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Journal articles on the topic 'Attention. Motor ability'
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Sakurada, Takeshi, Masahiro Hirai, and Eiju Watanabe. "Optimization of a motor learning attention-directing strategy based on an individual’s motor imagery ability." Experimental Brain Research 234, no. 1 (October 14, 2015): 301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-015-4464-9.
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Souza, André Luiz Bertoncini de, Júlia Magnus Cintrão, Maria Eduarda Merlin da Silva, Adriana Coutinho de Azevedo Guimarães, and Silvia Rosane Parcias. "Motor ability and attention span among individuals dependent on illicit psychotropic drugs." Acta Fisiátrica 19, no. 3 (2012): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/0104-7795.20120023.
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Wang, Hui-Yi, Tzu-Hsiu Huang, and Sing-Kai Lo. "Motor ability and adaptive function in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder." Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences 27, no. 10 (October 2011): 446–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.kjms.2011.06.004.
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Gabay, Shai, Avishai Henik, and Libe Gradstein. "Ocular motor ability and covert attention in patients with Duane Retraction Syndrome." Neuropsychologia 48, no. 10 (August 2010): 3102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.06.022.
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Ganapathy Sankar U and Monisha R. "Evaluation of Attention Towards Motor Task in Children with Developmental Co-Ordination Disorder- A Pilot Study." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 4 (October 19, 2020): 6428–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3435.
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Motor task execution capability again included in the writing task. The ability of the child to copy down the letters from the blackboard and the ability to listen to the dictated word and coordinate the writing task along with the listening task to complete the note-taking process. Lack of motor task execution capability will exclude the child from green land play. Playing demands attention skill as well as motor co-ordination. We aimed to compare the level of attention among children with and without DCD during their functional activities that demand motor performance. Ten children with and without DCD were included in the study. Their motor performance was assessed with the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC), and a self-reported questionnaire evaluated attention during the tasks of the MABC. All children with DCD had higher MABC impairment scores and lower attention scores than their peers. It has been documented that children with DCD were less attentive to movements than their peers, and the positive reinforcement can modulate their performance by the parents or therapist.
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Hsu, Howard Muchen, Zai-Fu Yao, Kai Hwang, and Shulan Hsieh. "Between-module functional connectivity of the salient ventral attention network and dorsal attention network is associated with motor inhibition." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 3, 2020): e0242985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242985.
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The ability to inhibit motor response is crucial for daily activities. However, whether brain networks connecting spatially distinct brain regions can explain individual differences in motor inhibition is not known. Therefore, we took a graph-theoretic perspective to examine the relationship between the properties of topological organization in functional brain networks and motor inhibition. We analyzed data from 141 healthy adults aged 20 to 78, who underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and performed a stop-signal task along with neuropsychological assessments outside the scanner. The graph-theoretic properties of 17 functional brain networks were estimated, including within-network connectivity and between-network connectivity. We employed multiple linear regression to examine how these graph-theoretical properties were associated with motor inhibition. The results showed that between-network connectivity of the salient ventral attention network and dorsal attention network explained the highest and second highest variance of individual differences in motor inhibition. In addition, we also found those two networks span over brain regions in the frontal-cingulate-parietal network, suggesting that these network interactions are also important to motor inhibition.
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Benassi, Mariagrazia, Davide Frattini, Sara Garofalo, Roberto Bolzani, and Tony Pansell. "Visuo-motor integration, vision perception and attention in mTBI patients. Preliminary findings." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 27, 2021): e0250598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250598.
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Patients with mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) often report difficulties in motor coordination and visuo-spatial attention. However, the consequences of mTBI on fine motor and visuo-motor coordination are still not well understood. We aimed to evaluate whether mTBI had a concomitant effect on fine motor ability and visuo-motor integration and whether this is related to visual perception and visuo-spatial attention impairments, including patients at different symptoms stage. Eleven mTBI patients (mean age 22.8 years) and ten healthy controls participated in the study. Visuo-motor integration of fine motor abilities and form recognition were measured with the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration test, motion perception was evaluated with motion coherence test, critical flicker fusion was measured with Pocket CFF tester. Visuo-spatial was assessed with the Ruff 2 & 7 Selection Attention Test. mTBI patients showed reduced visuo-motor integration, form recognition, and motor deficits as well as visuo-spatial attention impairment, while motion perception and critical flicker fusion were not impaired. These preliminary findings suggest that the temporary brain insults deriving from mTBI compromise fine motor skills, visuomotor integration, form recognition, and visuo-spatial attention. The impairment in visuo-motor coordination was associated with speed in visuo-attention and correlated with symptoms severity while motor ability was correlated with time since concussion. Given the strong correlation between visuomotor coordination and symptom severity, further investigation with a larger sample seems warranted. Since there appeared to be differences in motor skills with respect to symptom stage, further research is needed to investigate symptom profiles associated with visuomotor coordination and fine motor deficits in mTBI patients.
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Hall, Courtney D., Katharina V. Echt, Steven L. Wolf, and Wendy A. Rogers. "Cognitive and Motor Mechanisms Underlying Older Adults' Ability to Divide Attention While Walking." Physical Therapy 91, no. 7 (July 1, 2011): 1039–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20100114.
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Horstink, M. W., H. J. Berger, K. P. van Spaendonck, J. H. van den Bercken, and A. R. Cools. "Bimanual simultaneous motor performance and impaired ability to shift attention in Parkinson's disease." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 53, no. 8 (August 1, 1990): 685–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.53.8.685.
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Huddleston, Wendy E., Brad E. Ernest, and Kevin G. Keenan. "Selective Age Effects on Visual Attention and Motor Attention during a Cued Saccade Task." Journal of Ophthalmology 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/860493.
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Objective. Visual information is often used to guide purposeful movement. However, older adults have impaired responses to visual information, leading to increased risk for injuries and potential loss of independence. We evaluated distinct visual and motor attention contributions to a cued saccade task to determine the extent to which aging selectively affects these processes.Methods. Nineteen healthy young (18–28 years) and 20 older (60–90 years) participants performed a cued saccade task under two conditions. We challenged motor attention by changing the number of possible saccade targets (1 or 6).Results. Older adults had difficulty in inhibiting unwanted eye movements and had greater eye movement inaccuracy in the hard condition when compared to the younger adults and to the easy condition. Also, an inverse relation existed between performance on the visual and motor components of the task in older adults, unlike younger adults.Conclusions. Older adults demonstrated difficulty in both inhibiting irrelevant saccade targets and selecting correct saccade endpoints during more complex tasks. The shift in relations among attention measures between the younger and older participants may indicate a need to prioritize attentional resources with age. These changes may impact an older adult’s ability to function in complex environments.
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Lalo, Elodie, and Bettina Debû. "Visuospatial Attention and Motor Preparation in Individuals with Down Syndrome." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 20, no. 2 (April 2003): 134–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.20.2.134.
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The aim of this study was to assess the ability of young adults with and without Down syndrome (DS) with regard to attention orientation when detecting visual targets. The influence of advanced knowledge of target localization was examined when detection was (aiming task), or was not (detection task), followed by a movement toward the target. Participants were given advance information about the probability of target occurrence at expected locations. Results show that participants with DS benefit from attention orientation. However, they do not appear to use the same attentional strategies as participants without DS do when aiming is required. Analysis of the reaction times also revealed that participants with DS reacted faster in the aiming task rather than in the detection task.
