Relevant bibliographies by topics / Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder – United States

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
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Academic literature on the topic 'Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder – United States'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 13 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder – United States"

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Justman, Stewart. "Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Stereotypy." Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry 17, no. 2 (2015): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1559-4343.17.2.135.

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The official symptoms of attention deficit disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as first codified in the 3rd edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders bear an uneasy resemblance to potent caricatures of Blacks that had long been in circulation in the United States. In effect, traits such as laziness and troublesomeness persistently associated with Blacks became symptoms that could be had by anyone, Black, White, or other. But just as racial imagery plays on stereotypes, the ADHD diagnosis itself has become a stereotype. Only stereotyped figures have the telltale marks of identity that children with ADHD are said to have. As we have known at least since the time of the prejudice studies cited by the United States Supreme Court in 1954, stereotypes can be highly injurious, especially if they are internalized by their objects. Children who grow with the diagnosis of ADHD, incorporating it into their sense of self even while it is under construction, may well internalize its messages. That in turn may have something to do with the dismal long-term outcomes of ADHD despite the relative rarity of severe cases.
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Sclar, David Alexander, Linda M. Robison, Leigh V. Castillo, Kurt A. Bowen, Jennifer M. Schmidt, and Ambartsum M. Oganov. "Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder among Adults in the United States." Pharmaceutical Medicine 26, no. 2 (April 2012): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03256898.

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Sclar, David A., Linda M. Robison, Kurt A. Bowen, Jennifer M. Schmidt, Leigh V. Castillo, and Ambartsum M. Oganov. "Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Among Children and Adolescents in the United States." Clinical Pediatrics 51, no. 6 (March 7, 2012): 584–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009922812439621.

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Stolzer, J. M. "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Valid Medical Condition or Culturally Constructed Myth?" Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry 11, no. 1 (April 2009): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1559-4343.11.1.5.

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Over the last decade, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) diagnoses have increased dramatically in the United States. This unprecedented increase in ADHD across America has prompted scholars from various fields to question the scientific validity of this relatively recent childhood disorder. This article openly challenges the definition of ADHD as a legitimate medical condition and presents scientific evidence that corroborates the risks associated with prescribing dangerous and addictive drugs in order to control historically documented childhood behavior. According to published data, ADHD diagnoses have reached epidemic proportions in the United States—particularly among young males. Employing a multifaceted theoretical approach, ADHD typed behaviors will be defined not as a “neurobehavioral disorder,” but as highly adaptive strategies that have ensured the survival of hominid species across evolutionary time. Dissenting from the DSM’s medical definition of ADHD, this article provides scientific evidence that substantiates the economic and cultural factors that are associated with the ever increasing rates of ADHD diagnoses in America.
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Saputro, Dwidjo. "Is Neurofeedback therapy beneficial for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder?" Scientia Psychiatrica 2, no. 1 (January 3, 2021): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.37275/scipsy.v2i1.29.

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A B S T R A C TAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is a biological disease in brain function thatis chronic, which results in the function of regulating response and decision making(executive function) not following the child's age development. Pharmacologicaltherapy, especially methylphenidate, is still the primary therapy, even though it isnot responsive to drugs. Multimodal therapy is a recommended therapy for ADHDtreatment in Europe and the United States, which includes psycho-pharmaceuticaltherapy, behavioural therapy and family psycho-education. The administration ofbehaviour therapy alone does not provide satisfactory results, especially for long-termeffects. Neurofeedback therapy is a form of behavioural therapy, with the principle ofoperant conditioning, which aims to train and condition the brain, with feedback fromthe brain's electrical waves. This paper aims to explain how far the benefits ofneurofeedback therapy for people living with ADHD are based on available researchdata from the latest research results.
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Ratto, Allison B., Bruno J. Anthony, Cara Pugliese, Rocio Mendez, Jonathan Safer-Lichtenstein, Katerina M. Dudley, Nicole F. Kahn, et al. "Lessons learned: Engaging culturally diverse families in neurodevelopmental disorders intervention research." Autism 21, no. 5 (June 15, 2016): 622–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361316650394.

