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Hirsh, Adam Harrison. "Visual Attention and Distraction: Contribution of Orexins." W&M ScholarWorks, 2011. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626672.
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Vatterott, Daniel Brown. "Learning to overcome distraction." Diss., University of Iowa, 2015. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1784.
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Complex behaviors require selectively attending to task-relevant items, and ignoring conspicuous, irrelevant items. For example, driving requires selectively attending to other cars on the road while ignoring flashing billboards. Dominant models of attentional control posit that we avoid distraction by biasing attention towards task-relevant items, and our ability to avoid distraction depends on the strength and specificity of this bias. I find that a strong, specific bias towards task-relevant items is insufficient for preventing distraction. Instead, preventing distraction also requires past experience ignoring distractors. I also find that long-term memory systems, rather than visual short-term memory or priming memory systems, maintain this experience. Based upon these findings, I propose that effective attentional control not only demands a strong, specific bias towards task-relevant items, but also requires that observers learn to ignore conspicuous, irrelevant items.
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Dixon, Wallace E. Jr, Brenda J. Salley, and Andrea D. Clements. "Temperament, Distraction, and Learning in Toddlerhood." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2006. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4900.
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The word- and nonword-learning abilities of toddlers were tested under various conditions of environmental distraction, and evaluated with respect to children's temperamental attentional focus. Thirty-nine children and their mothers visited the lab at child age 21-months, where children were exposed to fast-mapping word-learning trials and nonlinguistic sequential learning trials. It was found that both word- and nonword-learning were adversely affected by the presentation of environmental distractions. But it was also found that the effect of the distractions sometimes depended on children's level of attentional focus. Specifically, children high in attentional focus were less affected by environmental distractions than children low in attentional focus when attempting to learn from a model, whereas children low in attentional focus demonstrated little learning from the model. Translationally, these results may be of use to child health-care providers investigating possible sources of cognitive and language delay.
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Kyle, Brandon N. "Effect of acceptance, distraction, and sensory monitoring on acute pain and attention." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2007. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5171.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2007.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 105 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 51-63).
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Leever, William J. "The Effects of Attention Control on Emotion Regulation." Xavier University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=xavier1459345217.
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Jardine, Nicole. "Surface structure and saccadic control." Diss., University of Iowa, 2018. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6147.
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Saccadic eye movements are guided by attention. Indeed, some saccade trajectory effects serve as an index the attentional strength of visual objects in the map of visual space used to plan a saccade. One approach to understanding saccade planning relies on simple tasks in sparse displays (containing a single target and distractor object) to develop neurophysiologically plausible models of saccade behavior. Under tightly controlled conditions, saccade trajectories can be well predicted by representing displays of objects with simple visual features and their relative salience.
But the world in which the saccade system typically operates is not sparse, and observer eye movements are guided by more than just salience. As such, another approach has been to examine saccadic behavior in complex scenes and complicated goals. Such scene context can drastically affect saccades in ways that are not well predicted by a context-free and expectation-free representation of visual salience.
This dissertation starts to bridge this gap between these literatures by focusing on object surfaces. Covert shifts of attention operate on representations informed not just by stimulus salience and location-based expectations, but also by the perceptual organization of object surfaces. Covert attention can be guided by surface context, such that targets and distractors are processed differently as a function of whether they are on the same or different surface. These effects are fragile, however, and have previously only been demonstrated in relatively engaging tasks and with strong perceptions of objecthood.
The present work tested the strength of the relationship between attention and saccades by testing whether surface context guides orienting eye movements. Observers made saccades to objects that could be organized with different surface structure. In four experiments (Chapters 2 and 3) I found no evidence that the saccade map encoded surface context. But in two experiments (Chapters 4 and 5) I demonstrate saccade trajectories are sensitive to surface context, independently of low or high task engagement. This demonstrates that object surface-based representations are not necessarily fragile and can affect the oculomotor map even for simple saccadic orienting for which the surface is task-irrelevant. This lends evidence to the theory that the nature of the representation of vision is one of object surfaces, and suggests that the strength of object encoding is stronger than has been previously demonstrated.
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Anderson, Brian A. "Explaining variations in the magnitude of attentional capture new tests of a two-process model /." Click here for download, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1707419901&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=3260&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Hutcheon, Thomas Gordon. "Assessing the Durablity and Time Course of Stimulus-driven Control." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/51840.
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The term cognitive control refers to a variety of mental processes that support goal-directed behavior. In the current dissertation, I focus on the role of cognitive control in situations where a weaker (but task-relevant) source of information must be selected over a stronger (but task-irrelevant) source of information. The efficiency with which individuals select information in the face of distraction has classically been viewed as a function of static control settings tied to task instructions. Recent evidence suggests, however, that variations in the efficiency of cognitive control can be induced by variations in stimulus experience and that multiple control settings may be maintained for a single task. To date, little is known about the mechanisms that support this more flexible form of control. Across six experiments, I find evidence for the formation of multiple control settings that are relatively long lasting but fragile. Multiple control settings can be maintained within a single experiment and can last over relatively long periods of time, however, without the proper contextual support these control settings fall apart. These results emphasize the important role of stimulus experience in studies of cognitive control.