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Jovanovic, Stevan, Biljana Stojanovic-Jovanovic, Aleksandra Pavlovic, Radovan Milosevic, and Dragan Pavlovic. "Cognitive ability and motor performances in the elderly." Vojnosanitetski pregled, no. 00 (2020): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp200812143j.
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Background/Aim. Ageing entails a wide range of cognitive processes that are not independent of one another. It leads to changes in physical-motor characteristics and sometimes to disability. The aim was to examine the association between multiple cognitive performances in elderly subjects and their physical-motor abilities measured by a variety of tests. Methods: In total, 98 elderly (60+) participants (16 males and 82 females), took part in the study. Cognitive abilities were assessed by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)/Serbian version and physical measures were assessed by the Senior Fitness Test with its five subtests, supplemented by the Walking Speed Test. Results: Several MoCA items demonstrated relatively low variability, i.e. they proved to be too easy for most of the participants. The participants exhibited the lowest performance on the memory relating to other domains, followed by executive functions, visuospatial skills, attention, concentration, and working memory domains, with the highest performance on temporal and spatial orientation relating to other domains. Executive functions and language correlated most significantly with physical strength. Agility and dynamic balance, lower- and upper-body strength, and aerobic endurance correlated moderately and positively. Conclusions: This study underlines the positive correlation between physical fitness and cognitive level in the elderly and emphasizes the importance of physical fitness for cognitive functions, especially those of executive type in elderly subjects. Clinicians should consider the association between cognitive function and physical-motor performances when dealing with functioning improvement in the elderly. The importance of designing the most efficient exercise programs to achieve maximal somatic and cognitive effects.
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Oja, Leila, and Toivo Jürimäe. "Physical Activity, Motor Ability, and School Readiness of 6-Yr.-Old Children." Perceptual and Motor Skills 95, no. 2 (October 2002): 407–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2002.95.2.407.
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The aim of this investigation was to study the relationships between physical activity, motor ability, and school readiness in 6-yr.-old children. In total, 294 healthy children from Tartu were studied (161 boys and 133 girls). The physical activity of children was reported by parents and teachers using the questionnaire of Harro. The motor ability of children was evaluated using various tests from the Eurofit test battery as well as the 3-min. endurance shuttle run test. The Controlled Drawing Observation test was used as a predictor of school readiness and development of mental abilities. Indoor physical activities predicted 19–25% of total variance in motor scores for these preschool children. Motor ability tests, which demand children's total attention and concentration, appear related to the chosen measures of school readiness.
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Varalta, Valentina, Alessandro Picelli, Cristina Fonte, Stefania Amato, Camilla Melotti, Vanja Zatezalo, Leopold Saltuari, and Nicola Smania. "Relationship between Cognitive Performance and Motor Dysfunction in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: A Pilot Cross-Sectional Study." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/365959.
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The aim of this pilot cross-sectional study was to extensively investigate the relationships between cognitive performance and motor dysfunction involving balance and gait ability in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Twenty subjects with Parkinson’s disease underwent a cognitive (outcomes: Frontal Assessment Battery-Italian version, Montreal overall Cognitive Assessment, Trail Making Test, Semantic Verbal Fluency Test, and Memory with Interference Test) and motor (outcomes: Berg Balance Scale, 10-Meter Walking Test, 6-Minute Walking Test, Timed Up and Go Test performed also under dual task condition, and Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale) assessment. Our correlation analyses showed that balance skills are significantly correlated with executive functions, cognitive impairment, and ability to switch attention between two tasks. Furthermore, functional mobility showed a significant correlation with cognitive impairment, verbal fluency, and ability to switch attention between two tasks. In addition, the functional mobility evaluated under the dual task condition showed a significant correlation with cognitive impairment and ability to switch attention between two tasks. These findings might help early identification of cognitive deficits or motor dysfunctions in patients with Parkinson’s disease who may benefit from rehabilitative strategies. Future prospective larger-scale studies are needed to strengthen our results.
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Yamaguchi, Shuhei, Haruhisa Tsuchiya, and Shotai Kobayashi. "Visuospatial Attention Shift and Motor Responses in Cerebellar Disorders." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 10, no. 1 (January 1998): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892998563806.
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The cerebellum has been implicated in higher cognitive functions including learning, memory, and attention as well as its well-known role in motor programming. Recent studies have suggested that the cerebellum plays a role in shifts of attention. We investigated the contribution of the cerebellum to visuospatial attentional ability in a trial-by-trial cueing task involving the covert orienting of spatial attention. We recorded event-related evoked potentials (ERPs) and reaction times (RTs) in patients with cerebellar degenerative disorders affecting mainly the lateral cerebellum and compared them to age-matched controls. The RT data demonstrated that both the cerebellar patients and control subjects responded to the valid cues faster than to the invalid cues for both the central and the peripheral cues. Consistent with the RT data, the ERP data showed a comparable generation of attention shift-related negativities during the cue-target interval for both the central and the peripheral cue experiments. The early negative component of the ERP to the target was also comparably modulated in both groups as a function of cue validity, suggesting efficient facilitation of sensory pathways by prior allocation of spatial attention to the cued place. Conversely, the late negative deflection preceding the imperative target stimulus and the late sustained positivity following target presentation, which reflect neural activities for response preparation and selection, were reduced in the cerebellar group. These findings suggest that the lateral cerebellum makes little contribution to visuospatial attention shift in either the voluntary or automatic modes and support a role of the lateral cerebellum in the neural system required for response preparation and selection.
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Khan, Nawab Akhtar, Masroor Jahan, Amrita Kanchan, and Amool Ranjan Singh. "MANAGEMENT OF ATTENTION DEFICIT AND FINE MOTOR INCOORDINATION OF PRIMARY SCHOOL GOING ADHD (INATTENTIVE TYPE) CHILDREN." Acta Neuropsychologica 15, no. 3 (October 12, 2017): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.6094.
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Background: Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) have a wide range of neuropsychological deficits including attention, memory, and executive functioning. The study was targeted to use a neuropsychological approach in remediating attention and fine motor training or the incoordination of children with ADHD- Inattentive type (IA). Material/Methods: A total of 20 primary school children fulfilling the criteria of ADHD- IA type were selected from different schools in Mysuru, India. Neuropsychological deficits were assessed using appropriate tools. Children in the experimental group were given attention and fine motor training for 3 months. A post test was conducted after 3 months training. The maintenance effect of therapy was studied until the completion of 1 year. Results: Results revealed that attention fine motor training was effective in improving focused and selective attention, working memory, new learning ability, visual fluency and fine motor training incoordination. Conclusions: It can be concluded that a neuropsychological rehabilitation is effective in remediating the deficits faced by children with ADHD-IA.
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Wang, Tony S. L., and Joo-Hyun Song. "Impaired visuomotor generalization by inconsistent attentional contexts." Journal of Neurophysiology 118, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 1709–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00089.2017.
