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Journal articles on the topic 'Attempted Mongol invasions'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 July 2025

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1

Testa, Giuseppina Aurora. ""Mōko Shūrai Ekotoba" (Illustrated Account of the Mongol Invasions)." Eikon / Imago 9 (July 3, 2020): 35–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/eiko.73275.

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This paper is a study of a Japanese illustrated handscroll produced in the late Kamakura period (1185-1333), the Mōko Shūrai Ekotoba, that provides an invaluable pictorial account of the two attempted Mongol invasions of Japan in the years 1274 and 1281. It was copied and restored, with some images significantly altered, during the Edo period (1615-1868). While in the original handscroll the appearances of the foreign Mongols were depicted as accurately as possible, the figures added later show exaggerated features and distortions that correspond to new modes of imagining and representing peop

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2

Cheng, Geersiqin. "The Influence of Mongol Invasion in the Kamakura Period on the Recession of the Kamakura Shogunate." Asian Journal of Social Science Studies 7, no. 7 (2022): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/ajsss.v7i7.1245.

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This paper takes the two attempted invasions by the Yuan Dynasty (Mongol) during the Kamakura period as an example to analyze the influence of the invasion on the Kamakura Shogunate and the contradictions between the two sides. In the history of Mongol invasion of Japan, although the Kamakura Shogunate won in the war, it turned out to recession, the author wanted to explore the causes of its decline through the research and was interested in the Mongolia strikes may lead to Kamakura Shogunate recession this view, taking this opportunity to seek the Mongol strikes cause deterioration of the Kam

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3

Nie, Lina. "Before the Storm: A Transrealm History of the Decades Leading Up to the First Mongol Invasion of Japan." Monumenta Nipponica 78, no. 2 (2023): 157–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mni.2023.a920413.

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Abstract: The Mongol invasions of Japan (1274 and 1281) are among the most widely studied events in thirteenth-century East Asian maritime history. Less attention, however, has been paid to the lengthy negotiations that took place prior to the first invasion and involved Khubilai Khan (1215–1294), his Chinese advisers, the Koryŏ king, the Kamakura shogunate, and the Japanese imperial court. Based on primary sources from the Mongols, Koreans, and Japanese, this article demonstrates that merely focusing on the invasions themselves is insufficient to describe their complexity. Moreover, the diver

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4

Nasirov, Nurlan. "Azerbaijan under the rule of Mongol Noyans and civil viceroys." Scientific Bulletin 1, no. 1 (2021): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.54414/qzvc8660.

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In beginning of XIII century turco-mongol army was sent by Genghis Khan under the command of Jebe Noyan and Sebutai Bahadur had occupied some of the Azerbaijan cities and came back to Mongolia through the Darband passage - way. However, after the dead of Genghis Khan was conducted second turcomongol compain in order to complete invasion and settled in South Caucasus under the comand of Chormagan qorchi by the order of Ogedei Khan. In 1231-1239 years the mongols occupied Ganja, Shamkir, Tavus, Darband and others cities of Azerbaijan and created ”tamma” which military management apparatus by Cho

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5

Tikhonov, Dmitrii, Zakharova Agafya, Elisabeth Poarch, Tatyana Neustroeva, and Alizana Sleptsova. "On the issue of dating Olonkho." Сибирские исследования (Siberian Research) 4, no. 2 (2020): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33384/26587270.2020.04.02.08e.

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The appearance of Olonkho has been of interest in the minds of researchers since the time of P.A. Oyunsky. For the first time in 1927, he suggested that Olonkho could appear in the form of separate narratives of wars during the Tatar and Mongol invasions of China. In this study, we attempted to find out the approximate time of the occurrence of Olonkho based on an interdisciplinary approach. The aim of the study is to determine the elements of the archaic, ancient and medieval elements of Olonkho and determine the approximate period of their appearance in various Olonkho plots. Research Method

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6

Luniak, Yevgen M. "Batu Khan’s Invasion in the Imagination of French Medieval Authors." Golden Horde Review 9, no. 1 (2021): 28–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2021-9-1.28-42.

