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Journal articles on the topic 'Attention-deficit-disordered adults Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Magon, Rakesh. "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults." InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 10, no. 3 (September 26, 2016): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1755738016642792.

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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most-common psychiatric disorders; it is highly comorbid with many other psychiatric disorders and associated with substantial role impairment. Untreated ADHD results in psychiatric comorbidity, relationship and parenting problems, underachievement, frequent job losses, and opportunistic delinquency. Nevertheless, ADHD remains the most under-recognised and undertreated mental health condition in adults. This article discusses the clinical presentation of ADHD in adulthood with a particular focus on recognition, assessment and management of ADHD in adults in primary care.

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2

Janakiraman, Raguraman, and Tony Benning. "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 16, no. 2 (March 2010): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.107.003848.

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SummaryAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is an established diagnosis in children but there is a lack of agreement about its validity as a distinct entity in adults. Literature suggests that between one-third and two-thirds of children diagnosed with ADHD continue to manifest symptoms into adulthood. An adult diagnosis should be done on the basis of a thorough assessment, structured and semi-structured clinical interview, and with a complete understanding of the symptoms that manifest in adults. This may be supplemented by the use of rating scales. We present a review of the literature covering aetiology, clinical presentations, diagnostic evaluation and management of ADHD in adults.

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3

SACHDEV, PERMINDER. "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults." Psychological Medicine 29, no. 3 (May 1999): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329179800720x.

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Adults with putative attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are increasingly being referred to psychiatric clinics, often following a self-diagnosis, and demanding a prescription for stimulant medication. This has disconcerted many clinicians and started a debate on the appropriateness of this diagnosis in adults (Shaffer, 1994; Lomas, 1995; Diller, 1996) that is reminiscent of the controversies of the childhood diagnosis in previous years (Lancet, 1986). At issue is not only concern about the widespread use of stimulant medication, but also a neurobiological understanding of impulsivity, hyperactivity and antisocial behaviour and the genesis of some psychiatric disorders in adults. How is the validity of this disorder in adults then to be established?

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4

Faraone, Stephen V. "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults." Current Directions in Psychological Science 9, no. 1 (February 2000): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00055.

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The diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults has been a source of controversy, with some prominent researchers questioning its very existence and others suggesting it is an urgent clinical problem. This article reviews five domains of data addressing the validity of adult ADHD: clinical correlates, family history, treatment response, laboratory studies, and long-term outcome. It then shows how the debate over adult ADHD reflects a clash of theoretical paradigms and concludes by suggesting ways in which psychological science can collect the data needed to clarify the validity of adult ADHD.

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Toone, Brian, Maria Clarke, and Susan Young. "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 5, no. 2 (March 1999): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.5.2.112.

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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and hyperkinetic disorder are well-established diagnoses in children, with estimates of prevalence in pre-adolescent children from 3 to 5%. Until recently ADHD was not thought to persist beyond adolescence, but results from long-term prospective outcome studies indicate that 30–70% of children with ADHD exhibit some symptoms as adults. Recognition of this disorder is important as the persistence of ADHD symptoms has been shown to be associated with academic and occupational failure and high rates of psychiatric comorbidity. With the establishment of a UK support group (LADDER) and increasing media attention highlighting this problem it is likely that there will be an increased demand for psychiatric assessment of adult ADHD in the next few years.

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Rösler, Michael, Miguel Casas, Eric Konofal, and Jan Buitelaar. "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults." World Journal of Biological Psychiatry 11, no. 5 (June 3, 2010): 684–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15622975.2010.483249.

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7

Wender, Paul H. "ATTENTION-DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER IN ADULTS." Psychiatric Clinics of North America 21, no. 4 (December 1998): 761–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0193-953x(05)70039-3.

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8

Feifel, David. "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults." Postgraduate Medicine 100, no. 3 (September 1996): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3810/pgm.1996.09.78.

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9

Moss, Shannon B., Rajasree Nair, Anthony Vallarino, and Scott Wang. "Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults." Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 34, no. 3 (September 2007): 445–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2007.05.005.

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10

Gutman, Sharon A., and Margery Szczepanski. "Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." Occupational Therapy in Mental Health 21, no. 2 (March 17, 2005): 13–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j004v21n02_02.

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11

ELLIOTT, HAL. "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults." Southern Medical Journal 95, no. 7 (July 2002): 736–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007611-200295070-00015.