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Low-income and ethnic minority families continue to face critical disparities in access to diagnostic and treatment services for neurodevelopmental conditions, such as autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Despite the growing cultural diversity of the United States, ethnic minority children and families continue to be substantially underrepresented across research on neurodevelopmental disorders, and there is a particularly concerning lack of research on the treatment of these conditions in low-income and ethnic minority communities. Of note, there are currently no published studies on adapting autism spectrum disorder treatment for low-income Latino communities and relatively few studies documenting adapted treatments for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in these communities. This article describes methodological considerations and adaptations made to research procedures using a Diffusion of Innovation framework in order to effectively recruit and engage low-income, ethnic minority, particularly Latino, families of children with neurodevelopmental disorders, in a comparative effectiveness trial of two school-based interventions for executive dysfunction.
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Gupte-Singh, Komal, Rakesh R. Singh, and Kenneth A. Lawson. "Economic Burden of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder among Pediatric Patients in the United States." Value in Health 20, no. 4 (April 2017): 602–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2017.01.007.

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Doshi, Jalpa A., Paul Hodgkins, Jennifer Kahle, Vanja Sikirica, Michael J. Cangelosi, Juliana Setyawan, M. Haim Erder, and Peter J. Neumann. "Economic Impact of Childhood and Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in the United States." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 51, no. 10 (October 2012): 990–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2012.07.008.

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NAGEL, Merav. "Novel Approach in Treating Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 11, no. 2 (December 1, 2005): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.111126.

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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The study addressed drug dependence and reliance in treating Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders (ADHD). It offered alternative, which was natural (no chemicals were involved), cost effective, substituting the conventional/traditional medical prescription with exercise program and sequential processing intervention. The effect of the study on the method was moving from a quick short-term fix, touching the surface of the symptoms and ignoring the long-term abuse, to a healthier approach, allowing better outcomes at the behavioral, cognitive, and physical levels, with no side effects. The conceptual framework of this study served two main objectives: (a) minimizing medication intake, abuse/addiction, and (b) maximizing the child active role in managing classroom/home functioning. Students with ADHD from Israel, Mexico, and the United States, ages 11-13 (N=103) were assessed on the ADHD checklist (Reif, 1997) 4 times during 3 months. Analysis of the teachers' assessments revealed that incidents of behavioral misconduct decreased and academic achievements increased.本文嘗試以另一角度去處理和治療兒童專注力失調及過度活躍症，構思目的以少用藥物，多讓兒童主動參與為主，結果顯示了正面的治療作用。
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Barnard-Brak, Lucy, Tonya Davis, Tracey Sulak, and Victor Brak. "The Association Between Physical Education and Symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 8, no. 7 (September 2011): 964–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.8.7.964.

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Objective:The purpose of the current study was to examine the association between structured physical activity, specifically physical education, and symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Physical activity may be associated with lower levels of symptoms of ADHD and this rationale provided the impetus for the current study.Methods:A community-based, nationally representative sample of children from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten cohort (ECLS-K) was used. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the association of physical activity with symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Two random subsamples were drawn for the purposes of cross-validation of our model. Statistics reflecting model ft are reported.Results:With a standardized path coefficient value of –.23, findings from the current study indicate a significant, inverse association between physical education, as a structured form of physical activity, with the symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in children.Conclusions:Using a community-based, nationally representative sample of children aged 5 to 7 years old from the United States, the results of the current study suggest that physical education, as a structured form of physical activity, may be considered as associated with lower levels of symptoms of ADHD across time.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder – United States"

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Jones, Danna Benefield. "Phenomenological study what are pre-kindergarten teachers' lived experiences with children identified with conduct disorder, oppositional defiance disorder, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in the southeastern United States? /." Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2008. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2008d/jones.pdf.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2008.
Additional advisors: Margaret Rice, Boyd Rogan, Foster Watkins, Martha Barber. Description based on contents viewed May 29, 2008; title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references (p. 112-120).
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Moon, Nathan William. "The amphetamine years a study of the medical applications and extramedical consumption of psychostimulant drugs in the postwar united states, 1945-1980 /." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/31743.

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Thesis (Ph.D)--History, Technology and Society, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010.
Committee Chair: Tone, Andrea; Committee Member: Flamming, Douglas; Committee Member: Krige, John; Committee Member: Metzl, Jonathan; Committee Member: Usselman, Steven. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Hazelwood, Lisa L. "Deficits in Miranda Comprehension and Reasoning: The Effects of Substance Use and Attention Deficits." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12132/.