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In daily life, people are constantly presented with situations in which they have to learn and acquire new motor skills in complex environments, where attention is often distracted by other events. Being able to generalize and perform the acquired motor action in different environments is a crucial part of visuomotor learning. The current study examined whether attentional distraction impairs generalization of visuomotor adaptation or whether consistent distraction can operate as an internal cue to facilitate generalization. Using a dual-task paradigm combining visuomotor rotational adaptation and an attention-demanding secondary task, we showed that switching the attentional context from training (dual-task) to generalization (single-task) reduced the range of transfer of visuomotor adaptation to untrained directions. However, when consistent distraction was present throughout training and generalization, visuomotor generalization was equivalent to without distractions at all. Furthermore, this attentional context-dependent generalization was evident even when sensory modality of distractions differed between training and generalization. Therefore, the general nature of the dual tasks, rather than the specific stimuli, is associated with visuomotor memory and serves as a critical cue for generalization. Taken together, we demonstrated that attention plays a critical role during sensorimotor adaptation in selecting and associating multisensory signals with motor memory. This finding provides insight into developing learning programs that are generalizable in complex daily environments. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Learning novel motor actions in complex environments with attentional distraction is a critical function. Successful motor learning involves the ability to transfer the acquired skill from the trained to novel environments. Here, we demonstrate attentional distraction does not impair visuomotor adaptation. Rather, consistency in the attentional context from training to generalization modulates the degree of transfer to untrained locations. The role of attention and memory must, therefore, be incorporated into existing models of visuomotor learning.
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Shim, Jae-Yeon, Young Jin Lee, and Hee-Sun Kim. "A Study on the Relationships among Children's Social Ability, Language Skills, Attention and Children's Motor Skills." Research Institute of Korean Education 34, no. 4 (December 31, 2016): 39–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22327/kei.2016.34.4.039.
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Jongman, Suzanne R., Ardi Roelofs, and Ashley G. Lewis. "Attention for Speaking: Prestimulus Motor-cortical Alpha Power Predicts Picture Naming Latencies." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 32, no. 5 (May 2020): 747–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01513.
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There is a range of variability in the speed with which a single speaker will produce the same word from one instance to another. Individual differences studies have shown that the speed of production and the ability to maintain attention are related. This study investigated whether fluctuations in production latencies can be explained by spontaneous fluctuations in speakers' attention just prior to initiating speech planning. A relationship between individuals' incidental attentional state and response performance is well attested in visual perception, with lower prestimulus alpha power associated with faster manual responses. Alpha is thought to have an inhibitory function: Low alpha power suggests less inhibition of a specific brain region, whereas high alpha power suggests more inhibition. Does the same relationship hold for cognitively demanding tasks such as word production? In this study, participants named pictures while EEG was recorded, with alpha power taken to index an individual's momentary attentional state. Participants' level of alpha power just prior to picture presentation and just prior to speech onset predicted subsequent naming latencies. Specifically, higher alpha power in the motor system resulted in faster speech initiation. Our results suggest that one index of a lapse of attention during speaking is reduced inhibition of motor-cortical regions: Decreased motor-cortical alpha power indicates reduced inhibition of this area while early stages of production planning unfold, which leads to increased interference from motor-cortical signals and longer naming latencies. This study shows that the language production system is not impermeable to the influence of attention.
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Kioumourtzoglou, Efthimis, Vasiliki Derri, George Tzetzls, and Yannis Theodorakis. "Cognitive, Perceptual, and Motor Abilities in Skilled Basketball Performance." Perceptual and Motor Skills 86, no. 3 (June 1998): 771–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1998.86.3.771.
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The differences among athletes of differing skill should assist successful identification and selection of the best athletes in a specific sport. For the purpose of this study, a laboratory study was conducted with a group of 13 men on the elite male national team of basketball players, 22 to 23 years of age, and a control group of 15 men of equal age (physical education class) to assess differences in their scores on cognitive skills (memory-retention, memory-grouping analytic ability), perceptual skills (speed of perception, prediction, selective attention, response selection), and motor skills (dynamic balance, whole body coordination, wrist-finger dexterity, rhythmic ability). Analysis showed that elite male basketball players scored higher on hand coordination and lower on dynamic balance given their anthropometric measurements. Elite players were better on memory-retention, selective attention, and on prediction measures than the control group. The above skills are important in basketball performance. Researchers may examine whether other factors contribute more in the development of perceptual and cognitive skills.
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Fischer, Patrick D., Keith A. Hutchison, James N. Becker, and Scott M. Monfort. "Evaluating the Spectrum of Cognitive-Motor Relationships During Dual-Task Jump Landing." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 37, no. 4 (August 1, 2021): 388–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2020-0388.
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Cognitive function plays a role in understanding noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries, but the research into how cognitive function influences sport-specific movements is underdeveloped. The purpose of this study was to determine how various cognitive tasks influenced dual-task jump-landing performance along with how individuals’ baseline cognitive ability mediated these relationships. Forty female recreational soccer and basketball players completed baseline cognitive function assessments and dual-task jump landings. The baseline cognitive assessments quantified individual processing speed, multitasking, attentional control, and primary memory ability. Dual-task conditions for the jump landing included unanticipated and anticipated jump performance, with and without concurrent working memory and captured visual attention tasks. Knee kinematics and kinetics were acquired through motion capture and ground reaction force data. Jumping conditions that directed visual attention away from the landing, whether anticipated or unanticipated, were associated with decreased peak knee flexion angle (P < .001). No interactions between cognitive function measures and jump-landing conditions were observed for any of the biomechanical variables, suggesting that injury-relevant cognitive-motor relationships may be specific to secondary task demands and movement requirements. This work provides insight into group- and subject-specific effects of established anticipatory and novel working memory dual-task paradigms on the neuromuscular control of a sport-specific movement.
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Hernandez, Manuel E., Erin O’Donnell, Gioella Chaparro, Roee Holtzer, Meltem Izzetoglu, Brian M. Sandroff, and Robert W. Motl. "Brain Activation Changes During Balance- and Attention-Demanding Tasks in Middle- and Older-Aged Adults With Multiple Sclerosis." Motor Control 23, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 498–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/mc.2018-0044.
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Functional near-infrared spectroscopy was used to evaluate prefrontal cortex activation differences between older adults with multiple sclerosis (MS) and healthy older adults (HOA) during the performance of a balance- and attention-demanding motor task. Ten older adults with MS and 12 HOA underwent functional near-infrared spectroscopy recording while talking, virtual beam walking, or virtual beam walking while talking on a self-paced treadmill. The MS group demonstrated smaller increases in prefrontal cortex oxygenation levels than HOA during virtual beam walking while talking than talking tasks. These findings indicate a decreased ability to allocate additional attentional resources in challenging walking conditions among MS compared with HOA. This study is the first to investigate brain activation dynamics during the performance of balance- and attention-demanding motor tasks in persons with MS.
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Moreira, Pedro Emílio Drumond, Gabriel Teles de Oliveira Dieguez, Sarah da Glória Teles Bredt, and Gibson Moreira Praça. "The Acute and Chronic Effects of Dual-Task on the Motor and Cognitive Performances in Athletes: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 10, 2021): 1732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041732.