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Babcock, Elizabeth Ann Heider. "Controlling distraction on the Internet an investigation into the mechanisms involved in minimizing the influence of Internet ads on an information searching task /." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.
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Oliver, Jason A. "Visual Search for Smoking Stimuli: Detection and Distraction." Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3268.
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Extensive research has shown that the attentional systems of addicted individuals are biased towards drug-related stimuli, but despite several decades of effort these results have frequently been inconsistent. Though commonly believed to result from addiction and dependence, cognitive research would suggest that frequent exposure to drug-related stimuli could affect the attentional processing of drug-related cues even if no actual drug use occurs. The present investigation examined attentional bias for smoking cues using a novel visual search paradigm amongst smokers currently in nicotine withdrawal and fully satiated smokers, as well as a non-smoker control group. Variables related to smoking behavior, as well as exposure to smoking stimuli independent of drug use were examined as predictors of task performance. Results revealed that participants were faster to detect smoking cues amongst a grid of distracting images relative to neutral cues, but that this effect was not specific to smokers. No consistent pattern emerged when smoking cues were used as distractors, indicating that attentional bias mainly operated to facilitate initial orienting to smoking cues on this task. Smoking-behavior variables were not associated with task performance. However, the amount of environmental exposure to smoking stimuli was strongly associated with performance, independent of smoking status. As environmental exposure has not been directly assessed in prior research on attentional bias, this raises questions about the interpretation of previous findings including the notion that it accurately taps constructs directly related to drug dependence. Future research should determine if exposure serves as an equally powerful predictor across traditional measures of attentional bias. If so, theoretical work should be reformulated to account for the notion that attentional bias may not develop as a result of addiction, though may still play a role in maintaining addictive behavior.
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Kelly, Andrew J. "Effect of divided attention on inadvertent plagiarism for young and older adults." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/22617.
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Bloesch, Emily Keller. "The Differential Effects of Mental Fatigue and Alcohol on Selective Attention." TopSCHOLAR®, 2008. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/14/.
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King, Michael J. "The Effect of Cognitive Load on Distractor Interference." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1522935221427355.
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Lynch, Erin E. "Effects of Perceptual Load on Dichotic and Diotic Listening Performance." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1627041542562664.
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Lynch, Erin E. "Effects of Perceptual Load on Dichotic and Diotic Listening Performance." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1627041542562664.
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Marsja, Erik. "Attention capture by sudden and unexpected changes : a multisensory perspective." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-141852.
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The main focus for this thesis was cross-modal attention capture by sudden and unexpected sounds and vibrations, known as deviants, presented in a stream the same to-be-ignored stimulus. More specifically, the thesis takes a multisensory perspective and examines the possible similarities and differences in how deviant vibrations and sounds affect visual task performance (Study I), and whether the deviant and standard stimuli have to be presented within the same modality to capture attention away from visual tasks (Study II). Furthermore, by presenting spatial deviants (changing the source of the stimuli from one side of the body to the other) in audiotactile (bimodal), tactile, and auditory to-be-ignored, it explores whether bimodal stimuli are more salient compared to unimodal (Study III). In addition, Study III tested the claims that short-term memory is domain-specific. In line with previous research, Study I found that both auditory and tactile deviants captured attention away from the visual task. However, the temporal dynamics between the two modalities seem to differ. That is, it seems like practice causes the effect of vibratory deviants to reduce, whereas this is not the case for auditory deviants. This suggests that there are central mechanisms (detection of the change) and sensory-specific mechanisms. Study II found that the deviant and standard stimuli must be presented within the same modality. If attention capture by deviants is produced by a mismatch within a neural model predicting upcoming stimuli, the neural model is likely built on stimuli within each modality separately. The results of Study III revealed that spatial and verbal short-term memory are negatively affected by a spatial change in to-be-ignored sequences, but only when the change is within a bimodal sequence. These results can be taken as evidence for a unitary account of short-term memory (verbal and spatial information stored in the same storage) and that bimodal stimuli may be integrated into a unitary percept that make any change in the stream more salient.
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Rogers, Elizabeth A. "Computer Multitasking in the Classroom: Training to Attend or Wander?" Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1525185265456238.
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Price, Jaima S. "Exploring the Relationship Between Early Childhood Attentional Control and Language Ability." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2523.
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Relatively few studies have investigated the relationship between early childhood attentional control and later cognitive outcomes, especially language development. The current study is an investigation of the relationship between the executive functioning (EF) component of attentional control and language ability in the second year of life. More specifically, the predictive nature of two aspects of attentional control, attentional focus and resistance to distraction, was be the primary focus of the proposed study. Although it was expected that children both high in attentional focus and resistance to distraction would have significantly superior language development than infants with lower attentional capacities, analyses indicated associations between the postural deviation component of resistance to distraction and language. Attentional focus was also related to infant language ability. Avenues for future research regarding early childhood attentional control, resistance to distraction, and language ability are discussed.
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Miller, Jessica A. "Impulsivity in college students with and without ADHD /." Full-text of dissertation on the Internet (1.63 MB), 2010. http://www.lib.jmu.edu/general/etd/2010/doctorate/mille4ja/mille4ja_doctorate_04-21-2010.pdf.