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Each year, an estimated 318,000 defendants who do not comprehend the Miranda warnings waive their rights and provide incriminating evidence without the protection of counsel (Rogers, 2008), which make Miranda-related competencies one of the most pervasive pretrial issues. A wide range of issues could potentially affect an individual's capacity to provide a knowing and intelligent waiver. Previous Miranda research has focused narrowly on the effects of cognitive and developmental factors. The current study added to the Miranda literature by examining the impact of two highly prevalent conditions found in correctional populations, attention deficits and substance abuse. Adult defendants in custody (N = 118) were evaluated within 36 hours of arrest in order to assess both chronic psychological disorders and situational variables. Results indicate that attention deficits have a significant impact on defendants' ability to provide a knowing Miranda waiver, whereas substance use profoundly affected their reasoning about Miranda waiver decisions. This study represents the first systematic investigation of the effect of transient mental states on Miranda-related abilities with criminal defendants. Important implications for forensic practice are addressed.
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Mandell, Allan R. "An investigation of the presence of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder behaviors in a population of court mandated domestic violence perpetrators." Thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/33631.

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Sixty-five male volunteers from a court mandated domestic violence treatment program were administered a questionnaire to assess for the presence of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) behaviors. The questionnaire included copies of the Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) and the Attention Deficit Scales for Adults (ADSA), as well as demographic information and diagnostic questions assessing previous professional diagnoses. Results indicated that 93.8% met or surpassed Wender's suggested cutoff score of 36 indicating the presence of ADHD symptoms, and 64.6% met or surpassed the higher suggested cutoff score of 46. Twenty-three percent (15) of the participants met the criteria suggesting the presence of adult ADHD behaviors as measured by the ADSA. A factor analysis of the WURS resulted in participant scores loading on four factors suggesting a combination of ADHD and conduct disorder (CD) behaviors. Results are discussed in light of previous research indicating the WURS' difficulty in clearly discriminating among disruptive behavior disorders. Implications for consideration of adult ADHD as a possible predisposing factor in the perpetration of violence are discussed. Treatment suggestions specifically targeting male DV perpetrators are offered, such as increased use of experiential exercises, minimizing distractions, increasing awareness of potential sensitivity to sound levels, and inclusion of stress reduction techniques. Limitations of this study are discussed in light of instruments utilized, question wording, and study design. Suggestions are made for further research with other DV groups from which results are generalizable to the larger DV perpetrator population.
Graduation date: 1999
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"Frequent Family Meals: Implications for the Comorbidity of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Overweight/Obesity in United States Youth." Tulane University, 2017.

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acase@tulane.edu
Recent research has suggested a strong link between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity in youth. Both ADHD and obesity have high prevalence and are associated with an enormous personal, family, and social burden. Approximately 5% of children worldwide are currently diagnosed with ADHD, and the prevalence of obesity is estimated to increase relatively by 40% in children with ADHD. Thus, it is imperative to examine potential behavioral mechanisms that underlie comorbid ADHD and obesity, one of which may be abnormal eating behaviors. These behaviors compounded by ADHD symptomology contribute to weight gain in this population. Despite evidence that frequently sharing family meals may protect against abnormal eating behaviors, health-adverse behaviors, and overweight/obesity in youth, only half of families in the United States eat dinner together 6-7 nights per week. This study examines whether United States youth ages 10-17 who present with ADHD are more likely to be overweight/obese than those without ADHD and whether the frequency of shared family meals moderates this comorbidity. Data were obtained from the 2011/2012 National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH). Using an ordinal regression analysis with moderation, the current study found that youth with ADHD are more likely to be overweight/obese. Frequency of shared family meals was not found to moderate the relationship between ADHD and weight status in the current study sample. Implications of the findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.
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Emma Clare Lewis
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Liu, Szuen, and 劉斯恩. "PM2.5 pollution increases the risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children: An ecological study in the United States of America." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/u4x4k7.

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"Hyperfocus in adult ADHD : an EEG study of the differences in cortical activity in resting and arousal states." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8640.