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Athletes must distribute their attention to many relevant cues during a match. Therefore, athletes’ ability to deal with dual-tasks may be different from the non-athlete population, demanding a deeper investigation within the sports domain. This study aimed to systematically review the acute and chronic effects of dual-tasks in motor and cognitive performances in athletes from different modalities. The search for articles followed all the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The keywords used were: “dual-task” OR “double task” OR “multi-task” OR “divided attention” OR “secondary task” OR “second task” AND “working memory” OR “visual” OR “decision making” OR “gaze behavior” OR “attention” AND “sports” OR “athletes” OR “players”. The Scopus, Pubmed, and Web of Science databases were screened for studies comparing single and dual-tasks, in which the participants were athletes competing at any level, and in which at least one of the following variables were investigated: working memory, decision-making, visual search behavior, perception, anticipation, attention, or motor tasks. Articles were screened using pre-defined selection criteria, and methodological quality was assessed by two researchers independently. Following the eligibility criteria, we included 18 articles in the review: 13 on the acute effects, and five on the chronic effects. This review showed that the acute effect of dual-tasks impairs the motor and cognitive performances of athletes (dual-task cost). However, training with dual-tasks (chronic effect) improved working memory skills and attentional control. We conclude that dual-tasks acutely and chronically impacts motor and cognitive performance.
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Pusung, Fenny N., Donal Matheos Ratu, and Viktory Nicodemus Joufree Rotty. "Improving Speaking Ability through Student Role Playing Methods Class B Kindergarten Irene Tondano." Asia Pacific Journal of Management and Education 3, no. 3 (November 20, 2020): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32535/apjme.v3i3.963.
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The purpose of this study is to Improve Speaking Ability through the Role-Playing Method of Class B Kindergarten Students Irene Tondano. This research was conducted in Irene Class B Kindergarten. Based on the results of research and discussion, it can be stated that the role-playing method can improve speaking skills in Bre Ireine Tondano class students. The role-playing method can develop motor skills previously diagnosed so that this activity is beneficial for students' motor development. Complete learning outcomes in this study were obtained from the percentage obtained by students in Cycle I by 80.0%, in Cycle II by 93.3%, and in Cycle III by 96.6%. These results show an increase and achievement of the expected learning completeness. In learning Indonesian, especially before learning activities using the role-playing method, teachers must pay attention and consider the advantages and disadvantages of this method.
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Frighetto, Giovanni, Mauro A. Zordan, Umberto Castiello, and Aram Megighian. "Action-based attention in Drosophila melanogaster." Journal of Neurophysiology 121, no. 6 (June 1, 2019): 2428–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00164.2019.
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The mechanism of action selection is a widely shared fundamental process required by animals to interact with the environment and adapt to it. A key step in this process is the filtering of the “distracting” sensory inputs that may disturb action selection. Because it has been suggested that, in principle, action selection may also be processed by shared circuits in vertebrate and invertebrates, we wondered whether invertebrates show the ability to filter out “distracting” stimuli during a goal-directed action, as seen in vertebrates. In this experiment, action selection was studied in wild-type Drosophila melanogaster by investigating their reaction to the abrupt appearance of a visual distractor during an ongoing locomotor action directed to a visual target. We found that when the distractor was present, flies tended to shift the original trajectory toward it, thus acknowledging its presence, but they did not fully commit to it, suggesting that an inhibition process took place to continue the unfolding of the planned goal-directed action. To some extent flies appeared to take into account and represent motorically the distractor, but they did not engage in a complete change of their initial motor program in favor of the distractor. These results provide interesting insights into the selection-for-action mechanism, in a context requiring action-centered attention, that might have appeared rather early in the course of evolution. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Action selection and maintenance of a goal-directed action require animals to ignore irrelevant “distracting” stimuli that might elicit alternative motor programs. In this study we observed, in Drosophila melanogaster, a top-down mechanism inhibiting the response toward salient stimuli, to accomplish a goal-directed action. These data highlight, for the first time in an invertebrate organism, that the action-based attention shown by higher organisms, such as humans and nonhuman primates, might have an ancestral origin.
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Tommasi, Giorgio, Mirta Fiorio, Jérôme Yelnik, Paul Krack, Francesca Sala, Emmanuelle Schmitt, Valérie Fraix, et al. "Disentangling the Role of Cortico-Basal Ganglia Loops in Top–Down and Bottom–Up Visual Attention: An Investigation of Attention Deficits in Parkinson Disease." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 27, no. 6 (June 2015): 1215–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00770.
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It is solidly established that top–down (goal-driven) and bottom–up (stimulus-driven) attention mechanisms depend on distributed cortical networks, including prefrontal and frontoparietal regions. On the other hand, it is less clear whether the BG also contribute to one or the other of these mechanisms, or to both. The current study was principally undertaken to clarify this issue. Parkinson disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting the BG, has proven to be an effective model for investigating the contribution of the BG to different brain functions; therefore, we set out to investigate deficits of top–down and bottom–up attention in a selected cohort of PD patients. With this objective in mind, we compared the performance on three computerized tasks of two groups of 12 parkinsonian patients (assessed without any treatment), one otherwise pharmacologically treated and the other also surgically treated, with that of a group of controls. The main behavioral tool for our study was an attentional capture task, which enabled us to tap the competition between top–down and bottom–up mechanisms of visual attention. This task was suitably combined with a choice RT and a simple RT task to isolate any specific deficit of attention from deficits in motor response selection and initiation. In the two groups of patients, we found an equivalent increase of attentional capture but also comparable delays in target selection in the absence of any salient distractor (reflecting impaired top–down mechanisms) and movement initiation compared with controls. In contrast, motor response selection processes appeared to be prolonged only in the operated patients. Our results confirm that the BG are involved in both motor and cognitive domains. Specifically, damage to the BG, as it occurs in PD, leads to a distinct deficit of top–down control of visual attention, and this can account, albeit indirectly, for the enhancement of attentional capture, reflecting weakened ability of top–down mechanisms to antagonize bottom–up control.
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Yu, Jane Jie, Chia-Liang Tsai, Chien-Yu Pan, Ru Li, and Cindy Hui-Ping Sit. "The Relationship Between Physical Activity and Inhibition in Children With and Without Motor Impairments." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 17, no. 11 (November 1, 2020): 1118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2020-0091.
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Background: To examine the relationship between physical activity (PA) and inhibition in boys and girls with motor impairments compared with children with typical development. Methods: The participants were 58 (26 motor impairments and 32 typical development) children aged 7–12 years who met the inclusion criteria. PA was assessed using accelerometers for 7 consecutive days. The time spent in PA of different intensity levels (light, moderate, and vigorous) were analyzed for weekdays and weekends. Using a visuospatial attention paradigm, inhibition was evaluated by the difference in reaction time between invalid and valid cue conditions. Generalized linear mixed models were used to determine the associations of inhibition with PA and motor ability by sex. Results: Boys and children with typical development had shorter reaction times in inhibition than girls (P < .001) and children with motor impairments (P < .05), respectively. Motor ability (b = 189.98) and vigorous PA on weekdays (b = −43.18) were significant predictors of inhibition in girls only. Conclusions: The results indicate a positive relationship between vigorous PA (on weekdays) and inhibition in children (girls), moderated by sex and motor ability. Effective interventions that promote vigorous PA for children both in and out of school should be designed to foster their executive function development.
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Rezaei, Hadi, and Mohammad Reza Soltani. "An analytical and experimental study of a hybrid rocket motor." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 228, no. 13 (January 24, 2014): 2475–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410013519432.
