Journal articles: 'Attention. Distraction (Psychology)'

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Watanabe, Katsumi, and Shinsuke Shimojo. "Attentional Modulation in Perception of Visual Motion Events." Perception 27, no. 9 (September 1998): 1041–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p271041.

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Identical visual targets moving across each other with equal and constant speed can be perceived either to bounce off or to stream through each other. This bistable motion perception has been studied mostly in the context of motion integration. Since the perception of most ambiguous motion is affected by attention, there is the possibility of attentional modulation occurring in this case as well. We investigated whether distraction of attention from the moving targets would alter the relative frequency of each percept. During the observation of the streaming/bouncing motion event in the peripheral visual field, visual attention was disrupted by an abrupt presentation of a visual distractor at various timings and locations (experiment 1; exogenous distraction of attention) or by the demand of an additional discrimination task (experiments 2 and 3; endogenous distraction of attention). Both types of distractions of attention increased the frequency of the bouncing percept and decreased that of the streaming percept. These results suggest that attention may facilitate the perception of object motion as continuing in the same direction as in the past.

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Annerer-Walcher, Sonja, Christof Körner, Roger E. Beaty, and Mathias Benedek. "Eye behavior predicts susceptibility to visual distraction during internally directed cognition." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 82, no. 7 (June 4, 2020): 3432–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-020-02068-1.

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Abstract When we engage in internally directed cognition (e.g., planning or imagination), our eye behavior decouples from external stimuli and couples to internal representations (e.g., internal visualizations of ideas). Here, we investigated whether eye behavior predicts the susceptibility to visual distraction during internally directed cognition. To this end, participants performed a divergent thinking task, which required internally directed attention, and we measured distraction in terms of attention capture by unrelated images. We used multilevel mixed models to predict visual distraction by eye behavior right before distractor onset. In Study 1 (N = 38), visual distraction was predicted by increased saccade and blink rate, and higher pupil dilation. We replicated these findings in Study 2 using the same task, but with less predictable distractor onsets and a larger sample (N = 144). We also explored whether individual differences in susceptibility to visual distraction were related to cognitive ability and task performance. Taken together, variation in eye behavior was found to be a consistent predictor of visual distraction during internally directed cognition. This highlights the relevance of eye parameters as objective indicators of internal versus external attentional focus and distractibility during complex mental tasks.

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Giancola, Peter R., and Michelle D. Corman. "Alcohol and Aggression." Psychological Science 18, no. 7 (July 2007): 649–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01953.x.

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This article presents the first systematic test of the attention-allocation model for alcohol-related aggression. According to this model, alcohol has a “myopic” effect on attentional capacity that presumably facilitates aggression by focusing attention on more salient provocative, rather than less salient inhibitory, cues in hostile situations. Aggression was assessed using a laboratory task in which mild electric shocks were received from, and administered to, a fictitious opponent. Study 1 demonstrated that a moderate-load cognitive distractor suppressed aggression in intoxicated subjects (to levels even lower than those exhibited by a placebo control group). Study 2 assessed how varying the magnitude of a distracting cognitive load affected aggression in the alcohol and placebo conditions. Results indicated that the moderate-load distraction used in Study 1 (i.e., holding four elements in sequential order in working memory) suppressed aggression best. Cognitive loads of larger and smaller magnitudes were not successful in attenuating aggression.

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Watson, Poppy, Daniel Pearson, Michelle Chow, Jan Theeuwes, Reinout W. Wiers, Steven B. Most, and Mike E. Le Pelley. "Capture and Control: Working Memory Modulates Attentional Capture by Reward-Related Stimuli." Psychological Science 30, no. 8 (July 3, 2019): 1174–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797619855964.

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Physically salient but task-irrelevant distractors can capture attention in visual search, but resource-dependent, executive-control processes can help reduce this distraction. However, it is not only physically salient stimuli that grab our attention: Recent research has shown that reward history also influences the likelihood that stimuli will capture attention. Here, we investigated whether resource-dependent control processes modulate the effect of reward on attentional capture, much as for the effect of physical salience. To this end, we used eye tracking with a rewarded visual search task and compared performance under conditions of high and low working memory load. In two experiments, we demonstrated that oculomotor capture by high-reward distractor stimuli is enhanced under high memory load. These results highlight the role of executive-control processes in modulating distraction by reward-related stimuli. Our findings have implications for understanding the neurocognitive processes involved in real-life conditions in which reward-related stimuli may influence behavior, such as addiction.

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Parmentier, Fabrice B. R., and Pilar Andrés. "The Involuntary Capture of Attention by Sound." Experimental Psychology 57, no. 1 (October 1, 2010): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000009.

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The presentation of auditory oddball stimuli (novels) among otherwise repeated sounds (standards) triggers a well-identified chain of electrophysiological responses: The detection of acoustic change (mismatch negativity), the involuntary orientation of attention to (P3a) and its reorientation from the novel. Behaviorally, novels reduce performance in an unrelated visual task (novelty distraction). Past studies of the cross-modal capture of attention by acoustic novelty have typically discarded from their analysis the data from the standard trials immediately following a novel, despite some evidence in mono-modal oddball tasks of distraction extending beyond the presentation of deviants/novels (postnovelty distraction). The present study measured novelty and postnovelty distraction and examined the hypothesis that both types of distraction may be underpinned by common frontally-related processes by comparing young and older adults. Our data establish that novels delayed responses not only on the current trial and but also on the subsequent standard trial. Both of these effects increased with age. We argue that both types of distraction relate to the reconfiguration of task-sets and discuss this contention in relation to recent electrophysiological studies.