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Objective: A consideration of the problem of imagining the Mongol-Tatar invasion of Europe (1237–1242) led by Batu Khan in the works of French medieval authors from the thirteenth to the sixteenth centuries. Research materials: Edited sources in Latin, French, and Russian, including works by Giovanni di Pian di Carpine, Alberic de Trois-Fontaines, Matthaeus Parisiensis (Matthew Paris), André Thevet, Benoit Rigaud, and Blaise de Vigenère. Results and novelty of the research: The author considers the evolution of the views of French medieval authors on the problem of the Mongol-Tatar invasion of

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7

De Nicola, Bruno. "A Manuscript Witness of Cultural Activity in Mongol Baghdad." Journal of Islamic Manuscripts 14, no. 1 (2023): 70–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1878464x-01401009.

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Abstract This article focuses on MS Leiden Or. 95, which contains a version of the Ḥall mushkilāt al-Ishārāt by Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī (d. 672/1273), copied apparently in 1272 CE. This article explores the paratextual evidence present in the manuscript in order to reconstruct the history of the book and investigate aspects of cultural life in Mongol and post-Mongol Baghdad. It is an attempt, based on manuscript evidence, to contribute to the broader discussion on the impact that the Mongol invasions had on the cultural life of the Middle East in general and the city of Baghdad in particular. The

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8

Bakaeva, Elza P. "Нойон Галдама в письменной и народной традиции монгольских народов". Oriental Studies 15, № 6 (2022): 1271–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2022-64-6-1271-1292.

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Introduction. Oirat old-script texts tell us about the prominent historical figure of Noyon Galdma (Kalm., Oir. Һалдма, Һалдмба; Mong. Галдамаа, Галдамбаа), son of Khan Ochirtu-Tsetsen, grandson of Khan Baibagas of the Khoshuts and Khong Tayiji Erdeni-Baatar of Dzungaria. The image and memory of Galdama has been preserved in oral folklore of Mongols. Goals. The article attempts a review of studies to have dealt with Galdama, seeks to analyze the reasons underlying his popularity in Mongolic folklore traditions, and reveal peculiarities of the image characteristic of different genres. Results.

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9

Pow, Stephen. "Later Rumors of Mongol Defeat in Europe in the Mid-Thirteenth Century: Batu’s Drowning in Austria and the Saint Ladislaus Legend in Russia." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 70, no. 1 (2025): 5–25. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2025.101.

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Europe that were recorded in both Western European and Russian sources in the decades and centuries following his invasion of Europe in 1241–1242. Het’um’s La Flor des Estoires de la Terre d’Orient (1307) contains a clearly inaccurate description of Batu drowning during an attempted Mongol invasion of Austria. Fifteenth-century Russian chronicles and a hagiographic text separately report on Batu being slain in Hungary by a saintly king, “Vladislav”. This Tale of the Death of Batu (Повесть об убиении Батыя) suddenly became quite popular in Rus’ chronicle records during the period leading up to

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Sodnompilova, Marina M. "Орографические объекты «Сокровенного сказания монголов» (Mongγol-un niγuča tobčiyan) в контексте исторической географии Внутренней Азии". Oriental Studies 13, № 5 (2020): 1349–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2020-51-5-1349-1358.

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Introduction. Investigation of the space once invaded and reclaimed by the Mongolic peoples is one of the pressing problems in the history of nomadic societies. Goals. The paper seeks to investigate names of positive topographic forms, analyze written sources reflecting the formation of the Mongol Empire for oronyms inherent to the medieval Mongolian language, and determine their localization. Materials and Methods. Historical geography stresses the significance of one stage in the Mongolian invasion of Inner Asia reflected in famous historical monuments, such as The Secret History of the Mong

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Vu, Minh Giang. "Land system and agricultural economy during the Tran dynasty: new approaches." Ministry of Science and Technology, Vietnam 64, no. 1 (2022): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.31276/vmostjossh.64(1).97-111.

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In Vietnamese history, the Tran dynasty was peculiar in that its military triumphs and literati rule formed a spirit that could hardly be found in other monarchical ages. There is thoughtful research being conducted on military arts during the wars against the Mongol-Yuan invasions as well as a considerable number of studies on the Tran culture and civilisation. However, the view from economic and social studies is likely thin. The land system and agricultural economy, among key foundations of all medieval institutions including the Tran dynasty, remains unclear with several unanswered questio

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12

Popov, Grigoriy. "Reconstruction of Demographic Consequences of the Time of Troubles for Russian Cities According to Statistical Documents of the Moscow State." Izvestia of Smolensk State University, no. 4 (52) (December 16, 2020): 148–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2020-52-4-148-163.

