat films of wax, epicuticular wax crystals or with cuticular folds. On surfaces possessing either superimposed wax crystals or cuticular folds we found traction forces to be almost one order of magnitude lower than on surfaces covered only with flat films of wax. Independent of superimposed microstructures we found that convex and papillate epidermal cell shapes slightly enhance the attachment ability of the beetles. Thus, in plant surfaces, cell shape and superimposed microstructuring yield contrary effects on the attachment of the Colorado potato beetle, with convex or papillate cells enhancing attachment and both wax crystals or cuticular folds reducing attachment. However, the overall magnitude of traction force mainly depends on the presence or absence of superimposed microstructuring.
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Britz, Ralf, Frank Kirschbaum, and Andreas Heyd. "Observations on the structure of larval attachment organs in three species of gymnotiforms (Teleostei: Ostariophysi)." Acta Zoologica 81, no. 1 (December 24, 2001): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1463-6395.2000.00038.x.

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Al-Yahya, Hamad, Hsi-Nien Chen, Benny K. K. Chan, Ryusuke Kado, and Jens T. Høeg. "Morphology of Cyprid Attachment Organs Compared Across Disparate Barnacle Taxa: Does It Relate to Habitat?" Biological Bulletin 231, no. 2 (October 2016): 120–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/690092.

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Büscher, Thies H., and Stanislav N. Gorb. "Physical constraints lead to parallel evolution of micro- and nanostructures of animal adhesive pads: a review." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 12 (July 15, 2021): 725–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.12.57.

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Adhesive pads are functional systems with specific micro- and nanostructures which evolved as a response to specific environmental conditions and therefore exhibit convergent traits. The functional constraints that shape systems for the attachment to a surface are general requirements. Different strategies to solve similar problems often follow similar physical principles, hence, the morphology of attachment devices is affected by physical constraints. This resulted in two main types of attachment devices in animals: hairy and smooth. They differ in morphology and ultrastructure but achieve mechanical adaptation to substrates with different roughness and maximise the actual contact area with them. Species-specific environmental surface conditions resulted in different solutions for the specific ecological surroundings of different animals. As the conditions are similar in discrete environments unrelated to the group of animals, the micro- and nanostructural adaptations of the attachment systems of different animal groups reveal similar mechanisms. Consequently, similar attachment organs evolved in a convergent manner and different attachment solutions can occur within closely related lineages. In this review, we present a summary of the literature on structural and functional principles of attachment pads with a special focus on insects, describe micro- and nanostructures, surface patterns, origin of different pads and their evolution, discuss the material properties (elasticity, viscoelasticity, adhesion, friction) and basic physical forces contributing to adhesion, show the influence of different factors, such as substrate roughness and pad stiffness, on contact forces, and review the chemical composition of pad fluids, which is an important component of an adhesive function. Attachment systems are omnipresent in animals. We show parallel evolution of attachment structures on micro- and nanoscales at different phylogenetic levels, focus on insects as the largest animal group on earth, and subsequently zoom into the attachment pads of the stick and leaf insects (Phasmatodea) to explore convergent evolution of attachment pads at even smaller scales. Since convergent events might be potentially interesting for engineers as a kind of optimal solution by nature, the biomimetic implications of the discussed results are briefly presented.
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Rastogi, Pragati, and Deepmala Mishra. "Neuroanatomy of a Dactylogyrid monogenean, from gold fish Carassius auratus, Nilsson, from Meerut (U. P.), India." VOYAGER 9, no. 1 (April 15, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31995/voyager.2018v09n1.01.