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Gaspar, John M., and John J. McDonald. "High Level of Trait Anxiety Leads to Salience-Driven Distraction and Compensation." Psychological Science 29, no. 12 (November 2, 2018): 2020–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797618807166.

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Individuals with high levels of anxiety are hypothesized to have impaired executive control functions that would otherwise enable efficient filtering of irrelevant information. Pinpointing specific deficits is difficult, however, because anxious individuals may compensate for deficient control functions by allocating greater effort. Here, we used event-related-potential indices of attentional selection (the N2pc) and suppression (the PD) to determine whether high trait anxiety is associated with a deficit in preventing the misallocation of attention to salient, but irrelevant, visual search distractors. Like their low-anxiety counterparts ( n = 19), highly anxious individuals ( n = 19) were able to suppress the distractor, as evidenced by the presence of a PD. Critically, however, the distractor was found to trigger an earlier N2pc in the high-anxiety group but not in the low-anxiety group. These findings indicate that, whereas individuals with low anxiety can prevent distraction in a proactive fashion, anxious individuals deal with distractors only after they have diverted attention.

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Haensly, Patricia. "Balancing a Culture of Distraction with Guided Attention for Gifted Exploration and Reflection." Gifted Child Today 26, no. 4 (October 2003): 30–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4219/gct-2003-117.

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As I was looking for relevant material for the Adolescent Psychology course I teach, my attention was drawn to a book by Thomas Cottle, Mind Fields: Adolescent Consciousness in a Culture of Distraction (2001). Frost's quotation is in the frontispiece, and his words seemed so relevant to the topic I intended to develop in this issue's parent column and is stated with so much elegance, that I couldn't resist using it to initiate an exploration of the roles of distraction, attention, exploration, and reflection in our attempts, as both parents and teachers, to foster the development of gifted potential in our children.

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Godwin, Karrie E., Lucy C. Erickson, and Rochelle S. Newman. "Insights From Crossing Research Silos on Visual and Auditory Attention." Current Directions in Psychological Science 28, no. 1 (November 16, 2018): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721418807725.

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Many learning tasks that children encounter necessitate the ability to direct and sustain attention to key aspects of the environment while simultaneously tuning out irrelevant features. This is challenging for at least two reasons: (a) The ability to regulate and sustain attention follows a protracted developmental time course, and (b) children spend much of their time in environments not optimized for learning—homes and schools are often chaotic, cluttered, and noisy. Research on these issues is often siloed; that is, researchers tend to examine the relationship among attention, distraction, and learning in only the auditory or the visual domain, but not both together. We provide examples in which auditory and visual aspects of learning each have strong implications for the other. Research examining how visual information and auditory information are distracting can benefit from cross-fertilization. Integrating across research silos informs our understanding of attention and learning, yielding more efficacious guidance for caregivers, educators, developers, and policymakers.

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SanMiguel, Iria, David Linden, and Carles Escera. "Attention capture by novel sounds: Distraction versus facilitation." European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 22, no. 4 (June 2010): 481–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09541440902930994.

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Li, Biqin, Fabrice B. R. Parmentier, and Ming Zhang. "Behavioral Distraction by Auditory Deviance Is Mediated by the Sound’s Informational Value *Li and Parmentier share the first authorship of this study." Experimental Psychology 60, no. 4 (April 1, 2013): 260–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000196.

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Sounds deviating from an otherwise repetitive background in some task-irrelevant respect (deviant sounds among standard sounds) capture attention in an obligatory fashion and result in behavioral distraction in an ongoing task. Traditionally, such distraction has been considered as the ineluctable consequence of the deviant sound’s low probability of occurrence relative to that of the standard. Recent evidence from a cross-modal oddball task challenged this idea by showing that deviant sounds only yield distraction in a visual task when auditory distractors (standards and deviants) announce with certainty the imminent presentation of a target stimulus (event information), regardless of whether they predict the target’s temporal onset (temporal information). The present study sought to test for the first time whether this finding may be generalized to a purely auditory oddball task in which distractor and target information form part of the same perceptual stimulus. Participants were asked to judge whether a sound starting from a central location moved left or right while ignoring rare and unpredictable changes in the sound’s identity. By manipulating the temporal and probabilistic relationship between sound onset and movement onset, we disentangled the roles of event and temporal information and found that, as in the auditory-visual oddball task, deviance distraction is mediated by the extent to which distractor information harbingers the presentation of the target information (event information). This finding suggests that the provision of event information by auditory distractors is a fundamental prerequisite of behavioral deviance distraction.

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Körner, Ulrike, Jan P. Röer, Axel Buchner, and Raoul Bell. "Time of presentation affects auditory distraction: Changing-state and deviant sounds disrupt similar working memory processes." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 3 (February 27, 2018): 457–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021818758239.

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Four experiments tested conflicting predictions about which components of the serial-recall task are most sensitive to auditory distraction. Changing-state (Experiments 1a and 1b) and deviant distractor sounds (Experiments 2a and 2b) were presented in one of four different intervals of the serial-recall task: (1) during the first half of encoding, (2) during the second half of encoding, (3) during the first half of retention, or (4) during the second half of retention. According to the embedded-processes model, both types of distractors should interfere with the encoding and rehearsal of targets in the focus of attention. According to the duplex-mechanism account, changing-state distractors should interfere only with rehearsal, whereas deviant distractors should interfere only with encoding. Inconsistent with the latter view, changing-state and deviant distractor sounds interfered with both the encoding and the retention of the targets. Both types of auditory distraction were most pronounced during the second half of encoding when the increasing rehearsal demands had to be coordinated with the continuous updating of the rehearsal set. These findings suggest that the two types of distraction disrupt similar working memory mechanisms.