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12

Cubbin, S., and A. Leahy. "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults." British Journal of Psychiatry 172, no. 4 (April 1998): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.172.4.366b.

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13

Faraone, Stephen V., Thomas J. Spencer, C. Brendan Montano, and Joseph Biederman. "Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults." Archives of Internal Medicine 164, no. 11 (June 14, 2004): 1221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.164.11.1221.

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14

Gadow, Kenneth D., and Margaret Weiss. "Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults." Archives of General Psychiatry 58, no. 8 (August 1, 2001): 784. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.58.8.784.

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15

Wilens, Timothy E. "Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults." JAMA 292, no. 5 (August 4, 2004): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.292.5.619.

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16

Pitts, Mark. "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults." Nurse Prescribing 12, no. 1 (January 2014): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/npre.2014.12.1.18.

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17

Schreiber, Thomas J. "Attention‐Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 37, no. 7 (July 1998): 791–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199807000-00021.

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18

Kapitány-Fövény, Máté. "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults." Journal of Behavioral Addictions 3, no. 4 (December 2014): 266–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/jba.3.2014.4.8.

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19

Stein, Mark A. "Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults (Book)." Journal of Personality Assessment 67, no. 1 (August 1996): 215–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6701_18.

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20

Pieroth, Elizabeth M. "Diagnosing Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults." Professional Case Management 13, no. 3 (May 2008): 179–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.pcama.0000319975.47896.76.

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21

Zwi, Morris, and Ann York. "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: validity unknown1." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 10, no. 4 (July 2004): 248–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.10.4.248.

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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a commonly diagnosed childhood psychiatric disorder. Debate over its diagnostic validity, aetiology, presentation and treatment has extended from the clinical to the public domain. As children with ADHD diagnoses reach adulthood there is increasing interest in ‘adult ADHD’. Cohorts followed up show poorer outcomes as adults than do controls. Self-referred adults, sometimes relatives of children with ADHD, are also of interest regarding adult ADHD. Innovative work is being done examining issues of aetiology, treatment, outcomes and comorbidity in these groups, but heterogeneity among those diagnosed with ADHD and changes in classification systems and diagnostic criteria over time complicate comparison of research findings. The diagnostic validity of adult ADHD remains uncertain and needs further study.

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22

Nazar, Bruno Palazzo, Camilla Moreira de Sousa Pinna, Gabriel Coutinho, Daniel Segenreich, Monica Duchesne, José Carlos Appolinario, and Paulo Mattos. "Review of literature of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with comorbid eating disorders." Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 30, no. 4 (December 2008): 384–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-44462008000400014.

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OBJECTIVE: According to studies of prevalence, up to 70% of adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder have at least one psychiatric comorbidity, which leads to diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties as well as more severe functional impairment. There is a paucity of data on the comorbidity of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and eating disorders. The objective of this study was to review the literature regarding the attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder/eating disorders comorbidity, performing a critical analysis of relevant data. METHOD: Articles in Medline, Lilacs, SciELO, ISI and PsycINFO databases from 1980 up to 2008, were searched. The references from the articles were used as additional sources of data. RESULTS: Fourteen articles were found: five prevalence studies, four case reports, three case-control studies, one symptom-assessment study of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and eating disorders, and one article regarding possible causes of the association between attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and eating disorders. These articles suggested that adult women with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder are at higher risk of developing eating disorders, especially bulimia nervosa. Bulimia Nervosa rates found in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder groups ranged from 1% to 12%, versus 0% to 2% in control groups. CONCLUSIONS: Although there seems to be a relationship between attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and eating disorders, the reduced number of studies available, with various methodologies, and small sample sizes limit the generalization of the findings.

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23

MANCINI, C., M. VAN AMERINGEN, J. M. OAKMAN, and D. FIGUEIREDO. "Childhood attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults with anxiety disorders." Psychological Medicine 29, no. 3 (May 1999): 515–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291798007697.