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Chemical named 5-bromo indoxyl acetate has been used to describe the nervous system of anoviparous Dactylogyridmonogenean PellucidhaptorPrice and Mizelle (1964), a gill parasite of Carassius auratus. Central nervous system consists of paired cerebral ganglia from which anterior and posterior neuronal pathways arise. These neuronal pathways are interlinked by cross connectives and commissures. Paired dorsal, ventral and lateral nerve cords emanate from the cerebral ganglia, connected at intervals by transverse connectives. Huge arrangement of dorsal, ventral and lateral nerve cords and their innervations have been examined. Peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes innervations of the alimentary tract, reproductive organs and attachment organs (anterior adhesive areas and haptor). Both the CNS and PNS are bilaterally symmetrical, and better developed ventrally than laterally and dorsally.
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Mairey, Emilie, Auguste Genovesio, Emmanuel Donnadieu, Christine Bernard, Francis Jaubert, Elisabeth Pinard, Jacques Seylaz, Jean-Christophe Olivo-Marin, Xavier Nassif, and Guillaume Duménil. "Cerebral microcirculation shear stress levels determine Neisseria meningitidis attachment sites along the blood–brain barrier." Journal of Experimental Medicine 203, no. 8 (July 24, 2006): 1939–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20060482.

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Neisseria meningitidis is a commensal bacterium of the human nasopharynx. Occasionally, this bacterium reaches the bloodstream and causes meningitis after crossing the blood–brain barrier by an unknown mechanism. An immunohistological study of a meningococcal sepsis case revealed that neisserial adhesion was restricted to capillaries located in low blood flow regions in the infected organs. This study led to the hypothesis that drag forces encountered by the meningococcus in the bloodstream determine its attachment site in vessels. We therefore investigated the ability of N. meningitidis to bind to endothelial cells in the presence of liquid flow mimicking the bloodstream with a laminar flow chamber. Strikingly, average blood flows reported for various organs strongly inhibited initial adhesion. As cerebral microcirculation is known to be highly heterogeneous, cerebral blood velocity was investigated at the level of individual vessels using intravital imaging of rat brain. In agreement with the histological study, shear stress levels compatible with meningococcal adhesion were only observed in capillaries, which exhibited transient reductions in flow. The flow chamber assay revealed that, after initial attachment, bacteria resisted high blood velocities and even multiplied, forming microcolonies resembling those observed in the septicemia case. These results argue that the combined mechanical properties of neisserial adhesion and blood microcirculation target meningococci to transiently underperfused cerebral capillaries and thus determine disease development.
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de Sena Oliveira, Ivo, Noel N. Tait, Ira Strübing, and Georg Mayer. "The role of ventral and preventral organs as attachment sites for segmental limb muscles in Onychophora." Frontiers in Zoology 10, no. 1 (2013): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1742-9994-10-73.

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Gelder, S. R., and J. P. Rowe. "Light microscopical and cytochemical study on the adhesive and epidermal gland cell secretions of the branchiobdellid Cambarincola fallax (Annelida: Clitellata)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 9 (September 1, 1988): 2057–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-303.

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Eight types of gland cells are present in six different epidermal glands in the branchiobdellid Cambarincola fallax. The anterior and posterior adhesive organs are both composed of viscid and releaser adhesive gland cell types, and their secretions open onto the anterior attachment site on the ventral surface of the ventral peristomial lip and onto the posterior attachment disc, respectively. The secretion granules of the viscid gland cell type are composed of neutral mucosubstances with basic proteins containing arginine and (or) lysine; the releaser gland cell type contains basic proteinaceous granules with a tryptophan component. These adhesive glands are very similar to duo-gland adhesive organs described elsewhere. Use of the term "sucker" should be discontinued as there is no suctorial mechanism at the anterior attachment site and only circumstantial evidence of such action at the posterior disc. Two epidermal gland cell types occur together in groups of two to four cells at sites scattered over the body surface except in trunk segments 6 and 7. One of these epidermal gland cell types produces granular secretions formed of neutral mucosubstances with a basic protein component, and the other produces globular secretions composed of a carboxylated acid mucosubstance. Secretions from the peristomial gland cells open onto the dorsal and ventral lips. The posterolateral gland cells form three pairs: two pairs in segment 8 and one pair in segment 9. Both peristomial and posterolateral gland cells have granular secretions composed of neutral mucosubstances with a basic protein component. The two types of clitellar gland cells are arranged in groups of 7 to 13 cells with a granular secretion type predominating over one with globular secretions. The granular type consists of neutral mucosubstances with amyloid-like and strong basic protein components, and the globular type consists of a carboxylated acid mucosubstance with a nonbasic protein component.
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Peters, C., KS O'Shea, AD Campbell, MS Wicha, and MW Long. "Fetal expression of hemonectin: an extracellular matrix hematopoietic cytoadhesion molecule." Blood 75, no. 2 (January 15, 1990): 357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v75.2.357.357.