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Victor, Trent. "Keeping Eye and Mind on the Road." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6241.
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Biermann, Jeanette S. "Improving Cognition in Normally Aging Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Mindfulness Meditation (Samatha) as a Treatment for Attentional Inhibitory Deficits." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1310147941.
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Chambers, Destinee L. "Understanding Occlusion Inhibition: A Study of the Visual Processing of Superimposed Figures." Amherst, Mass. : University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2009. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/open_access_dissertations/6/.
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Marsja, Erik. "Attention Capture : Studying the Distracting effect of One´s Own Name." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-46607.
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This study examined the attention capturing effect by one’s own name using a cross-modal oddball task. It was hypothesized that one’s own name would yield more distraction than a familiar name and a random name. Twenty-one participants (mean = 23.48 year) took part in the experiment. A standard sound and three deviant sounds were used (own name, a familiar name and a random name). The results revealed that the deviant sounds yielded longer response times than the standard sound (all p's<.05), a familiar name yielded longer response time than one's own name (p=.036), but, no difference in response latencies between the random name and the other names were found. It’s concluded that the own name may speed up responses due to arousal, while the familiar name on the other hand act more distracting. Lack of power can possibly explain some of the results, and a reaction time task may disentangle possible differences not shown in this study.
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Jones, R. Kyle. "Attentional scattering| how media multitasking and distraction impacts our secondary students." Thesis, University of Pennsylvania, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10116307.
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Although there is a large investment made in technology in our public and private schools each year, there has been comparatively little effort made into understanding the impact of that technology on our students. This study examines the relationship between student boredom, media multitasking, and distraction in an effort to understand the impact of media multitasking on our students. To examine this, a mixed methods design was utilized, consisting of a memory recall experiment, student interviews, and a survey instrument. This study found that laptops are preferred over iPads for both focus and academic reasons, and it discovered classroom environments and teaching methodologies that caused distraction to occur as well as strategies employed by students to attempt to overcome distraction. Ultimately, this study did not find an impact on academic performance as assessed by a memory recall experiment. As a result, this study contributes significant knowledge into technology distraction at the high school level as well as modifications that can help improve student focus.
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Andrews, Lucy Sarah. "The attentional cost of feature-based inhibition : When ignoring distraction impairs selection." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1619/.
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The thesis investigates the inhibitory processes of visual selection across time. While distractor inhibition can improve current selection, this mechanism can also impair later selection when the new and important information shares features with the old inhibited information. I extend previous preview-based research (Braithwaite & Humphreys, 2003) to more ecologically valid dynamic circumstances. This work reveals that the cost of feature sharing is greatly magnified when items move, compared to when items remain static. These findings implicate a flexible inhibitory weighting system, where the featural aspects of a display become more heavily weighted upon as spatial aspects become less reliable. This strongly implicates feature-based inhibition in real-world failures of visual awareness. In addition, I extend the negative priming effect to conditions far more complex than previous research has suggested is possible. This not only improves its ecological validity, but also reveals a strong similarity between negative priming and inhibitory carry-over effects of preview search. This finding questions previous claims that these paradigms recruit separate processes, implicating an overlapping inhibitory mechanism. In all, the current thesis places feature-based inhibitory processing in a far more central role of guidance, selection and failures of visual awareness than previous research has suggested.
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Goschy, Harriet-Rosita [Verfasser], and Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Zehetleitner. "Top-down shielding from distraction in visual attention : factors of influence / Harriet-Rosita Goschy. Betreuer: Michael Zehetleitner." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1053913737/34.
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Liljenberg, Robin. "A ringing phone : The distracting effect of ringtones." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Miljöpsykologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-25251.
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Ringing phones are common in work space environments in the 21th century and while capturing the attention of the call-taker they also tend to disrupt people in the surrounding environment. This study aims to investigate the attentional capturing effect of ringtones by comparing sudden and increasing onsets with quiet and noise masking conditions while participants undertook a test of short-term memory for serial order (serial recall). The experiment presented new evidence that increasing ringtone sounds have a disruptive effect on serial recall processing. A masking noise background, however, successfully eliminated the effect of the increasing ringtone sound. In contrary to what was anticipated, the ringtone with the sudden onset did not cause an attentional capture effect, suggesting at least in behavioural terms, it was successfully ignored. The results are discussed in relation to the literature on looking effects. Increasing ringtone sounds may appear looming, with sudden onset sounds decreasing in volume appearing receding. The central idea is that looming sounds are more disruptive to serial recall because they cause a diversion of attention from the serial recall task so as to react to the apparently approaching sound. The disruption attributable to looming sounds may be a form of attentional capture that is more specific than those triggered by deviant events within a to-be-ignored stream of sounds.
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Matias, Jérémy. "La distraction par des stimuli associés à une récompense et le contrôle attentionnel dans des tâches de recherche visuelle." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAL010/document.
