Journal articles: 'Attacking and defensive actions of the team'

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Hochstein, Stefan, Dirk Hohenstein, and Andreas Hohmann. "Goal Shot Analysis in Elite Water Polo—World Cup Final 2018 in Berlin." Applied Sciences 12, no. 3 (2022): 1298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12031298.

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The subject of this game analysis was the throwing behavior of the world class players under competition match conditions during the final “World Cup Water Polo” tournament 2018 in Berlin. Specifically, we analyzed (a) the situational dependence of concrete environmental conditions (“constraints”) of successful throwing actions as well as (b) the goal throw biomechanics concerning throwing speed. Therefore, player’s and ball positions were recorded by video cameras as well as high-speed cameras. Based on the positions and trajectories parameters such as goal throw speed, Voronoi-cells as well as team centroids were calculated. The area of the Voronoi-cells differs concerning defending and attacking teams as well as between successful and non-successful teams and can be used as an indicator for goal or no goal. Under semi-collective tactical aspects, the comparison of the offensively and defensively controlled field areas (collective space control) between successful and unsuccessful goal throws shows that in the case of successful attacking completions, the attacking team (in the sum of its six players) each controlled significantly more field area in front of the opponent’s goal than the six defensive players together with their goalkeeper. In the case of unsuccessful attacking attempts, this area ratio was exactly reversed, i.e., the defensive team dominated the space.

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Volodymyr, Perevoznyk, Pavlo Perepelytsia, and Volodymyr Paievskyi. "Analysis of the effectiveness of ball selection by the Ukrainian national team in the games of the group round of the European Football Championship 2024." Sports games, no. 1(35) (February 7, 2025): 67–72. https://doi.org/10.15391/si.2025-1.08.

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Technical and tactical actions (TTA) in football are performance indicators of players’ actions on the field. These include passes, ball recoveries, tackles, interceptions, shots, and more. Most technical and tactical actions consist of passing and ball tackling. In football, the winning team is often the one whose players achieve a higher percentage of successful ball recovery attempts against opponents. Both attacking and defending players must not only understand how to properly engage in physical challenges for the ball but also effectively apply this knowledge during official matches. Purpose of the study: To determine the error rate in ball recoveries by the Ukrainian national team during the group stage matches of the 2024 UEFA European Football Championship. Methods of research: Theoretical analysis and synthesis of data from scientific and methodological literature, pedagogical observation methods, and methods of mathematical statistics. Ball recovery attempts by the players of the Ukrainian men’s national team were recorded during group stage matches at the 2024 UEFA European Football Championship. Both successful and unsuccessful recovery attempts were recorded in three zones of the field: the middle zone, defensive zone, and attacking zone. The error rate for each team was calculated as the percentage of unsuccessful attempts relative to the total number of ball recovery attempts. Results of the study: It was found that in the defensive zone, the highest error rate in ball recovery was recorded during the match against the Slovak national team. In the match against the Belgian national team, Ukrainian players achieved the lowest error rate in ball recovery. The error rate in the middle zone of the field during the matches against Slovakia was 63±0.66%, while against Belgium it was 62.5±0.69%. Conclusions: The analysis of the Ukrainian national team’s group stage matches at the 2024 UEFA European Football Championship revealed an error rate in ball recovery ranging from 25.25±0.67% to 56.25±0.72% in the defensive zone, from 34.00±0.71% to 63.00±0.66% in the middle zone, and from 33.25±0.73% to 75.00±0.62% in the attacking zone. The lowest error rate was observed in the defensive zone during the match against the Belgian national team.

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Casal, Claudio A., José L. Losada, Ana María De Benito, Rubén Maneiro, and Iyán Iván-Baragaño. "Defensive pressure strategies and their impact on offensive play in elite women’s football." Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte 25, no. 2 (2025): 32–51. https://doi.org/10.6018/cpd.649741.

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Recent studies have focused on offensive behaviours in elite women's football, but the relationship between defensive actions and opposing offensive transitions remains underexplored. This study analysed how defensive pressure during dynamic transitions affects offensive patterns in the UEFA Women’s Champions League 2023/2024. Data from 13 matches involving 16 teams and 1,324 transitions were coded using the “Transfootb” observation tool, developed by two UEFA PRO coaches. The analysis, supported by high inter- and intra-observer reliability (kappa indices of 0.9 and 0.85), incorporated 13 technical-tactical and 4 contextual criteria. Main results indicate that defensive pressure leads to more direct attacks by opponents, fewer passes, reduced player involvement, shorter possessions, and diminished offensive efficiency. Multivariate analysis revealed that variables like match result, match status, game period, team location, defensive positioning, ball recovery type, attacking player involvement, and period time shaped defensive pressure strategies. The findings highlight the adaptability of teams in modifying defensive approaches based on the interplay of technical-tactical and contextual factors, as well as the influence of a team's defensive behaviour on its opponents' offensive behaviour. These insights can inform training and tactical planning to optimize both defensive and offensive phases of play in elite women’s football. Estudios recientes han estudiado los comportamientos ofensivos en el fútbol femenino de élite, pero la relación entre las acciones defensivas y las transiciones ofensivas contrarias sigue estando poco explorada. Este estudio analizó cómo la presión defensiva durante las transiciones dinámicas afecta a los patrones ofensivos en la UEFA Women's Champions League 2023/2024. Se codificaron los datos de 13 partidos, 16 equipos y 1.324 transiciones utilizando la herramienta de observación “Transfootb”, desarrollada por dos entrenadores UEFA PRO. El análisis, respaldado por una alta fiabilidad inter-observadores e intra-observadores (índices kappa de 0,9 y 0,85), incorporó 13 criterios técnico-tácticos y 4 contextuales. Los principales resultados indicaron que la presión defensiva condujo a ataques más directos por parte de los adversarios, menos pases, menor participación de los jugadores, posesiones más cortas y menor eficacia ofensiva. El análisis multivariante reveló que variables como el resultado final y parcial, el momento del partido, la ubicación del equipo, el posicionamiento defensivo, el tipo de recuperación del balón, la implicación de los jugadores atacantes y el periodo de tiempo determinaron las estrategias de presión defensiva. Los resultados ponen de relieve la capacidad de adaptación de los equipos para modificar los planteamientos defensivos en función de la interacción de factores técnico-tácticos y contextuales, así como la influencia de los comportamientos defensivos de un equipo sobre los ofensivos del rival. Estas conclusiones pueden servir de base para el entrenamiento y la planificación táctica con el fin de optimizar las fases defensiva y ofensiva del juego en el fútbol femenino de élite. Estudos recentes têm-se centrado nos comportamentos ofensivos no futebol feminino de elite, mas a relação entre as acções defensivas e as transições ofensivas adversárias continua pouco explorada. Este estudo analisou a forma como a pressão defensiva durante as transições dinâmicas afecta os padrões ofensivos na UEFA Women's Champions League 2023/2024. Dados de 13 jogos envolvendo 16 equipas e 1.324 transições foram codificados usando a ferramenta de observação “Transfootb” desenvolvida por dois treinadores do UEFA PRO. A análise, apoiada por uma elevada fiabilidade inter-observador e intra-observador (índices kappa de 0,9 e 0,85), incorporou 13 critérios técnico-tácticos e 4 critérios contextuais. Os principais resultados indicam que a pressão defensiva conduziu a mais ataques diretos dos adversários, menos passes, menos envolvimento dos jogadores, posses de bola mais curtas e menor eficácia ofensiva. A análise multivariada revelou que variáveis como o resultado final e parcial, o momento do jogo, a localização da equipa, o posicionamento defensivo, o tipo de recuperação de bola, o envolvimento do jogador atacante e o período de tempo determinaram as estratégias de pressão defensiva. Os resultados evidenciam a capacidade de adaptação das equipas para modificar as abordagens defensivas em função da interação de factores técnico-tácticos e contextuais, bem como a influência do comportamento defensivo de uma equipa no comportamento ofensivo do adversário. Estas conclusões podem servir de base ao treino e ao planeamento tático, a fim de otimizar as fases defensiva e ofensiva do jogo no futebol feminino de elite.

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Grutsyak, Nataliya. "Tactical training in training students who attend volleyball classes in an unsportsmanlike university." Спортивні ігри (SPORT GAMES), no. 2 (12) (February 7, 2019): 4–12. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2544949.

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The main thing in the team formation is using attackers and connecting players of the team and moreover  it’s very essential not to copy  the player’s placement or play of other teams. Purpose: to determine the basic tactical attack and defense schemes which  are used in the teams of the faculties of KhNU. Meterial and research methods. Pedagogical observation which  has been conducting  during  2017-2018 years , with the participation of 8 men's volleyball teams of the faculties of the KhNU. VN Karazin during inter-university competition. The placement of the players and tactical interactions in defense and attack  have also been analyzed. Results of research. It was established that the combined teams of faculties in connection with the level of their technical training most of all  used a 2-4 placement. In defense, teams often used such interactions as a single block, insurance for a player  who is free in a block, and in an attack - an attack from zones 2 and 4. The use of the author's methodology in  the work with the men's national team of the Volgograd KhNU team  has  led to the highest result that the team showed  in the last season, as taking first place among the  men's volleyball teams of universities in Kharkov. The university's volleyball team in competitions among universities applied the game system 1-5; protective action, such as: group blocking, the sixth drawn block, compulsory usage of the player "Libero" in the attack, the wide usage of attacking combinations, including the attack from the second line ("Pipe", "Echelon"), the rotation of aimed planning and power serve in the jump, which significantly expanded the attacking team arsenal. Conclusion:The role of tactical training side by side with the other elements of training, is quite essential. If students understand how to behave in a game situation, have a certain base of technical skills, they will consciously use their skills in the game, relying on the positive result and the emotional side of the game, which consists of the individual abilities of each player and, as a result, develops into a team result.

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Ma, Seowoo. "Technical performance in the English Premier League." Journal of Human Sport and Exercise 20, no. 3 (2025): 918–31. https://doi.org/10.55860/hzz6qe34.

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The purpose of this study was to compare the technical performance metrics of top- and bottom-tier English Premier League teams, examine the effect of match location on these metrics, and identify the statistically significant factors of winning. A total of 266 match observations were analysed via Mann–Whitney U tests and binary logistic regression. Top-tier teams had higher numbers in Shot, Shot on Target, Successful Take-On, Tackle Attacking 3rd, Pass Completed, Through Ball, Long Pass Completed, and Cross. Bottom-tier teams, on the other hand, recorded more Shot on Target Against, Clearance, Blocked Shot, Tackle Defensive 3rd, Yellow Card, Long Pass Completed %, and Aerial Duel Won. Generally, teams had increased offensive outputs in home games, while playing away primarily influenced defensive actions. For top-tier teams, each additional Aerial Duel Won and Shot on Target increased winning odds by 35% and 65%, respectively. Cross, Tackle Attacking 3rd, and Shot on Target Against decreased these odds by 30%, 43%, and 45%, respectively. Among bottom-tier teams, each event of Clearance increased odds of winning by 13%, while Shot on Target Against decreased them by 37%. These findings can be useful to coaches and performance analysts for evaluating and improving team performance.