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The article contains attempts to reconstruct the demographic losses of Russian cities affected by the fighting during the Time of Troubles. The attempts are based on a comparison of statistical materials created by contemporaries of those events. The author proves that the Troubles included, among other conflicts, the war between the Moscow State and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, this war brought the greatest destruction and losses to Russia, probably even greater than the Mongol invasion in the 13th century. Lithuanian troops acted quite independently preferring to conduct operations ou

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13

Malikov, Aladdin. "The Text and Interpretation of Nasir al-Din al-Tusi's treatise “On the Baghdad Incident”." Metafizika Journal 7, no. 1 (2024): 148–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33864/2617-751x.2024.v7.i1.148-185.

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The Mongols’ invasion of the territories of the Islamic world, especially Baghdad, the seat of the Islamic Caliphate, had great consequences, including the fall of Baghdad and the Bani Abbas Caliphate, the killing of the Caliph, and extensive destruction in the geography of their invasion. About half a century after the invasion of the Mongols, Ibn Taymiyyah (1263-1328), regardless of historical documents, accused Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, a prominent thinker, of collusion and cooperation with Hulagu Khan. After Ibn Taymiyyah Harrani, these accusations were followed and disseminated in religious,

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14

Timokhin, Dmitry M. "ANUSH-TEGIN AS THE EPONYM OF THE KHOREZM DYNASTY IN MUSLIM SOURCES." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 3 (21) (2022): 10–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2022-3-010-022.

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In this article, the author analyzes the formation in Muslim literature of the twelfth — thirteenth centuries of the eponym of the dynasty of Khorezm rulers, whose power in this region begins in 1097 and ends in the era of the Mongol invasion. We are discussing the Anushteginid dynasty and the father of the first Khorezmshah, Qutb ad-Din Muhammad, after whom this dynasty was named by researchers. According to medieval Muslim historians, Anush-tegin or Nush-tegin Garcha/Garja himself never ruled Khorezm, but his descendants not only managed to gain a foothold in these lands, but also created on

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15

Filippau, A. "The Crusader States in the Foreign Policy of the First Mamluks’ State (1248/1250-1260)." Problems of World History, no. 6 (October 30, 2018): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2018-6-3.

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The article considers transformation of the Egyptian foreign policy towards the Crusader States in the first years after mamluks’ coming to power. Due to different reasons the previous academic papersconsidered this policy to sufficient extent only after the beginning of the reign of al-Zahir Baybars (1260-1277) (this is primarily due to the specifics of the sources, as well as the low interest of theworld science to seemingly minor events that having a purely regional dimension). The aim of the article is to identify the reasons and nature of this transformation. The object of the research is

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16

Timokhin, Dmitry. "AN EPISODE FROM THE BIOGRAPHY OF THE SUFI SHEIKH MAJD AD-DIN AL-BAGHDADI AND THE KHWAREZMIAN RULER TERKEN-HATUN." History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 16, no. 3 (2020): 549–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch163549-564.

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Sheikh Majd ad-Din al-Baghdadi was a prominent figure of the Kubrawiya Sufi order, and possessed not only religious authority, but also certain political influence. Amidst the rapid strengthening of Khwarezm, which by the beginning of the 13th century becomes the largest political formation in the Islamic East, Majd ad-Din al-Baghdadi gets close to Terken-Khatun, the mother of the Khwarezmshah ‘Ala’ al-Din Muhammad. Given the struggle between the court groups that unfolded in Khwarezm on the eve of the Mongol invasion, the alliance between the Sufi sheikh and Terken-Khatun was regarded a threa

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17

Raghad, Abdul Karim Ahmed Al-Najjar. "The first Timurid occupation of Iraq and its collapse 795-797AH / 1393-1395AD." international Jordanian journal for humanities and social since 1, no. 2 (2019): 14–27. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4636526.

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<strong><em>Abstract</em></strong>     After the collapse of the Mughal state of El-Ekhaniya in 736 AH / 1335 AD، after a four-year conflict with the rival power of the State of Elghakhania، Iraq was able to seize Baghdad and declare the establishment of an entity in it. ، And Glair is one of the Mughal tribes whose leaders were involved in the administration of the Mongol state of Ilkhaniya in Iraq، the country of Iran and Azerbaijan. The rule of Sultan Hassan al-Jalari took Iraq from Baghdad as the capital of his country from 740-757 AH / 1339-1356 AD. His successor was Sultan

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18

Krzysztan, Bartłomiej. "Analogie historyczne w sytuacji postkolonialnej." Sprawy Międzynarodowe 74, no. 4 (2021): 129–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/sm.2021.74.4.09.