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Abstract Hemonectin, a component of bone marrow extracellular matrix, is a lineage- and organ-specific attachment molecule for cells of the granulocytic lineage. We hypothesized that hemonectin is an important marker of fetal granulopoiesis that is developmentally regulated during the ontogeny of the hematopoietic system. Murine hematopoiesis originates in the yolk sac and subsequently appears in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. Using an affinity-purified polyclonal antibody to purified hemonectin as a probe of developing hematopoietic organs, we observe that hemonectin is coordinately expressed at developmental stages of the mouse in those tissues that are supporting hematopoiesis. Multiparameter flow cytometric analysis reveals that approximately 7% of fetal liver cells express hemonectin by day 13 of gestation, and that 32% of the cells are positive by day 19. Additionally, restricted hemonectin expression is noted in other tissues (cartilage, skin, developing bone, and capillary endothelial cells), suggesting that this molecule subserves other developmental functions and/or belongs to a previously unrecognized family of molecules.
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Peters, C., KS O'Shea, AD Campbell, MS Wicha, and MW Long. "Fetal expression of hemonectin: an extracellular matrix hematopoietic cytoadhesion molecule." Blood 75, no. 2 (January 15, 1990): 357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v75.2.357.bloodjournal752357.

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Hemonectin, a component of bone marrow extracellular matrix, is a lineage- and organ-specific attachment molecule for cells of the granulocytic lineage. We hypothesized that hemonectin is an important marker of fetal granulopoiesis that is developmentally regulated during the ontogeny of the hematopoietic system. Murine hematopoiesis originates in the yolk sac and subsequently appears in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. Using an affinity-purified polyclonal antibody to purified hemonectin as a probe of developing hematopoietic organs, we observe that hemonectin is coordinately expressed at developmental stages of the mouse in those tissues that are supporting hematopoiesis. Multiparameter flow cytometric analysis reveals that approximately 7% of fetal liver cells express hemonectin by day 13 of gestation, and that 32% of the cells are positive by day 19. Additionally, restricted hemonectin expression is noted in other tissues (cartilage, skin, developing bone, and capillary endothelial cells), suggesting that this molecule subserves other developmental functions and/or belongs to a previously unrecognized family of molecules.
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35

Wohlfart, E., J. O. Wolff, E. Arzt, and S. N. Gorb. "The whole is more than the sum of all its parts: collective effect of spider attachment organs." Journal of Experimental Biology 217, no. 2 (January 15, 2014): 222–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.093468.

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36

Barbosa, Angela S, Patricia A. E. Abreu, Fernanda O. Neves, Marina V. Atzingen, Mônica M Watanabe, Mônica L. Vieira, Zenaide M. Morais, Sílvio A. Vasconcellos, and Ana L. T. O. Nascimento. "A Newly Identified Leptospiral Adhesin Mediates Attachment to Laminin." Infection and Immunity 74, no. 11 (September 5, 2006): 6356–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00460-06.