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Von Gehlen, Johannes, and Pierre Sachse. "Benefits of Distraction." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 43, no. 4 (May 24, 2015): 601–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2015.43.4.601.

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A considerable amount of research has been carried out with the aim of understanding the relationship between arousal and performance, but so far this topic has rarely been examined in the context of personality. In this study, we used a 2-group design (N = 76) to investigate the effects of arousal, induced by cognitive activation, on introverts and extroverts in the context of follow-up tasks. Arousal was induced by an irrelevant auditory stimulus that implemented a high cognitive load while participants were attempting to remember the content of the text of an article. Extroverts showed a greater improvement in performance than did introverts in a consecutive task, a d2-Test of Attention, leading to the conclusion that extroverts benefit more from cognitive activation through external stimuli than do introverts. Theoretical implications are discussed in the framework of the Yerkes–Dodson law.

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Marsja, Erik, Gregory Neely, and Jessica K. Ljungberg. "Investigating Deviance Distraction and the Impact of the Modality of the To-Be-Ignored Stimuli." Experimental Psychology 65, no. 2 (March 2018): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000390.

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Abstract. It has been suggested that deviance distraction is caused by unexpected sensory events in the to-be-ignored stimuli violating the cognitive system’s predictions of incoming stimuli. The majority of research has used methods where the to-be-ignored expected (standards) and the unexpected (deviants) stimuli are presented within the same modality. Less is known about the behavioral impact of deviance distraction when the to-be-ignored stimuli are presented in different modalities (e.g., standard and deviants presented in different modalities). In three experiments using cross-modal oddball tasks with mixed-modality to-be-ignored stimuli, we examined the distractive role of unexpected auditory deviants presented in a continuous stream of expected standard vibrations. The results showed that deviance distraction seems to be dependent upon the to-be-ignored stimuli being presented within the same modality, and that the simplest omission of something expected; in this case, a standard vibration may be enough to capture attention and distract performance.

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Morgan, Michael J., and Joshua A. Solomon. "Attention and the motion aftereffect." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 12 (August 14, 2019): 2848–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021819864552.

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We measured the effects of attentional distraction on the time course and asymptote of motion adaptation strength, using visual search performance (percent correct and reaction time). In the first two experiments, participants adapted to a spatial array of moving Gabor patches, either all vertically oriented (Experiment 1) or randomly oriented (Experiment 2). On each trial, the adapting array was followed by a test array in which all of the test patches except one were identical in orientation and movement direction to their retinotopically corresponding adaptors, but the target moved in the opposite direction to its adaptor. Participants were required to identify the location of the changed target with a mouse click. The ability to do so increased with the number of adapting trials. Neither search speed nor accuracy was affected by an attentionally demanding conjunction task at the fixation point during adaptation, suggesting low-level (preattentive) sites in the visual pathway for the adaptation. In Experiment 3, the same participants were required to identify the one element in the test array that was slowly moving. Reaction times in this case were elevated following adaptation, but once again there was no significant effect of the distracting task upon performance. In Experiment 4, participants were required to make eye movements, so that retinotopically corresponding adaptors could be distinguished from spatiotopically corresponding adaptors. Performance in Experiments 1 and 2 correlated positively with reaction times in Experiment 3, suggesting a general trait for adaptation strength.

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Matusz, Pawel J., Hannah Broadbent, Jessica Ferrari, Benjamin Forrest, Rebecca Merkley, and Gaia Scerif. "Multi-modal distraction: Insights from children’s limited attention." Cognition 136 (March 2015): 156–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2014.11.031.

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Bassett, Michael, and Robert J. Edelmann. "The Coping with Anxiety Questionnaire: A Replication and Extension." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 19, no. 3 (July 1991): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0141347300013276.

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In a recent questionnaire study Watts (1989) examined coping strategies including attentional and “self talk” strategies used by agoraphobics. This paper reports the findings of a revised coping with anxiety questionnaire administered to over 200 agoraphobic subjects to examine two issues raised by the Watts' study: firstly, the existence of discrete factors related to distraction techniques and focused attention to anxiety cues; and secondly, perceived levels of voluntary control in relation to different coping strategies. The results partially confirmed the factor analytic results obtained by Watts, although there was no evidence for discrete attentional factors related to distraction or calm focused attention. There was evidence consistent with the claim that self talk strategies are largely under voluntary control. The implications of the results for treatment are discussed.

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Schmid-Leuz, Barbara, Karin Elsesser, Thomas Lohrmann, Peter Jöhren, and Gudrun Sartory. "Attention focusing versus distraction during exposure in dental phobia." Behaviour Research and Therapy 45, no. 11 (November 2007): 2691–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2007.07.004.

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Rajan, Abhijit, Sreenivasan Meyyappan, Harrison Walker, Immanuel Babu Henry Samuel, Zhenhong Hu, and Mingzhou Ding. "Neural mechanisms of internal distraction suppression in visual attention." Cortex 117 (August 2019): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2019.02.026.

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Failing, Michel, and Jan Theeuwes. "More capture, more suppression: Distractor suppression due to statistical regularities is determined by the magnitude of attentional capture." Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 27, no. 1 (December 17, 2019): 86–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13423-019-01672-z.