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The historical experience of the region on the frontier of civilizations that is the South Caucasus is marked by alternating periods of short-term independence and long-term subordination. The geographical location at the meeting point of the Great Steppe, Asia Minor and Mesopotamia invariably means that political and strategic interests intersect in the region. Thus, since ancient times, the subjugation of the South Caucasus has been a goal within the imperial policies of the powers located south of the Arax River and north of the Great Caucasus range (the most commonly accepted borders of th

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19

Tkachev, V. "Population dynamics of the Ancient Russian state (late IX – early XIII centuries)." Proceedings of the Komi Science Centre of the Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, no. 10 (February 7, 2025): 5–9. https://doi.org/10.19110/1994-5655-2024-10-5-9.

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The paper proposes and implements an approach to determining the secular dynamics of population growth in the Ancient Russian state from the late IX to the early XIII century. The basis for constructing the dy namics are separate population estimates obtained in previous years by a number of domestic and foreign researchers. An analysis of these estimates and the assumptions used to obtain them made it possible to adjust the available results and obtain missing data for periods of time for which such estimates were not available. In particular, for the first time an attempt was made to determi

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Kolokolov, Aleksandr, and Anastasia Preobrazhenskaya. "Church-administrative Units of the Southwestern Ryazan Frontier: An Attempt at Complex Reconstruction." Quaestio Rossica 13, no. 2 (2025): 497–516. https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2025.2.979.

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The primary objective of this paper is to undertake a comprehensive reconstruction of the church and administrative division of the Southwestern frontier of the Principality of Ryazan during the period of Mongol invasion. The research is centred on the upper reaches of the Don River, a historical and geographical region traditionally known as Kulikovo Field. This region was located on the territory in question between the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. The research methodology is based on the comparative historical method, retrospective analysis, and traditional archaeological methods, i

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Dudin, Pavel. "INSTITUTIONS OF PUBLIC POWER AMONG THE MANCHU-MONGOLIAN PEOPLES OF EAST ASIA IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY. PART 2: POSTIMPERIAL POLITICAL ORDER." Political Expertise: POLITEX 19, no. 3 (2023): 475–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu23.2023.308.

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The author attempts to characterize the public-power institutions of the Manchu-Mongol peoples after the collapse of the Qing Empire, reflected in little-known academic Russian-speaking emigrant sources of the first half of the twentieth century. The revolutionary events in China in 1911-1912 and the abdication of the infant emperor from the throne gave rise to the problem of the legitimacy of the new central government. Not solved from the point of view of law, it led the country to the actual disintegration of the country and the formation of new nation-states. China itself in 1912 It became

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Zakir Khan. "Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s Rule in North West Frontier (1818-1839)." Social Science Review Archives 2, no. 2 (2024): 1853–67. https://doi.org/10.70670/sra.v2i2.244.

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The North West Frontier, a region of great strategic importance, has been a target of many great empires through the annals of history. It has been subjected to many invasions, looting, and plundering by various empires and armies. The Persians, Macedonians, Muslims, Mongols, Sikhs and the Britishers invaded the region, despite their efforts, foreign forces encountered fierce resistance from the local population, making their presence increasingly challenging. Frontier during the time period 1799 till 1849 saw the fall of Durrani rulers, growth of the Barakzai brothers and the rise of Ranjit S

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23

Kazemifar, Mohamadali. "Investigating the developments of Naeen city (from the arrival of Islam to Iran to the Pahlavi period)." Journal of Social-Political Studies of Iran's Culture and History 1, no. 1 (2022): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.jspsich.1.1.1.