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Au quotidien, notre attention sélective nous permet de sélectionner les informations pertinentes au regard de notre tâche et d'ignorer celles qui ne le sont pas, afin de maintenir un comportement cohérent avec nos buts. Néanmoins, dans certaines situations, un stimulus complètement non-pertinent peut capturer notre attention contre notre volonté et, de ce fait, produire un phénomène de distraction. La distraction a initialement été considérée comme essentiellement dépendante de la saillance perceptive des distracteurs. Cependant, de récentes études ont mis en évidence que les stimuli associés à l'obtention d'une récompense (i.e., disposant d'une histoire de récompense) sont également susceptibles de produire des effets de distraction particulièrement robustes et persistants (indépendamment de leur pertinence pour la tâche en cours et de leur saillance perceptive). Parallèlement, tout un autre champ de recherche a été consacré à l’étude du contrôle attentionnel qui peut être mis en place afin de prévenir une distraction par des stimuli visuellement saillants. Cependant, à ce jour, très peu de travaux ont tenté de manipuler la qualité du contrôle attentionnel qui peut être instauré pour éviter la distraction par des stimulus associés à une récompense. L'objectif de notre travail était donc de déterminer si, et si oui, dans quelles conditions, ces distracteurs pouvaient être ignorés efficacement ou, au contraire, pouvaient résister au contrôle attentionnel. Dans sept études, nous avons associé des stimuli visuels initialement neutres à une récompense (monétaire ou sociale) afin d’étudier leur impact sur les performances lorsqu’ils apparaissaient comme distracteurs dans des tâches recherche visuelle. Nous avons manipulé la qualité du contrôle attentionnel en faisant varier les contraintes perceptives (i.e., charge perceptive : Études 1 et 2), cognitives (i.e., charge cognitive : Étude 3) ou sensorielles (i.e., dégradation sensorielle : Études 4-7) imposées par la tâche. Nous avons mis en évidence que l'interférence provoquée par un distracteur associé à une forte récompense monétaire, contrairement à celle provoquée par des distracteurs uniquement saillants, peut résister à l'augmentation de la charge perceptive (Étude 1). L'analyse des potentiels cérébraux évoqués par ces distracteurs (Etude 2) suggère que cet effet puisse résulter d’une capture attentionnelle (N2pc) accrue en charge perceptive faible et d’une suppression attentionnelle (Pd) moins efficace en charge perceptive forte pour ces distracteurs. Contrairement à nos attentes, aucun effet de la récompense n'a été observé dans l’étude manipulant la charge cognitive (Étude 3), nous conduisant à proposer que notre manipulation ait pu drainer les ressources cognitives nécessaires à l'apprentissage de l’association distracteur-récompense. Ensuite, nous avons montré que l'augmentation de la pression temporelle (Étude 4-5), réputée pour favoriser la sélection précoce d'une cible, peut au contraire, dans certaines conditions, entrainer une plus grande difficulté à ignorer les distracteurs. Pour autant, dans ces conditions, le simple fait que des distracteurs récompensés puissent apparaître semble impacter encore plus négativement la sélection d'une cible que la pression temporelle elle-même. Enfin, nos deux dernières études (Études 6-7) ont mobilisé un cadre expérimental plus écologique, impliquant la recherche de cibles dans des photographies de scènes routières prises du point de vue d’un conducteur d’automobile et l’apparition de distracteurs récompensés sur l’écran d’un smartphone présent dans l’habitacle. Nous avons mis en évidence que la dégradation sensorielle de la cible (via une augmentation de l'intensité du brouillard) entraine une distraction plus importante pour des distracteurs associés à une récompense sociale, en particulier pour les personnes présentant un niveau élevé de FoMO (Fear of Missing Out ; peur de manquer une expérience sociale). [...]In our daily activities, selective attention allow us to select task-relevant information among irrelevant ones, in order to maintain consistent, goal-directed behavior. However, sometimes, a completely irrelevant stimulus can capture our attention against our will and, as a result, produce a distraction phenomenon. Distraction was initially considered to be essentially dependent on the perceptual salience of the distractors. Nevertheless, recent studies have shown that stimuli associated with reward outcome (i.e., with a reward history) are also likely to produce particularly robust and persistent distraction effects (regardless of their relevance to the task at hand and their perceptual salience). Alongside, a large body of works has been devoted to the study of attentional control, which could prevent distraction by perceptually salient distractors. However, to date, very little work has attempted to manipulate the quality of the attentional control that could be implemented to avoid distraction by reward history. The objective of our work was therefore to determine whether, and if so, under what conditions, reward-distractors could be ignored or, on the contrary, could resist attentional control. Seven studies were conducted with neutral visual stimuli associated with (monetary or social) reward outcome, in order to investigate how they could affect task performance when they appeared as distractors in visual search tasks. Attentional control was manipulated by varying the perceptual (i.e., perceptual load: Studies 1 and 2), cognitive (i.e., cognitive load: Study 3) or sensory (i.e., sensory degradation: Studies 4-7) demands imposed by the task. We have shown that high-reward distractor interference resists to perceptual load increase, unlike that caused by only salient distractor (Study 1). Our event-related potentials study (Study 2) suggests that this effect may be due to an enhanced attentional capture (N2pc) under low perceptual load and by a less effective attentional suppression (Pd) under high perceptual load for high-reward distractors. Next, contrary to our expectations, no effect of reward history was observed when manipulating cognitive load (Study 3), leading us to propose that our manipulation could have drained the cognitive resources necessary to learn the distractor-reward association. Then, we have shown that the increase in time pressure (Studies 4-5), known to promote the early selection of relevant targets, could also enhanced the difficulty to ignore distractors under some circumstances. Nevertheless, in these conditions, the mere fact that rewarded distractors may appear seems to increase the difficulty to ignore the distractors, more than the time pressure itself. Finally, our last two studies (Studies 6-7) mobilized a more ecological visual search task, involving pictures of driving situations taken from a driver point-of-view, in which reward distractors were displayed on the screen of a smartphone in the vehicle cabin. The sensory degradation of the target (achieved by increasing the fog density outside the car) has led to greater distraction for distractors paired with a social reward, especially for people with a high level of FoMO (Fear of Missing Out; that is, the pervasive apprehension that others might be having rewarding social experiences from which one is absent). These results are discussed in the light of the literature on distraction by reward history and attentional control, in order to integrate the reward history into these models. Moreover, our observations are discussed under the scope of applied researches that focused on driver distraction, in which our work has a particular resonance
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Meinel, Jan. "Spezifische Effekte visueller und kognitiver Ablenkung bei der Kraftfahrzeugführung." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät II, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16678.
