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Noordermeer, Siri D. S., Marjolein Luman, Jan K. Buitelaar, Catharina A. Hartman, Pieter J. Hoekstra, Barbara Franke, Stephen V. Faraone, Dirk J. Heslenfeld, and Jaap Oosterlaan. "Neurocognitive Deficits in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder With and Without Comorbid Oppositional Defiant Disorder." Journal of Attention Disorders 24, no. 9 (October 20, 2015): 1317–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054715606216.
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Objective: Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is highly prevalent in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and may account for inconsistencies in findings on neurocognitive functioning in ADHD. Our aim was to assess cool and hot executive functioning (EF) and temporal processing in ADHD with and without comorbid ODD to elucidate the effects of comorbid ODD. Method: ADHD-only ( n = 82), ADHD + ODD ( n = 82), and controls ( n = 82), with mean age 16 years ( SD = 3.1), matched for age, gender, IQ, and ADHD type (clinical groups) were assessed on cool EF (inhibition, working memory), hot EF (reinforcement processing, emotion recognition), and temporal processing (time production and reproduction). Results: Individuals with ADHD + ODD showed abnormalities in inhibition, working memory, facial emotion recognition, and temporal processing, whereas individuals with ADHD-only were solely impaired in working memory and time production. Conclusion: Findings suggest that ODD carries a substantial part of the EF deficits observed in ADHD and contrast with current theories of neurocognitive impairments in ADHD.
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Zalsman, Gil, Orat Pumeranz, Gabriel Peretz, David H. Ben-Dor, Sharon Dekel, Neta Horesh, Tsvi Fischel, et al. "Attention Patterns in Children with Attention Deficit Disorder with or without Hyperactivity." Scientific World JOURNAL 3 (2003): 1093–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2003.94.
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The objective of this study was to differentiate the attention patterns associated with attention deficit disorder with or without hyperactivity using continuous performance test (CPT). The diagnoses were based on the DSM-III, III-R, and IV criteria and of the 39 children who participated in the study, 14 had attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADDH) and 11 had attention deficit disorder without hyperactivity (ADDWO), while 14 normal children served as a control group. Attention patterns were examined according to the performance of subjects on the CPT and parental scores on the ADHD Rating Scale, the Child Attention Profile, and the Conners Rating Scale. CPT performances were assessed before and after administration of 10 mg methylphenidate. We found as hypothesized that the CPT differentiated between the ADDH and ADDWO groups. However, contrary to our expectations, the ADDH children made more omission errors than the ADDWO children; they also showed more hyperactivity and impulsivity. The performance of both groups improved to an equal degree after the administration of methylphenidate. It is conluded that different subtypes of the attention deficit disorders are characterized by different attention profiles and that methylphenidate improves scores on test of continuous performance.
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Vance, Alasdair, Katrina Harris, Marilyn Boots, Jessica Talbot, and Mary Karamitsios. "Which Anxiety Disorders May Differentiate Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Combined Type with Dysthymic Disorder from Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Combined Type Alone?" Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 37, no. 5 (October 2003): 563–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2003.01235.x.
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Objective: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, combined type (ADHD-CT), dysthymic disorder, and anxiety disorders frequently co-occur in primary school age children, although there have been no published data describing their association. We investigated the association of anxiety, defined from a parent or child perspective, with primary school-age children with ADHD-CT with and without dysthymic disorder. Method: One hundred and forty-six medication naïve children with ADHD-CT were studied. Two groups with and without dysthymic disorder were formed to compare parent and child reports of anxiety, using categorical and continuous measures of anxiety, using logistic regression. Results: Separation anxiety disorder and social phobia were associated with primary school-age children with ADHD-CT and dysthymic disorder, compared to children with ADHD-CT without dysthymic disorder. Conclusions: The recognition of dysthymic disorder and anxiety disorders and their management in primary school-age children with ADHD-CT is generally poorly understood. The identification and elucidation of composite anxiety and depressive phenomena that may be systematically investigated through longitudinal studies of epidemiologically derived samples is needed in this particular group of children.
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Wiggs, Kelsey K., Zheng Chang, Patrick D. Quinn, Kwan Hur, Robert Gibbons, David Dunn, Isabell Brikell, Henrik Larsson, and Brian M. D'Onofrio. "Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder medication and seizures." Neurology 90, no. 13 (February 23, 2018): e1104-e1110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000005213.
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ObjectiveIndividuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at increased risk of seizures, but there is uncertainty about whether ADHD medication treatment increases risk among patients with and without preexisting seizures.MethodsWe followed a sample of 801,838 patients with ADHD who had prescribed drug claims from the Truven Health MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters databases to examine whether ADHD medication increases the likelihood of seizures among ADHD patients with and without a history of seizures. First, we assessed overall risk of seizures among patients with ADHD. Second, within-individual concurrent analyses assessed odds of seizure events during months when a patient with ADHD received ADHD medication compared with when the same individual did not, while adjusting for antiepileptic medications. Third, within-individual long-term analyses examined odds of seizure events in relation to the duration of months over the previous 2 years patients received medication.ResultsPatients with ADHD were at higher odds for any seizure compared with non-ADHD controls (odds ratio [OR] = 2.33, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.24–2.42 males; OR = 2.31, 95% CI = 2.22–2.42 females). In adjusted within-individual comparisons, ADHD medication was associated with lower odds of seizures among patients with (OR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.60–0.85) and without (OR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.62–0.82) prior seizures. Long-term within-individual comparisons suggested no evidence of an association between medication use and seizures among individuals with (OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.59–1.30) and without (OR = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.80–1.28) a seizure history.ConclusionsResults reaffirm that patients with ADHD are at higher risk of seizures. However, ADHD medication was associated with lower risk of seizures within individuals while they were dispensed medication, which is not consistent with the hypothesis that ADHD medication increases risk of seizures.
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Maya Beristain, Cynthia, and Judith Wiener. "Friendships of Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder." Canadian Journal of School Psychology 35, no. 4 (September 4, 2020): 266–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0829573520936469.
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The purpose of this study was to determine whether adolescents with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) differ regarding their friendships. The sample comprised 107 adolescents (59 ADHD, 48 typically developing comparison), ages 13 to 18 years. Adolescents and their parents completed questionnaires that measured the number and duration of the adolescents’ friendships, the frequency of contact they had with their friends, and the characteristics of their friends. Adolescents with and without ADHD did not differ in the number of friends they nominated, the duration of their friendships, and the frequency of contact with friends. Adolescents with ADHD were more likely to have friends who were younger or older by two or more years and close friends with behavior problems than comparison adolescents. Girls with ADHD had fewer of their friendships corroborated by parents than girls without ADHD, and fewer of their best friends attending their school. Only girls with ADHD had friends whom they initially met online.
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Vishwaraj, Sharath. "Methylphenidate-induced Obsessive Compulsive Disorder in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." Journal of Medical Sciences 2, no. 1 (2016): 21–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10045-0028.
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ABSTRACT Introduction Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood psychiatric disorders. It is most often treated with methylphenidate (MPH). A 6-year-old male with ADHD was started on MPH. He developed severe obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), which lasted for 1 day and was self-limiting. There was complete remission on stopping MPH, without any specific treatment for OCD. How to cite this article Bavle A, Vishwaraj S. Methylphenidate- induced Obsessive Compulsive Disorder in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. J Med Sci 2016;2(1):21-22.
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Fitzgerald, Cecilie, Søren Dalsgaard, Merete Nordentoft, and Annette Erlangsen. "Suicidal behaviour among persons with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder." British Journal of Psychiatry 215, no. 04 (June 7, 2019): 615–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2019.128.
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BackgroundPersons diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been found to have an increased risk of suicidal behaviour, but the pathway remains to be thoroughly explored.AimsTo determine whether persons with ADHD are more likely to present with suicidal behaviour (i.e. suicide attempts and deaths by suicide) if they have a comorbid psychiatric disorder.MethodUsing nationwide registers covering the entire population of Denmark, this cohort study of 2.9 million individuals followed from 1 January 1995 until 31 December 2014, covers more than 46 million person-years. All persons aged ≥10 years with Danish-born parents were identified and persons with a diagnosis of ADHD were compared with persons without. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were calculated by Poisson regression, with adjustments for sociodemographics and parental suicidal behaviour.ResultsPersons with ADHD were followed for 164 113 person-years and 697 suicidal outcomes were observed. This group was found to have an IRR of suicidal behaviour of 4.7 (95% CI, 4.3–5.1) compared with those without ADHD. Persons with ADHD only had a 4.1-fold higher rate (95% CI, 3.5–4.7) when compared with those without any psychiatric diagnoses. For persons with ADHD and comorbid disorders the IRR was higher yet (IRR: 10.4; 95% CI, 9.5–11.4).ConclusionsThis study underlines the link between ADHD and an elevated rate of suicidal behaviour, which is significantly elevated by comorbid psychiatric disorders. In sum, these results suggest that persons with ADHD and comorbid psychiatric disorders are targets for suicide preventive interventions.Declaration of interestNone.