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Despite being located in a desert and dry geographical climate, Naeen has a rich civilizational history. Its historical record goes back to before the arrival of Islam in Iran. However, no independent research has been done about the developments of this city. The people of this city always resisted the invasion of foreign tribes such as the Mongols and, later, Teymur and his children. During the Safavid era, Naeen was included among the provinces of Isfahan, and this change caused the growth and prosperity of this city. In addition, the political and social developments of Naeen from the Safa

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24

Кедун, Іван. "NOVGOROD-SIVERSKY IN THE 13TH–18TH CENTURIES: ANALYSIS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH ON THE TOPIC." КОНСЕНСУС, no. 1 (2025): 47–56. https://doi.org/10.31110/consensus/2025-01/047-056.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of the archaeological materials available today on the history of Novgorod-Siversky in the 13th – 17th centuries. Based on the comparison of written sources and the results of recent archaeological research, a new perspective on the current state of archaeological research on the topic is proposed. As a result of the study, the fact is stated that archaeological materials allow us to take a new look at the settlement and functioning of the city in the corresponding period. The aim of the work is to determine the state of archaeological research of the per

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Ikmal, Happy. "Konsepsi Madrasah dan Perkembangannya dalam Inovasi Pengetahuan serta Pasang Surutnya." Ta'dibia: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Agama Islam 8, no. 1 (2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32616/tdb.v8.1.147.43-50.

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In the early days of the development of Islam, of course, systematic formal education had not been established. The ongoing education can be said to be informal; and this is also more related to the efforts of Islamic da'wah to spread and plant the basics of Islamic belief and worship. In this connection it is understandable why the process of Islamic education first occurred at the home of a certain friend of the Prophet SAW; the most famous is Dar al-Arqam. However, when the Islamic community was formed, education was held in the mosque. The educational process in both places is carried out

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26

Solntsev, Nikolay. "Sentence Role in the Historical Discourse of the “Concise Russian Church History” of Metropolitan Platon (Levshin)." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 3 (July 2020): 204–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2020.3.18.

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Introduction. The article deals with the problem of emergence of analytical conclusions in Russian historical science at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Based on the historiographical analysis of the text of “Concise Russian Church History” of Metropolitan Platon (Levshin) the author makes an attempt to demonstrate that scientific analytics is formed in the historical discourse through authors sentence, the deductive excursus created by the author in the process of making a text and providing the discovery of the pragmatic sense of the narrative. On the basis of the purpose of sentenc

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27

Niemiec, Dariusz. "13th-century fortifications of Kraków." Recherches Archéologique Nouvelle Serie 10 (December 31, 2019): 181–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.33547/rechacrac.ns10.06.

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The paper recapitulates the current state of knowledge about the fortifications of the three basic settlement units of 13th-century Kraków, namely Wawel, Okół, and the city established under Magdeburg Law. With respect to Wawel, written accounts have survived that clearly point to large-scale construction works on timber-and-earth defences of the stronghold undertaken in 1258 and 1265; these fortifications have partly been uncovered by archaeological research close to the southern edge of the hill. The northern section of the moat protecting the Kraków suburbium known as Okół (by the southern

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Бакиров, А. А. "Historical periods of Manas epic development." Эпосоведение, no. 2(14) (June 28, 2019): 31–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.25587/svfu.2019.14.32178.

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Предлагаемая статья посвящена актуальной для эпосоведения проблеме стадиального развития эпоса. Вопрос о стадиях или этапах развития эпоса Манас решался многими учеными с разных точек зрения. До сих пор дискуссионным вопросом в манасоведении остается вопрос о времени возникновения эпоса Манас и его эпическом историзме. С точки зрения автора статьи, методика исторического изучения эпоса Манас еще не до конца разработана. Все еще имеют место попытки прямого сведения некоторых мотивов эпического произведения к известным фактам и событиям национальной истории. Но как указывал В. Я. Пропп, эпос не

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Валентинович Пилипчук, Ярослав. "About military-political history of Vainakh people in Ancient Times and Middle Ages." SCIENTIFIC WORK 65, no. 04 (2021): 32–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/65/32-69.

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This paper is dedicated to the reconstruction of ethnic and political history of the Nakhs in the Ancient Times, Middle Ages and Early Modern Times. Several Nakh tribes were known mainly to Georgians and Armenians. Nakhs were the main population of Georgia until the 4th century BC. The formation of the Iberian kingdom (Kartli) was closely connected with the interaction of the Kartvelian peoples with the nakhs of the South Caucasus, which appeared in Georgian sources under the name Durdzuks. The Nakhs were confronted with Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans n the North Caucasus. Therefore, Nakhs were

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Sofi, Sameer Ahmad. "The Mongol Invasion of Kashmir." Journal of History and Social Sciences 7, no. 2 (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.46422/jhss.v7i2.64.