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In vier Laborexperimenten wurde versucht, auf der Grundlage der Theorie multipler Ressourcen visuelle und kognitive Ablenkung bei der Kraftfahrzeugführung getrennt zu erfassen. Um die Vorhersagen der Theorie prüfen zu können, sind die zu erwartenden Ablenkungseffekte zuvor mit Hilfe des Computational Model of Task Interference geschätzt worden. Die Experimente 1 und 2 wurden als einfache, visuell ablenkende Reaktionsaufgaben an einem PC realisiert, bei denen die Versuchspersonen unter visueller und unter kognitiver Ablenkung auf den Wechsel von Verkehrszeichen reagierten. Entgegen der Hypothese wurde in Versuch 1 die Reaktionsleistung in der Primäraufgabe durch visuelle Ablenkung nicht stärker beeinträchtigt als durch kognitive Ablenkung. Die Wiederholung des Experiments mit überarbeiteten Aufgaben ergab in Versuch 2 eine hypothesenkonforme Trennung zwischen visueller und kognitiver Ablenkung. Die Experimente 3 und 4 bestanden aus einer kognitiv beanspruchenden Navigationsaufgabe, die ebenfalls an einem PC unter visueller und kognitiver Ablenkung vollzogen wurde. Die Navigationsaufgabe zeichnete sich dadurch aus, dass visuelle und motorische Störeinflüsse der ablenkenden Zweitaufgaben zum Messzeitpunkt ausgeblendet wurden, um ausschließlich kognitive Interferenzen zu erheben. Weder im dritten Versuch noch in Versuch 4 mit einer zeitlichen Zuspitzung der Navigationsaufgabe konnte gezeigt werden, dass kognitive Ablenkung eine kognitiv beanspruchende Navigationsaufgabe stärker beeinträchtigt als visuelle Ablenkung. Die anderslautende Interferenzvorhersage des Computational Model of Task Interference hat sich nicht bestätigt. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit legen nahe, dass visuelle und kognitive Ablenkung nicht als getrennt messbare Phänomene aufgefasst werden können. Einer dementsprechenden Auslegung der Theorie multipler Ressourcen muss für den hier gewählten experimentellen Zugang der Ablenkungsmessung widersprochen werden.Based on multiple resource theory, four laboratory experiments were undertaken in an effort to independently measure visual and cognitive distractions during motor vehicle operation. In order to verify the predictions of the theory, the expected distraction effects were previously assessed with the aid of the computational model of task interference. Experiments 1 and 2 were performed as simple, visually distracting reaction tasks at a computer workstation, during which the test persons reacted to changing traffic signs while being subjected to visual and cognitive distractions. Contrary to the hypothesis, during experiment 1, the reaction performance in the primary task was not impaired more severely through visual distraction than through cognitive distraction. Repetition of the experiment with modified tasks in experiment 2 revealed a hypothesis-confirming separation between visual and cognitive distractions. Experiments 3 and 4 consisted of a cognitively challenging navigation task, which was also performed at a computer workstation with the interference of visual and cognitive distractions. During the navigation task, the visual and motor interferences of the distracting secondary tasks were omitted at the time of measurement in order to record only the cognitive interferences. Neither during the third experiment, nor during experiment 4, which involved an added time-pressure element to the navigation task, was it possible to demonstrate that cognitive distraction impairs a cognitively challenging navigation task to a greater extent than a visual distraction. The contrary interference prediction of the computational model of task interference was not confirmed. The results of this study suggest that visual and cognitive distractions cannot be regarded as separately measurable phenomena. A corresponding interpretation of multiple resource theory must therefore be rejected for the experimental approach selected here with regard to distraction measurement.
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Pramme, Lisa [Verfasser], and Christian [Akademischer Betreuer] Frings. "Cardiovascular Modulation of Selective Attention in Vision - The Impact of Baroreceptor Activity on Perceptual Selection and Controlled Distractor Processing / Lisa Pramme ; Betreuer: Christian Frings." Trier : Universität Trier, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1197702598/34.