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Pizarro, David, Alba Práxedes, Bruno Travassos, and Alberto Moreno. "Development of Defensive Actions in Small-Sided and Conditioned Games With Offensive Purposes in Futsal." Frontiers in Psychology 11 (October 26, 2020): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.591572.

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Based on ecological dynamics approach, non-linear pedagogy (NLP) have emerged with the goal of promoting a holistic approach through the use of small-sided and conditioned games (SSCGs), to optimize specific tactical defensive and offensive behaviors of players. This study analyzed the indirect effects of an intervention program, based on NLP (task design based on tactical principles of attack and numerical advantage of attacking team), in decision-making (DM) and execution (Ex) in defensive technical–tactical actions in U16 futsal. Eight futsal players (U16 years) participated in 12 training sessions, spread over two phases: preintervention and intervention. The Game Performance Evaluation Tool (GPET) instrument was used to analyze the DM and Ex of 2,600 defensive actions measured during competitive matches. Results showed significant improvements in marking actions (to the player with the ball: DM, p = 0.001; Ex, p = 0.001; and to the player without the ball: DM, p = 0.039; Ex, p = 0.046), improvements in blocking actions (DM, p = 0.015), and improvements in help-coverage actions (Ex, p = 0.014). No significant differences were found in the interception and tackling actions. This study has shown evidence that the NLP approach is an appropriate theoretical framework to enhance acquisition of defensive tactical behavior in futsal. However, not all actions improved. Therefore, coaches should design representative tasks to optimally develop technical–tactical training processes based on the phases of futsal game (offensive and defensive) and considering the level of opposition.

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Fasold, Frowin, and Dennis Redlich. "Foul or no Foul? Effects of Permitted Fouls on the Defence Performance in Team Handball." Journal of Human Kinetics 63, no. 1 (2018): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2018-0006.

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Abstract Attacking phases in team handball are highly dynamic, characterized by fast movements and a high frequency of fast passes with the aim to score a goal. Consequently, the opposing/defending team tries to prevent successful offensive actions by restraining the offensive opportunities and the probabilities of scoring a goal. According to the rules, defensive players are allowed to use body contact (e.g. with bent arms) to get in and keep their optimal defending position. If such a contact is not in line with the rules (e.g. clutching or pushing) and results in a turnover of ball possession, a foul is called and a free-throw awarded. However, there is a lack of research answering the question if a permitted foul (without personal sanction) is an effective way to increase the probability of defending the own goal successfully, because afterwards the attacking team keeps possession of the ball. Thus, we investigated 1052 attacking phases during games at the elite level to verify whether fouls committed by a defender influenced successful attacking (goal vs. no goal). It was found that when the attack was interrupted by a permitted foul, 50.60% of the attacks ended with a goal. Yet, when no foul was committed, only 47.09% of the attacks ended with a goal, however, the analysis revealed that this difference was not significant. Therefore, we concluded that neither a strategy of stopping offensive actions by body contact nor avoiding fouls and focusing only on intercepting the ball were favourable solutions in successful defending in team handball. It seems effective to implement a defence strategy with clearly defined fouling zones and situations, to deal with the tactical possibility of permitted fouls in handball. This idea and further considerations are discussed for sports practice.

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Milanović, Dragan, Dinko Vuleta, and Katarina Ohnjec. "Performance Indicators of Winning and Defeated Female Handball Teams in Matches of the 2012 Olympic Games Tournament." Journal of Human Kinetics 64, no. 1 (2018): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0198.

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Abstract The aim of the study was to determine performance indicators of winning and defeated women teams of the 2012 Olympic Games handball tournament. The sample of entities consisted of 27 games played during the preliminary round of the competition. The sample of variables consisted of the completed and unsuccessfully executed technical and tactical handball elements in attacking and defensive actions during handball matches (14 variables describing performance in attack and three variables related to defensive play). The differences between the winning and defeated teams in performance variables were determined using the Mann-Whitney U-test. The results showed statistically significant differences between the winning and defeated teams in the following variables: successful fast-break shots (5.11 ± 2.79 vs. 3.00 ± 1.88), unsuccessful wing shots (2.33 ± 1.24 vs. 3.67 ± 1.98), unsuccessful long-range shots (10.70 ± 3.98 vs. 13.37 ± 4.33), steals (5.48 ± 2.28 vs. 4.04 ± 2.07), and assists (13.81 ± 4.04 vs. 11.37 ± 3.59). The winning teams were better in the variables defining offensive performance effectiveness, especially with regard to successful performance of counter attacks; they also had higher efficiency of attacking actions with a strict selection of distance shots and wing shots, as well as a higher number of assists and steals.

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Nikolaeva, Ol'ga, and Alexey Shvets. "Analysis of the effectiveness of performing the second touch using deceptive movements by highly qualified beach volleyball athletes." Scientific notes of P. F. Lesgaft University, no. 4 (April 17, 2025): 110–17. https://doi.org/10.5930/1994-4683-2025-4-110-117.

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The purpose of the study is to enhance the scientific understanding of the issue of improving the effectiveness of attacking actions of highly qualified beach volleyball athletes through the use of deceptive movements during the second touch. Research methods and organization: analysis and summarization of specialized scientific and methodological literature; pedagogical observation; method of statistical processing of research results. A pedagogical observation was conducted with an analysis of the competitive activities of highly qualified beach volleyball athletes from the Swedish national team (David Ahman, Jonatan Hellvig). Data were collected using the Data Volley program and entered into specially formulated protocols, containing designations for each touch of the ball during the match. Research results and conclusions. The high effectiveness of attacking actions with the second touch indicates that the players possess a high level of technical skill in executing this element and skillfully utilize deceptive movements. Deceptive movements when performing the second touch are an integral part of the Swedish team's game strategy. The high effectiveness of applying deceptive movements indicates a good level of mastery of this technical element and an optimal choice of moments for its application, which ultimately leads to disorganization in the defensive actions of the opposing team’s players.

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Cheng, Yi-Shan, Acer Yu-Chan Chang, and Kenji Doya. "Information-Theoretical Analysis of Team Dynamics in Football Matches." Entropy 27, no. 3 (2025): 224. https://doi.org/10.3390/e27030224.

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Team dynamics significantly influence the outcomes of modern football matches. This study employs an information-theoretical approach, specifically causal emergence, combined with graph theory to explore how team-level dynamics arise from complex interactions among players, utilizing tracking data from 34 J-League matches. We focused on how collective behaviors arise from the interdependence of individual actions, examining team coordination and dynamics through player positions and movements to identify emergent properties. Specifically, we selected relative distance to the field’s center, center of mass (CoM) and clustering coefficients based on velocity similarity and inverse distance as macroscopic features to capture the key aspects of team structure, coordination, and spatial relationships. Relative distance and CoM represent the collective positioning of the team, while clustering coefficients provide insights into localized cooperation and movement similarity among the players. The results indicate that average causal emergence with relative distance and CoM as a macroscopic feature across entire games shows a strong correlation with differences in ball possession rate between home and away teams. In contrast, clustering coefficients based on inverse distance and velocity similarity showed moderate to weak correlations with ball possession rate, indicating that these metrics may capture localized interactions that are less directly tied to team-level emergent behavior compared to CoM. Additionally, relative distance and CoM as macroscopic features yield higher causal emergence in attacking phases than in defending phases before shooting, suggesting that the collective positioning of players may play a more significant role in facilitating successful attacks than in defensive stability. This study offers a novel perspective on team coordination in football, suggesting that effective team coordination may be characterized by emergent patterns arising from collective positioning. These findings have practical implications for understanding coordinated team behaviors and inform coaching and performance analysis focused on enhancing team dynamics.

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Molik, Bartosz, Natalia Morgulec-Adamowicz, Jolanta Marszałek, et al. "Evaluation of Game Performance in Elite Male Sitting Volleyball Players." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 34, no. 2 (2017): 104–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.2015-0028.

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The aims of the current study were (a) to analyze the differences in game performances of sitting volleyball athletes representing the different types of disabilities and (b) to assess whether the seated position vertical reach is one of the crucial factors in the game performance level of sitting volleyball athletes. One hundred male athletes from various national teams participating in the European Championships in Sitting Volleyball (2009) took part in this study. The athletes were categorized according to type of disability and the results of the vertical reach in a seated position. Thirtysix games were analyzed using the Game Performance Sheet for Sitting Volleyball. Twenty-three game performance parameters were studied. In addition, the sum and effectiveness of attacks, blocks, block services, services, ball receiving, and defensive actions were calculated. The main results indicated significant differences between athletes with minimal disability and athletes with single amputations from above the knee in the level of defensive performances and the summation of defensive actions. There was also a significant difference between athletes in relation to their vertical reach during activity and attacking actions, blocks, and ball receiving. In addition, there were strong relationships between the players’ vertical reach scores and their activity and effectiveness in sitting volleyball. In conclusion, the accuracy of the World Organization Volleyball for Disabled classification systems for sitting volleyball players was confirmed. There is a strong relationship between players’ vertical reach and their effectiveness in sitting volleyball.

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Shkоndya, Viktoria, Iryna Rohal, Vladyslav Stolyaryk, and Alina Chkhan. "Improvement of technical training of volleyball players in non-reference higher education institutions." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 5(192) (May 24, 2025): 182–86. https://doi.org/10.31392/udu-nc.series15.2025.05(192).40.

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The article presents an expert assessment of the mastery of the main technical elements by students who play volleyball as part of the university team. Our meta-analysis allowed us to identify five main indicators of technical training in volleyball, namely: serving (successfully implemented serves during the game), 1st reception, second pass, attack (attacking actions of players in attack), defence (defensive actions of players in defence, block, etc.). The assessment of the mastery of the main five technical elements of volleyball players was carried out by experts during the game activity at the beginning and at the end of the study. Experts evaluated each player separately, recording the data in the questionnaires we developed, which were then processed and reduced to the average static team performance. After analysing the data we received, we identified the weaknesses of the team, which allowed us to develop methodological recommendations aimed at improving all the studied indicators of technique with a special emphasis on the worst ones for volleyball players. The pedagogical experiment lasted for two months. At the end of the pedagogical experiment, we conducted a repeated survey of experts with the subsequent filling in of questionnaires and obtaining scores on the level of technical indicators of athletes. Our analysis of the data obtained at the beginning and at the end of the experiment allowed us to reveal an increase in technical indicators at the final stage by an average of 1.34 points for all the studied technical indicators. All of the above is evidence of the effectiveness of the methodological recommendations we have developed.