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M.A. (Psychology)
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), characterised by problems relating to attention, impulsive behaviour and hyperactivity, has become widely accepted to be a neurodevelopmental disorder that persists into adulthood for a large proportion of the ADHD population. ADHD symptoms are reported to undergo developmental transformation from childhood to adulthood, resulting in a significantly different clinical picture of adult ADHD. This signals a need to move away from reliance on childhood models of the disorder. Current conceptions of both childhood and adult ADHD do not discuss the occurrence of hyperfocus (or flow), a symptom which seems to connote an extreme form of sustained attention and which has been noted in clinical work. The possibility that hyperfocus could occur in ADHD is unexpected and poses a challenge to current formulations of inattention in ADHD. Media settings have been identified as providing the conditions needed for one to enter the hyperfocus state. This study set out to explore the possible symptom of hyperfocus in ADHD and to attempt to identify the neural correlates thereof, using electroencephalograph (EEG). A sample of 10 participants (5 ADHD, 5 non-ADHD) was recruited using the Adult ADHD Self Report Scale V-1.1 (ASRS V-1.1) Screener and a biographical questionnaire. A quasi-experimental research design was employed, whereby EEG recordings of frontal, frontal midline and parietal regions were taken for each participant during resting states (Eyes Closed and Eyes Open) and whilst playing a first person shooter game. Post-test survey questionnaires were also administered to examine the participants’ time perception during game play. Between-group and within-group differences in absolute and relative power scores were examined, using non-parametric statistical methods (Mann-Whitney-U test and Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test) to analyse the data. Possible markers for hyperfocus were identified, namely significantly lower alpha and beta levels in the ADHD group, as well as a decrease in slow-wave activity over time, as well as post-test survey data that indicated a greater degree of distorted time perception in the ADHD group during game play. Significant between- and within-group differences found in the parietal region highlight the need for further research into the role of the parietal lobe in attention functions and in ADHD. Further, significant changes in cortical activity in the progression from Eyes Closed to Eyes Open in both groups warrant further investigation.
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Books on the topic "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder – United States"

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The principal's guide to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Corwin Press, 1998.

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A, Reuben Cynthia, National Health Interview Survey (U.S.), and National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.), eds. Diagnosed attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and learning disability, United States, 2004-2006: Data from the National Health Interview Survey. Hyattsville, Md: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, 2008.

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Adolescents and ADD: Gaining the advantage. New York: Magination Press, 1995.

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Quinn, Patricia O. Adolescents and ADD: Gaining the advantage. New York: Magination Press, 1995.

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Ritalin nation: Rapid-fire culture and the transformation of human consciousness. New York: W.W. Norton, 2000.

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Ritalin nation: Rapid-fire culture and the transformation of human consciousness. New York: W.W. Norton, 1999.

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Stevens, Suzanne H. Dificultades en el aprendizaje. Buenos Aires: Editorial Atlántida, 1992.

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D, Stoner Gary, ed. ADHD in the schools: Assessment and intervention strategies. 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press, 2003.

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DuPaul, George J. ADHD in the schools. New York, NY: Guilford Press, 1994.

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D, Stoner Gary, ed. ADHD in the schools: Assessment and intervention strategies. New York: Guilford Press, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder – United States"

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Williams, Jonathan. "Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and discounting: Multiple minor traits and states." In Impulsivity: The behavioral and neurological science of discounting., 323–57. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/12069-012.

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Scannapieco, Maria, and Kirstin R. Painter. "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." In Evidence-Based Practice in School Mental Health, 61–90. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190886578.003.0002.

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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is marked by problems with functioning or development that are related to symptoms of a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity. It is the most common mental health problem in children, affecting as many as 1 in 20 children. It affects both boys and girls, but it is more predominant in boys. For males, prevalence rates are estimated to be three times that of females, 12.9% compared to 4.3%. Prevalence rates of ADHD in school-age children in the United States are estimated at 5% by the America Psychiatric Association. This chapter will focus on diagnosing and assessing ADHD from a differential diagnosis and comorbidity perspective. Evidenced-based ADHD interventions will be presented along with a discussion around the importance for school personnel to collaborate with the many other systems that impact children and youth with ADHD.
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Post, Robert M. "Making a Diagnosis." In Bipolar Disorder, 57–74. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190908096.003.0005.