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The hybrid rocket motor is a kind of chemical propulsion system that has been recently given serious attention by various industries and research centers. The relative simplicity, safety and low cost of this motor, in comparison with other chemical propulsion motors, are the most important reasons for such interest. Moreover, throttle-ability and thrust variability on demand are additional advantages of this type of motor. In this paper, the result of an internal ballistic simulation of hybrid rocket motor in a zero-dimensional form is presented. Further to validate the code, an experimental setup was designed and manufactured. The simulation results are compared with the experimental data and good agreement is achieved. The effect of various parameters on the motor performance and on the combustion products is also investigated. It is found that increasing the oxidizer flow rate, increases the pressure and specific impulse of the motor; however, the slope of the specific impulse for the high flow rate case reduces. In addition, by increasing the combustion chamber pressure, the specific impulse is increased considerably. The initial diameter of the fuel port does not have significant effect on the pressure chamber and on the specific impulse. Addition of a percentage of an oxidizer like ammonium perchlorate to the fuel increases the specific impulse linearly.
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Manaf, Haidzir, Maria Justine, Mazlifah Omar, Khairil Anuar Md Isa, and Zoolfaiz Salleh. "Turning Ability in Stroke Survivors: A Review of Literature." ISRN Rehabilitation 2012 (September 6, 2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/284924.
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The aim of this paper is to explore the research literature on the turning ability among stroke survivors. Stroke is one of the top five leading causes of death and disability in Malaysia. Stroke survivors reported a higher rate of fall incidences with turning while walking has been the major contributor in most of the incidences. The attentional task requires stroke survivors to have higher cognitive and attention function, and sound muscle coordination in order to perform multitask activities such as driving, walking and turning while talking, carrying an object (holding a plastic bag), navigating corners and overcoming obstacles within the base of support. Most of the previous studies have focused on the kinematic and gait parameters measurement of turning ability among stroke survivors. However, studies conducted on muscle activity using electromyography to evaluate the time pattern of muscle contraction during turning event is lacking. With regards to dual-task ability among stroke survivors, there is insufficient information or research into dual task (motor and cognitive) ability during turning. Further studies are needed to understand the effects of dual-task activity on muscle activity and gait parameters and how this impairment affects the turning ability. This needs to be addressed in order to prevent falls among stroke survivors.
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Chiu, Yi-Hsiang, Frank J. H. Lu, Diane L. Gill, Tzu-Wen Lin, Chiu-Chen Chang, and Shu-Ching Wu. "Interaction of mindfulness disposition and instructional self-talk on motor performance: a laboratory exploration." PeerJ 7 (June 6, 2019): e7034. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7034.
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In considering that high mindfulness disposition individuals possess a unique ability to maintain attention and awareness, and attention is one of the key mechanisms of instructional self-talk, the purpose of this study was to examine the interaction of mindfulness disposition and instructional self-talk on motor performance. Forty-nine college students (M age = 18.96 ± 1.08) with high/low mindfulness disposition (high n = 23; low n = 26) selected out of 126 college students performed a discrete motor task (standing long jump) and a continuous motor task (line tracking task) under instructional and unrelated self-talk conditions. Two separate 2 (self-talk type) X 2 (high/low mindfulness) mixed design ANOVA statistical analyses indicated that mindfulness disposition interacted with unrelated self-talk in the line tracking task. Specifically, low mindfulness participants performed poorer than high mindfulness participants in line tracking task under unrelated self-talk. Further, participants performed better in both standing long jump and line tracking under instructional self-talk than unrelated self-talk. Results not only revealed the triangular relationships among mindfulness, self-talk, and motor performance but also indirectly support the role of attention in self-talk effectiveness. Limitations, future research directions, and practical implications were discussed.
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Kalmykov, Dmitry. "Methodology implementation features for the development of coordination abilities on the basis of an integrated approach among children with mental retardation." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 183 (2019): 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2019-24-183-118-127.
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The relevance of the study is the need to find ways to effectively develop coordination abilities among children of primary school age with mental retardation. In this study we develop and test the method of developing coordination abilities among children of primary school age with mental retardation on the basis of an integrated approach that takes into account the types of formation stages of coordination abilities, hierarchy, consistency and parallel development of their types. Attention is drawn to the methodology implementation features among children of primary school age with mental retardation. We present the coordination abilities dynamics development in the implementation of the methodology in terms of defining: the ability to arbitrary relaxation (A.A. Artemenkov, N.I. Sapozhnikov), the ability to the preservation and maintenance of static balance (Romberg's test), dynamic balance (Turnings on gymnastic bench, P. Hirtz), the ability to manifest the accuracy of fine motor skills (Fist-sharp of the hand-palm, N.I. Ozeretskiy), ability to assimilate motor rhythm (Sprint in a given rhythm, P. Hirtz), the ability to harmonize body movements and its parts in the motor actions (step over through gymnastic stick, V.I. Lyakh), the ability to orientation in space (Jumping to the goal, P. Hirtz), the ability to differentiate effort, time, space (Jump down to the markup, P. Hirtz), the ability to manifest response time (Releasing stick – response, V.F. Lomeyko, K. Mekota).
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Begum Ali, Jannath, Tony Charman, Mark H. Johnson, and Emily J. H. Jones. "Early Motor Differences in Infants at Elevated Likelihood of Autism Spectrum Disorder and/or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 50, no. 12 (April 23, 2020): 4367–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04489-1.
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AbstractWe investigated infant’s manual motor behaviour; specifically behaviours crossing the body midline. Infants at elevated likelihood of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and/or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) produced fewer manual behaviours that cross the midline compared to infants with a typical likelihood of developing these disorders; however this effect was limited to 10-month-olds and not apparent at age 5 and 14 months. Although, midline crossing did not predict ASD traits, it was related to ADHD traits at 2 years of age. We rule out motor ability and hand dominance as possible explanations for this pattern of behaviour, positing that these results may be a consequence of multisensory integration abilities, and the neurobehavioural shift period, in the first year of life.
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Daly, C. "Attention, vigilance and visuospatial function in hospitalized elderly medical patients–relationship to delirium syndromal status and motor subtype profile." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.595.
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ObjectiveThe early and efficacious detection of neurocognitive disorders poses a key diagnostic challenge. We examined how nine bedside cognitive tests perform across the spectrum of delirium and motor subtypes.MethodsThe performance on a battery of nine bedside cognitive tests were compared in elderly medical inpatients with DSM-IV delirium, subsyndromal delirium, and no neurocognitive disorder and in different motor subtypes of patients with delirium.ResultsOne hundred and ninety-eight patients (mean age 79.14 ± 8.26) were assessed with no delirium (n = 43), subsyndromal delirium (n = 45), and full syndromal delirium (n = 110). The ability to meaningfully engage with the tests varied from 59% for vigilance B test to 85% for Spatial Span forward test and was found to be least in the full syndromal delirium group. The no delirium group was distinguished from the delirium groups for all the tests and from the full syndromal delirium group for the vigilance B test and global visuospatial function test. The subsyndromal delirium group differed from the full syndromal delirium group in respect of global visuospatial function test, spatial span backwards and vigilance A tests. Patients with full syndromal delirium were best identified using the interlocking pentagons test and clock drawing test. The ability to engage with testing was higher for those in the no subtype group.ConclusionsSimple bedside tests of attention, vigilance, and visuospatial ability are useful to help to distinguish neurocognitive disorders namely subsyndromal delirium from other presentations.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.
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Mantilla, Carlos B., and Gary C. Sieck. "Invited Review: Mechanisms underlying motor unit plasticity in the respiratory system." Journal of Applied Physiology 94, no. 3 (March 1, 2003): 1230–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01120.2002.