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Ahmad, Yusop, Ali Md Nadzalan, Sadzali Hassan, and Ahmad Hashim. "An Observation Instrument for Technical and Tactical Actions in the Soccer Offense Phase: Design, Validation, and Reliability." Archives des Sciences 74, no. 5 (2024): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.62227/as/74507.

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Coaches and other sports professionals are given adaptable tools by using observational methods in the context of sports. These tools are frequently used in team sports for technical and tactical analysis of the match. The goal was to build, validate, and evaluate the dependability of a mixed observational instrument of field formats and category systems to study technical and tactical activities in the offensive phase of soccer, taking into account the significance of data quality in these instruments. The device records data on the attacking team’s and goalkeeper’s actions with the ball, play moments (start, development, and end), and surrounding circumstances. Four steps were taken in the instrument design, validation, and reliability calculation: (a) literature review; (b) initial draft design; (c) qualitative and quantitative expert assessment of the instrument; and (d) observer training test (reliability calculation). Ten experts (soccer coaches with at least ten years of coaching experience or sports scientists with a PhD) determined the content validity. The Delphi process was applied. A quantitative (scale 0 10) and qualitative examination was performed by experts. The following topics were covered in the questionnaire for experts: (a) understanding of the criteria, categorical cores, degree of openness, and their definitions; (b) applicability of the categorical cores and degree of openness; and (c) decision-making on the inclusion of further categorical cores or degree of openness in the observation instrument. The categorical core “numerical situation with opponent goalkeeper” has the lowest Aiken’s V index of 0.91. The levels of agreement between and among observers were good. The category core “defensive pressing lines” had the lowest Kappa index (0.96 for inter-reliability and 0.98 for intra-reliability), as did the category core “ball height (start of ball possession),” “distance of the defensive player,” “ball height (end of ball possession”),” “numerical situation,” and “defensive pressing lines.” The generalizability analysis’ results demonstrated the instrument’s excellent level of accuracy, validity, and reliability. The findings demonstrate that the tool can be used to gather unbiased, trustworthy information regarding soccer’s offensive phase.

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Serhii, Zhurid, and Dovbiy Oleksandr. "Technical and tactical readiness of the team "Helios" (Kharkiv) in the 26th Ukrainian soccer championship in the first league." Slobozhanskyi Herald of Science and Sport, no. 6(68) (December 31, 2018): 40–44. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2553373.

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Purpose: to determine the model characteristics of the technical and tactical readiness of the team that participated in the Ukrainian championship of the first league in order to further improve and correct the training process. Material & Methods: the data were obtained using the method of expert evaluation, the calculation was carried out using the methods of mathematical statistics. Results: analyzed the average values of the registered values for 19 games. Analyzed various technical and tactical actions and their differences in the first and second halves, as well as individual indicators of the game players and the team "Helios" (Kharkiv). Conclusion: quantitative and qualitative (rejection rate) indicators were obtained both for team technical and tactical actions, and separately for each technical and tactical method for each game period.

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Osipov, Aleksander, Mikhail Kudryavtsev, Oleg Koptev, Sergii Iermakov, and Valentina Bliznevskaya. "Contest coefficients of the elite judo athletes of Russia and Kyrgyzstan (less than 60 kg, 66 kg, 73 kg and 81 kg) from 2010 till 2015." International Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology 7, no. 2 (2018): 32–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22631/ijaep.v7i2.267.

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Study aim. The specialists note that the latest changes in the rules of judo have a negative impact on the quality of competition between the athletes representing the Russian Federation and the CIS countries. In connection with this the goal of the research was to search for the objective and informative criteria for assessing the level of preparedness of the judoists in Russia and Kyrgyzstan for conducting competitive fights. Another purpose of the research was to analyze the readiness level of the elite judo athletes from Russia and Kyrgyzstan to conduct competitive attacking fight in conditions with the significant changes of the rules of judo competitions based on the selected criteria. Methods. The total number of the judoists – n = 176. The athletes competed in categories less than 60, 66, 73 and up to 81 kg. The time period for the research is 6 years (from 2010 to 2015). The level of the athletes’ readiness was determined by comparing the competitive coefficients (CC) of the judoists. The authors attribute to the significant CC of the number of won and lost technical actions, activity in a duel and time intervals between the attacking actions. CC values were determined by the method of analyzing the competitive judo matches. For the analysis, the specialists were involved: the high-level coaches and international judges – n = 16. The number of the studied judo competition – 4032. Results. Comparative analysis of the CC showed that the athletes of all weight categories reliably (P <0.001) reduced the time interval between attacking actions in the matches. At the same time, the number and quality of Nage-waza technical actions of the athletes of the weight categories less than 60 and 66 kg were revealed. Data CC significantly (P <0.01) increased in judoka categories to 73 kg. Besides, the athletes less than 81 kg did not show significant changes in the Nage-waza quantity and quality factors. It should also be noted that the number of lost Nage-waza receptions of the athletes of categories less than 60 and 66 kg has been reduced. The authors suggested that the judoists of light weight categories formed a defensive style of conducting competitive matches on the whole. Moreover, this style is characterized by a reduction of the risk of attacking Nage-waza actions and an increase in the number of Ne-waza receptions. The most meet the requirements of the modern judo CC athletes less than 73 kg. Consequently, the judoists less than 81 kg according to the majority of the CC have not significantly improved the quality of the competition during the research. Conclusions. Furthermore, in view of the new rules of the IJF for conducting an active attack training of the judo wrestlers for competitive activities should be based on the CC athletes. CC wrestlers are determined by the method of the mathematical analysis of the competitive fights of the athletes for certain time periods. Increase and decrease of data CC is an informative indicator of the level of readiness of a judoka in a certain component of the competition. However, the analysis of the CC judoists of the combined teams of Russia and Kyrgyzstan showed that the athletes of weight categories less than 60, 66 and 81 kg formed a generally defensive style of fighting. Besides, this style is aimed at keeping the gained advantage through the false activity and increasing the technique of Ne-waza. The most adapted to the modern requirements of IJF were the athletes weighing up to 73 kg.

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Jimenez Salas, Jorge, Juan Pablo Morillo Baro, Rafael E. Reigal, Verónica Morales-Sánchez, and Antonio Hernández-Mendo. "Análisis de coordenadas polares para el estudio de los sistemas defensivos en balonmano." Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte 20, no. 1 (2019): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/cpd.396431.

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El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la relación de diferentes comportamientos tácticos ofensivos con las conductas mostradas en los dos principales sistemas defensivos en balonmano. Para ello se realizó un análisis de coordenadas polares utilizando como conductas focales aquellas que identifican los principales sistemas defensivos y las acciones ofensivas con o sin transformaciones. Se observaron 538 situaciones correspondientes a 5 partidos de la primera división nacional española masculina con el software Hoisan utilizándose una herramienta diseñada ad hoc. El diseño observacional usado fue nomotético, puntual y seguimiento, siendo la unidad de observación la situación de defensa del equipo observado. Los resultados del análisis de la Calidad del Dato y Generalizabilidad muestran índices convincentes para los modelos utilizados. Los resultados del análisis de Coordenadas Polares muestran la mayor capacidad de oposición del sistema defensivo 5:1 al ataque. También destaca que la transformación atacante de 3:3 a 2:4 se usa más ante defensas abiertas y elicita el aumento de aparición de sanciones disciplinarias La herramienta observacional diseñada y la utilización de la técnica de coordenadas polares para la estimación de relaciones tácticas permite definir procedimientos de intervención que optimicen los recursos del entrenamiento y la competición en balonmano. The objective of this study was to analyze the relationship of different offensive tactical performances with the behaviours shown in the two main defensive systems in handball. For this, an analysis of polar coordinates was carried out using as focal behaviors those wich identify the main defensive systems and the offensive actions with or without transformations. There were 538 situations corresponding to 5 matches of the first Spanish national men's division with the Hoisan software by making use of an ad hoc tool. The observational design used was nomothetic, punctual and monitoring, the observation unit being the defense situation of the monitored team. The results of the Data Quality and Generalizability analysis show convincing rates for the models used. The results of the Polar Coordinates analysis show the greater oppositional capacity of the 5: 1 defensive system to attack. It also highlights that the attacking transformation from 3:3 to 2:4 is used more in the face of open defenses and it elicits an increase in the appearances of disciplinary sanctions. The observational tool designed and the use of the polar coordinate technique for the estimation of tactical relationships allows to define intervention procedures that optimize the resources of training and competition in handball. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a relação de diferentes comportamentos táticos ofensivos com os comportamentos mostrados nos dois principais sistemas defensivos do handebol. Para tanto, foi realizada uma análise das coordenadas polares utilizando como comportamentos focais aqueles que identificam os principais sistemas defensivos e as ações ofensivas com ou sem transformações. Havia 538 situações correspondentes a 5 partidas da primeira divisão masculina nacional espanhola com o software Hoisan, usando uma ferramenta projetada ad hoc. O desenho observacional utilizado foi nomotético, pontual e de acompanhamento, sendo a unidade de observação a situação de defesa do equipamento observado. Os resultados da análise de qualidade dos dados e generalização mostram índices convincentes para os modelos utilizados. Os resultados da análise das coordenadas polares mostram a maior capacidade de oposição do sistema defensivo 5: 1 de ataque. Destaca também que a transformação de ataque de 3: 3 para 2: 4 é mais usada em face de defesas abertas e provoca o aumento da aparência de sanções disciplinares. A ferramenta de observação projetada e o uso da técnica de coordenadas polares para a estimativa de relações táticas permitem definir procedimentos de intervenção que otimizam os recursos de treinamento e competição no handebol.

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S., Hamidreza Mohades Kasaei, Mohammadreza Mohades Kasaei S., Alireza Mohades Kasaei S., and Taheri Mohsen. "BRAIN JOURNAL - Design of an Action Selection Mechanism for Cooperative Soccer Robots Based on Fuzzy Decision Making Algorithm." Brain Journal 1, no. 2 (2010): 5–18. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1036611.