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Background. Previous research has reported co-morbidity between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and anxiety disorders. Interpretation of these findings is complicated by symptom overlap in the clinical presentation of the disorders. We estimate the prevalence of ADHD in both the current and childhood histories of adults with anxiety disorders, while taking symptom overlap into account. We also evaluate the utility of the Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) for retrospective reporting of ADHD.Methods. Consecutive admissions (N=149) to an anxiety disorders clinic were given a diagnostic and psychometric assessment. The WURS was administered to obtain a retrospective diagnosis of childhood ADHD. Twenty-nine of the 35 people surpassing the cut-off score on the WURS were given a structured interview of adult ADHD symptoms.Results. The WURS contains many ‘internalizing’ items that may inflate retrospective accounts of ADHD. After taking this into account, there is still a significantly higher prevalence of ADHD in the retrospective reports of adults with anxiety disorders (15%) than would be expected by chance (4%). Furthermore, of those who meet retrospective criteria for ADHD, 45% (13 of 29) continue to meet diagnostic criteria for ADHD as adults.Conclusions. The WURS may require considerable revision for use with clinical populations. In spite of these difficulties with retrospective assessment, available evidence indicates that ADHD is more prevalent in the histories of anxiety disordered patients than would be expected from base rates.

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24

Freire Lucas, R. M. "Late onset adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73422-8.

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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common, genetically transmitted neurological disorder, with onset in childhood, probably mediated in part by decreased brain dopaminergic functioning. Prevalence and natural history data suggest that of the 3–10% of children diagnosed with ADHD, one-to two-thirds continue to manifest appreciable ADHD symptoms as adults, interfering in academic, professional, affective and social life. Recently, several studies have challenged DSM-IV's requirement of ADHD onset before age 7 with the questioning of the validity of the age-at onset criterion.Based on the description of a late onset ADHD clinical case (onset after the age of 7), this presentation shows a review on the recent literature about ADHD, addressing how ADHD in adults can be readily diagnosed and treated using the Wender Utah diagnostic criteria to identify adult characteristics of the disorder. This work also addresses core hypotheses of etiology and treatment. The study was based on a revision of articles from Medline/PubMed, PsycINFO and from books published in the last years.

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25

Gleason, Andrew, and David Castle. "Adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 18, no. 3 (May 2012): 198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.110.008508.

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SummaryIncreasing attention is being paid to the concept of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults, in concord with evidence that suggests a proportion of children with ADHD continue to manifest symptoms into adulthood. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder has some symptoms in common with hypomania, and can co-occur with bipolar disorder. The diagnosis and management of ADHD in adults with bipolar disorder can be complicated, owing to challenges resulting from symptom overlap, questions of diagnostic validity and a paucity of empirical evidence to guide treatment. This article addresses comorbid ADHD and bipolar disorder, and provides practical suggestions for diagnosis and management.

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Kuan, A. J., and A. H. Young. "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and mood disorders in adults." British Journal of Psychiatry 191, no. 2 (August 2007): 181–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.191.2.181a.

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27

Sable, Jeffrey J., Kristin L. Knopf, Marie R. Kyle, Lauren T. Schully, Megan M. Brooks, Kelly H. Parry, Ivy A. Thompson, et al. "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder reduces automatic attention in young adults." Psychophysiology 50, no. 3 (January 14, 2013): 308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12012.

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28

Victor, Marcelo M., Bruna S. da Silva, Djenifer B. Kappel, Claiton HD Bau, and Eugenio H. Grevet. "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in ancient Greece: The Obtuse Man of Theophrastus." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 52, no. 6 (April 26, 2018): 509–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867418769743.

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We present an ancient Greek description written by the philosopher Theophrastus in his classic book ‘ Characters’ comparable with modern attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. The arguments are based in one chapter of this book—The Obtuse Man—presenting features of a character closely resembling the modern description of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. In a free comparative exercise, we compared Theophrastus descriptions with modern Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5) attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms. The sentences describing The Obtuse Man written by Theophrastus are similar to several symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and he would probably be currently diagnosed with this disorder as an adult. To our knowledge, this is the oldest description compatible with the current conception of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults in the Western literature. Differently than the moralistic view of ancient Greece regarding those symptoms, the medical attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder conception may be advantageous to patients since it might reduce prejudice and allow individuals to seek treatment.

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29

Pliszka, Steven, William W. Dodson, and Thomas J. Spencer. "Current Treatments of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder." CNS Spectrums 5, S3 (May 2000): s1—s8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900023634.