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Neuromotor control of skeletal muscles, including respiratory muscles, is ultimately dependent on the function of the motor unit (comprising an individual motoneuron and the muscle fibers it innervates). Considerable diversity exists across diaphragm motor units, yet remarkable homogeneity is present (and maintained) within motor units. In recent years, the mechanisms underlying the development and adaptability of respiratory motor units have received great attention, leading to significant advances in our understanding of diaphragm motor unit plasticity. For example, following imposed inactivity of the diaphragm muscle, there are changes at phrenic motoneurons, neuromuscular junctions, and muscle fibers that tend to restore the ability of the diaphragm to sustain ventilation. The role of activity, neurotrophins, and other growth factors in modulating this adaptability is discussed.
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Gore, Christopher L., P. Dennis Rodriguez, and Gordon C. Baylis. "Deficits of Motor Intention following Parietal Lesions." Behavioural Neurology 13, no. 1-2 (2002): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2002/310138.
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Patients with lesions to the right parietal lobe were tested on their ability to reach to targets, or to respond verbally to targets. The targets occurred at the same two spatial locations -- to the left and right of the patient—with the task being cued by the color of the target. Patients were able to perform both tasks separately rapidly and without error. However, when the two tasks were interleaved, they had difficulty making a response in the left (contralesional) field when this was different to a response that they had just made. These results suggest that lesions to the parietal cortex may cause a deficit in the coding for motor intention, as well as attention in the contralesional field.
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Ohlinger, Christina M., Thelma S. Horn, William P. Berg, and Ronald Howard Cox. "The Effect of Active Workstation Use on Measures of Cognition, Attention, and Motor Skill." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 8, no. 1 (January 2011): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.8.1.119.
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Background:The purpose of this study was to assess participants’ ability to perform tasks requiring attention, short term memory, and simple motor skill while sitting, standing or walking at an active workstation.Methods:Fifty participants completed the Stroop Color Word test (SCWT), Auditory Consonant Trigram test (ACTT), and Digital Finger Tapping test (DFTT) while sitting, standing and walking 1.6 km/h at an active workstation.Results:A significant difference was found for DFTT, but no differences across conditions were found on ACTT or SCWT. Examination of the linear contrasts and post hoc means comparison tests revealed significant differences in DFTT scores between sitting and walking (t = 2.39 (49) P < .02) and standing and walking (t = 2.28 (49) P < .03). These results indicate that adding the walking task to the ACTT and SCWT conditions results in no decrement in performance on these tasks. Conversely, adding the walking task to the DFTT condition results in reduced performance on the DFTT task.Conclusions:These results further support the potential of active workstations to increase physical activity in the workplace without compromising cognitive capabilities.
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Daly, C. "Attention, Vigilance and Visuospatial Functioning in Hospitalised Elderly Medical Inpatients – Relationship to Delirium Syndromal Status and Motor Subtype Profile." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.2243.
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ObjectiveThe early and efficacious detection of neurocognitive disorders poses a key diagnostic challenge. We examined how bedside cognitive tests perform across the spectrum of delirium and motor subtypes.MethodsThe performance on a battery of bedside cognitive tests were compared in elderly medical inpatients with DSM-IV delirium, subsyndromal delirium, and no neuro cognitive disorder and in motor subtypes.ResultsOne hundred and ninety-eight patients (mean age 79.14 ± 8.26) were assessed with no delirium (n = 43), subsyndromal delirium (n = 45), and full syndromal delirium (n = 110). The ability to meaningfully engage with the tests varied from 59% for vigilance B test to 85% for Spatial Span forward test and was found to be least in the full syndromal delirium group. The no delirium group was distinguished from the delirium groups for all the tests and from the full syndromal delirium group for the vigilance B test and global visuospatial function test. The subsyndromal delirium group differed from the full syndromal delirium group in respect of global visuospatial function test, spatial span backwards and vigilance A tests. Patients with full syndromal delirium were best identified using the interlocking pentagons test and clock drawing test whereas those with subsyndromal delirium were best identified using interlocking pentagons test and months backwards test. Those with subsyndromal delirium were significantly better in their ability to engage than those with full syndromal delirium.ConclusionsSimple bedside tests of attention, vigilance, and visuospatial ability are useful to help to distinguish neurocognitive disorders namely subsyndromal delirium from other presentations.Disclosure of interestThe author haS not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.
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Balderrama, M., C. Merrill, A. Whitaker, and K. Kayser. "The Relationship of Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography with Attention, Motor, and Social-Emotional Functioning in Pediatric Sickle Cell Disease." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 6 (July 25, 2019): 842. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz035.10.
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Abstract Objective Children with sickle cell disease (SCD) are at greater risk for certain neuropsychological deficits due to their medical condition and associated complications. Previous studies have explored the relationship between Transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography and various domains of neuropsychological functioning in pediatric SCD populations; however, these studies are dated, present variable and inconsistent findings, and are somewhat limited in scope. The goal of this study was to update and expand upon previous research by examining the predictive relationship of TCD results with measures of attention, motor, and social-emotional functioning. Methods Thirty-six patients ages 3-19 with SCD with no known history of stroke, with TCD completed within the past 12 months, underwent a brief neuropsychological exam. Attention, motor, and social-emotional functioning were assessed as appropriate for age using the Conners Continuous Performance Test (K-CPT2/CPT3), Purdue Pegboard, and PROMIS, respectively. TCD values were gathered via medical record review, using the highest value of most recent TCD. Results TCD significantly predicted certain aspects of attention and motor ability, but not social-emotional functioning. Specifically, TCD significantly predicted Detectability (p = .005), Omissions (p = .001), Commissions (p = .012), Perseverations (p = .035), and HRT SD (p = .046) on K-CPT2/CPT-3 and the non-dominant (p = .009) and bilateral (p = .024) trial scores on the Purdue Pegboard. Conclusion This study provides new evidence that TCD may be predictive of motor functioning in pediatric SCD. Results confirm that TCD is predictive of attentional function, though subdomains impacted varied from previous research. While no significant relationship between psychosocial symptoms and TCD were identified, further studies utilizing more comprehensive measurement within this domain is warranted.
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Sigmundsson, H. "Perceptual Deficits in Clumsy Children: Inter- and Intra-Modal Matching Approach—A Window into Clumsy Behavior." Neural Plasticity 10, no. 1-2 (2003): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/np.2003.27.
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This article will focus on the underlying perceptual deficits that might lead to inadequacies in motor performance in children. Two lines of enquiry have dominated the literature: visual-perceptual deficit and/or visualmotor deficits and proprioceptive deficits. The theoretical and methodological shortcomings in these approaches are discussed. Then attention is primarily directed toward the concept of inter- and intra-modal matching (sensory integration), particularly with respect to vision and proprioception, an ability deemed, to underlie many real-life motor skills. Such an approach allows parallels to be drawn between behavioral manifestations of motor impairment and potential underlying neurological informationprocessing disorders, particularly as these relate to hemispheric competence.
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E, Marston, Katz L, and Cruz N. "A-093 Neuropsychological Functioning in an 8-year-old female with Friedreich’s Ataxia." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 35, no. 6 (August 28, 2020): 886. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acaa068.093.