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ABSTRACT Robocup is an international competition for multi agent research and related subject like: Artificial intelligence, Image processing, machine learning, robot path planning, control, and obstacle avoidance. In a soccer robot game, the environment is highly competitive and dynamic. In order to work in the dynamically changing environment, the decision-making system of a soccer robot system should have the features of flexibility and real-time adaptation. In this paper we will focus on the Middle Size Soccer Robot league (MSL) and new hierarchical hybrid fuzzy methods for decision making and action selection of a robot in Middle Size Soccer Robot league (MSL) are presented. First, the behaviors of an agent are introduced, implemented and classified in two layers, the Low_Level_Behaviors and the High_Level_Behaviors. In the second layer, a two phase mechanism for decision making is introduced. In phase one, some useful methods are implemented which check the robot’s situation for performing required behaviors. In the next phase, the team strategy, team formation, robot’s role and the robot’s positioning system are introduced. A fuzzy logical approach is employed to recognize the team strategy and further more to tell the player the best position to move. We believe that a Dynamic role engine is necessary for a successful team. Dynamic role engine and formation control during offensive or defensive play, help us to prevent collision avoidance among own players when attacking the ball and obstacle avoidance of the opponents. At last, we comprised our implemented algorithm in the Robocup 2007 and 2008 and results showed the efficiency of the introduced methodology. The results are satisfactory which has already been successfully implemented in ADRO RoboCup team. This project is still in progress and some new interesting methods are described in the current report.

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Orlov, Oleksander, and Kevin Chick Brian. "Forecasting of functional readiness and construction of variable tactics of elite single combatants on the basis of assessment of psychophysiological state." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University Series 15 Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 8(181) (August 23, 2024): 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/udu-nc.series15.2024.8(181).34.

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The goal is to substantiate and experimentally verify the effectiveness of using the results of the tapping test to assess readiness for a match. Methodology: analysis and synthesis of data from modern scientific and scientific and methodical literature as well as Internet on the problem being studied, dynamic tapping testing, forecasting. Scientific novelty. The article provides new data on the generalization of the results of the informativeness and effectiveness of the assessment of the current psychophysiological state for predicting changes in the functional preparedness of elite single combatants and the possibility of forming strategies and tactics for future matches taking into account the individual dynamics of changes in the studied parameters of the tapping test. Conclusions. In the course of the conducted research and generalization of the obtained individual results, it was established that the state of "strength - weakness" is the limit of physical and mental capacity, i.e., the time during which excitement in the brain cells can be maintained during long-term actions of the enemy. It was also found that the most informative for monitoring the psychophysiological state and functional abilities of martial artists are the indicators of the maximum frequency of movements in 30 sec. When choosing the time of the examination, it is necessary to take into account that the dynamics of the pace of hand movements are affected by the peculiarities of not only the nervous system, but also the muscular system, therefore, in the presence of weak muscle development or during particularly long examinations, the presence of fatigue may affect the results. It is very important that tapping metrics allows you to determine: the level of the total amount of work performed, or the most favorable time for the match, an indicator of the level of activity of attacking and defensive actions for the entire period of the fight; a favorable time for carrying out a series of actions; stability of the battle; the speed of single action, and also simplifies the process of selection and selection of the national team for participation in competitions. The use of the method of controlling the psychophysiological state by conducting a tapping test to assess functional abilities optimizes the process of forming a strategy and tactics of fighting a match depending on the state and stability of the central nervous system of the wrestler.

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Khrapach, Valerii, and Oleksandr Siryi. "Statistical Metric xG in Football and Its Impact on Scoring Performance: a review article." Health Technologies 2, no. 3 (2024): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.58962/ht.2024.2.3.47-54.

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Background and purpose Modern football increasingly demands an analytical approach, particularly in terms of enhancing scoring performance. The aim of this article is to analyze the modern statistical indicator of expected goals (xG) in football and its impact on the performance of teams and players according to the data of modern scientific literature. The use of xG allows coaches, analysts, and fans to better evaluate the effectiveness of attacking actions, predict match outcomes, and make informed decisions regarding game strategy. Material and methods Articles were selected using a search tool in the Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases. The search was carried out using the keywords "xG", "football", "performance", "football statistics", "football analytics", "shot on goal" The search was conducted as follows: first, the word "football" was entered, 43,706 sources were found, then "football statistics, analytics" was specified, 109 sources were found, among which 5 were selected that most corresponded to the topic of our research. Results It has been found that the probability of converting a shot into a goal depends on the player's position in the finishing zone, the location of the shot, the angle to the goal, the distance to the goal, the part of the body used to take the shot, the preparation for the shot, the number of touches before the shot, the number of players in the ball's path, and the goalkeeper's position. It was also determined that some zones are better suited for preparing a shot or continuing a combination play due to a low xG value. Conclusions The conducted analysis made it possible to study how the metric of expected goals (xG) affects performance. Coaches use xG data to optimize their game plans, focusing on creating high-quality scoring chances rather than simply increasing the number of shots. In addition, xG can inform defensive strategies by highlighting the types of shots most likely to lead to goals, allowing teams to adjust their defensive positioning and pressure tactics accordingly.

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Manchón-Davó, Manuel, Juan Del Coso, Francisco J. Vera-Garcia, et al. "Association Between the COL5A1 rs12722 Genotype and the Prevalence of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rupture in Professional Football Players." Genes 16, no. 6 (2025): 649. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16060649.

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Background: Previous studies have tested the association between the COL5A1 rs12722 polymorphism and the risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. Overall, their results are contradictory because most studies used relatively small samples and data from ACL ruptures during sport activities have been mixed with ruptures suffered in non-sporting contexts. Objective: To examine the association between the COL5A1 rs12722 polymorphism and the prevalence of ACL rupture in a homogeneous sample of professional male football players. Methods: A total of 268 professional male football players participated in this study. The COL5A1 rs12722 genotype (CC, CT and TT) was obtained from each player using genomic DNA samples obtained from a buccal swab and measured with PCR RFLP. Players with history of ACL rupture during their professional career were identified by the medical staff of each team. Only ACL injuries obtained during football exposure were considered for this investigation. In this process, we identified 49 ACL ruptures pertaining to 43 players suffered between 2013 and 2024. The situational pattern (i.e., attacking or defending, type of football action, moment of the season, match/training exposure, etc.) was also obtained for each injury. A sub-analysis of non-contact ACL ruptures was conducted, as these injuries are more likely to be influenced by genetic factors. Results: The distribution of genotypes was similar in players with history of ACL rupture (n = 43; CC/CT/TT, 24.4/48.9/26.7%) and with no history of ACL rupture (n = 225; 25.3/49.8/24.9%; p = 0.973). Overall, the prevalence of players with history of ACL injury was 16.2% for the whole group of CC players (11 out of 68 players), 16.4% for whole group of CT (22 out of 135 players) and 15.2% for the group of TT players (10 out of 66 players; p = 0.973). However, the COL5A1 rs12722 genotype affected the dominance of the injured leg (p = 0.012), the type of action that originated the injury (p = 0.047), and the distribution of non-contact ACL injuries depending on the time of the match (p = 0.020). Specifically, CC players suffered ruptures predominantly in the dominant leg, when landing or reaching (offensive actions) and in the last 15 min of the match (all p < 0.050). On the contrary, TT players had ACL ruptures predominantly in their non-dominant leg, when pressing the opponent (defensive actions) and in the first 15 min of the match (all p < 0.050). Conclusion: There was no association between any of the COL5A1 rs12722 genotypes and the overall prevalence of ACL rupture in professional football players. However, the COL5A1 rs12722 polymorphism appeared to influence specific characteristics of the injury, such as the type of action leading to the rupture and the timing within the match, suggesting a potential genetic contribution to injury susceptibility.

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Daniil, Dimitris, Katerina Papadimitriou, Anestis Giannakopoulos, Ioannis Ispirlidis, and Giorgos Mavridis. "Analysis of the Offensive Tactics Used by High-Level Basketball Players of Different Age Groups." Sport Mont 21, no. 2 (2023): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26773/smj.230718.

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The rapid and continuous development of basketball has necessitated the long-term training of young basketball players, enabling them to meet the ever-changing demands of the sport. The aim of the present study was to record the offensive competitive behaviour of men and boys by analysing world championship matches in order to determine whether the choice of tactics in them depended on the age category they belonged to. The sample of the research consisted of 2,997 actions performed by basketball national teams in Men’s (seniors) and juniors’ World Championships. The juniors’ category includes athletes 14-15 years old (U16). Offenses were recorded with the Sportscout game observation software. The recorded parameters are the following: age group, types of initiating an offense, offensive tactics, type of offensive, attacking from the perimeter & from inside the paint, screening in offense, pick and roll in offense, offensive inbound plays, inbound position, attack efficiency, shooter, shooting area/ position. Summarizing, the juniors’ group showed a higher percentage in offenses fast breaks, in motion offense, in the attacks that were starting after a steal and an offensive rebound. In addition means’ group had higher percentage in inside game and in pick and roll. Αccording to the above the offensivetactics depended significantly on the age group. This confirms the tendency of coaches to use continuity offences in order to train young athletes in all competitive positions rather than in a single one. Their next step would be to adopt the defensive transition tactic, found to have been adopted by the men’s group.

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Hutchinson, Allan C. "If Derrida Had Played Football." German Law Journal 6, no. 1 (2005): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200013468.

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In a candid interview in 1991, when he was 60, Jacques Derrida let the cat out of the bag. For all his academic achievements and popular acclaim, his abiding dream for himself remained that of his youth “becoming a professional footballer.” In this mere aside, Derrida revealed as much about himself as both philosopher and person (if they can be separated) as in almost all his voluminous writings, speeches, reviews, and interviews. How fitting, therefore, that this passing remark should take us from the expressive margin into the subversive heart of this man of thought and reveal him as a frustrated man of action; the philosophical life was only a consolation for a more fulfilled life as sporting hero. Yet, in so many ways, so much can be learned and understood about the Derridean oeuvre by treating its author as a footballer, as someone who plied his trade on the fields of sporting endeavour than in the classrooms and libraries of the world. Indeed, if Derrida had played football, both philosophy and life might have been the better for it. Not because he would have spared the world his philosophical interrogations, but because he might have made even more of an impression on the sensibilities and senses of his times. It is as a footballer of attacking flair, not as an intellectual of defensive legend, that I will remember Derrida best. While it is hard to imagine the suave Derrida in the garishly-coloured synthetic shirt of his favourite team with a number “7” and “Derrida” emblazoned on the back, there is a genuine excitement at the prospect of him tantalising and tormenting the opposition in his own version of “the beautiful game.” He knew that those who knew nothing of football knew nothing of life.

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Brown, Lucas, Dr Luke Hogarth, and Dr Rob Buhmann. "A COMPARISON OF PEAK WORK RATES DURING SUPER SHOT AND NON-SUPER SHOT PERIODS IN PROFESSIONAL NETBALL PLAYERS." Journal of Clinical Exercise Physiology 13, s2 (2024): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.31189/2165-7629-13-s2.366.