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ABSTRACT Pathogenic leptospires have the ability to survive and disseminate to multiple organs after penetrating the host. Several pathogens, including spirochetes, have been shown to express surface proteins that interact with the extracellular matrix (ECM). This adhesin-mediated binding process seems to be a crucial step in the colonization of host tissues. This study examined the interaction of putative leptospiral outer membrane proteins with laminin, collagen type I, collagen type IV, cellular fibronectin, and plasma fibronectin. Six predicted coding sequences selected from the Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni genome were cloned, and proteins were expressed, purified by metal affinity chromatography, and characterized by circular dichroism spectroscopy. Their capacity to mediate attachment to ECM components was evaluated by binding assays. We have identified a leptospiral protein encoded by LIC12906, named Lsa24 (leptospiral surface adhesin; 24 kDa) that binds strongly to laminin. Attachment of Lsa24 to laminin was specific, dose dependent, and saturable. Laminin oxidation by sodium metaperiodate reduced the protein-laminin interaction in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating that laminin sugar moieties are crucial for this interaction. Triton X-114-solubilized extract of L. interrogans and phase partitioning showed that Lsa24 was exclusively in the detergent phase, indicating that it is a component of the leptospiral membrane. Moreover, Lsa24 partially inhibited leptospiral adherence to immobilized laminin. This newly identified membrane protein may play a role in mediating adhesion of L. interrogans to the host. To our knowledge, this is the first leptospiral adhesin with laminin-binding properties reported to date.
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Okano, K., K. Shimizu, C. Satuito, and N. Fusetani. "Visualization of cement exocytosis in the cypris cement gland of the barnacle Megabalanus rosa." Journal of Experimental Biology 199, no. 10 (October 1, 1996): 2131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.199.10.2131.

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Cementation to substrata during permanent attachment concludes the planktonic larval phase in many sessile marine invertebrates, including barnacles. However, the neural control and the mechanism of cement secretion from cement organs are poorly understood. In the present study, using isolated cement glands from cyprids of Megabalanus rosa, we have visualized cement secretion and demonstrated the stimulatory effect of dopamine and noradrenaline on such secretion. The abrupt disappearance of secretory granules and subsequent omega-figure formation indicated that exocytosis was the major mode of cement secretion. Exocytosis was localized at the apical surface of cement-secreting cells and lasted for over 30 min. Dopamine and noradrenaline also activated the directional transport of secretory granules to the sites of exocytosis. Glyoxylic acid staining provided histochemical evidence for catecholaminergic innervation to the cement glands. These results suggest that gradual, localized exocytotic secretion of cement triggered by catecholaminergic neurones is a key mechanism during permanent attachment by barnacle cyprids.
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TINSLEY, RICHARD C., and MATTHEW C. TINSLEY. "Tracing ancient evolutionary divergence in parasites." Parasitology 143, no. 14 (August 31, 2016): 1902–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182016001347.

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SUMMARYFor parasitic platyhelminths that generally lack a fossil record, there is little information on the pathways of morphological change during evolution. Polystomatid monogeneans are notable for their evolutionary diversification, having originated from ancestors on fish and radiated in parallel with tetrapod vertebrates over more than 425 million years (My). This study focuses on the genusPolystomoidesthat occurs almost worldwide on freshwater chelonian reptiles. Morphometric data show a major divergence in structural adaptations for attachment; this correlates with a dichotomy in micro-environmental conditions in habitats within the hosts. Species infecting the urinary tract have attachment organs with large hamuli and small suckers; species in the oro-nasal tract differ fundamentally, having small hamuli and large suckers. Zoogeographical and molecular evidence supports ancient separation of these site-specific clades: a new genus is proposed –Uropolystomoides– containing urinary tract species distinct fromPolystomoides sensu strictoin oro-nasal sites. Aside from differences in attachment adaptations, body plans have probably changed little over perhaps 150 My. This case contrasts markedly with polystomatids in other vertebrate groups where major morphological changes have evolved over much shorter timescales; the chelonian parasites show highly stable morphology across their global distribution over a long period of evolution, exemplifying ‘living fossils’.
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ICHIKAWA, Toshio. "Structural designs of mechanosensory systems monitoring the action of attachment organs of insect legs: basic principle and variation." Hikaku seiri seikagaku(Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry) 32, no. 1 (2015): 10–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3330/hikakuseiriseika.32.10.