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Abstract Objective An 8-year old female in the 3rd grade was referred for an evaluation due to concerns surrounding attention, academics, and motor skills in the context of Friedreich’s Ataxia (FA). FA is the most common genetically inherited ataxia (Delatycki et al., 2000). Neurocognitively, deficits in processing and motor speed, visuospatial reasoning, and executive function have been documented in FA (Nieto et al., 2012; Mantovan et al., 2006; Schmahmann et al., 1998). This case study expands on the limited literature on the neuropsychological profile of children with FA. Methods Patient was diagnosed with FA in 2014 following genetic testing significant for over 1,000 repeats of the Frataxin gene. She has experienced a steady decline in her gross-, fine-, and oral-motor skills. Patient requires a personal aide at school to ensure safety ambulating and manage her attention and learning challenges. Results Intellectual ability was estimated as average (WISC-V: GAI = 92). She exhibited significant deficits in reading, writing, and mathematics, clustering around an early 1st grade level (WIAT-III). She presented with attention and executive function impairments (CPT-3, TEA-Ch, NEPSY-II). Motor coordination difficulties were characteristic of FA (WRAVMA, Finger Tapper). Conclusion Patient demonstrated deficits in motor coordination, processing speed, attention, and executive function typical of FA, given its cerebellar pathology and impacted corticocerebellar pathways. The etiology of her learning challenges is unknown, as these domains are not typically impacted in FA. Future investigation of the relationship between FA and other neurocognitive domains is warranted.
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Daly, Cara, Maeve Leonard, Henry O'Connell, Olugbenga Williams, Fahad Awan, Chris Exton, Margaret O'Connor, et al. "Attention, vigilance, and visuospatial function in hospitalized elderly medical patients: relationship to delirium syndromal status and motor subtype profile." International Psychogeriatrics 30, no. 4 (December 18, 2017): 493–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610217002174.
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ABSTRACTBackground:The early and effective detection of neurocognitive disorders poses a key diagnostic challenge. We examined performance on common cognitive bedside tests according to differing delirium syndromal status and clinical (motor) subtypes in hospitalized elderly medical inpatients.Methods:A battery of nine bedside cognitive tests was performed on elderly medical inpatients with DSM-IV delirium, subsyndromal delirium (SSD), and no delirium (ND). Patients with delirium were compared according to clinical (motor) subtypes.Results:A total of 198 patients (mean age 79.14 ± 8.26) were assessed with full syndromal delirium (FSD: n = 110), SSD (n = 45), and ND (n = 43). Delirium status was not associated with differences in terms of gender distribution, age, or overall medication use. Dementia burden increased with greater delirium status. Overall, the ability to meaningfully engage with the tests varied from 59% for the Vigilance B test to 85% for Spatial Span Forward test and was lowest in patients with FSD, where engagement ranged from 32% for the Vigilance B test to 77% for the Spatial Span Forwards test. The ND group was distinguished from SSD group for the Months of the year backwards, Vigilance B, global VSP, Clock Drawing test, and Interlocking Pentagons test. The SSD group was distinguished from the FSD group by Vigilance A, Spatial Span Forward, and Spatial Span Backwards. Regarding differences among motor subtypes in terms of percentage engagement and performance, the No subtype group had higher ratings across all tests. Delirious patients with no subtype had significantly lower scores on the DRS-R98 than for the other three subtype categories.Conclusions:Simple bedside tests of attention, vigilance, and visuospatial ability are useful in distinguishing neurocognitive disorders, including SSD from other presentations.
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Opitz, Bertram, Daniel Brady, and Hayley C. Leonard. "Motor and non-motor sequence prediction is equally affected in children with developmental coordination disorder." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 9, 2020): e0232562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232562.
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Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) are diagnosed based on motor difficulties. However, they also exhibit difficulties in several other cognitive domains, including visuospatial processing, executive functioning and attention. One account of the difficulties seen in DCD proposes an impairment in internal forward modelling, i.e., the ability to (i) detect regularities of a repetitive perceptual or motor pattern, (ii) predict future outcomes of motor actions, and (iii) adapt behaviour accordingly. Using electroencephalographic recordings, the present study aimed to delineate these different aspects of internal forward modelling across several domains. To this end, 24 children with DCD and 23 typically-developing children (aged 7–10 years) completed a serial prediction task in the visual, temporal, spatial and motor domains. This task required them to learn short sequences and to indicate whether a sequence was disrupted towards its end. Analyses revealed that, across all domains, children with DCD showed poorer discrimination between intact and disrupted sequences, accompanied by a delayed late parietal positivity elicited by disrupted sequences. These results indicate an impairment in explicit sequence discrimination in DCD across motor and cognitive domains. However, there is no evidence for an impairment in implicit performance on the visuomotor task in DCD. These results suggest an impairment of the updating of an internal forward model in DCD resulting in a blurred representation of that model and, consequently, in a reduced ability to detect regularities in the environment (e.g., sequences). Such a detailed understanding of internal forward modelling in DCD could help to explain the wide range of co-occurring difficulties experienced by those with a diagnosis of DCD.
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Gvirts Probolovski, Hila Z., and Anat Dahan. "The Potential Role of Dopamine in Mediating Motor Function and Interpersonal Synchrony." Biomedicines 9, no. 4 (April 5, 2021): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9040382.
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Motor functions in general and motor planning in particular are crucial for our ability to synchronize our movements with those of others. To date, these co-occurring functions have been studied separately, and as yet it is unclear whether they share a common biological mechanism. Here, we synthesize disparate recent findings on motor functioning and interpersonal synchrony and propose that these two functions share a common neurobiological mechanism and adhere to the same principles of predictive coding. Critically, we describe the pivotal role of the dopaminergic system in modulating these two distinct functions. We present attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as an example of a disorder that involves the dopaminergic system and describe deficits in motor and interpersonal synchrony. Finally, we suggest possible directions for future studies emphasizing the role of dopamine modulation as a link between social and motor functioning.
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SANDON, PETER A. "CONTROL OF EYE AND ARM MOVEMENTS USING ACTIVE, ATTENTIONAL VISION." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 08, no. 06 (December 1994): 1471–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001494000711.
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Recent related approaches in the areas of vision, motor control and planning are attempting to reduce the computational requirements of each process by restricting the class of problems that can be addressed. Active vision, differential kinematics and reactive planning are all characterized by their minimal use of representations, which simplifies both the required computations and the acquisition of models. This paper describes an approach to visually-guided motor control that is based on active vision and differential kinematics, and is compatible with reactive planning. Active vision depends on an ability to choose a region of the visual environment for task-specific processing. Visual attention provides a mechanism for choosing the region to be processed in a task-specific way. In addition, this attentional mechanism provides the interface between the vision and motor systems by representing visual position information in a 3-D retinocentric coordinate frame. Coordinates in this frame are transformed into eye and arm motor coordinates using kinematic relations expressed differentially. A real-time implementation of these visuomotor mechanisms has been used to develop a number of visually-guided eye and arm movement behaviors.
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Park, Hyun-Ju, Nam-Gi Lee, and Tae-Woo Kang. "Fall-related cognition, motor function, functional ability, and depression measures in older adults with dementia." NeuroRehabilitation 47, no. 4 (December 22, 2020): 487–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/nre-203249.