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BACKGROUND Since its introduction, the super shot has been a critical period of play in the Australian domestic netball competition. Depending on their shot selection strategy, teams can increase their odds of outscoring oppositions during super shot periods. As a result, players are likely to complete more attacking and defensive actions, possibly increasing their workload. The purpose of this study was to quantify workload and make comparisons between i) super shot and non-supershot periods and ii) different player positions. METHODS Raw acceleration data (VX sport Log units Visuellex New Zealand) from 11 players across 14 matches was collected and used to calculate PlayerLoadTM. Quarters were split into three five-minute periods and player position for each period was reported. Data was only included if a player competed for a full five-minute period (n=1110). A rolling average was applied over 60 seconds to compare peak PlayerLoadTM values between periods and positions. A linear mixed effects model was used to determine the effect of the period and position on peak 60s PlayerLoadTM. Random intercepts were included for player and game, quarter was included as a random effect within game. RESULTS During super shot periods, peak values were significantly lower for GS compared to regular periods (model coefficient = 0.8, 95%CI = 0.02 to 1.59, P = 0.04). During super shot periods, GD and GK positions showed slightly higher peak values compared to regular periods, with model coefficients of -0.05 (95%CI = -1.20 to 0.327) and -0.21 (95%CI = -1.00 to 0.57) respectively. On the other hand, GA, WA, WD, and C positions exhibited lower peak values for super shot periods compared to regular periods. Results indicate that there are differences in peak workloads between positions during super shot periods. CONCLUSION Workload demands may be different between positions during super shot periods, this has implications for player conditioning.

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Аnarkulov, Kh, and I. Zhylkychiev. "Improvement of Technical and Tactical Training of Taekwondists." Bulletin of Science and Practice, no. 4 (April 15, 2023): 487–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/89/61.

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This article discusses issues related to the improvement of technical and tactical training by identifying the comprehensive preparedness of taekwondo athletes and the direction of its improvement, determining the conditions for building sports training. Connections of technical-tactical training with medical-physiological and psychological-pedagogical sides are indicated, as well as attacks on the organization of sports training activities. In the process of tactical and technical training of taekwondo wrestlers, the tasks of studying goals were solved, where a number of methods were used in which the scientific and methodological literature on the special training of athletes, the physical indicators of martial artists, as well as the results of fights with their geography were studied. Including pedagogical observations with registration by recording, which took into account the effectiveness of attacking and defensive actions. The research work indicates that in taekwondo kicks are preferred, and the movements and strikes of the hands act as auxiliary actions to the legs, but this does not mean that it is impossible to beat with the hands. It is also indicated that there is a need to record the data of tactical and technical training at all stages of the survey work, starting with keeping records in the form of tables and readings. Minutes were kept, which indicated all the assessments of actions, the results of fights and other necessary information. In the research work, in addition to calculations, mathematical calculations were also carried out, which show the effectiveness of attacking and defensive actions in relation to the performance of rivals. Depending on the level of preparedness of taekwondo fighters in defensive and attacking actions. The highest indicator is the 100% level of the ability of defensive actions, and the lowest indicator is the level of attacking actions, which assesses the level of tactical and technical readiness of taekwondo fighters.

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Magee, Christopher. "Attacking players and goal scoring." Journal of Human Sport and Exercise 20, no. 2 (2025): 644–57. https://doi.org/10.55860/tq1a3v39.

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This paper investigates optimal coaching strategies in the combination of players football managers should have on the field. It does so by examining how goal scoring and conceding respond to changes in the number of attacking players on the field in European football matches. The paper tests the hypotheses that more attacking players raise both the rates at which the team scores and concedes goals. The paper shows that managers play more defenders when their team is an underdog and it tests whether this strategy is successful. The estimates show that teams are nearly always better off including more attacking players on the field. In the typical match, teams score at a greater rate and (surprisingly) concede at a lower rate when they have more attacking players on the field. The gain in net goals from playing more attacking players is larger the more a team is favoured over its opponent. Teams that are heavy underdogs playing away from home are the only ones that may be better off playing more defensive players. Coaching strategies should shift toward being less defensive in most cases.

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Bujang, B., Aridhotul Haqiyah, and Mohamad Noor Mohamed. "Analysis of the Technical Ability of the Indonesian Women's Volleyball Team Sea Games 2023." Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga 9, no. 1 (2024): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/jpjo.v9i1.68822.

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Understanding the technical skills required for success in volleyball is critical as the game continues to evolve, with an emphasis on the speed and precision of attacks. The purpose of this study is to determine the level of technical ability of the Indonesian women's volleyball team Sea Games 2023. This is a descriptive qualitative study with a sample of 14 athletes and uses percentages to summarise and interpret the data. The techniques analysed are divided into two parts, which are attacking techniques consisting of serves, attacks, blocks and defensive techniques consisting of serve reception and defence. The results showed that the attacking techniques of the Indonesian women's volleyball team had good attacking abilities, but the ability to serve and block was extremely weak, many serves and blocks failed and resulted in points for the opponent. For defensive techniques, the Indonesian women's volleyball team has excellent service reception ability, most of the service receptions can produce attacks both attacks that produce points and limited attacks. However, the defensive ability was very poor, most of the defences failed and resulted in points for the opponent. Finally, this study concludes that the poor performance of the Indonesian women's volleyball team is related to very weak serving, blocking and defence. So, the Indonesian women's volleyball team has to improve on serving, blocking, and defence techniques.

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Torkornoo, Benjamin. "The effect of the goal kick rule change on the team’s performance in ball possession and goal scoring in elite male football." Graduate Journal of Sports Science, Coaching, Management, & Rehabilitation 1, no. 3 (2024): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.19164/gjsscmr.v1i3.1494.

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Goalkeepers have always played an important role Defensively. Due to rule changes and tactical transitions, goalkeepers now also have an influence on attacking aspects of the game (Szwarc et al., 2023, Baltic J Health Phys Act). The most recent rule change allows attacking players in the box during goal kicks, which creates extra space for the attacking team at the time of the goal kick without direct pressure from the opponent. This is beneficial for teams in the build-up who try to increase space to create goal scoring opportunities in advantageous positions eventually high up the pitch (Goes et al., 2019, Big Data, 7, 57-70). This latest rule change gives the attacking team an extra 640 m2 of space to displace the opposition defence in deeper positions to create scoring opportunities. As of date, no research has looked at the goal kick rule change and its effect on the distribution tendencies and tactical approaches implemented, when attempting to progress the ball up the field from a goal kick. This research aims to analyse the distribution tendencies of Premier League teams in the 2022/2023 season and compare goal kick and build-up behaviour between teams, depending on their finishing position in the season. A secondary data analysis will be conducted on Premier League matches during the 2022/2023 season, including 2136 goal kick sequences cropped from 760 games. The location of the first pass of the goal kick, number of passes during the build-up, duration of the build-up phase, and the amount of goalkeeper touches after the initial goal kick will be analysed. Additionally, the outcome of successful goal kicks will be analysed considering the action and location of the action. All data analysis will be done using HUDL Sportscode (v12.29.0., Hudl, USA). Statistical analysis will evaluate the effect of team’s league table position on the start of the goal kick, build up phase, and the outcome of the goal kick.

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Akbarov, Akhmatjon, Akram Ummatov, and Oyatkhon Yokubova. "The comparative analysis of the effectiveness of attacking actions of teams of the major league female volleyball players in the games of 1-and 2-rounds of the XXVIII Championship of the Republic of Uzbekistan." Sports games 2(24), no. 2(24) (2022): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15391/si.2022-2.01.

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The presence of a problematic situation of competitive activity in modern volleyball shows the need for knowledge about the degree of development of objective assessment and subjective judgment, as well as the definition of purposes and tasks of preparing sportsmen for competitive activity. The purpose of the researchis to present the results of the research regarding the effectiveness of attacking actionsof teams of the major league female volleyball players in games of the 1-and 2-rounds of the XXVIII Championship of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Results.In the course of the research, higher performance indicators were determined for female volleyball players of the winning team -the sports club of Uzbek University of Physical Culture and Sports of the Republic (SCUPh) than for teams that took the 3rdand last 5thplaces in these tours. Female volleyball players of the team SCUPh during five matches of the first round performed 573 attacking actions, of which in 309 cases (in 53,93% of all attempts by team players) the ball remained in the game. In 207 attempts (36,13%; efficiency factor 0,36) turned out to be positive, in 57 attempts (9,95%) the attackers were negative. The analysis of the results of attacking actions showed that in the second round the indicator of the effectiveness of attacking actions of volleyball players of the team SCUPh who took first place is better than the corresponding indicators of other teams. At the same time, СПОРТИВНІ ІГРИSPORTYVNI IHRYСПОРТИВНЫЕ ИГРЫ 2022No2(24)10there is a slight decline in the effectiveness of attacking actions of female volleyball players of the team SCUPh in the second round of the championship compared to the results of the first round. During the five fights of the first round, female volleyball players of the team ANDIZHAN had 397 attacking actions, of which in 201 cases (50,63% of all attempts by team players) the ball remained in the game, in 104 attempts (26,20%; efficiency factor 0,26) was positive andin 92 attempts (23,17%) the actions were negative. In the second round, ANDIZHAN team volleyball players showed a slight increase in the number of points accumulated and a decrease in the number of ball losses in the game.

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Guignard, Brice, Claude Karcher, Xavier Reche, Roger Font, and John Komar. "Contextualizing Physical Data in Professional Handball: Using Local Positioning Systems to Automatically Define Defensive Organizations." Sensors 22, no. 15 (2022): 5692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22155692.

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In handball, the way the team organizes itself in defense can greatly impact the player’s activity and displacement during the play, therefore impacting the match demands. This paper aims (1) to develop an automatic tool to detect and classify the defensive organization of the team based on the local positioning system data and check its classification quality, and (2) to quantify the match demands per defensive organization, i.e., defining a somehow cost of specific defensive organizations. For this study, LPS positional data (X and Y location) of players from a team in the Spanish League were analyzed during 25 games. The algorithm quantified the physical demands of the game (distance stand, walk, jog, run and sprint) broken down by player role and by specific defensive organizations, which were automatically detected from the raw data. Results show that the different attacking and defending phases of a game can be automatically detected with high accuracy, the defensive organization can be classified between 1–5, 0–6, 2–4, and 3–3. Interestingly, due to the highly adaptive nature of handball, differences were found between what was the intended defensive organization at a start of a phase and the actual organization that can be observed during the full defensive phase, which consequently impacts the physical demands of the game. From there, quantifying for each player role the cost of each specific defensive organization is the first step into optimizing the use of the players in the team and their recovery time, but also at the team level, it allows to balance the cost (i.e., physical demand) and the benefit (i.e., the outcome of the defensive phase) of each type of defensive organization.

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Yudhianto, Rachmat Bintang, Fajar Athallah Yusuf, Anwar Fitrianto, and L. M. Risman Dwi Jumansyah. "Analisis Visual dan Karakteristik Klub Sepakbola Liga Inggris Berdasarkan Pola Permainan Menggunakan K-Means Clustering." Jurnal Informatika Universitas Pamulang 9, no. 3 (2024): 126–35. https://doi.org/10.32493/informatika.v9i3.44640.