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Medieval period of Kashmir history is the most neglected part of Indian History. This paper is an attempt to remove the confusion, with the support of the original contemporary sources, regarding Mongol invasion of Kashmir. Study discloses that due to invasions of Mongols as local armies could not put up resistance, Kashmir suffered immensely. It took years to recover politically and economically.

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Tikhonov, D.G., A.E. ZAKHAROVA, E. POARCH, T.S. NEUSTROEVA, and A.I Sleptsova. "On the issue of dating Olonkho." December 15, 2020. https://doi.org/10.33384/26587270.2020.04.02.08e.

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The appearance of Olonkho has been of interest in the minds of researchers since the time of P.A. Oyunsky. For the first time in 1927, he suggested that Olonkho could appear in the form of separate narratives of wars during the Tatar and Mongol invasions of China. In this study, we attempted to find out the approximate time of the occurrence of Olonkho based on an interdisciplinary approach. <em>The aim of the study</em> is to determine the elements of the archaic, ancient and medieval elements of Olonkho and determine the approximate period of their appearance in various Olonkho plots. <

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"AN OVERVIEW OF HISTORICAL SOURCES OF MONGOL HISTORY." Scholar Islamic Academic Research Journal 2, no. 2 (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.29370/siarj/issue3ar9.

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The credibility of research in history depends on the credibility of sources referred to in the process and the way they are interpreted. Accordingly, it is imperative, firstly, to select the right sources, and secondly, to thoroughly analyze and question them. The situation, in many instances, gets aggravated when researchers find contradicting information from various sources. Such a situation necessitates paying due attention to the contexts in which these works were written, the potential influences that the authors may have faced, and the way in which such works were transmitted. This pap

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Yinan, Li. "Chińsko-polski dialog kulturowy od XIII do początku XX wieku." Przegląd Humanistyczny, no. 2 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2657-599x.ph.2024-2.2.

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The cultural dialogue between Poland and China can be traced back to the 13th century, the time of Mongol invasions of Europe, and can also be linked to the activities of the missionary Benedict of Poland. Particularly important place should be attributed to the Jesuit Michał Boym and his fascination with learning about the life, customs, flora, fauna and medicine of China, as well as his sense of research and substantive scholarly preparation. Concurrently, Chinese researchers, historians and politicians spread knowledge about Poland in China by a number of historical and geographical studies

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AKIL, Zeynep. "An overview of Byzantine Response to Ottoman Advance." Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Tarih Dergisi, December 6, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47437/esogutd.1211324.

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In the 13th century, a crisis emerged in Anatolia deriving from the Mongol invasion.The devastation of the Seljuk rule led to a power vacuum in Anatolia, and the Ottomans existed as a small principality in such a milieu.The Ottomans had an desire to expand their rule from the beginning and become a major power in the region in a short span of time.The direction of the Ottomans was Byzantine so;they raided Byzantine lands.The Latin invasion of Constantinople had devastated the empire, and it could never regain its strength.In time, the Ottoman raids were replaced by sieges of the cities systema

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Политов, В. В. "К вопросу об обороне Козельска в 1238 г." Istoricheskii vestnik, № 51(2025) (21 березня 2025). https://doi.org/10.35549/hr.2025.2025.51.001.

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Статья делает попытку раскрыть некоторые ключевые вопросы обороны Козельска весной 1238 г., когда в ходе Батыева нашествия город после семинедельной осады был разгромлен и сожжен. Один из главных вопросов, который ставит перед собой автор – почему сравнительно небольшой по средневековым меркам город продержался в осаде значительно дольше крупнейших центров Средневековой Руси – Старой Рязани, Владимира, Киева и др.? Статья исследует известные источники по данной теме – Ипатьевскую летопись, сведения Рашид-ад-Дина и Юань ши. Кроме этого, анализируется большая часть современной историографии по д

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Anna, Suska. "Historia i działalność Zakonu Cystersów w Jędrzejowie." December 21, 2021. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5795731.

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History and activity of the Cistercian Order in Jędrzejów Each order has its own history of creation, and new rules or regulations are introduced. Most religious are perceived as clergy who, by joining a given congregation through their lives and activities, try to be closer to God and want to go towards it. The Cistercian Order helps by strict adherence to the rules of Saint Benedict, simplicity, poverty, work, and constant approach to Christ through asceticism, chastity, obedience, silence, community of life anddevotion to the Mother of God. Through their lives and missionary activiti

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