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AbstractSalient yet irrelevant objects often interfere with daily tasks by capturing attention against our best interests and intentions. Recent research has shown that through implicit learning, distraction by a salient object can be reduced by suppressing the location where this distractor is likely to appear. Here, we investigated whether suppression of such high-probability distractor locations is an all-or-none phenomenon or specifically tuned to the degree of interference caused by the distractor. In two experiments, we varied the salience of two task-irrelevant singleton distractors each of which was more likely to appear in one specific location in the visual field. We show that the magnitude of interference by a distractor determines the magnitude of suppression for its high-probability location: The more salient a distractor, the more it becomes suppressed when appearing in its high-probability location. We conclude that distractor suppression emerges as a consequence of the spatial regularities regarding the location of a distractor as well as its potency to interfere with attentional selection.

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Keogh, Edmund, and Christopher C. French. "Test anxiety, evaluative stress, and susceptibility to distraction from threat." European Journal of Personality 15, no. 2 (March 2001): 123–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.400.

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Examinations are perhaps one of the main methods of assessment in education. Unfortunately, there are some individuals who are so fearful of such events that performance is impaired. Test anxiety is believed to be the trait that predisposes individuals to react negatively to examinations and tests. One way in which it is believed that test anxiety affects performance is by increasing susceptibility to distraction from task‐irrelevant material. However, few studies have directly investigated this impairment. An experiment was therefore conducted to investigate susceptibility to distraction in high and low test‐anxious students. The task used was based on one developed by Mathews, May, Mogg and Eysenck (1990), which distinguishes between focused attention and selective search. In order to determine whether a specific susceptibility to distraction exists, the distractors were varied in terms of valence and relevance to examinations. Since test anxiety is a situation‐specific trait, an evaluation‐related stressor was used to trigger test‐anxious reactions. A specific susceptibility to distraction from threat was found amongst high test‐anxious participants who received the evaluation‐related stressor. However, this effect was only found when participants were using focused attention. This suggests that the disturbed performance often found to be associated with test anxiety might be due to an inability to ignore threatening material when attempting to focus attentional resources. These results are discussed in light of current theories of test anxiety and implications for educational practice. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Chapman, Alison Georgina. "ORNAMENT AND DISTRACTION: PERIPHERAL AESTHETICS IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY." Victorian Literature and Culture 45, no. 2 (May 5, 2017): 233–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150316000590.

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In the section devoted to “Attention”inThe Principles of Psychology(1890), William James describes how the “‘adaptation of the attention’” can alter our perception of an image so as to permit multiple visual formulations (417). In his example of a two-dimensional drawing of a cube, we can see the three-dimensional body only once our attention has been primed by “preperception”: the image formed by the combination of lines has “no connection with what the picture ostensibly represents” (419, 418). In a footnote to this passage, however, James uses an example from Hermann Lotze'sMedicinische Psychologie(1852), to show how a related phenomenon can occur involuntarily, and in states of distraction rather than attention:In quietly lying and contemplating a wall-paper pattern, sometimes it is the ground, sometimes the design, which is clearer and consequently comes nearer. . .all without any intention on our part. . . .Often it happens in reverie that when we stare at a picture, suddenly some of its features will be lit up with especial clearness, although neither its optical character nor its meaning discloses any motive for such an arousal of the attention. (419)James uses the formal illogicality of the wallpaper (its lack of compositional center prevents it from dictating the trajectory for our attention according to intrinsic aesthetic laws) to demonstrate the volatility of our ideational centers, particularly in moments of reverie or inattention. Without the intervention of the will, James says, our cognitive faculties are always in undirected motion, which occurs below the strata of our mental apprehension. Momentary instances of focus or attunement are generated only by the imperceptible and purely random “irradiations of brain-tracts” (420). Attention, for James, is the artistic power of the mind; it applies “emphasis,” “intelligible perspective,” and “clear and vivid form” to the objects apprehended by the faculties of perception, it “makesexperience more than it is made by it” (381). Reverie, a moment when attention has been reduced to a minimum, thus demands an alternative aesthetic analog, where composition is reduced to a minimum too.

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Ngo, Ka Wai Joan, Renée Katherine Biss, and Lynn Hasher. "Time of day effects on the use of distraction to minimise forgetting." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 11 (January 1, 2018): 2334–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021817740808.

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Recent research found that implicit rehearsal of distraction can reduce forgetting for older adults, in part due to their inefficient regulation of irrelevant information. Here, we investigated whether young adults’ memory can also benefit from critical information presented as distraction. Participants recalled a list of words initially and then again after a 15-min delay, with some of the critical studied words exposed as distraction during the delay. We tested young adults at an optimal versus non-optimal time of day, the latter a condition intended to mirror patterns of those with reduced attention regulation. We also varied task instruction to assess whether awareness of an upcoming memory task would influence implicit rehearsal of distraction. The task instruction manipulation was ineffective, but desynchronising time of testing and period of optimal cognitive arousal resulted in a memory benefit. Young adults tested at a non-optimal time showed minimal forgetting of words repeated as distraction, while those tested at an optimal time showed no memory benefit for these items, consistent with research suggesting that attention regulation is greatly affected by circadian arousal.

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Berti, Stefan, Urte Roeber, and Erich Schröger. "Bottom-Up Influences on Working Memory: Behavioral and Electrophysiological Distraction Varies with Distractor Strength." Experimental Psychology 51, no. 4 (January 2004): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.51.4.249.