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This research aimed to analyze and cluster football teams in the English Premier League (EPL) for the 2023/2024 season based on their playing characteristics using K-Means clustering. Understanding the playing styles is essential for optimizing strategies and enhancing team performance. Preprocessing steps included data cleaning, feature engineering, and visualization of key features such as goals, shots, and attacking attempts. Four clusters were identified using the Elbow method, representing teams with varying levels of attacking and defensive capabilities. Evaluation of the clustering results was conducted using Davies-Bouldin (score: 0.47), Calinski-Harabasz (score: 275.89), and Silhouette (score: 0.53) metrics, indicating moderate clustering quality. The findings suggest that EPL teams tend to be attack-oriented, while defensive strength varies across clusters. Limitations in the dataset, such as the number of observations and features, impacted the analysis, and future studies may benefit from incorporating additional features and advanced dimensionality reduction techniques.

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Ануфриев, Семен Федорович. "Development of courage and its influence on the quality of sports training of kickboxers in Olympic reserve school." Tomsk state pedagogical university bulletin, no. 5(229) (September 30, 2023): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/1609-624x-2023-5-42-48.

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Современный кикбоксинг предъявляет высокие требования не только к технической, физической и тактической подготовке спортсменов, значительную роль также нужно отводить и психике спортсменов. Соревновательный поединок может проходить в очень высоком темпе, победа в котором зависит от способности быстро анализировать ситуацию, переключаться от защитных действий к атакующим и наоборот, причем зачастую с более искусным и опытным соперником. Повышенные нагрузки, соблюдение режима тренировок и питания, контроль веса – все это спортсмен преодолевает в подготовках к соревнованиям. Поэтому так важно развитие морально-волевых качеств кикбоксеров, в том числе и смелости. Цель статьи – обосновать методику воспитания смелости юных кикбоксеров. Материалом послужили научно-методическая литература в области спортивной (исследования на спортсменах в личных и командных, циклических и ациклических видах спорта) и профессионально-прикладной подготовки (исследования на курсантах военного министерства и министерства внутренних дел), а также практический опыт тренеров-преподавателей по кикбоксингу с/к «Старт». Благодаря анализу литературных источников была сформулирована проблема исследования, заключающаяся в недостатке современных методик воспитания смелости кикбоксеров 11–12 лет, занимающихся в спортивной школе олимпийского резерва. Также было обосновано содержание и экспериментально подтверждена эффективность экспериментальной методики. Результаты ее внедрения в подготовку кикбоксеров экспериментальной группы показали, что изменения значений во всех контрольных испытаниях на момент окончания эксперимента были значительно выше и статистически достоверны в сравнении с результатами кикбоксеров контрольной группы, которые статистической достоверностью не отличались. На развитие смелости юных кикбоксеров благоприятно влияет увеличение степени сложности выполнения тренировочных упражнений, которое реализуется при помощи дополнительного оборудования и введения усложняющих условий. Помимо этого, результаты педагогического эксперимента позволяют говорить о наличии взаимосвязи между показателями развития смелости и показателями активности юных кикбоксеров в соревновательном поединке. Modern kickboxing imposes high demands not only to the technical, physical and tactical training of athletes, but also to their moral, volitional and mental qualities. Nowadays there is a necessity to develop the athletes’ ability to quickly analyse the situation in a competitive fight, to switch from defensive actions to attacking and conversely. This is associated with the formation of appropriate personal qualities (courage, determination, purposefulness, responsibility) and strengthening the educational component in the training process. The aim is to substantiate the experimental methodology of education of courage of young kickboxers, engaged in the school of Olympic reserve, and to reveal its influence on the quality of sports training and education of moral qualities. Analysis of theoretical sources with a description of research on athletes in individual and team, cyclic and acyclic sports (sports training) and research on cadets of the Military Department and the Department of Internal Affairs (professional-applied training), as well as analysis of practical experience of coaches-teachers of kickboxing in sports complex “Start” (Tomsk). The problem of research was stated, consisting in the lack of modern methods of education of courage of kickboxers 11–12 years old, engaged in a sports school of Olympic reserve. The content was also substantiated and the effectiveness of the experimental methodology was experimentally confirmed. The results of its implementation in preparation of kickboxers of the experimental group showed that the changes of effects in all control trials at the end of the experiment were significantly higher and statistically reliable comparing to the results of kickboxers of the control group, which didn’t have any statistical validity. The development of courage of young kickboxers is favourably influenced by increasing the degree of difficulty of performing training exercises, which is realized by means of additional equipment and the introduction of complicating conditions. The results of the pedagogical experiment allow us to conclude that there is a correlation between the rates of courage development and the activity rate of young kickboxers in a competitive fight.

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Castellano, Julen, Pedro Silva, Oidui Usabiaga, and Daniel Barreira. "The influence of scoring targets and outer-floaters on attacking and defending team dispersion, shape and creation of space during small-sided soccer games." Journal of Human Kinetics 51, no. 1 (2016): 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0178.

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Abstract The effect of altered game formats on team performances during soccer practice can be harnessed by coaches to stimulate specific tactical behaviours. The aim of the present study was to analyse the influence of using (i) small goals [SG], (ii) goalkeepers [7G] and (iii) floaters [7GF] on the dispersion, shape and available space of teams during small-sided games (SSGs). Twenty-four male soccer players were distributed into four teams composed of five players, two goalkeepers and two floaters that performed six SSG bouts of 6 min, interspersed with 6 min of passive recovery. Offensive and defensive phases were also analysed separately in order to verify the preservation of basic principles of attacking (teams more stretched to create free space) and defending (teams more compact to tie-up space) during SSGs. The variables used to characterize the collective behaviour were: length [L], width [W], team shape [Sh], and team separateness [TS]. Results revealed that the teams showed different collective behaviours depending on SSG format and a playing phase: a) L and W were higher in attack than in defence in all SSGs; b) team shapes were more elongated in defence in all SSGs except SG; c) the space separating players from their closest opponents (TS) was shorter in 7G; and d) SG and 7GF elicited greater defensive openness due to increased team width. The results suggest that manipulating task constraints, such as goal size, presence or absence of goalkeepers and floaters can be harnessed by coaches to shape distinct team tactical behaviours in SSGs while preserving the basic principles of attacking and defending.

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Alexander, Jeremy P., Timothy Bedin, Karl B. Jackson, and Sam Robertson. "Team numerical advantage in Australian rules football: A missing piece of the scoring puzzle?" PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (2021): e0254591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254591.

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The primary aim of this study was to determine the relationship between a team numerical advantage during structured phases of play and match event outcomes in professional Australian football. The secondary aim was to quantify how players occupy different sub-areas of the playing field in match play, while accounting for match phase and ball location. Spatiotemporal player tracking data and play-by-play event data from professional players and teams were collected from the 2019 Australian Football League season played at a single stadium. Logistic regression analysed the relationship between total players and team numerical advantage during clearances and inside 50’s. Total players and team numerical advantage were also quantified continuously throughout a match, which were separated into three match phases (offence, defence, and stoppage) and four field positions (defensive 50, defensive midfield, attacking midfield, and forward 50). Results identified an increased team numerical advantage produced a greater likelihood of gaining possession from clearances or generating a score from inside 50’s. Although, an increased number of total players inside 50 was likely associated with a concomitant decrease in the probability of scoring, irrespective of a team numerical advantage. Teams were largely outnumbered when the ball was in their forward 50 but attained a numerical advantage when the ball was in the defensive 50.

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Oksom, Pavlo, and Oleg Shumakov. "Peculiarities of teaching the players of the student mini-football team basic individual actions when picking up the ball." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 3K(176) (March 18, 2024): 356–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/udu-nc.series15.2024.3k(176).78.

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Mini-football is a unique, universal team game that requires every player to be as efficient as possible in both attack and defense. Among the many factors that affect the result of matches in mini-football, and, accordingly, the result of sports activities, there is no doubt the level of technical training of each team player. From our point of view, the issue of teaching the basic individual actions of the players of the student mini-soccer team when selecting the ball is extremely important and insufficiently studie. In the article, an attempt is made to reveal the peculiarities of training the players of the student mini-football team in such basic individual actions when picking up the ball as: defensive stance, walking, running, dashing, jumping, stopping. The purpose of the research is to reveal the peculiarities of teaching players of the student mini-football team basic individual actions when picking up the ball. The methodological basis of the research is a systematic and person-oriented approach with the aim of analyzing scientific publications and methodical sources, as well as analyzing basic individual defensive game actions and identifying important features of training players of the student mini-soccer team to individual actions when selecting the ball. The work uses a multi-level systematic analysis of scientific sources based on philosophical, general-scientific, partial-scientific and specific-scientific levels of knowledge. Scientific novelty. With the help of the conducted research, important features of teaching the players of the student mini- soccer team basic individual actions when picking up the ball were revealed. Conclusions. The question of the basic individual actions of players when selecting the ball in mini-football is important and insufficiently studied. During the study, the peculiarities of learning the following basic individual actions of the players of the student team when picking up the ball in mini-football were revealed: defensive stance, walking, running, dashing, jumping, stopping.

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Vershinin, Mikhail Alexandrovich, and Artem Olegovich Plotnikov. "Model characteristics of combat athletes’ competitive activities." Samara Journal of Science 6, no. 1 (2017): 166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201761304.

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On the basis of retrospective analysis of scientific and methodological literature the authors consider model-wide characteristics of combat athletes competitive activity and describe the structure of competitive activities, with focus on achieving maximum rate of individual performance in a chosen form of martial arts. A wide range of technical actions and a broad spectrum of potential conflict situations, regularly manifested in the course of martial arts, particularly in Taekwondo, determine the features of operations, actions, and mechanisms for their improvement. This paper discusses the classification of specific activities (combat athlete activity in wrestling; performance of basic tactical and technical actions; combat athlete activities in separate parts (preliminary and final stage) of the competition; the activities of combat athlete in a separate co-efforts; the activities of combat athlete in the aggregate number of competitions), limited by temporal and spatial factors. The authors present a list of specialized and generalized model characteristics of competitive activity, in which according to martial arts include the following indicators: a variety of defensive and offensive action; the amount of defensive and offensive action; the activity of protective and attacking action; the effectiveness of defensive and offensive actions. In conclusion it is noted that the model characteristics of competitive activity must disclose the following aspects in combat sports: activity, variety and volume, effectiveness of the demonstrated technical-tactical actions.

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Wedding, C., CT Woods, WH Sinclair, MA Gomez, and AS Leicht. "Exploring the effect of various match factors on team playing styles in the National Rugby League." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 16, no. 4 (2021): 976–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954121997238.