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40

Munawir, Munawir. "Konsep Kenabian menurut Ibnu Khaldun (Telaah Korelasi Kemaksuman dan Kemanusiaan Nabi Muhammad SAW)." Jurnal Penelitian Agama 15, no. 1 (June 20, 2014): 116–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24090/jpa.v15i1.2014.pp116-132.

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Abstract: The results of this study found that Ibn Khaldun divides the soul intothree tiers. The first level is the common man, the soul remains bound by merephysical experience of body organs. The second level, the soul seekers of God, thesoul can rise above physical attachment to a limited degree. The third level is thesoul of the prophet. The prophets are individuals within them God has provided anatural ability to be able to release its humanitarian dimension. This capacity couldchange all of humanity and human spirituality into the highest level of angelic, sothat they can learn all things there without the help of a physical body organs. Thenthey bring back what they have learned it to the level of ability of human understanding,because then that knowledge can be taught to humans. These events were latercalled "nubuwwah" (prophetic).Keywords: Prophethood, Ibnu Khaldun, Infallibility, and Humanity. Abstrak: Hasil penelitian ini menemukan bahwa bahwa Ibnu Khaldunmembagi jiwa ke dalam tiga tingkatan. Tingkatan pertama dimiliki oleh manusiabiasa, jiwa yang tetap terikat dengan pengalaman organ tubuh fisiknya belaka.Tingkatan kedua, jiwa para pencari Tuhan, jiwa ini bisa naik di atas keterikatan fisiksampai pada tingkat yang terbatas. Adapun tingkatan ketiga adalah jiwa paranabi. Para nabi adalah individu-individu yang di dalam diri mereka telah ditanamkanTuhan suatu kemampuan alamiah untuk mampu melepaskan dimensi kemanusiaannya.Suatu kapasitas yang tentu saja khusus hanya dimiliki mereka danyang tidak didistribusikan secara universal untuk bisa mengubah semua kemanusiaandan spiritualitas manusia menjadi tingkat tertinggi kemalaikatan, sehinggamereka bisa mempelajari semua hal di sana tanpa bantuan organ tubuh fisik.Kemudian mereka membawa kembali apa yang telah mereka pelajari itu ke tingkatkemampuan pemahaman manusia, karena dengan begitu pengetahuan itu bisadiajarkan kepada manusia. Peristiwa inilah yang kemudian disebut dengan“nubuwwah” (kenabian).Kata Kunci: Kenabian, Ibnu Khaldun, Kemaksuman, dan Kemanusiaan.
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Ricciardelli, C., N. A. Lokman, M. P. Ween, and M. K. Oehler. "WOMEN IN CANCER THEMATIC REVIEW: Ovarian cancer–peritoneal cell interactions promote extracellular matrix processing." Endocrine-Related Cancer 23, no. 11 (November 2016): T155—T168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/erc-16-0320.

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Ovarian cancer has a distinct tendency for metastasising via shedding of cancerous cells into the peritoneal cavity and implanting onto the peritoneum that lines the pelvic organs. Once ovarian cancer cells adhere to the peritoneal cells, they migrate through the peritoneal layer and invade the local organs. Alterations in the extracellular environment are critical for tumour initiation, progression and intra-peritoneal dissemination. To increase our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in ovarian cancer metastasis and to identify novel therapeutic targets, we recently studied the interaction of ovarian cancer and peritoneal cells using a proteomic approach. We identified several extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins including, fibronectin, TGFBI, periostin, annexin A2 and PAI-1 that were processed as a result of the ovarian cancer–peritoneal cell interaction. This review focuses on the functional role of these proteins in ovarian cancer metastasis. Our findings together with published literature support the notion that ECM processing via the plasminogen–plasmin pathway promotes the colonisation and attachment of ovarian cancer cells to the peritoneum and actively contributes to the early steps of ovarian cancer metastasis.
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42

Yednock, T. A., L. M. Stoolman, and S. D. Rosen. "Phosphomannosyl-derivatized beads detect a receptor involved in lymphocyte homing." Journal of Cell Biology 104, no. 3 (March 1, 1987): 713–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.104.3.713.