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ABSTRACTAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a genetic disorder that affects both children and adults. Genetic studies have shown the heritability of ADHD to be higher than other psychiatric disorders. In addition, imaging studies have revealed various structural anomalies in the brain.Often ADHD persists into adulthood. The presentation of ADHD into adulthood most often results from childhood onset of ADHD. Symptoms of inattention and functional behavior tend to persist. These symptoms may often be less obvious, with less overt hyperactivity and impulsiveness.Stimulant medications remain the predominant choice for the treatment of ADHD. They are safe and offer good response. Common adverse reactions can usually be removed by changing the dose and the timing of medication administration. Of the second-line agents for treating ADHD, the tricyclic antidepressants have generated the most studies and have proved fairly efficacious.

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Kentrou, Vasiliki, Danielle MJ de Veld, Kawita JK Mataw, and Sander Begeer. "Delayed autism spectrum disorder recognition in children and adolescents previously diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder." Autism 23, no. 4 (September 24, 2018): 1065–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361318785171.

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Phenotypic elements of autism spectrum disorder can be masked by attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, potentially leading to a misdiagnosis or delaying an autism spectrum disorder diagnosis. This study explored differences in the age of autism spectrum disorder diagnosis between participants with previously diagnosed attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder versus autism spectrum disorder–only respondents. Children and adolescents, but not adults, initially diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder received an autism spectrum disorder diagnosis an average of 1.8 years later than autism spectrum disorder–only children, although the findings regarding the adult sample should be interpreted with caution. Gender differences were also explored, revealing that the delay in receiving an autism diagnosis was 1.5 years in boys and 2.6 years in girls with pre-existing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, compared with boys and girls without prior attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. No significant gender differences were observed in the adult sample. We argue that overlapping symptoms between autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder might delay a formal diagnosis of autism either by leading to a misdiagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or by making it difficult to identify the presence of co-occurring autism spectrum disorder conditions once an initial diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder has been obtained. Current findings highlight the need to recruit multidimensional and multidisciplinary screening procedures to assess for potential emerging autism spectrum disorder hallmarks in children and adolescents diagnosed or presenting with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms.

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Janssens, Astrid, Helen Eke, Anna Price, Tamsin Newlove-Delgado, Sharon Blake, Cornelius Ani, Philip Asherson, et al. "The transition from children’s services to adult services for young people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: the CATCh-uS mixed-methods study." Health Services and Delivery Research 8, no. 42 (November 2020): 1–154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hsdr08420.

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Background Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was previously seen as a childhood developmental disorder, so adult mental health services were not set up to support attention deficit hyperactivity disorder patients who became too old for child services. To our knowledge, this is the first in-depth study of the transition of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder patients from child to adult health services in the UK. Objectives Our objectives were to explore how many young people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are in need of services as an adult, what adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder services are available and how attention deficit hyperactivity disorder stakeholders experience transition from child to adult services. Design An interactive mixed-method design was adopted with three study streams: (1) a 12-month surveillance study with 9-month follow-up to find out how many young people required ongoing medication when they were too old for child services (929 surveys completed by children’s clinicians); (2) a mapping study to identify and describe services for young adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (2686 respondents to online surveys for patients and health workers and freedom of information requests to service providers and commissioners); and (3) a qualitative study to explore key stakeholders’ experiences of transition from child to adult services (144 interviews with 64 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder patients, 28 parents and 52 health clinicians; 38 working in child or adult secondary health services and 14 general practitioners). Members of the public advised at each stage of the study. Results When corrected for non-response and case ascertainment, the annual number of young people with an ongoing need for medication for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder lies between 270 and 599 per 100,000 people aged 17–19 years. Among 315 individuals eligible for transition, 64% were accepted, but only 22% attended their first adult services appointment. Our interactive map describes 294 unique services for adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder across the UK, of which 44 are ‘dedicated’ attention deficit hyperactivity disorder services. Few services provide the full range of recommended provision; most focus on diagnosis and medication. Services are unevenly distributed across the UK, with nearly all ‘dedicated’ services being in England. Exploring stakeholders’ experiences revealed how invested the stakeholders are in continuing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder treatment and how the architecture of services affects transition. An association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, education and continuance of medication into young adulthood, plus parent involvement and feeling prepared for transition and adult life with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, influenced investment. However, even with investment, how accessible adult services are, how patient needs fit with the remit of the adult service and the level of patient information available affect transition outcomes. The results also highlight how general practitioners can end up as care co-ordinators during transition by default. Limitations Transition estimates were based on those who want medication, so these indicate a minimum level of need. Conclusions Few of those who need ongoing support for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder successfully transfer to adult services, and a small proportion of those who transfer experience optimal transitional care. Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder service provision is patchy. Even among ‘dedicated’ services, few provide the whole range of National Institute for Health and Care Excellence-recommended treatments. Future work We need to evaluate various models of transitional care and adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder provision, as well as develop and evaluate psychosocial interventions for young people and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN12492022. Funding This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Services and Delivery Research programme and will be published in full in Health Services and Delivery Research; Vol. 8, No. 42. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.