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Todd Grooms, Michael, Martha Ann Keels, Michael Roberts, and F. Thomas McIver. "Caries Experience Associated with Attention – Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 30, no. 1 (September 1, 2006): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.30.1.d3n7k5147r3ru571.
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The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine whether children with attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) had a total caries experience that was equivalent to children without the disorder. Methods: The test sample included children ages 6 to 10 years old diagnosed with ADHD by physicians at Duke University Medical Center. The control group also included healthy children 6 to 10 years old without the diagnosis of ADHD.A visual dental exam for caries was performed and a sample of whole, unstimulated saliva was collected. The parent / guardian of each participant completed a health/medication history and a questionnaire concerning the child's oral health and habits, daily routine, and demographic information. Results: Wilcoxon and chi-square tests showed that children with ADHD have significantly more enamel caries in the primary and permanent dentitions and a significantly higher prevalence of total caries experience when compared to controls. There was no significant difference in whole saliva production between the ADHD children and the controls. Conclusions: Dentists should be aware that children with ADHD are at higher risk for caries.
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Taitelbaum-Swead, Riki, Zvi Kozol, and Leah Fostick. "Listening Effort Among Adults With and Without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 62, no. 12 (December 18, 2019): 4554–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_jslhr-h-19-0134.
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Purpose Few studies have assessed listening effort (LE)—the cognitive resources required to perceive speech—among populations with intact hearing but reduced availability of cognitive resources. Attention/deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is theorized to restrict attention span, possibly making speech perception in adverse conditions more challenging. This study examined the effect of ADHD on LE among adults using a behavioral dual-task paradigm (DTP). Method Thirty-nine normal-hearing adults (aged 21–27 years) participated: 19 with ADHD (ADHD group) and 20 without ADHD (control group). Baseline group differences were measured in visual and auditory attention as well as speech perception. LE using DTP was assessed as the performance difference on a visual–motor task versus a simultaneous auditory and visual–motor task. Results Group differences in attention were confirmed by differences in visual attention (larger reaction times between congruent and incongruent conditions) and auditory attention (lower accuracy in the presence of distractors) among the ADHD group, compared to the controls. LE was greater among the ADHD group than the control group. Nevertheless, no group differences were found in speech perception. Conclusions LE is increased among those with ADHD. As a DTP assumes limited cognitive capacity to allocate attentional resources, LE among those with ADHD may be increased because higher level cognitive processes are more taxed in this population. Studies on LE using a DTP should take into consideration mechanisms of selective and divided attention. Among young adults who need to continuously process great volumes of auditory and visual information, much more effort may be expended by those with ADHD than those without it. As a result, those with ADHD may be more prone to fatigue and irritability, similar to those who are engaged in more outwardly demanding tasks.
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Ayaz, A. B., M. Ayaz, and E. Kayan. "Negative outcomes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder comorbid with oppositional defiant disorder." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 32, no. 4 (January 26, 2015): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2014.91.
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ObjectivesIn children and adolescents diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the comorbidity of the oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) negatively affects the course of ADHD. The purpose of this study was to compare ADHD-diagnosed children with and without ODD comorbidity in terms of smoking, psychoactive substance use, disciplinary punishments at school, criminal behaviors, and unintentional injuries.MethodsThis study included 109 children diagnosed with ADHD alone and 79 children with the ADHD-ODD comorbidity from a child psychiatry outpatient clinic. The children who participated in the study were aged between 6 and 15 years. Diagnoses of the children were determined by child psychiatrists according to DSM-IV criteria, and the Turgay DSM-IV-based Child and Adolescent Behavior Disorders Screening and Rating Scale-Parents Form was used to support the diagnosis in initial evaluations of children. Forty-six to fifty months after the first admission, parents were questioned regarding all negative outcomes from the time of first diagnosis to the time of the evaluation by phone.ResultsThe groups were compared in terms of smoking, psychoactive substance use, disciplinary punishments at school, criminal behaviors, and unintentional injuries over a period of 4 years. The ODD-ADHD group was determined to have higher rates of disciplinary punishments at school, smoking, and unintentional injuries compared with the ADHD group. No statistically significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of criminal behaviors and psychoactive substance use.ConclusionsThe ODD comorbidity increases the risk of negative outcomes in children diagnosed with ADHD.
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Neves, Sergio Nolasco Hora das, and Rubens Reimão. "Sleep disturbances in 50 children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 65, no. 2A (June 2007): 228–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2007000200008.
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OBJECTIVE: This study assesses the relationship between sleep disturbances (SD) and attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to characterize clinical features and associated problems. METHOD: The medical records of 50 children and adolescents ranging in age from 4 to 17 years with ADHD without the diagnosis of mental retardation or pervasive developmental disorders were reviewed. RESULTS: Significant relationships were found between SD and drug therapy (p<0.01), co-morbidity (p<0.01) and greater adherence to treatment prescribed for ADHD disorders (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that SD are an important problem in children with ADHD and may be linked to increased symptoms.
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Barnett, Rebecca, Paul Maruff, and Alasdair Vance. "Neurocognitive Function in Attention-Deficit–Hyperactivity Disorder with and Without Comorbid Disruptive Behaviour Disorders." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 43, no. 8 (January 1, 2009): 722–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048670903001927.
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Objective: The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of comorbid oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) on (i) symptom levels in attention-deficit–hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and (ii) the relationship between neurocognitive impairment and ADHD symptom severity. Method: A total of 200 6–12-year-old children with DSM-IV ADHD, combined type (ADHD-CT) were identified in a specialist ADHD clinic in metropolitan Melbourne. From this initial group, 23 were identified with ADHD without ODD/CD (ADHD alone), 22 had ADHD and ODD and 20 had ADHD and CD. All the children were medication naïve. Twenty-five healthy control children were also recruited from local primary schools. The four groups did not differ in age, gender or full-scale IQ. A cross-sectional study of parent- and teacher-reported ADHD and externalizing symptoms, spatial span, spatial working memory, visuospatial memory, spatial recognition, spatial planning and behavioural inhibition was completed. Results: Parent-reported externalizing symptoms were higher in the ADHD + CD and ADHD + ODD groups compared to the ADHD alone group. There were no differences in neurocognitive function between children with ADHD-CT with and without ODD or CD. All the ADHD groups, however, performed worse than the healthy control group. Further, worse spatial span, spatial working memory and delayed matching to sample performance were associated with increased teacher-reported ADHD symptoms in the ADHD alone group. Also, worse spatial working memory performance was associated with increased teacher-reported ADHD symptoms in the ADHD + CD group. Conclusions: ADHD symptom severity is associated with the magnitude of impairment in executive functions in children with ADHD alone, but these relationships can be obscured by the presence of comorbid disruptive disorders. Children with ADHD + CD may demonstrate similar associations to children with ADHD alone, suggesting a similar underlying dysfunction. ADHD + ODD, however, may be better understood as a maladaptive response to the abnormal behaviours and neurocognitive functions in ADHD.
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Arias, Víctor B., Igor Esnaola, and Jairo Rodríguez-Medina. "Identifying potentially marker symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder." PeerJ 6 (May 22, 2018): e4820. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4820.
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Background For the diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) proposes that adherence to six symptoms in either group (inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity) will lead to the diagnosis of one of three presentations of the disorder. Underlying this diagnostic algorithm is the assumption that the 18 symptoms have equal relevance for the diagnosis of ADHD, all are equally severe, and all have the same power to detect the presence of the disorder in all its degrees of severity, without considering the possibility of using marker symptoms. However, several studies have suggested that ADHD symptoms differ in both their power to discriminate the presence of the disorder and the degree of severity they represent. The aim of the present study was to replicate the results of previous research by evaluating the discriminative capacity and relative severity of ADHD symptoms, as well as to extend the investigation of this topic to Spanish-speaking Latin American samples. Methods The properties of ADHD symptoms rated by the parents of 474 Chilean children were analyzed. Symptom parameters were estimated using the graded response model. Results The results suggest that symptoms of ADHD differ substantially in both the accuracy with which they reflect the presence of the disorder, and their relative severity. Symptoms “easily distracted by extraneous stimuli” and “have difficulty sustaining attention in tasks” (inattention) and “is on the go, acting as if driven by motor” (hyperactivity/impulsivity) were the most informative, and those with relatively lower severity thresholds. Discussion The fact that symptoms differ substantially in the probability of being observed conditionally to the trait level suggests the need to refine the diagnostic process by weighting the severity of the symptom, and even to assess the possibility of defining ADHD marker symptoms, as has been done in other disorders.