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Objectives This study examined the effect of match location, score-line, team quality and match outcome on the expression of team playing styles in the National Rugby League (NRL) across the 2015–2019 seasons. Methods Thirty-eight performance indicators (e.g. offloads, runs) from all NRL games (n = 2010) were collected. Match-related factors examined were location (home/away/neutral), match type (absolute score differential), team quality (end of season ladder position) and outcome (win/draw/loss). Factor analysis using principal component analysis (PCA) were run to identify team playing styles, which were inferred from the clustered dimensions (Factors) of team performance indicators. Discriminant analysis was then used to determine the effect of the match factors on team playing styles. Results PCA revealed nine Factors accounting for ∼54% of team performance variance. Discriminant analysis did not meaningfully resolve team playing styles for match type, team quality or location (∼34%, ∼46% and ∼58% classification accuracy, respectively). One discriminant function correctly classified ∼81% of matches based on outcome, including four team playing styles defined as ‘attacking play’, ‘linebreaks’, ‘handling errors’ and ‘conceded linebreaks’. Conclusions Team playing styles characterised by ‘attacking play’ and ‘linebreaks’, coupled with relative defensive efficiency showed the greatest association with winning regardless of team quality, match location or match type. Using similar sport analytical techniques, additional insight into the importance of various team playing styles over the time-course of a match may allow teams to further extrapolate the likelihood of success in real-time.

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Welch, Mitchell, Timothy M. Schaerf, and Aron Murphy. "Collective states and their transitions in football." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (2021): e0251970. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251970.

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Movement, positioning and coordination of player formations is a key aspect for the performance of teams within field-based sports. The increased availability of player tracking data has given rise to numerous studies that focus on the relationship between simple descriptive statistics surrounding team formation and performance. While these existing approaches have provided a high-level a view of team-based spatial formations, there is limited research on the nature of collective movement across players within teams and the establishment of stable collective states within game play. This study draws inspiration from the analysis of collective movement in nature, such as that observed within schools of fish and flocking birds, to explore the existence of collective states within the phases of play in soccer. Order parameters and metrics describing group motion and shape are derived from player movement tracks to uncover the nature of the team’s collective states and transitions. This represents a unique addition to the current body of work around the analysis of player movement in team sports. The results from this study demonstrate that sequences of ordered collective behaviours exist with relatively rapid transitions between highly aligned polar and un-ordered swarm behaviours (and vice-versa). Defensive phases of play have a higher proportion of ordered team movement than attacking phases, indicating that movements linked with attacking tactics, such as player dispersion to generate passing and shooting opportunities leads to lower overall collective order. Exploration within this study suggests that defensive tactics, such as reducing the depth or width to close passing opportunities, allows for higher team movement speeds and increased levels of collective order. This study provides a novel view of player movement by visualising the collective states present across the phases of play in football.

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De-la-Cruz-Torres, Blanca, Miguel Navarro-Castro, and Anselmo Ruiz-de-Alarcón-Quintero. "Leveraging the Chain on Goals Model in Football: Applications for Attack and Defensive Play." Applied Sciences 15, no. 2 (2025): 998. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15020998.

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Introduction: Football analysis has experienced significant growth in recent years as an applied research field. This study aims to contribute to this area by applying the chain on goals model to analyze both the attacking and defensive phases of football matches. Additionally, it introduces four practical concepts to better understand player and team performance in Spain’s professional football leagues. Method: Data for the 2023/24 season were collected from Football Reference, covering both men’s (LaLiga) and women’s (LigaF) leagues. Variables analyzed included team performance, attack and defensive performance, goals saved above average (GSAA), goals and possession value (PV), expected goals (xG), and xG on target (xGOT) for attack and defensive phases. Four practical concepts analyzed were off-ball movement (PV-xG), player’s offensive quality (xG-xGOT), team’s positioning (PVA-xGA), and player’s defensive quality (xGA-xGOTA). Descriptive and comparative statistical analyses were performed to compare all variables between the two leagues using an Independent Student’s test. Additionally, correlation coefficients were calculated to examine the relationships between the four concepts. Results: Significant differences were observed between leagues in defensive performance (p = 0.03) and GSAA (p < 0.001). Practical concepts revealed disparities in off-ball movement and team’s positioning (p < 0.001 in both). No correlations were found between off-ball movement and player’s offensive quality or between team’s positioning and player’s defensive quality. Conclusions: The Spanish women’s league exhibited defensive weaknesses, conceding more goals and showing lower goalkeeper performance. PV was the most influential variable in the women’s league, while xG was critical in the men’s league.

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Dobson, Stephen, and John Goddard. "Games of Two Halves: Non-Experimental Evidence on Cooperation, Defection and the Prisoner’s Dilemma." Review of Economic Analysis 10, no. 3 (2018): 285–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/rea.v10i3.1448.

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We develop a stylized two-period game-theoretic model of the strategic choices made by soccer teams when selecting between defensive and attacking team formations, and between non-violent and violent styles of play. Cooperative behaviour during the early stages of matches is typically superseded by non-cooperation during the latter stages. The propensity for violent play to take place in the latter stages of soccer matches is interpreted as novel non-experimental evidence that players typically resort to mutually detrimental non-cooperative forms of behaviour when the payoffs assume a prisoner’s dilemma structure.

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Bojkowski, Łukasz, Paweł Kalinowski, Robert Śliwowski, and Maciej Tomczak. "The Importance of Selected Coordination Motor Skills for an Individual Football Player’s Effectiveness in a Game." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 2 (2022): 728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020728.

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The appropriate level of coordination motor skills (CMS) in a football player is one of the factors determining the effectiveness of their actions. Adaptability and complex reaction time are of particular importance in models of coordination requirements in football. The lead aim of this study is to determine the relationship between two selected coordination motor skills and the offensive, defensive and comprehensive effectiveness of an individual player’s actions. The study was conducted on a group of 91 Polish male football players aged 20 to 31 years, all in the senior age category. The research tools included: a test assessing motor adaptation (research by dribbling the ball with the dominant leg), psychomotor test of complex reaction time (tested with an S-10.2 measuring device) and a test of the effectiveness of an individual player’s actions (one-on-one simulation game). The conducted research indicated that adaptability and complex reaction time are both important abilities for success when attacking in an individual game, and in the assessment of a comprehensive index of individual competences in a one-on-one football game. However, the most significant factor influencing the effectiveness of a player’s defensive action is solely the complex reaction time.

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Madan, Karun, Kavita Taneja, and Harmunish Taneja. "Intelligent Decision Making Technique for Handling Game Tactics in Soccer Sports." International Journal of Mathematical, Engineering and Management Sciences 10, no. 5 (2025): 1604–20. https://doi.org/10.33889/ijmems.2025.10.5.076.

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Understanding the game tactics applied by the opponent team is crucial in shaping the team tactics in soccer sports. Traditionally, various football clubs, organizations, coaches, players, and sports enthusiasts have relied on observations during the match. However, these kinds of subjective measures cannot give detailed insight into the tactics of the opponent side. In this paper, on the contrary, a completely objective technique is proposed, which can provide purely quantitative results. The proposed intelligent decision making technique for game tactics (IDMTGT) presents a novel soccer formation construct n1-n2-n3-nj, which signifies contextual and positional features on the soccer pitch to identify different positions and try to find the relation between diverse player positions. K-means clustering has been applied to partition the player positions with average player position id values 5.42, 19.69, and 14.41 for representing the defensive, attacking, and mid-fielders respectively. Everyone is not privileged to hire a professional soccer coach, manager, or analyst due to financial barriers or geographic factors. Hence, there is a need for such a technique, which can provide decision-making support to coaches, sports enthusiasts, or players for handling game tactics in soccer sports. The proposed technique (IDMTGT) will provide effective decision-making support in terms of automated suggestions for team formation by creating the ball passing pattern network of the opponent team for handling game tactics in soccer sports. The proposed IDMTGT served the purpose by eliminating coach biasness for suggesting the formations. To statistically validate the effectiveness of IDMTGT and to find out the difference between games without change of formation and after the formation changes suggested by the proposed IDMTGT technique based algorithm, Cohen’s d effect sizes have been computed. The proposed technique (with own team mean effect size 0.64 and opponent team mean effect size 0.37), evidently indicates the effectiveness and successful validation of the IDMTGT. By analyzing the passing sequences of the other team, significant insights can be obtained, in the form of their attacking or defensive approach, preferred areas of the pitch, and style of play. The study has exploited a total no. of 31 matches, 26314 passes and 875 shots made in UEFA Women's Euro Cup 2022, both group and knock-out stages.

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Gambarelli, Daniele, Gianfranco Gambarelli, and Dries Goossens. "Offensive or defensive play in soccer: a game-theoretical approach." Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports 15, no. 4 (2019): 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jqas-2017-0071.

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Abstract In many sports, such as soccer, a coach has to decide whether to adopt an “offensive” or a “defensive” approach to a match. This strategic decision depends on the strengths and weaknesses of his team with respect to the opponent, but also on the strategy chosen by the opponent’s coach. The fact that a draw also results in a point, which may be important for the ranking, further complicates this decision, as the coach must assess whether it is better to adopt a defensive team formation in order to obtain a draw, or to aim for victory despite the increased risk of defeat. We study this topic by means of a game-theoretical approach, and we develop an algorithm which allows to compute the optimal strategy. The algorithm tests the stability of the outcome with respect to uncertainty in the estimated win probabilities. Furthermore, our approach can handle in-game events, which may provoke changes in optimal strategy. Finally, our model also allows us to assess the effect of various point systems on the willingness of teams to opt for attacking play. Our method is applied to a case study, based on the match Italy – Costa Rica (World Cup 2014).

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Liu, Yangmufeng. "Star Players in the NBA - Decoys or Game-Changers?" Journal of Mathematics Research 13, no. 2 (2021): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jmr.v13n2p40.

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In the National Basketball Association (NBA), when an attacking team is trailing by a small margin in the last seconds of a game, the coach has to make a critical decision: should he or she design a play for the star player or a non-star player&#39;s In this strategic situation, the o ensive team can choose to let either the star or the non-star to shoot the ball while the defensive team can either double-team the star player or play conventional one-on-one defence. For the purpose of this research, star players are divided into two types - perimeter and interior. Given di erent point deficits, an equilibrium point is obtained and comparative statics are computed to analyze how the equilibrium will change given a change in a player&#39;s shot percentage. It is found that the o ensive team should play the star player at most 3 out of 10 times in all scenarios.

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Sova, Volodymyr, Liliya Yasko, and Olha Musiіachenko. "Correlation Between Psychophysiological Indicators and Competitive Performance of Young Taekwondo Athletes (10-11 years old)." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University Series 15 Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 2(187) (February 28, 2025): 172–76. https://doi.org/10.31392/udu-nc.series15.2025.02(187).33.