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32

Toone, B. K., and G. J. H. Van Der Linden. "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or hyperkinetic disorder in adults." British Journal of Psychiatry 170, no. 6 (June 1997): 489–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.170.6.489.

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Greenfield, Brain, and Lily Hechman. "Treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults." Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 5, no. 1 (January 2005): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14737175.5.1.107.

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Wilens, Timothy E., Joseph Biederman, and Thomas J. Spencer. "Pharmacotherapy of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults." CNS Drugs 9, no. 5 (1998): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00023210-199809050-00002.

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35

Rief, Winfried. "Neurofeedback in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder." Lancet Psychiatry 4, no. 9 (September 2017): 650–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(17)30314-0.

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36

Faraone, Stephen V., Joseph Biederman, Thomas Spencer, Tim Wilens, Larry J. Seidman, Eric Mick, and Alysa E. Doyle. "Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults: an overview." Biological Psychiatry 48, no. 1 (July 2000): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(00)00889-1.

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WEISS, MARGARET, CANDICE MURRAY, and GABRIELLE WEISS. "Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Current Concepts." Journal of Psychiatric Practice 8, no. 2 (March 2002): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00131746-200203000-00006.

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Cumyn, Lucy, Lisa French, and Lily Hechtman. "Comorbidity in Adults with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 54, no. 10 (October 2009): 673–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370905401004.

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Ashjazadeh, Nahid, Ali Sahraeian, Iman Sabzgolin, and Ali A. Asadi-Pooya. "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults with epilepsy." Epilepsy & Behavior 101 (December 2019): 106543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106543.

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40

Brikell, Isabell, Ralf Kuja-Halkola, and Henrik Larsson. "Heritability of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults." American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics 168, no. 6 (June 30, 2015): 406–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.32335.

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41

Newcorn, Jeffrey H. "Bupropion for adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder." Current Psychiatry Reports 4, no. 2 (April 2002): 86–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11920-002-0039-0.

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MARKS, DAVID J., JEFFREY H. NEWCORN, and JEFFREY M. HALPERIN. "Comorbidity in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 931, no. 1 (January 25, 2006): 216–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05781.x.

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43

Ossmann, Janet M., and Neil W. Mulligan. "Inhibition and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults." American Journal of Psychology 116, no. 1 (2003): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1423334.

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Clarke, Adam R., Robert J. Barry, Patrick C. L. Heaven, Rory McCarthy, Mark Selikowitz, and Mitchell K. Byrne. "EEG in adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder." International Journal of Psychophysiology 70, no. 3 (December 2008): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.07.001.

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Hesslinger, Bernd, Ludger Tebartz van Elst, Elisabeth Nyberg, Petra Dykierek, Harald Richter, Michael Berner, and Dieter Ebert. "Psychotherapy of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults." European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 252, no. 4 (August 2002): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00406-002-0379-0.

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Johnson, Joe, Sarah Morris, and Sanju George. "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: what the non-specialist needs to know." British Journal of Hospital Medicine 81, no. 3 (March 2, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2019.0188.

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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a persistent, pervasive neurodevelopmental disorder, characterised by the core features of hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention. While previously thought to be a condition that only affects children, it is now well recognised that in a significant proportion of cases both symptoms and associated impairment will persist into adulthood. Nevertheless, many cases are missed or misdiagnosed because of the lack of awareness of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder as a potential diagnosis in adults, the number of symptoms that overlap with other psychiatric conditions, and the high rates of comorbidity. However, once correctly diagnosed, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder responds well to treatment, particularly pharmacological intervention. This article gives an overview of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with special emphasis on the diagnosis and pharmacological treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults.

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Biederman, J., and T. Spencer. "Methylphenidate in treatment of adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder." Journal of Attention Disorders 6, no. 1_suppl (April 2002): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370200601s12.

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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) can persist into adulthood with a continuation of the pattern of childhood psychopathology, cognition and functioning. Adult comorbidities include substance use disorders, antisocial personality disorder, anxiety and depression. Studies have shown that as in children, methylphenidate treatment for adults can lead to a robust, dose-dependent improvement in ADHD symptoms. Future research is needed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of long-term treatment with methylphenidate (MPH).