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Philipsen, Alexandra, Matthias F. Limberger, Klaus Lieb, Bernd Feige, Nikolaus Kleindienst, Ulrich Ebner-Priemer, Johanna Barth, Christian Schmahl, and Martin Bohus. "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder as a potentially aggravating factor in borderline personality disorder." British Journal of Psychiatry 192, no. 2 (February 2008): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.107.035782.
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BackgroundClinical experience suggests that people with borderline personality disorder often meet criteria for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, empirical data are sparse.AimsTo establish the prevalence of childhood and adult ADHD in a group of women with borderline personality disorder and to investigate the psychopathology and childhood experiences of those with and without ADHD.MethodWe assessed women seeking treatment for borderline personality disorder (n=118) for childhood and adult ADHD, co-occurring Axis I and Axis II disorders, severity of borderline symptomatology and traumatic childhood experiences.ResultsChildhood (41.5%) and adult (16.1%) ADHD prevalence was high. Childhood ADHD was associated with emotional abuse in childhood and greater severity of adult borderline symptoms. Adult ADHD was associated with greater risk for co-occurring Axis I and II disorders.ConclusionsAdults with severe borderline personality disorder frequently show a history of childhood ADHD symptomatology. Persisting ADHD correlates with frequency of co-occurring Axis I and II disorders. Severity of borderline symptomatology in adulthood is associated with emotional abuse in childhood. Further studies are needed to differentiate any potential causal relationship between ADHD and borderline personality disorder.
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Prasad, Vibhore, Joe West, Denise Kendrick, and Kapil Sayal. "Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: variation by socioeconomic deprivation." Archives of Disease in Childhood 104, no. 8 (March 30, 2018): 802–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2017-314470.
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BackgroundIn England, there is a discrepancy between the prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) ascertained from medical records and community surveys. There is also a lack of data on variation in recorded prevalence by deprivation and geographical region; information that is important for service development and commissioning.MethodsCohort study using data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink comprising 5196 children and young people aged 3–17 years with ADHD and 490 016 without, in 2012.ResultsIn 2012, the recorded prevalence of ADHD was 1.06% (95% CI 1.03 to 1.09). Prevalence in the most deprived areas was double that of the least deprived areas (prevalence rate ratio 2.58 (95% CI 2.36 to 2.83)), with a linear trend from least to most deprived areas across all regions in England.ConclusionsThe low prevalence of ADHD in medical records may indicate considerable underdiagnosis. Higher rates in more disadvantaged areas indicate greater need for services in those areas.
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Dalebout, Susan D., Nickola W. Nelson, Paul J. Hletko, and Barbara Frentheway. "Selective Auditory Attention and Children With Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 22, no. 4 (October 1991): 219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461.2204.219.
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The Selective Auditory Attention Test (SAAT) was given to children diagnosed as having Attention-Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) twice: after the administration of methylphenidate, and after the administration of a placebo. Children in the control group were tested twice, but without drugs or placebos. Results revealed no simple drug effect, but a strong order effect. The implications of using the SAAT as a predictor of auditory attention deficits and concerns regarding its test-retest reliability are discussed.
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Goffer, Ayelet, Maayan Cohen, Itai Berger, and Adina Maeir. "Beyond academic outcomes: Occupational profile and quality of life among college students with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder." British Journal of Occupational Therapy 82, no. 3 (June 22, 2018): 170–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308022618782809.
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Introduction The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to describe the occupational profile and quality of life among college students with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Method Forty college students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and 40 controls (mean age 25.81 years, SD = 3.02) were evaluated with the Occupational Questionnaire and the Adult ADHD Quality-of-Life scale. Results The two groups demonstrated similar amounts of time spent in occupational domains, as well as similar ratings of ‘perceived importance’. However, the ‘perceived competence’ and ‘perceived enjoyment’ were significantly lower in the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder group than in the control group in most occupational domains and in the total score. Significant differences, with very large effect sizes, were found between the groups on all measures of the Adult ADHD Quality-of-Life scale. A moderate significant correlation was found between the mean perceived competence score and Adult ADHD Quality-of-Life scale total score within the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder group. Conclusion The results highlight the negative effect of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder on quality of life among college students. The perception of competence and enjoyment in occupations may be optimal targets for therapeutic intervention.
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FARAONE, S. V., J. BIEDERMAN, J. G. JETTON, and M. T. TSUANG. "Attention deficit disorder and conduct disorder: longitudinal evidence for a familial subtype." Psychological Medicine 27, no. 2 (March 1997): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291796004515.
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Background. An obstacle to the successful classification of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the frequently reported co-morbidity between ADHD and conduct disorder (CD). Prior work suggested that from a familial perspective, ADHD children with CD may be aetiologically distinct from those without CD.Methods. Using family study methodology and three longitudinal assessments over 4 years, we tested hypotheses about patterns of familial association between ADHD, CD, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and adult antisocial personality disorder (ASPD).Results. At the 4-year follow-up, there were 34 children with lifetime diagnoses of ADHD + CD, 59 with ADHD + ODD and 33 with ADHD only. These were compared with 92 non-ADHD, non-CD, non-ODD control probands. Familial risk analysis revealed the following: (1) relatives of each ADHD proband subgroup were at significantly greater risk for ADHD and ODD than relatives of normal controls; (2) rates of CD and ASPD were elevated among relatives of ADHD + CD probands only; (3) the co-aggregation of ADHD and the antisocial disorders could not be accounted for by marriages between ADHD and antisocial spouses; and (4) both ADHD and antisocial disorders occurred in the same relatives more often than expected by chance alone.Conclusions. These findings suggest that ADHD with and without antisocial disorders may be aetiologically distinct disorders and provide evidence for the nosologic validity of ICD-10 hyperkinetic conduct disorder.
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Puts, Nicolaas A. J., Ashley D. Harris, Mark Mikkelsen, Mark Tommerdahl, Richard A. E. Edden, and Stewart H. Mostofsky. "Altered tactile sensitivity in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder." Journal of Neurophysiology 118, no. 5 (November 1, 2017): 2568–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00087.2017.
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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by an inability to concentrate, heightened activity, and hypermotoric behavior, but sensory (e.g., tactile) problems are common. The literature on tactile impairments in ADHD is limited, with most work employing clinical observations or questionnaires. We studied tactile processing in children with ADHD and hypothesized that children with ADHD would show reduced performance in tasks closely linked to inhibition. Sixty-seven children with ADHD and 62 typically developing children (TDC) performed a battery of tasks grouped in domains: simple and choice reaction time; static and dynamic detection threshold (probing feedforward inhibition); amplitude discrimination without adaptation and with dual and single-site adaptation (probing lateral inhibition and adaptation); sequential and simultaneous frequency discrimination (previously linked to GABA); and temporal order judgment with and without a synchronous carrier stimulus. Children with ADHD could discriminate different amplitudes without adaptation, suggesting lateral inhibition is intact, but were negatively affected in all adaptation conditions, whereas TDC were only affected during single-site adaptation. Children with ADHD also showed normal frequency discrimination. Children with ADHD showed slower reaction times and higher detection threshold, likely driven by IQ and inattention, because reaction time and detection thresholds correlated with IQ and subtle motor signs. Children with ADHD showed a pattern of altered tactile processing on specific tasks, suggesting that higher cognitive function and cortical mechanisms related to adaptation are affected in ADHD, but no clear conclusion can be drawn toward impaired inhibition. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This manuscript presents the first tactile psychophysical study testing different aspects of tactile processing in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), using large cohort sizes of 67 children with ADHD and 65 Typically Developing Children. This study demonstrates impaired tactile processing in children with ADHD, on some, but not all tasks (showing this is not just due to attention), related to impaired cortical mechanisms. Furthermore, both IQ and soft motor skill abnormalities (common in ADHD) are correlated with tactile abnormalities.
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Stevens, Laura, Herbert Roeyers, Geert Dom, Leen Joos, and Wouter Vanderplasschen. "Impulsivity in Cocaine-Dependent Individuals with and without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder." European Addiction Research 21, no. 3 (2015): 131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000369008.