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Recirculating lymphocytes initiate extravasation from the blood stream by binding to specialized high endothelial venules (HEV) within peripheral lymph nodes (PN) and other secondary lymphoid organs. We have previously reported that lymphocyte attachment to PN HEV is selectively inhibited by mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) and related carbohydrates (Stoolman, L. M., T. S. Tenforde, and S. D. Rosen, 1984, J. Cell Biol., 99:1535-1540). In the present study, we employ a novel cell-surface probe consisting of fluorescent beads derivatized with PPME, a M6P-rich polysaccharide. PPME beads directly identify a carbohydrate-binding receptor on the surface of mouse lymphocytes. In every way examined, lymphocyte attachment to PPME beads (measured by flow cytofluorometry) mimics the interaction of lymphocytes with PN HEV (measured in the Stamper-Woodruff in vitro assay): both interactions are selectively inhibited by the same panel of structurally related carbohydrates, are calcium-dependent, and are sensitive to mild treatment of the lymphocytes with trypsin. In addition, thymocytes and a thymic lymphoma, S49, bind poorly to PPME beads in correspondence to their weak ability to bind to HEV. When the S49 cell line was subjected to a selection procedure with PPME beads, the ability of the cells to bind PPME beads, as well as their ability to bind to PN HEV, increased six- to eightfold. We conclude that a carbohydrate-binding receptor on mouse lymphocytes, detected by PPME beads, is involved in lymphocyte attachment to PN HEV.
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VIGNON, MATTHIAS, ANTOINE PARISELLE, and MAARTEN P. M. VANHOVE. "Modularity in attachment organs of African Cichlidogyrus (Platyhelminthes: Monogenea: Ancyrocephalidae) reflects phylogeny rather than host specificity or geographic distribution." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 102, no. 3 (February 10, 2011): 694–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01607.x.

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Duckett, Jeffrey G. "Studies of protonemal morphogenesis in mosses VI. The foliar rhizoids ofCalliergon stramineum(Brid.) Kindb. function as organs of attachment." Journal of Bryology 18, no. 2 (January 1994): 239–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/jbr.1994.18.2.239.

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45

Hasan, Mustafa, Afaf Yousif, and Mohammed Alwan. "Macroscopical and Microscopical Changes of Body Organs after E. coli O157:H7 Inoculation in Puppies." Al-Anbar Journal of Veterinary Sciences 13, no. 1 (June 26, 2020): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37940/ajvs.2020.13.1.5.

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E. coli O157:H7 are an important pathogen of human and animals. The puppies were divided into two groups randomly, infected group: (15 puppies) were drenched once orally with 5 ml bacterial suspension of PBS containing 5×107 CFU, and control group: (5 puppies) drenched 5 ml PBS, then specimens from internal organs including: kidney, intestine, liver, spleen, brain and lung after sacrificed puppies at (24hrs, 48hrs, 72hrs, 6 days, 12days, 24days, and 36days) from infected and control groups were used for histopathological examination. After inoculation, all animals were examined for presence or absence of signs. The shedding patterns of E. coli O157:H7 in feces were started after 24hrs. after inoculation and ceased at day 14th.The results of gross lesions of internal organs revealed no gross lesions in the intestine, kidney, lung and spleen at 24, 48 and 72 hours. While at days 6, 12, 24, 36 the intestine showed congestion and hemorrhage. Also the kidneys were swollen and showed congestion. The lung showed sever hemorrhages at day 12 post infection, also the spleen showed enlargement at day 24 post infection. The results of histopathological changes showed that E. coli O157:H7 infection caused thrombus development, necrosis, vacuolar degeneration of epithelial lining cells and congestion of blood vessels of kidney and intestine with superficial sloughing of epithelial mucosa of intestine at 24hrs and 48hrs. post-infection at 48hrs post-infection. Also the result revealed infiltration of inflammatory cells, vacuolar degeneration appeared in the examined organs at 72hrs. At 6-day post infection the infiltration of inflammatory cells became more prominent with severe congestion of blood vessels in examined organs. At day 12 post infection, there was mucus attachment in the epithelium of intestine, congestion of blood vessels, necrosis, with infiltration of the inflammatory cells in the examined organs. The most important event at day 24 post infection is the presence of regeneration in the intestine which became more prominent at day 36 post infection. This study aimed to highlighting the gross and histopathological effect of E. coli O157:H7 in different organs post inoculation in puppies. In conclusion, the shiga toxin can cause damage in many body organs like liver, spleen, kidney, lung, brain and intestine.
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46