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Abstract. The present study investigates bottom-up effects serving the optimal balance between focusing attention on relevant information and distractibility by potentially significant events outside the focus of attention. We tested whether distraction, indicated by behavioral and event-related brain potential (ERP) measures, varies with the strength of task-irrelevant deviances. Twenty subjects performed a tone-duration discrimination task (200 or 400 ms sinusoidal tones presented equiprobably). The stimuli were presented with frequent standard (p = 0.84; 1000 Hz) or infrequent deviant (p = 0.16) pitch. These task-irrelevant pitch changes consisted in a frequency increase/decrease of 1%, 3%, 5%, or 10%. Each of them resulted in prolonged reaction times (RT) in the duration discrimination task and elicited the MMN, P3a, and RON components of the ERP. Importantly, these measures did increase as a function of pitch deviance. Separating the individual trials on the 1% deviation level into trials with and without RT prolongation, i.e., behavioral distraction effect, revealed that both subgroups had similar MMN, but P3a and RON were confined to the trials with RT prolongation. Results are interpreted within a model relating preattentive deviance detection, distraction, and working memory.

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Amer, Tarek, K. W. Joan Ngo, and Lynn Hasher. "Cultural differences in visual attention: Implications for distraction processing." British Journal of Psychology 108, no. 2 (March 6, 2016): 244–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12194.

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Oliver, Alex, Paul J. McCarthy, and Lindsey Burns. "A Grounded-Theory Study of Meta-Attention in Golfers." Sport Psychologist 34, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2019-0014.

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This study sought to construct a theoretical understanding of meta-attention in golfers. Eight male golfers (7 competitive-elite and 1 successful-elite) were interviewed about their experiences of attentional processes in competitive golf. A Straussian grounded-theory approach was used throughout the research process, and interview transcripts were analyzed using open, axial, and selective coding. Results indicated that meta-attention is resource based, with metacognitive reflections of logistic and shot resources that facilitate attentional control. Attentional control required successful target selection, consistent preshot routines, and consistent postshot routines. Failures in wider or immediate resources or failure to initiate control routines can lead to internal distraction. The emergent theory provides an understanding of the function of meta-attention in golf performance that can be used by golfers, coaches, or psychologists to improve attentional strategies.

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Raeder, Sophie-Marie, Jessica K. Bone, Eva Zita Patai, Emily A. Holmes, Anna Christina Nobre, and Susannah E. Murphy. "Emotional distraction in the context of memory-based orienting of attention." Emotion 19, no. 8 (December 2019): 1366–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/emo0000506.

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Hoskin, Robert, Mike D. Hunter, and Peter W. R. Woodruff. "Neither State or Trait Anxiety Alter the Response to Distracting Emotionally Neutral Sounds." Experimental Psychology 62, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000268.

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Attentional control theory suggests that heightened anxiety, whether due to trait or state factors, causes an increased vulnerability to distraction even when the distracters are emotionally neutral. Recent passive oddball studies appear to support this theory in relation to the distraction caused by emotionally neutral sounds. However such studies have manipulated emotional state via the content of task stimuli, thus potentially confounding changes in emotion with differences in task demands. To identify the effect of anxiety on the distraction caused by emotionally neutral sounds, 50 participants completed a passive oddball task requiring emotionally neutral sounds to be ignored. Crucially, state anxiety was manipulated independent of the task stimuli (via unrelated audiovisual stimuli) thus removing confounds relating to task demands. Neither state or trait anxiety was found to influence the susceptibility to distraction by emotionally neutral sounds. These findings contribute to the ongoing debate concerning the impact of emotion on attention.

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Haenen, Marie-Anne, Anton J. M. Schmidt, Sabine Kroeze, and Marcel A. van den Hout. "Hypochondriasis and Symptom Reporting – The Effect of Attention versus Distraction." Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 65, no. 1 (1996): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000289030.

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Kim, Youngsook, Taiseok Chang, and Inchon Park. "Visual Scanning Behavior and Attention Strategies for Shooting Among Expert Versus Collegiate Korean Archers." Perceptual and Motor Skills 126, no. 3 (February 16, 2019): 530–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0031512519829624.

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This study analyzed differences in visual scanning behavior and resistance to distractions between Olympic and collegiate archers. The experiment required the participants to watch a test film comprising six stages corresponding to the phases of an archery performance. The recording emulated the archer's point of view. During initial phases of shooting, Olympic archers demonstrated more frequent and longer fixations than did their collegiate counterparts, whereas during the later phases of shooting, the groups' visual scanning patterns did not differ significantly. In a second experiment within this study, auditory and visual distractors led Olympic archers to exhibit fewer fixations of longer duration and less eye movement, regardless of the type of distraction. Thus, in each experiment, Korean national-team archers modified their attentional strategies more efficiently than collegiate archers, expanding and narrowing their focused attention based on task demands. These findings provide fundamental information on the nature of expert shooters' visual scanning patterns and have implications for developing training protocols for aspiring athletes.

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Rey, Günter Daniel. "Seductive details and attention distraction – An eye tracker experiment." Computers in Human Behavior 32 (March 2014): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.11.017.

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Pavan, Andrea, Adriano Contillo, Filippo Ghin, Matthew J. Foxwell, and George Mather. "Limited Attention Diminishes Spatial Suppression From Large Field Glass Patterns." Perception 48, no. 4 (March 18, 2019): 286–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006619835457.