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Background: Cocaine-dependent individuals (CDI) display increased impulsivity. However, despite its multifactorial nature most studies in CDI have treated impulsivity monolithically. Moreover, the impact of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has often not been taken into account. This study investigates whether CDI with ADHD (CDI+ADHD) differ from CDI without an ADHD diagnosis and healthy controls (HC) on several impulsivity measures. Methods: Thirty-four CDI, 25 CDI+ADHD and 28 HC participated in this study. Trait impulsivity was assessed with the motor, attentional and non-planning subscales of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11). Neurocognitive dimensions of impulsivity were examined with the stop signal task (SST), delay discounting task (DDT) and information sampling task (IST). Results: Relative to HC, both CDI and CDI+ADHD scored higher on all BIS-11 subscales, required more time to inhibit their responses (SST) and sampled less information before making a decision (IST). Greater discounting of delayed rewards (DDT) was only found among CDI+ADHD. Compared to CDI without ADHD, CDI+ADHD scored higher on the BIS-11 non-planning and total scale and showed higher discounting rates. Conclusion: CDI score higher on several indices of impulsivity relative to HC, regardless of whether they have concomitant ADHD or not. CDI+ADHD are specifically characterized by a lack of future orientation compared to CDI without ADHD.
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Sodano, Sandro M., Jessica P. Tamulonis, Gregory A. Fabiano, Abigail M. Caserta, Kevin F. Hulme, Karen L. Hulme, Gina R. Stephan, and Federica Tronci. "Interpersonal Problems of Young Adults With and Without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder." Journal of Attention Disorders 25, no. 4 (January 7, 2019): 562–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054718821728.
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Objective:Interpersonal functioning is a core area of impairment for young adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), yet the assessment of their interpersonal problems has not been approached using a comprehensive model of interpersonal behaviors. Method: Interpersonal problems of young adults with ADHD ( n = 24) were compared to non-ADHD peers ( n = 26) by self- and collateral-report using the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems-Circumplex-Item Response Theory (IIP-C-IRT). Results: Both self- and collateral-reports yielded significantly higher scores across interpersonal problem domains, except for self-reported Hostile-Dominant (HD) interpersonal problems. Discrepancy scores between self- and collateral-report supported larger differences in the ADHD versus non-ADHD groups for HD problems. Large correlations between collateral-reported family relationship impairments and HD problems were found only for the ADHD group. Conclusion: Young adults with ADHD have higher levels of interpersonal problems relative to their non-ADHD peers, but also appear to underreport HD interpersonal problems relative to non-ADHD peers, suggesting the presence of a bias. (J. of Att. Dis. XXXX; XX[ X] XX-XX)
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Langrock, Christian, Johannes Hebebrand, Katharina Radowksi, Eckard Hamelmann, Thomas Lücke, Martin Holtmann, Tanja Legenbauer, et al. "Thyroid Hormone Status in Overweight Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder." Hormone Research in Paediatrics 89, no. 3 (2018): 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000485620.
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Background: There is an ongoing discussion whether thyroid hormones are involved in the development and course of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Since obesity is associated with both higher thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free triiodothyronine (fT3) concentrations and increased rates of ADHD, we hypothesized that overweight children with ADHD show higher TSH and fT3 concentrations compared to overweight children without ADHD. Methods: TSH, fT3, fT4, and leptin levels were analyzed in 230 children (60.9% boys, 9.3 ± 1.7 years old, 35.7% migration background). The children were divided into four groups (I = 26 overweight children with ADHD, II = 56 normal-weight children with ADHD, III = 66 overweight children without ADHD, and IV = 82 normal-weight children without ADHD). Severity of ADHD was determined by the parent version of the Connors 3® rating scales. Results: Overweight children with ADHD did not differ significantly from overweight children without ADHD with respect to TSH, fT3, or fT4 concentrations. Comparing the thyroid hormones between the four groups also demonstrated no significant differences for TSH and fT4 concentrations. fT3 concentrations were significantly higher in normal-weight children with ADHD compared to normal-weight children without ADHD. Inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity scores were not significantly related to TSH or fT3 in multiple regression analyses adjusted for age, gender, and migration background. In these analyses, TSH was associated with BMI SDS (β coefficient 0.19 ± 0.12, p = 0.002) and leptin (exp[β coefficient] 1.87 ± 1.36, p < 0.001). fT3 (β coefficient 0.06 ± 0.05, p = 0.009) and leptin (exp[β coefficient] 1.17 ± 1.13, p = 0.009) were also associated with BMI SDS. Conclusions: Our findings confirm the relation between overweight and thyroid hormones but point against the hypothesis that thyroid hormones might link overweight and ADHD in children.
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Lindstrøm, Jon A. "Why Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Is Not a True Medical Syndrome." Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry 14, no. 1 (2012): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1559-4343.14.1.61.
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Critics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have repeatedly argued that there is no proof for the condition being symptomatic of an organic brain disease and that the current “ADHD epidemic” is an expression of medicalization. To this, the supporters of ADHD can retort that the condition is only defined as a mental disorder and not a physical disease. As such, ADHD needs only be a harmful mental dysfunction, which, like other genuine disorders, can have a complex and obscure etiology. This article argues that such a line of argument fails to save ADHD as a valid diagnostic category. Given the general diagnostic logic of theDSM–IVand how ADHD has been defined in terms of everyday (male) child behaviors, there are compelling grounds to disbelieve that ADHD can be a true medical syndrome united by some type of harmful dysfunction. Indeed, strong logical and empirical reasons will be adduced to show that people may qualify for ADHD diagnosis without suffering from any type of underlying pathology.
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Chermak, Gail D., Ellen Tucker, and J. Anthony Seikel. "Behavioral Characteristics of Auditory Processing Disorder and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Predominantly Inattentive Type." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 13, no. 06 (June 2002): 332–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1715976.
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Auditory processing disorder (APD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) present overlapping symptomatology. Previous research has demonstrated that professionals use different behavioral descriptors to characterize APD and ADHD combined and predominantly hyperactive-impulsive subtypes, which present with hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention. The present study extends this research by comparing audiologists' and pediatricians' rankings of 58 behavioral symptoms associated with APD and ADHD predominantly inattentive (PI) subtype, the ADHD subtype that presents without hyperactivity and impulsivity. Audiologists ranked the degree to which each symptom pertained to individuals with APD, and pediatricians ranked the same symptom as it relates to ADHD-PI. Item analysis revealed that respondents identified a reasonably exclusive set of behaviors characterizing APD and ADHD-PI. None of the four behaviors ranked 2 SD above the grand means (i.e., inattention, academic difficulties, asking for things to be repeated, and poor listening skills) was ranked in common.
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Cook, N. E., P. M. Kelshaw, S. V. Caswell, and G. L. Iverson. "Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Perform Differently on Pediatric Concussion Assessment." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 5 (July 2019): 749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz026.19.
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Abstract Purpose In the absence of recent concussion, youth with ADHD endorse many concussion-like symptoms, perform worse on cognitive tests, and are more likely to have balance difficulty, thus complicating the interpretation of concussion assessment results. This study compared uninjured middle school students with ADHD to precisely matched controls without ADHD on the Child Sport Concussion Assessment Tool Fifth Edition (Child SCAT5). Methods A cohort of 1,045 middle school athletes (ages 11-14) completed preseason testing. Students with self-reported ADHD were individually matched to students without ADHD based on age, gender, language spoken at home, number of prior concussions, sport, and school they attended. The final sample included 136 students (68 with ADHD and 68 matched controls), 104 (76.5%) boys and 32 (23.5%) girls. They were 12.7 years old on average (SD=0.9). Mann-Whitney U tests were conducted to compare students with and without ADHD on the Child SCAT5. Results Children with ADHD reported more symptoms (M=11.18, SD=5.94) and greater symptom severity (M=18.01, SD=11.66) compared to children without ADHD (total symptoms: M=6.54, SD=5.15; symptom severity: M=8.84, SD=7.79). Children with ADHD (M=2.88, SD=1.04) performed worse than children without ADHD (M=3.21, SD=0.94) on Digits Backwards (Cohen’s d=-.33). Children with ADHD committed more errors on the tandem stance than children without ADHD (median for both groups=1; d=.45) and children with ADHD (median=4) committed twice as many errors than children without ADHD (median=2) on single leg stance (d=.76). Conclusion Children with ADHD endorsed more concussion-like symptoms and performed worse on certain cognitive tasks and balance tests during baseline, preseason Child SCAT5 assessment compared to matched controls without ADHD.
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Sinzig, Judith, Nicole Bruning, Dagmar Morsch, and Gerd Lehmkuhl. "Attention profiles in autistic children with and without comorbid hyperactivity and attention problems." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 20, no. 4 (August 2008): 207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5215.2008.00292.x.