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Kweon, Kukju. "Pharmacological treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults." Journal of the Korean Medical Association 64, no. 1 (January 10, 2021): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2021.64.1.49.

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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by attention deficits, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. In the past, ADHD was considered to be limited to children and adolescents. However, ADHD has now been reconceptualized as a lifelong disorder, and two-thirds of ADHD patients continue to have core symptoms and dysfunction in adulthood. Currently, the public and clinicians’ interest in adult ADHD is rapidly increasing in Korea. In addition to interviews with patients for an adult ADHD diagnosis, interviews with family members, existing school records, and neuropsychological tests help clinicians to make a diagnosis. It is necessary to check whether the core symptoms of ADHD were expressed in childhood. Since adults’ symptom patterns differ from those of children, a self-report tool designed for adult ADHD is useful. The medications currently approved for ADHD in adults by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety of Korea are long-acting methylphenidate and atomoxetine. Both methylphenidate and atomoxetine improve the core symptoms of ADHD as well as daily function. Methylphenidate and atomoxetine can be used safely as first-line treatments, and the overall adverse effects are tolerable. However, attention should be paid to possible cardiovascular adverse events and misuse. Bupropion, modafinil, alpha2-agonist, and tricyclic antidepressants can also be used off-label.

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Hollingsworth, Deidre E., Sean P. McAuliffe, and Barbara J. Knowlton. "Temporal Allocation of Visual Attention in Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 13, no. 3 (April 1, 2001): 298–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/08989290151137359.

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In two experiments, we examined the ability of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to preocess multiple targets appearing in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream. Using a standard attentional blink (AB) task, subjects were required to both identify a target in the RSVP stream and detect a probe appearing in one of several posttarget serial positions. In Experiment 1, ADHD adults exhibited a protracted AB compared to controls, in that their probe detection did not improve as a function of increasing probe-to-target intervals (450-720 msec). In Experiment 2, the ADHD group performed as well as controls in detectin probes appearing immediately (i.e., 90 msec) after the target. Taken together, the results demonstrate that adults with ADHD exhibit a selective deficit in rapidly shifting attention between the target and the probe, when two appear several hundred milliseconds apart. These results suggest that adults with ADHD can use automatic (reflexive) attention to detect items in close temporal proximity in the RSVP stream, but have difficulty allocating controlled attention to multiple stimuli separated by several hundred milliseconds.

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Cowles, Brian J. "Lisdexamfetamine for Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 43, no. 4 (March 31, 2009): 669–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1l521.

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Objective: To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of the prodrug lisdexamfetamine for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adults and describe its potential place in therapy. Data Sources: Primary literature published between January 1, 1990, and August 1, 2008, was selected from PubMed using the search key words lisdexamfetamine, Vyvanse, and NRP104. References of selected publications were also reviewed. Posters and abstracts of research presented at national meetings were reviewed when available. The product labeling for Vyvanse was also used. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Preference was given to published, randomized, and controlled research describing the pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of lisdexamfetamine. Noncontrolled studies, postmarketing reports, and poster presentations were considered secondly. All published studies were included. Data Synthesis: Lisdexamfetamine is a prodrug of dextroamphetamine covatently bound to Hysine, which is activated during first-pass metabolism. The unique pharmacokinetic profile owing to lisdexamfetamine's prodrug design and rate-limited enzymatic biotransformation allows for once-daily dosing with a duration of activity of approximately 12 hours. Lisdexamfetamine has been proven to reduce the symptoms of ADHD both in children aged 6–12 years and adults aged 18–55 years, decreasing ADHD rating scale scores by approximately 27 and 19 points, respectively. Adverse effects with an incidence greater than 10% during preclinical trials included appetite suppression, insomnia, and headache. Lisdexamfetamine's unique pharmacokinetic properties may provide additional safety with regard to reducing abuse potential. As with other central nervous system (CNS) stimulants, concerns regarding sudden cardiac death and adverse effects on growth also apply to lisdexamfetamine. Conclusions: Lisdexamfetamine provides another amphetamine-based CNS stimulant option for treatment of children and adults with ADHD. However, its use may be limited by a lack of significant differentiation when compared with cunently used stimulants and a lack of evidence to support its use in adolescents.

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