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Glass patterns (GPs) consist of randomly distributed dot pairs (dipoles) whose orientations are determined by specific geometric transforms. We investigated the role of visuospatial attention in the processing of global form from GPs by measuring the effect of distraction on adaptation to GPs. In the nondistracted condition, observers were adapted to coherent GPs. After the adaptation period, they were presented with a test GP divided in two halves along the vertical and were required to judge which side of the test GP was more coherent. In the attention-distracted condition, a high-load rapid serial visual presentation task was performed during the adapting period. The magnitude of the form after-effect was measured using a technique that measures the coherence level at which the test GP appears random. The rationale was that if attention has a modulatory effect on the spatial summation of dipoles, in the attention-distracted condition, we should expect a weaker form after-effect. However, the results showed stronger form after-effect in the attention-distracted condition than in the nondistracted condition, suggesting that distraction during adaptation increases the strength of form adaptation. Additional experiments suggested that distraction may reduce the spatial suppression from large-scale textures, strengthening the spatial summation of local-oriented signals.

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Ljungberg, Jessica K., and Fabrice B. R. Parmentier. "Cross-Modal Distraction by Deviance." Experimental Psychology 59, no. 6 (January 1, 2012): 355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000164.

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Unexpected task-irrelevant changes in the auditory or visual sensory channels have been shown to capture attention in an ineluctable manner and distract participants away from ongoing auditory or visual categorization tasks. We extend the study of this phenomenon by reporting the first within-participant comparison of deviance distraction in the tactile and auditory modalities. Using vibro-tactile-visual and auditory-visual cross-modal oddball tasks, we found that unexpected changes in the tactile and auditory modalities produced a number of functional similarities: A negative impact of distracter deviance on performance in the ongoing visual task, distraction on the subsequent trial (post-deviance distraction), and a similar decrease – but not the disappearance – of these effects across blocks. Despite these functional similarities, deviance distraction only correlated between the auditory and tactile modalities for the accuracy-based measure of deviance distraction and not for response latencies. Post-deviance distraction showed no correlation between modalities. Overall, the results suggest that behavioral deviance distraction may be underpinned by both modality-specific and multimodal mechanisms, while post-deviance distraction may predominantly relate to modality-specific processes.

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Escera, Carles, and M. J. Corral. "Role of Mismatch Negativity and Novelty-P3 in Involuntary Auditory Attention." Journal of Psychophysiology 21, no. 3-4 (January 2007): 251–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803.21.34.251.

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It has been proposed that the functional role of the mismatch negativity (MMN) generating process is to issue a call for focal attention toward any auditory change violating the preceding acoustic regularity. This paper reviews the evidence supporting such a functional role and outlines a model of how the attentional system controls the flow of bottom-up auditory information with regard to ongoing-task demands to organize goal-oriented behavior. Specifically, the data obtained in auditory-auditory and auditory-visual distraction paradigms demonstrated that the unexpected occurrence of deviant auditory stimuli or novel sounds captures attention involuntarily, as they distract current task performance. These data indicate that such a process of distraction takes place in three successive stages associated, respectively, to MMN, P3a/novelty-P3, and reorienting negativity (RON), and that the latter two are modulated by the demands of the task at hand.

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Forster, Sophie, David J. Robertson, Alistair Jennings, Philip Asherson, and Nilli Lavie. "Plugging the attention deficit: Perceptual load counters increased distraction in ADHD." Neuropsychology 28, no. 1 (January 2014): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/neu0000020.

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Marsh, John E., Tom A. Campbell, François Vachon, Paul J. Taylor, and Robert W. Hughes. "How the deployment of visual attention modulates auditory distraction." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 82, no. 1 (July 9, 2019): 350–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-019-01800-w.

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Makovski, Tal. "Preparing for distraction: Attention is enhanced prior to the presentation of distractors." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 148, no. 2 (February 2019): 221–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xge0000509.

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Ackerman, Brian P. "Selective attention and distraction in context-interactive situations in children and adults." Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 44, no. 1 (August 1987): 126–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0965(87)90026-9.

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Blom, Jorian H. G., Caro H. Wiering, and Rob H. J. Van der Lubbe. "Distraction Reduces Both Early and Late Electrocutaneous Stimulus Evoked Potentials." Journal of Psychophysiology 26, no. 4 (January 1, 2012): 168–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803/a000079.

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Previous electroencephalography studies revealed mixed effects of sustained distraction on early negative and later positive event-related potential components evoked by electrocutaneous stimuli. In our study we further examined the influence of sustained distraction to clarify these discrepancies. Electrocutaneous stimuli of three intensities were delivered in pulse trains to the forearm either while participants attended the stimuli or while they performed a mental-arithmetic or a word-association distraction task. The amplitudes of the N1 and the late P2/P3a components were attenuated during both distraction tasks. These results seem to resolve the debate concerning the attentional modulation of the N1 component. Furthermore, we observed that the amplitude of the late P2/P3a component was strongly affected by stimulus change, in line with the opinion that this component is actually a P3a orienting response. Our study additionally revealed that habituation effects were reflected in lower intensity ratings and reduced amplitudes of the N1 and P3a components. The latter effects were independent of the type of task, which suggests that habituation is unaffected by attention.

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Kim, Kiho, Sungkun Cho, and Jang-Han Lee. "The Influence of Self-Focused Attention on Blushing During Social Interaction." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 40, no. 5 (June 1, 2012): 747–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2012.40.5.747.

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Although it has been suggested that attentional processes play a crucial role in blushing, to date research on the relationship between blushing and self-focused attention (SFA) has yielded conflicting results. In order to examine this relationship further, we conducted an empirical study in which we induced blushing and, using infrared thermography, measured changes in the facial temperature of 29 people with a high trait of SFA and 27 people with a low trait of SFA. The results suggest that high SFA not only increased actual physiological arousal levels (facial skin temperature) during blushing, but also delayed recovery from blushing episodes. These findings may provide valuable information for individuals with a high level of fear of blushing, including possible treatments such as an attentional distraction program.