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Objective:Psychopathological, neuropsychological and genetic findings indicate an association between ASD Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The goal of this study was to compare the neuropsychological profiles of attention functions in children with ADHD and with ASD and without comorbid ADHD. The hypothesis was that either ADHD and autistic children with comorbid ADHD symptoms were more impaired in inhibition and sustained attention performance and that all individuals with ASD show more deficits in divided attention.Method:Children aged 6 to 18 years old with ADHD (n = 30) or ASD with (n = 21) and without comorbid ADHD (n = 20) and 30 healthy children were included consecutively. Psychopathology was evaluated using the KIDDIE-SADS and symptom checklists for ADHD and ASD according to DSM-IV. Assessed neuropsychological functioning included inhibition, sustained as well as divided attention and alertness tasks.Results:Age and IQ-corrected z-scores were used. Statistically significant group effects were found for the variables sustained attention median (F = 3.2, = .02), hits (F = 3.3, p = .02) and false alarms (F = 3.9, p = .01), divided attention hits (F = 3.3, p = .02), errors (F = 3.1, p = .03) and false alarms (F = 3.3, p = .03) and alertness false alarms (F = 2.9, p = .04). Pearson Correlations revealed associations between ADHD symptoms and sustained attention in the ADHD group and between ADHD symptoms and inhibition in the ASD+ group.Conclusion:Our hypothesis was partly confirmed as ADHD children showed more deficits in sustained attention and ASD children in divided attention tasks. However there was no evidence that children with ASD and comorbid ADHD symptoms have a specific profile in comparison to pure ASD children.
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Biirah, Judith, Alice Anika, and Richard Simon Zigler. "Influence of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) on Academic Achievement of Learners in International Primary Schools in Mombasa (Kenya) and Kampala (Uganda): A Comparative Study." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 29 (October 31, 2018): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n29p199.
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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent disorders among school-going children. The aim of this study was to compare academic achievement of learners with and without ADHD in international primary schools of Mombasa (Kenya) and Kampala (Uganda). A comparative study was conducted among 377 respondents using Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Scale Questionnaire (SNAP-IV) which assessed the three ADHD subtypes in form of a closed-ended questionnaire. Results revealed that learners with ADHD had low overall academic achievement compared to those without ADHD in Mombasa (p <.001) and Kampala, (p <.001). Boys with ADHD in Mombasa had better grades than girls (M = 168.51, SD = 32.50 vs. M = 160.00, SD = 39.07) while girls with ADHD in Kampala had better grades than boys (M = 103.50, SD = 24.77 vs. M = 93.45, SD = 24.71). Learners with ADHD Inattentive subtype were greatly impaired compared to those with ADHD Hyperactive-Impulsive and Combined subtypes in both cities. ADHD significantly predicted academic achievement with higher variability in Kampala (55%) than Mombasa (10%). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder has a negative impact on academic achievement of learners with the condition. The study recommended integration of ADHD screening in school health services to enable early detection and management of the condition.
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Iaccarino, Mary A., Maura Fitzgerald, Alexa Pulli, K. Yvonne Woodworth, Thomas J. Spencer, Ross Zafonte, and Joseph Biederman. "Sport concussion and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in student athletes." Neurology: Clinical Practice 8, no. 5 (September 26, 2018): 403–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/cpj.0000000000000525.
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BackgroundAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with impulsive behavior and inattention, making it a potential risk factor for sport-related concussion (SRC). The objectives of this study were to determine whether ADHD is an antecedent risk factor for SRC and whether ADHD complicates recovery from SRC in youth athletes.MethodsStudent athletes with a history of SRC were evaluated for the presence of ADHD using diagnostic interview and to determine whether ADHD symptoms began before or after SRC. Concussion-specific measures of concussive symptoms and cognitive function were compared in SRC + ADHD and SRC + No ADHD groups to assess SRC recovery between groups.ResultsADHD was overrepresented in youth with SRC compared with population rates. ADHD was found to be an antecedent risk factor for SRC, with age at ADHD onset earlier than the date of SRC. Student athletes with SRC and ADHD reported more concussive symptoms compared with athletes without ADHD and were more likely to have a history of greater than one concussion.ConclusionsThe results of this study support our hypothesis that ADHD is an antecedent risk factor for SRC and may contribute to a more complicated course of recovery from SRC. Future research should focus on determining whether screening, diagnosis, and treating ADHD in youth athletes may prevent SRC. Providers that care for youth athletes with ADHD should be aware of the vulnerabilities of this population toward SRC and its complications.
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Antonini, Tanya N., Stephen P. Becker, Leanne Tamm, and Jeffery N. Epstein. "Hot and Cool Executive Functions in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Comorbid Oppositional Defiant Disorder." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 21, no. 8 (September 2015): 584–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617715000752.
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AbstractWhile neuropsychological deficits in both “hot” and “cool” executive functions (EFs) have been documented among individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), these EF deficits are not universal across all individuals with this diagnosis. One potential moderator of executive dysfunction may be the presence of comorbid oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). This study examined the association between “hot” and “cool” EFs and comorbid ODD in children with ADHD. Thirty-three children with ADHD and comorbid ODD (ADHD+ODD), 67 with ADHD without ODD (ADHD-ODD), and 30 typically developing controls participated. Children were 7–12 years of age. “Cool” EFs were assessed with a spatial span task and a card sorting test. “Hot” EFs were assessed using a delay discounting task and a gambling task. ADHD-ODD and ADHD+ODD groups performed more poorly on “cool” EF tasks than controls, but did not differ from each other. Furthermore, the number of ADHD symptoms, but not ODD symptoms, was associated with “cool” EF scores. The three groups did not differ on “hot” EF tasks and the number of ADHD or ODD symptoms was unrelated to “hot” EF scores. In sum, children with ADHD presented with “cool” EF deficits which appear to be unrelated to ODD comorbidity. However, “hot” EF deficits were not present among children with ADHD, irrespective of comorbid ODD status. (JINS, 2015,21, 584–595)
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Vogt, Carsten, and Amirreza Shameli. "Assessments for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: use of objective measurements." Psychiatrist 35, no. 10 (October 2011): 380–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.bp.110.032144.
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Aims and methodTo appraise the value of additional information from objective measurements (QbTest system) in the clinical assessment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Two groups of ADHD assessments were compared. In the first group, assessments were undertaken without objective measures, whereas in the second group objective measures were added to the assessment. Practice outcomes were followed up over 1 year.ResultsObjective measures improve differentiating between ADHD and other conditions whose symptoms are known to overlap with ADHD. Objective measurements reduce the risk of unidentified ADHD (P < 0.0035) as measured by subsequent rates of revised diagnosis over a 12-month period.Clinical implicationsIntroducing objective measurements into the clinical assessment of ADHD provides an increased robustness of the clinical diagnosis strengthening clinical decisions for treatment interventions.
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Henriques Filho, Paulo Sérgio Azeredo. "Sleep disorder investigation might be considered to be mandatory in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder guideline." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 74, no. 9 (September 2016): 701–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x20160105.
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ABSTRACT Objective To determine the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children with attention deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD) and compare amplitude and latency of the P300 potential among children with and without OSA. Method Sixty-one children with ADHD underwent oddball auditory attention tests for detection of P300 (ERPs) followed by an all-night polysomnography. The children were divided in two groups, those with and without OSA. Results Significant decreased amplitude of the P300 potential was observed in children with OSA when compared with children without OSA. Conclusion The study showed that sleep fragmentation as a result of OSA can exacerbate the attention disorder that characterizes ADHD, and highlights the importance of assessing the presence of OSA in the differential diagnosis of children with attention deficits.
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Varma, Angela, and Judith Wiener. "Perceptions of ADHD Symptoms in Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Attributions and Stigma." Canadian Journal of School Psychology 35, no. 4 (September 4, 2020): 252–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0829573520936459.
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This study investigated attributions and stigmatization self-perceptions of 40 adolescents with and 34 adolescents without ADHD for their problematic behaviors and ADHD as a disorder. Adolescents identified behaviors that they believed described them, indicated which of these behaviors was most problematic for them, and responded to a questionnaire regarding the extent to which this behavior was internally caused, controllable, pervasive, and stigmatizing. Compared to participants without ADHD, participants with ADHD endorsed more problematic behaviors including behaviors that are symptoms of ADHD, the impairment associated with ADHD, and commonly co-occurring disorders. They viewed the behavior that they identified as most problematic for them as more pervasive (stable and occurring in more contexts), uncontrollable, and stigmatizing than participants without ADHD. Adolescents with ADHD were less likely to view their most problematic behavior as pervasive and more likely to view it as stigmatizing than the disorder itself. Although adolescents with and without ADHD did not differ in the extent to which they attributed their most problematic behavior to internal causes, adolescents with ADHD were more likely to view the disorder itself as being caused by something inside them than their most problematic behavior.