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Bipolar disorder often has long delays to first diagnosis and treatment. Both early onset and treatment delay are risk factors for a poor outcome in adulthood. Poor recognition and treatment of the illness can lead to an accumulation of episodes with their attendant risks for cycle acceleration, neurobiological abnormalities, treatment resistance, cognitive dysfunction, and premature loss of many years of life expectancy. Complicating the appropriate diagnosis is the highly variable presentation of the illness and its multiple imitators and comorbidities, including anxiety disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, depression, and substance abuse. One of the most critical keys to correct diagnosis is the longitudinal perspective, both retrospectively assessed in detail and systematically continued prospectively. Awareness of the high incidence of childhood-onset bipolar disorder in the United States compared with Canada and most European countries will hopefully lead to correction of one of the remedial risk factors for a poor outcome—the duration of delay to first treatment. With early and sustained treatment of a first episode of mania, episode recurrence and its attendant cognitive dysfunction may be prevented. Episodes, stressors, and bouts of substance abuse can accumulate and sensitize to further and more severe occurrences, likely on an epigenetic basis. Early diagnosis and treatment are imperative to stopping these mechanisms of illness progression in bipolar disorder.
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Poole-Di Salvo, Elizabeth. "Intrauterine and Postnatal Exposure to Tobacco and Secondhand Smoke and Child Cognitive and Behavioral Development." In Cognitive and Behavioral Abnormalities of Pediatric Diseases. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195342680.003.0070.

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Children’s involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke is a common and substantial health problem that has been receiving increasing attention from the pediatric, public health and research communities. According to the 2006 Surgeon General’s Report, there is no safe level of tobacco smoke exposure, yet at least 30% of children in the United States live in households with at least one adult smoker, and nearly 60% have evidence of recent exposure (Machlin, Hill, and Liang 2006). Tobacco smoke exposure has been causally linked to numerous adverse health outcomes and is currently a leading preventable cause of both low birth weight and sudden infant death syndrome, and a major contributor to lower respiratory infections, otitis media, and increased asthma severity (American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Environmental Health 1997; Cook and Strachan 1999; DiFranza et al. 2004). Recently, associations between tobacco smoke exposure and other childhood health problems, such as increased rates of dental caries (Aligne et al. 2003; Iida et al. 2007), food insecurity (Cutler et al. in press), and the metabolic syndrome (Weitzman et al. 2005) have been identified. As discussed in this chapter, a growing human and animal literature, which expands upon a more than 25-year-old body of work, also indicates that involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke during the pre- and/or postnatal periods is associated with adverse cognitive and behavioral outcomes in children. Tobacco smoke exposure has been associated with decrements in IQ, problems with learning and memory, difficulty with auditory processing, neonatal hyperactivity, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems, and conduct disorder. Animal models have provided evidence that tobacco is toxic to the developing brain, and there are plausible biologic pathways that appear to mediate these effects. Exciting new studies have begun to identify specific genes that play a role in the relationship between tobacco smoke exposure and adverse cognitive and behavioral outcomes in children. The term “secondhand smoke” (SHS), also referred to as “environmental tobacco smoke” (ETS), refers to the smoke that is exhaled from a smoker’s lungs, as well as the smoke from the smoldering end of a cigarette.
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Evans, Hugh L. "Cognitive and Behavioral Manifestations of Lead." In Cognitive and Behavioral Abnormalities of Pediatric Diseases. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195342680.003.0071.