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BACKGROUND: As the severity of dementia progresses over time, cognition and motor functions such as muscle strength, balance, and gait are disturbed, and they eventually increase the risk of fall in patients with dementia. OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between the fall risk and cognition, motor function, functional ability, and depression in older adults with dementia. METHODS: Seventy-four older adults diagnosed with dementia were recruited. Clinical measurements included the Fall Risk Scale by Huh (FSH), Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE-K), hand grip strength (HGS), Tinetti Performance Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA), 10-m walk test (10-MWT), Korean version of the Modified Barthel Index (MBI-K), and the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). RESUTLS: The MMSE-K was significantly correlated with the FSH, HGS, and the MBI-K, and FSH was significantly correlated with all of the other outcome measures. In particular, the MMSE-K, HGS, POMA, and the MBI-K were negatively correlated with fall history among the FHS sub-items. Additionally, the MMSE sub-item, attention/concentration was associated with the FSH, HGS, POMA, and the MBI-K. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that falling is significantly related to impaired cognition, reduced muscle strength, impaired balance, gait, and activities of daily living abilities, and depression in older adults with dementia.
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Ramanathan, Dhakshin S., James M. Conner, Arjun A. Anilkumar, and Mark H. Tuszynski. "Cholinergic systems are essential for late-stage maturation and refinement of motor cortical circuits." Journal of Neurophysiology 113, no. 5 (March 1, 2015): 1585–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00408.2014.
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Previous studies reported that early postnatal cholinergic lesions severely perturb early cortical development, impairing neuronal cortical migration and the formation of cortical dendrites and synapses. These severe effects of early postnatal cholinergic lesions preclude our ability to understand the contribution of cholinergic systems to the later-stage maturation of topographic cortical representations. To study cholinergic mechanisms contributing to the later maturation of motor cortical circuits, we first characterized the temporal course of cortical motor map development and maturation in rats. In this study, we focused our attention on the maturation of cortical motor representations after postnatal day 25 (PND 25), a time after neuronal migration has been accomplished and cortical volume has reached adult size. We found significant maturation of cortical motor representations after this time, including both an expansion of forelimb representations in motor cortex and a shift from proximal to distal forelimb representations to an extent unexplainable by simple volume enlargement of the neocortex. Specific cholinergic lesions placed at PND 24 impaired enlargement of distal forelimb representations in particular and markedly reduced the ability to learn skilled motor tasks as adults. These results identify a novel and essential role for cholinergic systems in the late refinement and maturation of cortical circuits. Dysfunctions in this system may constitute a mechanism of late-onset neurodevelopmental disorders such as Rett syndrome and schizophrenia.
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Ha, Sun-Young, and Yun-Hee Sung. "Changes of Motor Function according to Attention Differences in Stroke Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Pilot Study." Exercise Science 29, no. 3 (August 31, 2020): 242–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15857/ksep.2020.29.3.242.
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PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of electroencephalography (EEG) activity on balance and gait while physiotherapy in stroke patients.METHODS: General physiotherapy was applied to 18 stroke patients for 30 minutes per session, 5 times a week, for a total 4 weeks. EEG measured for one week while intervention. Based on the attention score, group was classified into high and low attention groups. We used functional reaching test to measure dynamic balance and GAITRite to measure spatiotemporal variables during gait.RESULTS: In the high attention group, the sensorimotor rhythm wave was high and the dynamic balance was significantly increased (p<.05). There were significant differences in stance time, single support time, and double support time among temporal variables (p<.05). There were significant differences in step length, stride length, swing % of cycle, stance % of cycle, single support % of cycle, and double support % of cycle among the spatial gait variables (p<.05).CONCLUSIONS: The high attention during physiotherapy helps improvement of balance and gait ability in stroke patients, therefore, it may be considered in intervention.
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Arsic, S., Lj Konstantinovic, F. Eminovic, D. Pavlovic, M. B. Popovic, and V. Arsic. "Correlation between the Quality of Attention and Cognitive Competence with Motor Action in Stroke Patients." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/823136.
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It is considered that cognitive function and attention could affect walking, motion control, and proper conduct during the walk. To determine whether there is a difference in the quality of attention and cognitive ability in stroke patients and patients without neurological damage of similar age and education and to determine whether the connection of attention and cognition affects motor skills, the sample consisted of 50 stroke patients tested with hemiparesis, involved in the process of rehabilitation, and 50 persons, randomly chosen, without neurological damage. The survey used the following tests: Trail Making (TMT A B) test for assessing the flexibility of attention; Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) for cognitive status; Functional Ambulation Category (FAC) test to assess the functional status and parameters of walk: speed, frequency, and length of stride; STEP test for assessing the precision of movement and balance. With stroke patients, relationship between age and performance on the MMSE test was marginally significant. The ratio of performance to TMT A B test and years does not indicate statistical significance, while statistical significance between the MMSE test performance and education exists. In stroke patients, performance on MMSE test is correlated with the frequency and length of stride walk. The quality of cognitive function and attention is associated with motor skills but differs in stroke patients and people without neurological damage of similar age. The significance of this correlation can supplement research in neurorehabilitation, improve the quality of medical rehabilitation, and contribute to efficient recovery of these patients.
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Boggess, Theresa E., David C. Griffey, and Lynn D. Housner. "The Influence of Teachers’ Perceptions of Student Temperament on Managerial Decision-Making." Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 5, no. 3 (April 1986): 140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.5.3.140.
Full textAbstract:
Eleven elementary physical education teachers provided information about their perceptions of 251 students’ temperament characteristics and estimates of four student aptitudes: motor ability, social interaction skills, motivation, and to what level of their potential students generally worked. Estimates of the frequency that teachers would attend to each child in typical instructional situations were also gathered. Factor analysis of the temperament measures revealed three independent factors: physical sensitivity, adaptability, and reactivity/task orientation. Teachers’ decisions to attend to children were regressed on temperament factors and student aptitude measures. The findings indicated that motor ability was the most important variable teachers reported they would use in making decisions about allocating their attention during instruction. The temperament factor reactivity/task orientation was the next most important factor. The analyses suggested that teachers would consider adaptability of students only in organizational patterns that include the whole group.
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Larasati, Ratih, Lia M. Boediman, and Mita Aswanti. "Penerapan prinsip DIR/Floortime Meningkatkan Kemampuan Memusatkan Atensi pada Anak dengan ADHD." Jurnal Ilmu Perilaku 1, no. 1 (August 1, 2017): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jip.1.1.33-44.2017.
Full textAbstract:
Developmental, Individual Differences, Relationship-Based approach (DIR/Floortime) is one of the available interventions focused on increasing the quality of caregiver-child interaction. This study is aimed at investigating the effectiveness of DIR/Floortime to increase the ability to sustain attention on a 4 year-old child with Early Onset Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This is a qualitative research involving two participants, a boy diagnosed with ADHD, and the mother of the boy. This research utilized observation and interview in gathering the data, accompanying the use of observation log for duration of attention and frequency of distractedness specifically designed for this research, Functional Emotional Assessment Scale (FEAS), questionnaire and interview guideline: Observing Child’s Biological Challenge (OCBC), and Sensory Processing – Motor Planning Questionnaire (SPMPQ). The result of this study indicated that the application of DIR/Floortime principles is effective in increasing the ability to sustain attention on a 4 year-old child with Early Onset ADHD, along with the increase of the functional emotional development of both mother and child as shown with the increase of attention span, the decrease of frequency of distractibility, and score increase in the Functional Emotional Assessment Scale (FEAS).