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Fan, Hueng-Chuen, Yu-Kang Chang, Jeng-Dau Tsai, Kuo-Liang Chiang, Jui-Hu Shih, Kuan-Yi Yeh, Kuo-Hsing Ma, and I.-Hsun Li. "The Association Between Parkinson’s Disease and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." Cell Transplantation 29 (January 1, 2020): 096368972094741. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963689720947416.
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While Parkinson’s disease (PD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are two distinct conditions, it has been hypothesized that they share several overlapping anatomical and neurochemical changes. In order to investigate that hypothesis, this study used claims data from Taiwan’s Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2000 to provide the significant nationwide population-based evidence of an increased risk of PD among ADHD patients, and the connection between the two conditions was not the result of other comorbidities. Moreover, this study showed that the patients with PD were 2.8 times more likely to have a prior ADHD diagnosis compared with those without a prior history of ADHD. Furthermore, an animal model of ADHD was generated by neonatally injecting rats with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). These rats were subjected to behavior tests and the 99mTc-TRODAT-1 brain imaging at the juvenile stage. Compared to control group rats, the 6-OHDA rats showed a significantly reduced specific uptake ratio in the striatum, indicating an underlying PD-linked pathology in the brains of these ADHD phenotype-expressing rats. Overall, these results support that ADHD shares a number of anatomical and neurochemical changes with PD. As such, improved knowledge of the neurochemical mechanisms underlying ADHD could result in improved treatments for various debilitating neurological disorders, including PD.
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Van den Driessche, Charlotte, Mikaël Bastian, Hugo Peyre, Coline Stordeur, Éric Acquaviva, Sara Bahadori, Richard Delorme, and Jérôme Sackur. "Attentional Lapses in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Blank Rather Than Wandering Thoughts." Psychological Science 28, no. 10 (August 11, 2017): 1375–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797617708234.
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People with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have difficulties sustaining their attention on external tasks. Such attentional lapses have often been characterized as the simple opposite of external sustained attention, but the different types of attentional lapses, and the subjective experiences to which they correspond, remain unspecified. In this study, we showed that unmedicated children (ages 6–12) with ADHD, when probed during a standard go/no-go task, reported more mind blanking (a mental state characterized by the absence of reportable content) than did control participants. This increase in mind blanking happened at the expense of both focused and wandering thoughts. We also found that methylphenidate reverted the level of mind blanking to baseline (i.e., the level of mind blanking reported by control children without ADHD). However, this restoration led to mind wandering more than to focused attention. In a second experiment, we extended these findings to adults who had subclinical ADHD. These results suggest that executive functions impaired in ADHD are required not only to sustain external attention but also to maintain an internal train of thought.
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Max, Jeffrey E., Katherine Mathews, Facundo F. Manes, Brigitte A. M. Robertson, Peter T. Fox, Jack L. Lancaster, Amy E. Lansing, Amy Schatz, and Nicole Collings. "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and neurocognitive correlates after childhood stroke." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 9, no. 6 (August 27, 2003): 815–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617703960012.
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AbstractWe investigated the frequency and neurocognitive correlates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and traits of this disorder (ADHD/Traits) after childhood stroke and orthopedic diagnosis in medical controls. Twenty-nine children with focal stroke lesions and individually matched children with clubfoot or scoliosis were studied with standardized psychiatric, intellectual, academic, adaptive, executive, and motivation function assessments. Lifetime ADHD/Traits were significantly more common in stroke participants with no prestroke ADHD than in orthopedic controls (16/28 vs. 7/29; Fisher's Exact p < .02). Lifetime ADHD/Traits in the orthopedic controls occurred exclusively in males with clubfoot (7/13; 54%). Participants with current ADHD/Traits functioned significantly worse (p < .005) than participants without current ADHD/Traits on all outcome measures. Within the stroke group, current ADHD/Traits was associated with significantly lower verbal IQ and arithmetic achievement (p < .04), more nonperseverative errors (p < .005), and lower motivation (p < .004). A principal components analysis of selected outcome variables significantly associated with current ADHD/Traits revealed “impaired neurocognition” and “inattention-apathy” factors. The latter factor was a more consistent predictor of current ADHD/Traits in regression analyses. These findings suggest that inattention and apathy are core features of ADHD/Traits after childhood stroke. This association may provide clues towards the understanding of mechanisms underlying the syndrome. (JINS, 2003, 9, 815–829.)
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Rigoni, Megan, Lynn Zanardi Blevins, David C. Rettew, and Laurin Kasehagen. "Symptom Level Associations Between Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and School Performance." Clinical Pediatrics 59, no. 9-10 (May 22, 2020): 874–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009922820924692.
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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with reduced school performance. To determine which ADHD symptoms and subtypes have the strongest association, we used type and frequency of symptoms on the 2014 National Survey of the Diagnosis and Treatment of ADHD and Tourette Syndrome (NS-DATA) to create symptom scores for inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity and define subtypes (ADHD-Inattentive [ADHD-I], ADHD-Hyperactive-Impulsive, ADHD-Combined [ADHD-C]). Regression methods were used to examine associations between symptoms and subtype and a composite measure of school performance. Children with ADHD-C and ADHD-I had higher adjusted odds of having reduced overall school performance (ADHD-C = 5.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.1-10.9; ADHD-I = 5.5, 95% CI = 3.1-10.1) compared with children without ADHD. All inattentive symptoms were significantly related to reduced school performance in reading, writing, and handwriting, while 6 of 9 symptoms were significantly associated in mathematics. Children with ADHD-I were significantly more likely than children with other ADHD subtypes to receive a school-based Individualized Education Program or 504 Plan. ADHD-I symptoms may be broadly linked to reduced school performance.
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Biederman, J., T. Spencer, A. Lomedico, H. Day, C. R. Petty, and S. V. Faraone. "Deficient emotional self-regulation and pediatric attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a family risk analysis." Psychological Medicine 42, no. 3 (August 24, 2011): 639–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291711001644.
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BackgroundAlthough deficient emotional self-regulation (DESR) is associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), little research investigates this association and little is known about its etiology. Family studies provide a method of clarifying the co-occurrence of clinical features, but no family studies have yet addressed ADHD and DESR in children.MethodSubjects were 242 children with ADHD and 224 children without ADHD. DESR was operationalized using an aggregate score ⩾180 and <210 in the anxious/depressed, attention and aggression scales (AAA profile) of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), termed the CBCL-DESR profile. The CBCL-bipolar (CBCL-BP) profile was defined as ⩾210 on the CBCL-AAA scale. We examined the familial transmission of ADHD and the CBCL-AAA scale in families selected through probands with and without these conditions.ResultsWe found a linear increase in the prevalence of CBCL-DESR in siblings as indexed by the Control, ADHD, ADHD+CBCL-DESR and ADHD+CBCL-BP proband groups. While the ADHD siblings were at elevated risk for both the CBCL-DESR and CBCL-BP compared with non-ADHD siblings, a significantly higher rate of CBCL-BP in the siblings of ADHD+CBCL-BP probands was found compared with siblings of the Control probands.ConclusionsADHD shows the same degree of familial transmission in the presence or absence of DESR. CBCL-DESR and CBCL-BP are familial, but further work is needed to determine if these definitions are distinctly familial or represent a continuum of the same psychopathology.
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Kolat, E., and U. Kolat. "Adult Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) in Parents of ADHD Children." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.074.
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ObjectiveADHD is one of the most common mental disorders of childhood and adolescence, and characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity symptomatology. The objective of this study is to find out the difference between ADHD prevalence in parents of children with or without ADHD.MethodA total of 132 parents of 90 ADHD children; aged between 6 and 12, and 67 parents of 45 non-ADHD children were recruited in the study. Control parents were matched to ADHD children parents according to age, gender and educational status.ResultsRate of childhood ADHD were significantly higher among parents of ADHD children compared to the parents of control group (P = 0.039). Rate of adult ADHD (P = 0.076) was not significantly but higher among parents of ADHD children compared to the parents of control group.ConclusionIn our study, we found the prevelance of childhood ADHD in parents of children with ADHD, similar to those reported by published studies but the prevelance of adult ADHD is lower than most of the previous studies. There may be several reasons for us to find a relatively low rate of adult ADHD. Firstly, in our study only parents of ADHD children are investigated, but in the previous studies not only parents but also siblings of ADHD children are investigated. Secondly, in the previous studies adult ADHD is diagnosed according to DSM-III; not DSM-IV. Under the highlight of our findings, assessing adult ADHD in patients with having a child with ADHD is important for treatment and prognosis.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Assef, Ellen Carolina dos Santos, Alessandra Gotuzo Seabra Capovilla, and Fernando Cesar Capovilla. "Computerized Stroop Test to Assess Selective Attention in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." Spanish Journal of Psychology 10, no. 1 (May 2007): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600006296.