Tena, A., A. Kapranas, G. P. Walker, F. Garcia-Marí, and R. F. Luck. "Larval morphology ofMetaphycus flavusand its role in host attachment and larval cannibalism." Bulletin of Entomological Research 101, no. 3 (January 6, 2011): 365–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485310000611.

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AbstractMetaphycus flavus(Howard) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is a facultatively gregarious endoparasitoid of soft scales (Hemiptera: Coccidae). When it develops in superparasitised hosts, the larvae often attack and consume brood mates six or more days post oviposition. Under our laboratory conditions (25±1°C and 14 hours of light followed by 18±1°C and ten hours of darkness in 50–70% R.H.),M. flavuseggs hatched three days after oviposition. Measurements of the mandibles and tentorium indicate there are four larval instars, andM. flavusreaches the fourth instar by day six post oviposition, and pupates on day eight. Thus, cannibalism amongM. flavuslarvae occurs during the fourth instar. During this instar,M. flavuslarvae separate from their attachment to the scale cuticle, to which they were tethered by a respiratory structure during the previous three larval instars. Once detached, they are free to move within the scale, which increases the probability of larval encounters and aggressive behaviours. Moreover, the mandibles of the fourth instar are better adapted for fighting than are those of the first three larval instars, since they are larger and more sclerotized. The cranium and mouthparts ofM. flavushave four different types of sensory organs, some of which are almost certainly olfactory, an unexpected function for a larva that presumably is surrounded by an aqueous medium where gustatory sensilla would seem to be more appropriate. The cranium also bears two pairs of what appear to be secretory pores.
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Kastenbaum, Hannah A., Elizabeth W. McPherson, Geoffrey H. Murdoch, and John A. Ozolek. "Janiceps Conjoined Twins with Extreme Asymmetry: Case Report with Complete Autopsy and Histopathologic Findings." Pediatric and Developmental Pathology 12, no. 5 (September 2009): 374–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2350/08-11-0555.1.

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Conjoined twinning is a rare form of twinning, in which 2 bodies are attached, and is classified according to the anatomic place of attachment. An extremely rare form of conjoined twinning is janiceps conjoined twinning, in which 2 faces are attached but oriented in opposite directions. In this report, we present an unusual and difficult-to-classify case of conjoined male twins with partial duplication of craniofacial, upper oropharyngeal, and cardiac organs. We believe this to be one of the few reported cases of janiceps asymmetrus. We describe in detail the gross and microscopic pathology and offer some insights into the possible embryogenesis and distinction from the other rare form of conjoined twinning with facial duplication, diprosopus.
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48

Bateman, Richard M., and Gar W. Rothwell. "A reappraisal of the Dinantian floras at Oxroad Bay, East Lothian, Scotland. 1. Floristics and the development of whole-plant concepts." Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 81, no. 2 (1990): 127–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300005198.