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Persson, Pontus. "The association between working memory capacity and golf performance in a dual-task condition." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för hälsa och välfärd, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-45380.
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The aim of the study was to investigate the association between working memory capacity and golf performance in a dual-task paradigm. Twenty-eight golfers with ages varying from 19-58 participated in the study. The participants were instructed to, after assessing their working memory capacity with digit span tests, hit ten golf putts from varying distances in two different conditions, one single-task condition (just performing the golf putts) and one dual-task condition (golf putts plus a working memory task). In the dual-task condition the participants were given an address (including street name, postal code and city) to remember while hitting all ten putts. After hitting the putts in each condition the participants reported their perceived mental effort. Results from the study showed that participants with higher working memory capacity performed better than participants with lower working memory capacity in general, but especially in the distracted condition. Results also showed that participants with higher working memory capacity perceived less mental effort compared to participants with lower working memory capacity, especially in the distracted condition. The findings from this study indicate that working memory capacity is related to performance and mental effort exerted during performance, especially in a distracted condition.
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Sanscartier, Annie. "Fonctionnement attentionnel et exécutif des enfants qui présentent un trouble déficitaire de l'attention/hyperactivité." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27654/27654.pdf.
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Gao, Quan Ying. "Working memory load and Stroop interference effect : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Psychology /." 2006. http://library.canterbury.ac.nz/etd/adt-NZCU20070725.155655.
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Davis, Marion. "Is working memory load a critical factor in distractor processing? : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Psychology /." 2007. http://library.canterbury.ac.nz/etd/adt-NZCU20070824.102628.
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Dell'Oro, Lisa Ann. "The contribution of divided attention to tripping while walking." 2008. http://eprints.vu.edu.au/1526/1/DellOro.pdf.
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Falls in older adults has long been recognised as a significant public health problem requiring urgent intervention. Tripping while walking is one of the most commonly cited reasons for falls, however, little research has focused so far on foot motion characteristics and their contribution to the likelihood of tripping while walking. Even fewer studies have examined tripping on unseen obstacles while obstacle negotiation (i.e. tripping on seen obstacles) has received more attention. The primary aim of this research was to examine foot motion during long-term (e.g., 30 minutes) continuous treadmill walking by measuring minimum toe clearance (MTC), the very small distance the foot clears the ground during swing phase of gait. Examining MTC of each stride allowed an estimation of the likelihood of an individual tripping on unseen obstacles while walking. Since cognitive decline and reduced ability to multitask (reduced divided attention capacity) has been observed in older adults and has been linked to falls risk, this research also examines foot kinematics during distracted walking conditions. Foot motion was analysed during undistracted and distracted walking using various short (turning the head to identify objects to the left and then the right; reacting to a visual stimulus by pressing a hand-held button; reaching into a waist pouch to retrieve a handkerchief; and a cough) and prolonged distractions (counting backwards by threes; and watching a video) that could be encountered in normal everyday life. This enabled an evaluation of the types of distractions and situations that might increase the risk of tripping in healthy elderly females. This research, therefore: (1) focused on healthy elderly females (n = 18, mean age 71.3 years, SD = 3.6 years) and healthy young females (n = 18, mean age 21.8 years, SD = 3.6 years); (2) utilised a 2D model of the foot to using shoe dimension to calculate MTC at midswing; (3) calculated probability of tripping for each subject based on individual MTC distributions; and (4) examined MTC descriptive statistics during undistracted walking at a self-selected comfortable walking speed on the treadmill for ~20 minutes and during various everyday distractions (short and prolonged) for 10 minutes. Descriptive statistics of individual MTC distributions, which included between 906 to 1253 strides per subject, were examined. For undistracted walking, the elderly adults had lower measures of all variables in the lower end of the MTC distribution, namely minimum (minMTC) (1.08cm vs. 1.42cm, p<.05), first percentile (PC1MTC) (1.35cm vs. 1.68cm, p<.05), fifth percentile (PC5MTC) (1.50cm vs. 1.81cm, p<.05), and first quartile (Q1MTC) (1.80cm vs. 2.00cm, p<.05). The higher skewness of MTC distributions (0.60 vs. 0.33, p<.05) in the elderly, however, suggests some attempt was made to reduce the frequency of MTC in the lower portion of the distribution. It was discovered that an individual’s calculated frequency of tripping was approximately once every second stride when MTC was approximately equal to the individual’s MTC distribution central tendency (median). Elderly subjects had greater calculated probability of tripping (PT) between MTC(y) = 0.9cm – 2.0cm (p<.05). The elderly also had higher intra-individual variability in MTC as measured by interquartile range (IQRMTC) (0.44cm vs. 0.28cm, p<.01). For normal undistracted walking, the elderly are at an increased risk of tripping on unseen obstacles given the smaller MTC and greater variability in MTC. For the distracted walking conditions, the elderly had significantly lower medianMTC compared with the young for most distraction tasks (p<.05). The elderly also typically had lower minMTC and higher IQRMTC compared with the young. The lower MTC and higher intra-individual variability due to distractions places the elderly at an increased risk of tripping on small unseen obstacles compared with the young. The distraction eliciting the smallest MTC was a prolonged task (60 seconds) and involved structural interference where vision was focused on the task as well as maintaining posture and balance (video task). Distractions such as observing the scenery while walking therefore could increase the likelihood of tripping. The largest MTC was during the head turn task, where subjects turned the head to identify objects to the left and right. This large MTC could have been an attempt to reduce the likelihood of tripping.