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Research shows abnormal function of the pre-frontal cortex in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This cortex is involved in the control of executive functions related to planning and execution of goal-oriented strategies, working memory, inhibitions, cognitive flexibility, and selective attention. Selective attention involves focus on the target stimulus, ignoring competing distractions. The Stroop Test (Stroop, 1935) is usually used to evaluate selective attention. This study investigated whether children with ADHD could exhibit modified performance in the Stroop Test. Using a computerized version of this test (Capovilla, Montiel, Macedo, & Charin, 2005), the study compared the reaction times (RTs) of 62 Brazilian children, between 8 and 12 years of age, 31 of whom were diagnosed with ADHD and sent to psychiatric clinics, and 31 without ADHD studying in regular schools. All children with ADHD satisfied the criteria of the DSM-IV-TR and were evaluated with the Conners Abbreviated Questionnaire (Goyette, Conners, & Ulrich, 1978), completed by parents and teachers. The results revealed that children with ADHD exhibit greater interference in RT than children without ADHD. This corroborated the hypothesis that children with ADHD exhibit a deficit in selective attention, consisting in augmented RTs, as measured by the Computerized Stroop Test.
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Thorell, L. B., Y. Holst, H. Chistiansen, J. J. S. Kooij, D. Bijlenga, and D. Sjöwall. "Neuropsychological deficits in adults age 60 and above with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder." European Psychiatry 45 (September 2017): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.06.005.
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AbstractObjective:Neuropsychological deficits are of major importance in ADHD, yet no previous studies have assessed clinically referred samples of older adults. The authors compared older adults with ADHD (60–75 years) with both younger adults with ADHD (18–45 years) and older healthy controls with regard to various neuropsychological deficits.Methods:Well-established tests were used to investigate working memory, inhibition, switching, planning, fluency, and speed of processing. Self-ratings of executive functioning and delay-related behaviors were also included. Both variable-oriented and person-oriented analyses were conducted.Results:Older adults with ADHD differed from controls with regard to working memory, inhibition, switching, and delay-related behaviors. In comparison to younger adults with ADHD, they performed at a similar level with regard to working memory and planning, but significantly better with regard to inhibition, switching, fluency, speed of processing, and delay aversion. Despite several significant group differences relative to controls, person-oriented analyses demonstrated that a majority of older adults with ADHD performed within the average range on each test and 20% showed no clear deficit within any neuropsychological domain.Conclusions:The results are in line with models of heterogeneity that have identified different neuropsychological subtypes in ADHD as well as a subgroup of patients without any clear neuropsychological deficits. For older adults with ADHD, it will be important to assess their functioning across time as normal aging is related to memory decline and these patients could therefore end up with severe deficits as they grow older, which in turn could have serious negative effects on daily life functioning.
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Beaton, Danielle M., Fuschia Sirois, and Elizabeth Milne. "Self-compassion and Perceived Criticism in Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)." Mindfulness 11, no. 11 (August 19, 2020): 2506–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01464-w.
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Abstract Objectives Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with increased criticism from others. To date, there is little research considering the consequences of how others respond to people with ADHD. Self-compassion is a positive way of relating to oneself during difficulty. Here, we investigate whether levels of self-compassion differ between people with and without ADHD, and whether perceived criticism mediates any differences in self-compassion between people with and without ADHD. Methods A cross-sectional design was used to conduct natural group comparisons. A sample of 1203 adults (46% with a self-reported ADHD diagnosis) recruited via social media, online forums and posters completed online self-report measures of diagnostic status, ADHD traits, self-compassion and perceived criticism. Between-group comparisons of self-compassion and perceived criticism were conducted on participants grouped by diagnosis, then grouped by ADHD trait severity. Perceived criticism was tested as a mediator variable between ADHD diagnosis and self-compassion. Results Adults with an ADHD diagnosis showed significantly lower self-compassion and higher perceived criticism than the participants without ADHD. Participants high in ADHD traits but without a diagnosis had significantly similar levels of self-compassion to the diagnosed group. Mediation analysis found that higher perceived criticism partially explained the relationship between ADHD diagnosis and self-compassion, even after accounting for co-occurring mood disorder diagnosis. Conclusions Adults with ADHD are less self-compassionate than adults without ADHD. This is partially explained by the higher level of criticism they perceive from others.
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Quartier, Vincent, Grégoire Zimmermann, and Sadegh Nashat. "Sense of Time in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)." Swiss Journal of Psychology 69, no. 1 (January 2010): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185/a000002.
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Parents of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) frequently report that their children have a poor sense of time. Several studies looking at the perception of time mentioned a form of temporal myopia. The present study investigates the sense of time in children with ADHD. Twenty-two French-speaking Swiss children with ADHD and 22 controls between the ages of 6 and 13 years were tested using a conventional time knowledge questionnaire and two Piagetian time conservation tasks. Parents were asked to complete the “It’s about time” questionnaire. Better performance was observed in matched control group children than in children with ADHD on a conventional time knowledge questionnaire. For children under 10 years of age, the two Piagetian time conservation tasks were able to differentiate children with and without ADHD. Parents of ADHD children reported more frequently that their children had time-related difficulties in daily activities. This study suggests that children with ADHD take longer to develop several time-related abilities.
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Herby, Cecily A. "A-28 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder or Trauma?: A Case Study." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 36, no. 6 (August 30, 2021): 1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acab062.46.
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Abstract Objective Previous literature has found that it can be difficult differentiating between trauma disorders and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and that children diagnosed with ADHD have higher exposure to traumatic events compared to children without ADHD. This current case exemplifies the complexity of factors involved in ADHD, including history of trauma. Method Patient is an 11 year old, African American, cisgender male. History is significant for childhood neglect, trauma, and housing and caregiver instability. He carries a diagnosis of ADHD for which he receives psychiatric and therapeutic treatment. Neuropsychological evaluation was pursued due to concerns regarding academic skill development, attention/concentration, potential trauma reactions, and socialization skills. In particular, patient’s guardians sought evaluation to parse out what may be neurodevelopmental concerns (ADHD) versus challenges associated with his history of trauma and neglect. Results On objective measures of executive functioning, patient displayed some difficulties with planning and inhibition. Additionally, on parent and teacher forms (BASC-3 and BRIEF-2), significant concerns were noted regarding attention, hyperactivity, and other domains related to executive functioning. Parents and teachers also reported concerns regarding conduct, anxiety, and atypicality. Additionally, on the BASC-3 self-report, patient reported low self-esteem—a symptom common in both ADHD and trauma-related disorders. Conclusions This case demonstrates the difficulty of parsing out ADHD symptoms from trauma reactions. The purpose of examining this case is to further explore the relationship between trauma and ADHD, as well as to add to the conversation regarding the misattribution of symptoms related to trauma as being solely ADHD or behavioral in African American, pediatric males.
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Mohareri, F., A. Soltanifar, and A. Soltanifar. "Attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms in children with autistic spectrum disorder." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72038-7.
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IntroductionThere is little study about attention deficit hyperactivity Symptoms in children with PDD In the present study we evaluated the co-occurrence rate of ADHD and its subtypes according to DSM-IV-TR in children with high functioning PDD.MethodParticipants were recruited from the consecutive referrals to the child and adolescent psychiatric clinics in Ebne Sina and Sheikh Hospital, Mashhad, Iran. We selected 3–12 year old individuals who had PDD according to DSM IV-TR who had verbal or performance IQ of 70 or higher on WISC-III. The diagnosis was made by a certified child and adolescent psychiatrist. Subjects were divided into two age groups (children aged 3–7 and children aged 8–12). Forty children with the mentioned criteria were included in the sample.ResultsAmong 40 subjects 31 children 22 boys and 9 girls (77/5%) met the DSM- IV-TR diagnostic criteria for ADHD. Fifteen children with combined type (37/5%), 11 with predominantly inattentive type (27/5%) and 5 with predominantly hyperactive impulsive type (12/5%). The co occurrence rate of ADHD with PDD subtypes were 69/5 For Autistic Disorder and 51/5 For As /PPD NOS without a statistical significant difference (P = 0/078). The co occurrence rate of ADHD in 2 age groups were 36/3 (20 of 31) for the older group and 66/7 (11 of 31) for the younger group without a statistical Significant difference (P = 0/5). Discussion: The high co occurrence rate of ADHD in children with Autism spectrum disorder found in our study strongly indicates a clinical need to assess AD/HD symptoms in children with PDD.