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ABSTRACTRe-investigation of species-rich late Tournaisian floras at Oxroad Bay reveals eight plant-bearing exposures that represent four distinct stratigraphic levels. The allochthonous megafossil assemblages vary in degrees of disarticulation, modes of preservation and taxonomic composition. Within-site stratigraphic distributions are presented for 43 anatomically-preserved organ-species; of these, 12 are new to science, 18 have not previously been recorded at the locality, 21 are illustrated from the locality for the first time and 19 are currently considered endemic. Another six have been recorded in error from unprovenanced water-worn blocks. Nineteen adpressed organ-species are also described. Methods and concepts of whole-plant reconstruction are reviewed. At least 11 whole-plant species occur at Oxroad Bay. The lycopsids comprise an enigmatic plant with anAsteroxylon-like stele and two morphologically- and ecologically-distinct species ofOxroadia. A new species ofProtocalamitesdemonstrates the earliest evidence of heterospory and tuberoid stem-bases in the sphenopsid clade.CladoxylonandStauropterisrepresent the pteropsids. At least five lyginopterid pteridosperm species are present. They include both trees (Eristophyton, Bilignea) and shrubs/pseudoherbs (e.g.Tetrastichiaand theTriradioxylon–Calathopteris–Oxroadopteris–‘Tristichia’ plexus), suggesting a range of life strategies. Their diversity has complicated attempts to reconstruct whole-plants, though attachment is demonstrated between several ovules and cupules, and several ovules and pollen-organs are correlated using shared microspores. Elements of particular evolutionary significance include the ‘megacupule’Calathospermumand a structurally similar pollen-organ aggregate, a bisexualPullarithecacupule, and a complete ontogenetic sequence ofHydraspermaovules. Comparable Dinantian floras are reviewed.
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49

O'Brien, T. P., M. E. Sammut, J. W. Lee, and M. G. Smart. "The Vascular System of the Wheat Spikelet." Functional Plant Biology 12, no. 5 (1985): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9850487.

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The attachment region of a mid-spike spikelet was sectioned serially. These sections were used to construct an accurate 3-dimensional model of the course of the vascular system that supplies the organs of the a and b florets, and the rachilla of the c and d florets. All organs are interconnected by vascular tissue, but certain parts of the system are phloem-only. In particular, the supply to the groove bundle of the pericarp, widely held to be the most important pathway to the grain, is made via an annulus of phloem to which lemma, palea and lodicules have phloem-only connections. The vascular system is sufficiently different from the pattern encountered in vegetative nodes to warrant treatment sui generis. The relationships between different cell types need greater histological study, especially in the complex composite bundles. This analysis shows that bundle shape in cross-section and the arrangement of xylem and phloem vary sharply over very short distances (100 ~ m ) .T he distribution of xylem and phloem transfer cells agrees with the proposal that significant solute relocation takes place in the regions where the vascular supplies to different organs meet. The area in the ovary neck that encompasses the fusion zone of the supplies to lemma, palea and pericarp emerges as a zone in need of detailed study, both in spikelet positions within a cultivar of known, but different, grain performance, and as a region to analyse for inter-cultivar comparisons.
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50

Sudo, Kosuke, Yoshiaki J. Hirano, and Yayoi M. Hirano. "Newly discovered parasitic Turbellaria of opisthobranch gastropods." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 91, no. 5 (December 15, 2010): 1123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315410001761.

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An endoparasitic platyhelminth from six species of sacoglossan opisthobranchs was collected at several localities of temperate to subtropical waters in Japan. Poecilostomatoid copepods (all species of Splanchnotrophidae and several species of Philoblennidae) and a few digenean flukes had been the only endoparasitic metazoans known for opisthobranch hosts. The newly discovered parasite was 1 to 15 mm in length and had no eyes, mouth, pharynx, or intestine. It had no external organs for parasitic life (e.g. attachment organs) and inhabited the haemocoel of the host. When mature, it emerged from the host and secreted a silky substance around itself to form a cocoon. The cocoon contained egg capsules with 19–42 eggs. Larvae, hatched from the capsule, had a ciliated body and a pair of eye spots. They were negatively phototactic and capable of invading suitable hosts. These morphological and life history features suggest this parasitic worm may belong to the family Fecampiidae (Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria), one of a few obligate parasite taxa in Turbellaria. Molluscan hosts which are common for parasitic Platyhelminthes have not previously been known for this family. The newly discovered parasite may be important for understanding the evolution of parasitism in Platyhelminthes.
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