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Hazel, Mylène. "Prédiction des habiletés et habitudes de conduite automobile sécuritaire chez les conducteurs âgés : apport de la neuropsychologie clinique." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9779.
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L’insécurité routière chez les conducteurs âgés est attribuable en partie, aux effets délétères du vieillissement normal sur le fonctionnement cognitif. Les méthodes d’évaluation neuropsychologique par les tests ayant montré une certaine efficacité dans le cas du dépistage des habiletés de conduite chez les conducteurs âgés atteints d’affections neurologiques pathologiques, la présente thèse vise à évaluer la pertinence de cette approche chez les conducteurs vieillissants de la population générale. Le principal objectif de cette thèse est ainsi d’obtenir une vue d’ensemble sur le rôle et la sensibilité des mesures neuropsychologiques dans la prédiction des habiletés et habitudes de conduite automobile sécuritaire chez les conducteurs âgés. Dans la même perspective, la thèse explore d’autre part le rôle de variables sociodémographiques et psychologiques.
L’article 1 évalue la validité prédictive de sept tests des fonctions visuo-attentionnelles et de la mémoire de travail en regard des habiletés de détection périphérique chez 50 conducteurs âgés de 62 à 83 ans. L’étude sur simulateur de conduite comprend une condition de conduite simple et une condition plus soutenue incluant une distraction téléphonique de type « mains-libres ». Selon les résultats, certains tests cognitifs prédisent bien les temps de détection. En outre, la validité prédictive des tests est plus importante dans la situation de conduite plus exigeante. Cela dit, les résultats de l’article 2 révèlent que le recours aux stratégies d’évitement des situations exigeantes est plus prononcé chez les individus qui présentent des faiblesses à certains des tests neuropsychologiques proposés. Les résultats indiquent en outre que l’utilisation des stratégies d’évitement routier est plus fréquente chez les conducteurs ayant tendance à déprécier leurs habiletés de conduite générales, à exprimer une moindre perception de contrôle ainsi qu’une attitude défavorable à l’endroit des situations de conduite complexes ou risquées. Les stratégies d’évitement se révèlent donc comme des réponses autorégulatrices proportionnelles aux limitations cognitives et aux perceptions individuelles.
Dans les deux études, l’âge ne permet pas d’expliquer les différences individuelles, ceci ni en termes d’habiletés de détection périphérique ni de tendances autorégulatrices. Le rôle du genre est cependant plus nuancé.
Ainsi, le principal apport de la présente thèse réside dans la constatation que si d’une part, certaines limitations neuropsychologiques sont associées à une réduction des habiletés de détection périphérique, ces mêmes limitations s’accompagnent aussi de mesures autorégulatrices qui peuvent contribuer à réduire le risque routier. Il appert conséquemment que les méthodes de dépistage de l’insécurité routière chez les conducteurs âgés se basant sur l’évaluation des limitations cognitives et attentionnelles doivent également rechercher et évaluer la teneur de leurs comportements routiers autorégulateurs. Dans le contexte de vieillissement de la population, des interventions pourront également miser sur le renforcement de ces comportements.The increase of crash rates in elderly population can be attributed in some part to the effects of normal aging on cognitive functioning. In the other hand, older drivers are likely to adopt self-regulated driving behaviours, such as driving habits to restrict their exposure to less complex situations. Neuropsychological assessments have shown some efficacy in the field of fitness-to-drive screening of older drivers suffering from neurological disorders. This thesis aims to assess the relevance of clinical neuropsychology in screening methods considering older drivers population. The main goal is thus to study the contribution and the sensitivity of neuropsychological testing in the prediction of skills and habits of safe driving among older drivers. In the same vein, the thesis investigates the role of other socio-demographic and psychological variables. To this end, article 1 evaluates the predictive validity of seven tests of visuo-attentional functions and working memory efficiency in relation to peripheral detection task performances in 50 drivers aged from 62 to 83 years in a simulated car driving environment. The driving simulation consisted of a simple driving condition and a condition including a "hands-free" cell phone distraction task. The results indicate that some neuropsychological tests, as opposed to age, are good predictors of detection performances. In addition, the predictive validity of the tests is more important in the most challenging driving condition. The Corsi Block Tapping test, assessing visuospatial working memory, is revealed as on of the best predictor of detection skills. Article 2 was carried from previous neuropsychological testing and self-administered questionnaires related to avoidance driving behaviours, drivers perceptions and attitudes. The results indicate that individuals who show higher difficulties in tests assessing visuospatial working memory, processing speed, and divided and selective attention capacities are significantly more likely to adopt avoidance driving strategies. The results also demonstrate that driving avoidance is higher among drivers who tend to depreciate their general driving skills, to express a lower perception of control and an unfavourable attitude towards risky driving. Avoidance strategies are thus proven to be self-regulatory responses which are proportionate to cognitive limitations and individual perceptions. In summary, this thesis demonstrates that peripheral detection performances of older drivers in a simulated car study, are well reflected in neuropsychological testing assessing working memory and other attentional abilities. Since detection skills are crucial for driving safety, an indirect link can be established between neuropsychological measures and road safety among older drivers. It also seems that those drivers, who have greater cognitive limitations, are more likely to avoid challenging driving situations, thereby balancing their crash risk. It is concluded that fitness-to-drive assessments based on neuropsychological screening need to be complemented with the assessment of self-regulatory behaviors. In the context of an aging population, new interventions should focus on strengthening self-regulatory behaviors of older drivers.