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Dickenson, Janna A., Lisa Diamond, Jace B. King, Kay Jenson, and Jeffrey S. Anderson. "Understanding heterosexual women’s erotic flexibility: the role of attention in sexual evaluations and neural responses to sexual stimuli." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 15, no. 4 (April 2020): 447–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsaa058.

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Abstract Many women experience desires, arousal and behavior that run counter to their sexual orientation (orientation inconsistent, ‘OI’). Are such OI sexual experiences cognitively and neurobiologically distinct from those that are consistent with one’s sexual orientation (orientation consistent, ‘OC’)? To address this question, we employed a mindful attention intervention—aimed at reducing judgment and enhancing somatosensory attention—to examine the underlying attentional and neurobiological processes of OC and OI sexual stimuli among predominantly heterosexual women. Women exhibited greater neural activity in response to OC, compared to OI, sexual stimuli in regions associated with implicit visual processing, volitional appraisal and attention. In contrast, women exhibited greater neural activity to OI, relative to OC, sexual stimuli in regions associated with complex visual processing and attentional shifting. Mindfully attending to OC sexual stimuli reduced distraction, amplified women’s evaluations of OC stimuli as sexually arousing and deactivated the superior cerebellum. In contrast, mindfully attending to OI sexual stimuli amplified distraction, decreased women’s evaluations of OI stimuli as sexually arousing and augmented parietal and temporo-occipital activity. Results of the current study constrain hypotheses of female erotic flexibility, suggesting that sexual orientation may be maintained by differences in attentional processing that cannot be voluntarily altered.

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Aman, Michael G., and Sarah H. Turbott. "Incidental learning, distraction, and sustained attention in hyperactive and control subjects." Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 14, no. 3 (September 1986): 441–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00915437.

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Marsh, John E., Patrik Sörqvist, Niklas Halin, Anatole Nöstl, and Dylan M. Jones. "Auditory Distraction Compromises Random Generation." Experimental Psychology 60, no. 4 (April 1, 2013): 279–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000198.

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Auditory distraction of random generation – a quintessentially executive control task – was explored in three experiments. Random number generation was impaired by the mere presence of irrelevant auditory sequences that comprise digits, but not letters, and then only if the digits were heard in a canonical order (1, 2, 3 … or 3, 2, 1 …), not in random order (Experiments 1 and 2). Random letter generation was impaired by irrelevant letters heard in alphabetical order (a, b, c …) and reversed alphabetical order (i, h, g …), but not by numbers in canonical order or letters in random order (Experiment 3). Attempting to ignore canonical sequences – with items that are members of the same category as the to-be-generated items – reduced the randomness of the generated sequence, by decreasing the tendency to change the direction of the produced sequence for random number generation, and by increasing resampling of responses for random letter generation. Like other selective attention tasks, the cost of distraction to random generation appears to stem from preventing habitual responses assuming the control of action.

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Öhman, Arne, Helge Nordby, and Giacomo D'Elia. "Orienting and schizophrenia: Stimulus significance, attention, and distraction in a signaled reaction time task." Journal of Abnormal Psychology 95, no. 4 (1986): 326–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843x.95.4.326.

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Horovitz, Omer, Brachali Roitburd, Rany Abend, Daniel Ziskind, and Tomer Shechner. "Distraction versus training attention away from threat: How to best wait for the dentist?" Australian Journal of Psychology 68, no. 3 (May 11, 2016): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajpy.12128.

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Parmentier, Fabrice B. R., Isabel Fraga, Alicia Leiva, and Pilar Ferré. "Distraction by deviant sounds: disgusting and neutral words capture attention to the same extent." Psychological Research 84, no. 7 (May 3, 2019): 1801–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00426-019-01192-4.

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Abstract Several studies have argued that words evoking negative emotions, such as disgust, grab attention more than neutral words, and leave traces in memory that are more persistent. However, these conclusions are typically based on tasks requiring participants to process the semantic content of these words in a voluntarily manner. We sought to compare the involuntary attention grabbing power of disgusting and neutral words using them as rare and unexpected auditory distractors in a cross-modal oddball task, and then probing the participants’ memory for these stimuli in a surprise recognition task. Frequentist and Bayesian analyses converged to show that, compared to a standard tone, disgusting and neutral auditory words produced significant but equivalent levels of distraction in a visual categorization task, that they elicited comparable levels of memory discriminability in the incidental recognition task, and that the participants’ individual sensitivity to disgust did not influence the results. Our results suggest that distraction by unexpected words is not modulated by their emotional valence, at least when these words are task-irrelevant and are temporally and perceptually decoupled from the target stimuli.

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Huang, Changrun, Ana Vilotijević, Jan Theeuwes, and Mieke Donk. "Proactive distractor suppression elicited by statistical regularities in visual search." Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 28, no. 3 (February 23, 2021): 918–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13423-021-01891-3.