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The link between exposure to lead and children’s cognitive problems was implied in the earliest medical reports of frank lead poisoning of young children in Australia in the 1800s (Lin-Fu 1992). Children with acute severe toxicity of lead (Pb) are now rarely seen in the United States. However, millions of children may have subclinical neurobehavioral disorders associated with chronic low-level exposure to lead, representing a major public health concern (Bellinger 2008a). Lead is a nonessential metal that is recognized as a source of toxic exposure, with the developing nervous system particularly vulnerable. Because of this, U.S. regulations limiting the lead content of gasoline and household paint have led to a gradual reduction of the average blood lead concentration of Americans over the last three decades. Average blood lead levels of children in the United States dropped an estimated 78% from 1976 to 1991 (Brody et al. 1994; Caldwell et al. 2009). Despite these reductions in exposure to lead, new advances in research techniques have documented harmful consequences associated with lower blood lead levels. This raises the possibility that there is no threshold for occurrence of lead-induced toxicity. Bellinger (2008a) refers to “the silent pandemic of neurodevelopmental disorders resulting from children’s continuing exposure to low levels of lead.” The developing brain may be more sensitive to exposure to lead than the adult. Since the pioneering work of Needleman and colleagues (1979), a large scientific literature has documented the deleterious effects of pre- and neonatal exposure to lead. Decrements in IQ scores have proven to be among the most sensitive and consistent consequences of a child’s exposure to lead, but other cognitive and behavioral changes have been described as well, including attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Among the important current sources of children’s exposure to lead is household dust (Dixon et al. 2009) the lead content in old water pipes, batteries, and from contamination by numerous industrial processes. Pre and postnatal exposure to cigarette smoke is a cofactor with lead exposure in children’s conduct disorders (Braun et al. 2008). Diagnosis of lead-induced disorders involves the determination of exposure to lead and the atomic absorption assay of lead in whole blood.
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Fernandes, Blossom, Roseann Tan-Mansukhani, and Cecilia A. Essau. "Emotion Regulation and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." In Emotion Regulation and Psychopathology in Children and Adolescents, edited by Cecilia A. Essau, Sara Leblanc, and Thomas H. Ollendick, 113–28. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780198765844.003.0006.

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Chapter 6 describes emotion dysregulation features which are associated with children and adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). In ADHD adaptive emotion regulation processes are impaired; this negatively impacts the individual’s ability to flexibly select, attend, and appraise emotionally evocative stimuli. This is identified as emotion dysregulation, which occurs when individuals fail to alter emotional states that affect behaviours necessary for achieving one’s goals. This review also examines the relationship between executive functions and emotion dysregulation in ADHD. Successful modulation of emotion occurs as a result of intact executive functions; however, ADHD is characterized by poor executive functions as a result of deficits in the prefrontal cortical networks. Along with describing neural mechanisms associated with ADHD, this review also focuses on the development of emotion dysregulation, clinical implications and current interventions.
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Newcomer, John W. "Diabetes mellitus and psychotic disease." In Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes, 1998–2004. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199235292.003.1580.

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In 2006, investigators compiled data from the public mental health systems of eight states in the USA and compared life expectancy for patients with a major mental illness with general population values. Focusing on states with outpatient as well as inpatient data, this study indicated that individuals with a major mental illness have a mean age at death that is 25–30 years earlier than that observed in the general population over the same years in the same states (1). In this study, ‘major mental illness’ included affective disorders such as major depression and bipolar disorder, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders, schizophrenia, and schizoaffective disorders. Importantly, these data indicated that the leading cause of death in the mentally ill is coronary heart disease (CHD) and when death due to stroke or cerebrovascular disease is included in a category of cardiovascular disease (CVD), they account for more than 35% of deaths in this population. Suicide, by contrast, was responsible for fewer than 5% of deaths overall. Such observations have led to growing clinical interest in the cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors that contribute to the major causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with psychotic disease, as exemplified by schizophrenia.
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Conference papers on the topic "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder – United States"

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Liu, Ziming, Jonathan Bryan, Robert Borkoski, Fengpei Yuan, Yansong Li, and Xiaopeng Zhao. "On a Gamified Brain-Computer Interface for Cognitive Training of Spatial Working Memory." In ASME 2020 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2020-3128.

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Abstract In the United States, there are a large number of people suffering from memory and attention deficit problems. For example, patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and dementia have difficulties in performing activities of daily living and have a low quality of life. Currently, there exist no effective treatment for these memory and attention issues in specific cognitive impairments. In this paper, we developed a gamified platform of brain-computer interface (BCI) for cognitive training, which can engage users in the training and provide users qualitative and quantitative feedback for their training of spatial working memory. The user is able to control the movement of a drone using motor imager, which is imagined movement of body part. Sensorimotor rhythms of the user are calculated using the user’s EEG to drive the movement of the drone. Twenty normal healthy subjects were recruited to test the user experience. Our system showed the capability of engaging users, good robustness, user acceptability and usability. Therefore, we think our platform might be an alternative to provide more accessible, engaging, and effective cognitive training for people with memory and attention problems. In future, we will test the usability and effectiveness of the system for cognitive training in patients with ADHD and dementia.
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