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Perrier, Erica Taylor. "Spinal reflex control in healthy and ACL-injured women during a distracting task." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/23655.
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Female athletes exhibit three- to six-fold greater incidence of noncontact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury relative to their male counterparts. The increased risk appears to stem from interactions between several risk factors, that can roughly be categorized as anatomic, biomechanical, hormonal, and neuromuscular. Neuromuscular risk factors have recently gained a greater focus, and include differences in the timing and magnitude of activation of lower extremity and trunk musculature. In addition to neuromuscular risk factors, the incidence of ACL injury is not evenly distributed across the menstrual cycle, suggesting that hormonal fluctuations may influence neuromuscular control. Finally, it is known that even well-trained athletes experience decrements in performance and postural control when forced to attend to multiple sensory stimuli, which is common in many sports. PURPOSE: To explore neuromuscular differences in the ways healthy and ACL-injured women respond to a secondary task requiring fine motor control and sustained mental focus (typing task). Our investigation encompassed three broad aims. First, we sought to determine whether ACL-injured individuals demonstrated similar reflex profiles to healthy individuals, as well as to determine whether the ACL-involved limb was similar to its uninvolved counterpart. Our second aim was to determine whether the typing task resulted in attenuated Hoffmann (H) reflex amplitudes, and to investigate whether any observed changes were similar in healthy and ACL-injured groups. Finally, our third broad aim was to utilize more complex H reflex analysis techniques to determine whether differences in spinal excitability existed at different points in the menstrual cycle. METHODS: Thirty nine recreationally active women (20 with prior unilateral noncontact ACL injury: 24.0 ± 4.5 years; 23.8 ± 4.5 kg•m⁻²; 4.1 ± 2.6 years post-injury; 19 with no history of knee injury: 23.8 ± 4.5 years; 23.1 ± 2.3 kg•m⁻²) agreed to participate, and were tested during days 2-5 (follicular phase) of the menstrual cycle. A sub-set of this original group (n=8; 24.0 ± 4.8 years; 22.0 ± 2.1 kg•m⁻²) also agreed to return for a second testing session 24-96 hours after ovulation (early luteal phase), in order to assess H reflex differences across the menstrual cycle. During each testing session, H reflex testing was used to explore spinal-level control mechanisms of the lower extremity musculature under both Rest and Task conditions. In the control group, the dominant limb was tested (CON-D) while in the ACL group, both the uninvolved (ACL-UN) and involved (ACL-INV) limbs were assessed. Differences between groups (Control vs. ACL) and within-groups (ACL-UN vs. ACL-INV) were explored. RESULTS: At rest, H reflex parameters in ACL-INV were generally similar to ACL-UN and to CON-D. However, differences in presynaptic inhibition were apparent in ACL-INV that imply reduced reflex plasticity. During the typing task, both the Control and ACL groups experienced attenuated H reflex parameters. In the sub-set of participants who were tested twice during the menstrual cycle, a significant increase in presynaptic inhibition was observed during the early luteal phase compared to the follicular phase. CONCLUSION: While individuals with prior ACL injury display similar H reflex profiles to healthy individuals, the ACL-involved limb may demonstrate less reflex plasticity in response to environmental changes. This lack of plasticity may potentially increase the risk of re-injury. In addition, an upper extremity task requiring fine motor control and sustained mental focus attenuates the H reflex in both groups. This attenuation has implications for lower-extremity neuromuscular control in dual-task environments. Finally, the increase in presynaptic inhibition observed during the early luteal phase may provide insight into why ACL injuries are not evenly distributed across the menstrual cycle.Graduation date: 2012
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Kotsopoulos, Eleftheria. "Visual selective attention the effect of stimulus onset, perceptual load, and working memory demand on distractor interference /." 2009. http://eprints.vu.edu.au/15212/1/Kotsopoulos_Eleftheria_Visual_Attention.pdf.
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Humans are capable of selecting information that is goal-relevant. Irrelevant (distractor) information, however, typically is not filtered completely and impacts on responses to the goal. Recent theories of selective attention indicate that distractor interference is determined by the perceptual load of a visual display and the availability of cognitive control mechanisms (working memory load). It is unclear however, which mechanisms assist efficient selective attention and how irrelevant distracting information is rejected. Using a go/no-go visual attention task (Experiment 1) and a visual search task (Experiment 2), this series of experiments examined distractor processing in visual selective attention.
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Fortier-Gauthier, Ulysse. "Il était une fois une cible et un distracteur : électrophysiologie des mécanismes corticaux de l'attention visuelle en perception et en mémoire." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13737.
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