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AbstractIrrelevant salient objects may capture our attention and interfere with visual search. Recently, it was shown that distraction by a salient object is reduced when it is presented more frequently at one location than at other locations. The present study investigates whether this reduced distractor interference is the result of proactive spatial suppression, implemented prior to display onset, or reactive suppression, occurring after attention has been directed to that location. Participants were asked to search for a shape singleton in the presence of an irrelevant salient color singleton which was presented more often at one location (the high-probability location) than at all other locations (the low-probability locations). On some trials, instead of the search task, participants performed a probe task, in which they had to detect the offset of a probe dot. The results of the search task replicated previous findings showing reduced distractor interference in trials in which the salient distractor was presented at the high-probability location as compared with the low-probability locations. The probe task showed that reaction times were longer for probes presented at the high-probability location than at the low-probability locations. These results indicate that through statistical learning the location that is likely to contain a distractor is suppressed proactively (i.e., prior to display onset). It suggests that statistical learning modulates the first feed-forward sweep of information processing by deprioritizing locations that are likely to contain a distractor in the spatial priority map.

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Lavie, Nilli, and Ian H. Robertson. "The Role of Perceptual Load in Neglect: Rejection of Ipsilesional Distractors is Facilitated with Higher Central Load." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 13, no. 7 (October 1, 2001): 867–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892901753165791.

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Neglect is known to produce a bias towards the ipsilesional side. Here we examined whether this bias is automatic or can be modulated by manipulating perceptual load in a relevant task [e.g., Lavie, N. (1995). Perceptual load as a necessary condition for selective attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 21, 451–468]. Three patients with left neglect and three healthy controls made speeded choice responses to a target letter in the center of the display while attempting to ignore an irrelevant distractor presented on left or right. Perceptual load was manipulated by inducing a search for the target that appeared with another central stimulus, which was either a blob (low load) or a nontarget letter (higher load). Response competition effects from ipsilesional distractors were significantly reduced by higher load. The same increase of load, however, did not decrease distractor effects in the control group, as expected [e.g., Lavie, N., & Cox, S. (1997). On the efficiency of attentional selection: Efficient visual search results in inefficient rejection of distraction. Psychological Science, 8, 395-398]. These results demonstrate that ipsilesional bias in neglect is not fully automated and emphasize an additional restriction of perceptual capacity. Moreover, they supported our prediction that reduced perceptual capacity in neglect can lead to improved distractor rejection with just small increases in perceptual load.

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Benoit, Kristy E., Richard J. McNally, Ronald M. Rapee, Amanda L. Gamble, and Amy L. Wiseman. "Processing of Emotional Faces in Children and Adolescents With Anxiety Disorders." Behaviour Change 24, no. 4 (November 1, 2007): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/bech.24.4.183.

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AbstractThe purpose of this study was to test whether children and adolescents with anxiety disorders exhibit selective processing of threatening facial expressions in a pictorial version of the emotional Stroop paradigm. Participants named the colours of filters covering images of adults and children displaying either a neutral facial expression or one displaying the emotions of anger, disgust, or happiness. A delay in naming the colour of a filter implies attentional capture by the facial expression. Anxious participants, relative to control participants, exhibited slower colour naming overall, implying greater proneness to distraction by social cues. Children exhibited longer colour-naming latencies as compared to adolescents, perhaps because young children have a limited ability to inhibit attention to distracting stimuli. Adult faces were associated with slower colour naming than were child faces, irrespective of facial expressions in both groups, possibly because adults provide especially salient cues for children and adolescents. Inconsistent with prediction, participants with anxiety disorders were not slower than healthy controls at naming the colours of filters covering threatening expressions (i.e., anger and disgust) relative to filters covering faces depicting happy or neutral expressions.

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von Bueren Jarchow, Astrid, Bogdan P. Radanov, and Lutz Jäncke. "Pain Influences Several Levels of Attention." Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie 16, no. 4 (January 2005): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1016-264x.16.4.235.

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Abstract: The aim of the present study was to examine to what extent chronic pain has an impact on various attentional processes. To measure these attention processes a set of experimental standard tests of the “Testbatterie zur Aufmerksamkeitsprüfung” (TAP), a neuropsychological battery testing different levels of attention, were used: alertness, divided attention, covert attention, vigilance, visual search, and Go-NoGo tasks. 24 chronic outpatients and 24 well-matched healthy control subjects were tested. The control subjects were matched for age, gender, and education. The group of chronic pain patients exhibited marked deficiencies in all attentional functions except for the divided attention task. Thus, the data supports the notion that chronic pain negatively influences attention because pain patients` attention is strongly captivated by the internal pain stimuli. Only the more demanding divided attention task has the capability to distract the focus of attention to the pain stimuli. Therefore, the pain patients are capable of performing within normal limits. Based on these findings chronic pain patients' attentional deficits should be appropriately evaluated and considered for insurance and work related matters. The effect of a successful distraction away from the pain in the divided attention task can also open new therapeutic aspects.

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Kho, Kuan H., Robbert J. Verkes, Paul Eling, Machiel J. Zwarts, Bart Ellenbroek, and Gilles van Luijtelaar. "P50 Gating is Not Affected by Selective Attention." Journal of Psychophysiology 17, no. 1 (January 2003): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//0269-8803.17.1.23.

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Abstract The influence of selective attention on P50 gating - the decline of the amplitude of the P50 component of the auditory evoked potential (AEP) to the second of a pair of clicks - was examined. Three conditions were presented in counterbalanced order to 29 healthy volunteers: a baseline condition, in which the double click was presented and no specific task was required, an attention condition in which attention to the clicks was required, and a distraction condition in which paired clicks were presented during rehearsal time of a reversed digit span task. P50 gating, as measured with ratio and difference scores, did not differ across the three conditions. However, the amplitude of the N100 showed an increase in the attention condition compared to the two nonattention conditions, supporting the validity of our task manipulations. The data on P50 demonstrate that P50 gating is not affected by attentional manipulations.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Attention. Distraction (Psychology)'

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