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Amin Yazdi, Seyed Amir, Seyedeh Maryam Moshirian Farahi, Seyed Mohammad Mahdi Moshirian Farahi, and Javad Hosseini. "Emotional Intelligence and its role in Cognitive Flexibility of Children with and without Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." Anales de Psicología 34, no. 2 (April 10, 2018): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.34.2.283771.
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<p class="AbstractText">The aim of this study was to compare role of emotional intelligence in cognitive flexibility of children with and without Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Participants were 20 children (mean age = 10.25, SD = 2.12) with ADHD and 30 normal children (mean age = 10.96, SD = 1.32) that all of they were boy. All participants completed the Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (Schutte et al., 1998) and the classic Stroop test, as a measure of cognitive flexibility. ADHD children performed poorer on both measures than non-ADHD children. And emotional intelligence predictors of cognitive flexibility in two groups. Overall, in children with attention deficit – hyperactivity disorder there are low performance of emotional intelligence and cognitive flexibility.</p>
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Bolfer, Cristiana, Erasmo Barbante Casella, Marcus Vinícius Chrysóstomo Baldo, Amanda Manzini Mota, Miriam Harumi Tsunemi, Sandra Pasquali Pacheco, and Umbertina C. Reed. "Reaction time assessment in children with ADHD." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 68, no. 2 (April 2010): 282–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2010000200025.
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Attention deficit, impulsivity and hyperactivity are the cardinal features of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) but executive function (EF) disorders, as problems with inhibitory control, working memory and reaction time, besides others EFs, may underlie many of the disturbs associated with the disorder. OBJECTIVE: To examine the reaction time in a computerized test in children with ADHD and normal controls. METHOD: Twenty-three boys (aged 9 to 12) with ADHD diagnosis according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, 2000 (DSM-IV) criteria clinical, without comorbidities, Intelligence Quotient (IQ) >89, never treated with stimulant and fifteen normal controls, age matched were investigated during performance on a voluntary attention psychophysical test. RESULTS: Children with ADHD showed reaction time higher than normal controls. CONCLUSION: A slower reaction time occurred in our patients with ADHD. This findings may be related to problems with the attentional system, that could not maintain an adequate capacity of perceptual input processes and/or in motor output processes, to respond consistently during continuous or repetitive activity.
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Marchesi, Doglas Gobbi, Jovana Gobbi Marchesi Ciriaco, Gustavo Peixoto Soares Miguel, Gustavo Adolfo Pavan Batista, Camila Pereira Cabral, and Larissa Carvalho Fraga. "Does the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder interfere with bariatric surgery results?" Revista do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões 44, no. 2 (April 2017): 140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-69912017002006.
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ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze possible negative effects of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) on the success of bariatric surgery. Methods: we evaluated forty patients undergoing bariatric surgery and with regular post-operative follow-up of at least one year. To all, we applied the questionnaire advocated in the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV) of the American Psychiatric Association for ADHD, as well as analyzed their postoperative data. Results: fifteen (38%) patients presented a positive questionnaire for ADHD. Patients with ADHD presented higher BMI than patients without the disorder (45.8 vs. 40.9 kg/m2, p=0.017), and the difference remained in all postoperative stages. There was no statistically significant difference in surgery success (33.3% x 66.7%, p=0.505) or in BMI reduction (30.71% x 31.88%, p=0.671) one year after the procedure. Conclusion: ADHD patients have a higher BMI. However, the presence of ADHD does not influence the success of bariatric surgery and the reduction of BMI.
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Irwin, Lauren N., Nicole B. Groves, Elia F. Soto, and Michael J. Kofler. "Is There a Functional Relation Between Set Shifting and Hyperactivity in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?" Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 26, no. 10 (May 27, 2020): 1019–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617720000545.
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AbstractObjective:Replicated evidence indicates that children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) show disproportionate increases in hyperactivity/physical movement when their underdeveloped executive functions are taxed. However, our understanding of hyperactivity’s relation with set shifting is limited, which is surprising given set shifting’s importance as the third core executive function alongside working memory and inhibition. The aim of this study was to experimentally examine the effect of imposing set shifting and inhibition demands on objectively measured activity level in children with and without ADHD.Method:The current study used a validated experimental manipulation to differentially evoke set shifting, inhibition, and general cognitive demands in a carefully phenotyped sample of children aged 8–13 years with ADHD (n = 43) and without ADHD (n = 34). Activity level was sampled during each task using multiple, high-precision actigraphs; total hyperactivity scores (THS) were calculated.Results:Results of the 2 × 5 Bayesian ANOVA for hyperactivity revealed strong support for a main effect of task (BF10 = 1.79 × 1018, p < .001, ω2 = .20), such that children upregulated their physical movement in response to general cognitive demands and set shifting demands specifically, but not in response to increased inhibition demands. Importantly, however, this manipulation did not disproportionally increase hyperactivity in ADHD as demonstrated by significant evidence against the task × group interaction (BF01 = 18.21, p = .48, ω2 = .002).Conclusions:Inhibition demands do not cause children to upregulate their physical activity. Set shifting produces reliable increases in children’s physical movement/hyperactivity over and above the effects of general cognitive demands but cannot specifically explain hyperactivity in children with ADHD.
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Rubia, K., E. Taylor, A. B. Smith, H. Oksannen, S. Overmeyer, and S. Newman. "Neuropsychological analyses of impulsiveness in childhood hyperactivity." British Journal of Psychiatry 179, no. 2 (August 2001): 138–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.179.2.138.
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BackgroundNeuropsychological analyses of impulsiveness are needed to refine assessment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).AimsTo investigate specific impairments in hyperactive children in a neuropsychological task battery of impulsiveness, the Maudsley Attention and Response Suppression (MARS) task battery, and to identify the neural substrates.MethodImpulsiveness was assessed using different tasks of inhibitory control and time management (MARS) in 55 children with ADHD, other diagnoses and controls. Functional magnetic resonance images were obtained from adolescents with and without ADHD during three of the tasks.ResultsChildren with ADHD, but not psychiatric controls, were impaired on tests of response inhibition, but not of motor timing. Reduced right prefrontal activation was observed in hyperactive adolescents during higher level inhibition and delay management, but not during simple sensorimotor coordination.ConclusionsAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is characterised by specific deficits in tasks of motor response inhibition, but not motor timing, and by dysfunction of frontostriatal brain regions.
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BIEDERMAN, JOSEPH, MICHAEL C. MONUTEAUX, ERIC MICK, THOMAS SPENCER, TIMOTHY E. WILENS, JULIE M. SILVA, LINDSEY E. SNYDER, and STEPHEN V. FARAONE. "Young adult outcome of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a controlled 10-year follow-up study." Psychological Medicine 36, no. 2 (January 18, 2006): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291705006410.
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Background. Our objective was to estimate the lifetime prevalence of psychopathology in a sample of youth with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) through young adulthood using contemporaneous diagnostic and analytic techniques.Method. We conducted a case-control, 10-year prospective study of ADHD youth. At baseline, we assessed consecutively referred male, Caucasian children with (n=140) and without (n=120) DSM-III-R ADHD, aged 6–18 years, ascertained from psychiatric and pediatric sources to allow for generalizability of results. At the 10-year follow-up, 112 (80%) and 105 (88%) of the ADHD and control children, respectively, were reassessed (mean age 22 years). We created the following categories of psychiatric disorders: Major Psychopathology (mood disorders and psychosis), Anxiety Disorders, Antisocial Disorders (conduct, oppositional-defiant, and antisocial personality disorder), Developmental Disorders (elimination, language, and tics disorder), and Substance Dependence Disorders (alcohol, drug, and nicotine dependence), as measured by blinded structured diagnostic interview.Results. The lifetime prevalence for all categories of psychopathology were significantly greater in ADHD young adults compared to controls, with hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of 6·1 (3·5–10·7), 2·2 (1·5–3·2), 5·9 (3·9–8·8), 2·5 (1·7–3·6), and 2·0 (1·3–3·0), respectively, for the categories described above.Conclusions. By their young adult years, ADHD youth were at high risk for a wide range of adverse psychiatric outcomes including markedly elevated rates of antisocial, addictive, mood and anxiety disorders. These prospective findings provide further evidence for the high morbidity associated with ADHD across the life-cycle and stress the importance of early recognition of this disorder for prevention and intervention strategies.