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The study explores the correlation between psychophysiological indicators and competitive performance of young taekwondo athletes aged 10-11. An analysis of the competitive activity of young taekwondo athletes was conducted, focusing on the volume and effectiveness of attacking, counterattacking, and defensive actions during sparring bouts. It was found that among the attacking and counterattacking technical-tactical actions, the dominant techniques are the body kick and the punch to the head, which are also the most effective. The least effective techniques were identified as kicks performed while jumping. Among defensive actions, the predominant technique is the retreat defense. The results of the correlation analysis revealed a relationship between the effectiveness of technical-tactical actions and certain psychophysiological indicators obtained in previous studies and assessed during the dynamics of training sessions using instrumental and standardized methods. These indicators include: latent periods of visual-motor reactions, the determination of functional mobility of nervous processes, the evaluation of the strength of nervous processes (brain work capacity), short-term and working memory, as well as the quality of visual information processing. It was found that the effectiveness of kicks to the body in a jump in an attack depends on the speed of information processing (r=0.75); the effectiveness of kicks to the body in a jump in a counterattack depends on the indicator of the latent period of a complex visual-motor reaction (choosing one stimulus out of three) (r=0.63). The effectiveness of kicks to the body in a jump in a counterattack depends on the indicator of concentration of attention (r=0.56). The necessity of considering these results in the training process of young taekwondo athletes has been substantiated. The prospects for further research involve a deeper investigation into the correlations between psychophysiological indicators and competitive performance in young taekwondo athletes. The goal is to use the obtained results to enhance competitive performance in martial arts by developing psychophysiological traits in young athletes during training.

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López-Coloma, Cristian, Antonio Garcia-Angulo, and Pilar Sainz de Baranda. "Análisis de las acciones técnico-tácticas de porteras de fútbol en la Copa Mundial Femenina 2023." JUMP, no. 10 (December 10, 2024): e9170. https://doi.org/10.17561/jump.n10.9170.

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The aim of this study was to analyze the technical-tactical actions of the soccer goalkeepers participating in the matches of the Spanish National Team in the Women's World Cup 2023 in Australia and New Zealand. For this purpose, a descriptive study was carried out using observational methodology to record the technical-tactical actions (n=432) performed by nine goalkeepers who played in seven matches of the 2023 Women's World Cup. From each of the technical-tactical actions, the following variables were analyzed: (a) obtaining the mobile; (b) goalkeeper action; c) displacement prior to the offensive action, d) length, e) orientation, f) precision, g) shot completion, h) time, i) type of previous action, j) micro-space of center or pass, k) part of the body with which the player centers or gives the pass, l) micro-space of shot, m) player who finishes, n) part of the body with which the shot at goal is taken, o) jump, p) fall, q) displacement in defensive action, r) stretching, s) technical action of the goalkeeper, t) intensity of the action, u) safety in handling the mobile, v) micro-space of goalkeeper action, w) micro-space of shot and x) goal. The most significant results showed a greater predominance of offensive actions over defensive ones, the most common offensive action was the foot pass (45%), most actions were previous displacement (92.5%) and the most performed defensive action was blocking (45.6%). These results show the importance of the goalkeeper in both the offensive and defensive play of the team. These data can help coaches and soccer professionals to optimize the training processes of goalkeepers and improve their performance in adult stages, as well as to improve the training process of young soccer goalkeepers.

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Forcher, Leander, Matthias Kempe, Stefan Altmann, Leon Forcher, and Alexander Woll. "The “Hockey” Assist Makes the Difference—Validation of a Defensive Disruptiveness Model to Evaluate Passing Sequences in Elite Soccer." Entropy 23, no. 12 (2021): 1607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23121607.

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With the growing availability of position data in sports, spatiotemporal analysis in soccer is a topic of rising interest. The aim of this study is to validate a performance indicator, namely D-Def, measuring passing effectiveness. D-Def calculates the change of the teams’ centroid, centroids of formation lines (e.g., defensive line), teams’ surface area, and teams’ spread in the following three seconds after a pass and therefore results in a measure of disruption of the opponents’ defense following a pass. While this measure was introduced earlier, in this study we aim to prove the usefulness to evaluate attacking sequences. In this study, 258 games of Dutch Eredivisie season 2018/19 were included, resulting in 13,094 attacks. D-Def, pass length, pass velocity, and pass angle of the last four passes of each attack were calculated and compared between successful and unsuccessful attacks. D-Def showed higher values for passes of successful compared to unsuccessful attacks (0.001 < p ≤ 0.029, 0.06 ≤ d ≤ 0.23). This difference showed the highest effects sizes in the penultimate pass (d = 0.23) and the maximal D-Def value of an attack (d = 0.23). Passing length (0.001 < p ≤ 0.236, 0.08 ≤ d ≤ 0.17) and passing velocity (0.001 < p ≤ 0.690, −0.09 ≤ d ≤ 0.12) showed inconsistent results in discriminating between successful and unsuccessful attacks. The results indicate that D-Def is a useful indicator for the measurement of pass effectiveness in attacking sequences, highlighting that successful attacks are connected to disruptive passing. Within successful attacks, at least one high disruptive action (pass with D-Def > 28) needs to be present. In addition, the penultimate pass (“hockey assist”) of an attack seems crucial in characterizing successful attacks.

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Gutiérrez-Davila, Marcos, F. Javier Rojas, Carmen Gutiérrez-Cruz, Carlos García, and Enrique Navarro. "Time Required to Initiate a Defensive Reaction to Direct and Feint Attacks in Fencing." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 32, no. 6 (2016): 548–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2015-0333.

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The two-fold purpose of this study was to analyze the time required by a fencer to initiate a defensive action in response to a direct attack, which involves identifying when the defending fencer detects the just-noticeable difference, and, secondly, to assess the effect that an attacker’s rapid armed hand movement (feint attack) has on the time required to initiate a defensive move. Twenty-four elite fencers and a fencing master were included in the study. Four adapted force plates were installed on a scaffold used as a fencing piste. A 3D video analysis system recorded the location of 2 markers installed on the fencing master’s shoulder and sword. The results confirm that the defending fencer has a mean movement time of 0.353 ± 0.028 s to perform the defensive action, which provides an advantage over the attacking fencer. The velocity of movement in the peripheral visual field has no influence on the time required by elite fencers to initiate a defensive action. This confirms the crucial role that response inhibition processes play when nonrelevant actions are perceived. Kinematic analysis of markers suggests that the eye movements of elite fencers are not the only source of information used while observing an attack.

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Xing, Yang, Wlodzimierz Erdmann, and Tomasz Chamera. "Performance Analysis in Chinese Female Club Soccer Based on Offensive and Defensive Technical-Tactical Indicators." Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 31, no. 2 (2024): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2024-0011.

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Abstract Introduction. This study aimed to analyze how technical and tactical performance indicators differ by different match outcomes in women’s soccer and apply a comprehensive approach to match analysis. Material and Methods. The investigation analyzed many technical and tactical indicators of female club players from 28 matches in the Chinese Women’s Super League during the 2020 and 2021 seasons. These included both offensive and defensive indicators, such as goal kicks, clearances, interceptions, and more. Standard scores and T-scores were considered in illustrating the typical performance status of the team. In evaluating the technical and tactical performance indicators across various match outcomes, we applied non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis tests. This approach was taken because the data were found appropriate for the non-normal distribution, allowing the comprehensive detection of the differences across game states. Results. Kruskal-Wallis test-based statistical analysis showed that there is a substantial number of differences in team performance across slumped and high-performance phases within the games. The passable offensive indicators, such as shot frequency and forward passes, dropped significantly during the slump (p < 0.05). Amongst the defensive actions, there were significant increases. By contrast, in high-performance phases, offensive actions-shots and forward passes were significantly more frequent (p < 0.01), indicating dynamics in the change of the team approach according to the state of play. Conclusions. Our analysis showed that more offensive actions relate to a win in a match, while defensive action usually leads to a lost match. This result will offer valuable information to coaches for training and game strategies.

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Qarouach, Abdelaziz, Daniele Conte, Pierpaolo Sansone, and Marco Pernigoni. "A Dual-Tech Approach to Measuring Defensive Physical Demands in Basketball Pick-and-Rolls During Official Games: Inertial Sensors and Video Analysis." Applied Sciences 15, no. 7 (2025): 3860. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15073860.

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This study aimed to quantify the physical load of defensive pick-and-roll (PnR) actions according to court location (middle or side), defensive option employed (switch, drop/ice, or trap), and effectiveness (successful or unsuccessful) during official basketball games. Twenty-four male basketball players (age: 20.5 ± 1.1 years; stature: 191.5 ± 8.7 cm; body mass: 86.5 ± 11.3 kg; playing experience: 8.5 ± 2.4 years) from two teams competing in the Lithuanian third division were recruited, with data collected across six official games. Participants were monitored using a combination of video-based time–motion analysis (TMA) and inertial measurement units (IMUs), allowing the calculation of duration, PlayerLoad (PL), and PL·min−1 for each of the 364 defensive PnR actions identified. No significant differences were found based on court location or defensive option employed (p > 0.05). By contrast, unsuccessful plays resulted in significantly higher physical loads than successful ones (duration: p < 0.001, ES = 0.46; PL: p < 0.001, ES = 0.41; PL·min−1: p = 0.047, ES = 0.24). Overall, these findings highlight a consistent physical load based on court location and defensive option adopted and an increased physical load when the defensive effort failed. Therefore, basketball coaches are suggested to consider the physical load of different defensive PnR scenarios when planning training drills, defining performance profiles of defensive strategies, and managing team rotations during games.

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Leela, Jeffrey, Donna M. G. Comissiong, and Karim Rahaman. "A Mathematical Analysis of Team Impact and Individual Player Contribution in Football." Athens Journal of Sports 10, no. 4 (2023): 215–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajspo.10-4-2.

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In this paper, we present an important application of the Hungarian Method - a well-known combinatorial optimization tool for solving assignment problems. For our purposes, we consider the assignment of players to specific roles in a football team. It involves the broad classification of team players as defensive, midfield or attacking, while assigning the main roles associated with each of these positions. This provides insight on specific role of each individual player, thereby facilitating an optimal team selection. To illustrate this method, we utilize the average player statistics per game for two teams from the 2016/2017 Premier League Season. In addition, a team rating index is created by identifying six sub-indices. The first is called team contributions - which includes set piece goals, percentage tackles won, percentage take-ons won, percentage aerial duels won, number of interceptions, number of blocked shots, number of clearances, number of red and yellow cards. To visualize the method, a multiple correlation is carried out on team data for the 2016/2017 Premier League season to generate a correlation coefficient for each contribution. The resulting team index can be a useful tool for measuring the overall strengths of competing teams in a football league. Keywords: Hungarian method, football, team rating index, multiple correlations, team comparisons

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Journal articles on the topic 'Attacking and defensive actions of the team'

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