Academic literature on the topic 'Attentional control functions'
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Journal articles on the topic "Attentional control functions"
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Mackie, Melissa-Ann, Nicholas T. Van Dam, and Jin Fan. "Cognitive control and attentional functions." Brain and Cognition 82, no. 3 (August 2013): 301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2013.05.004.
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Drigas, Athanasios, and Maria Karyotaki. "Attentional Control and other Executive Functions." International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) 12, no. 03 (March 27, 2017): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v12i03.6587.
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Current article aims to shed light on the reciprocal relation between attentional control and emotional regulation. More specifically, there is a verified relation between attention and cognitive, metacognitive and emotional processes, such as memory, perception, reasoning as well as inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, self-monitoring and positive moods. In addition, positive mood has been already reciprocally related to a broad attentional scope as well as to an increased cognitive flexibility. Future research should focus on the effects of attentional control on cognitive control processes, thereby, on individuals’ emotional regulation, as a whole. Evidently, an advanced research in the relation of attentional control and emotional regulation could develop a comprehensive methodology for counterbalancing the difficulties facing individuals with ADHD, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder or even depression.
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KOSCHACK, J., H. J. KUNERT, G. DERICHS, G. WENIGER, and E. IRLE. "Impaired and enhanced attentional function in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder." Psychological Medicine 33, no. 3 (April 2003): 481–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291702007067.
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Background. The symptom domain of inattention in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) suggests that there are neuropsychological fields of attention in which subjects with ADHD express deficits. However, studies using differentiated neuropsychological attentional tests in ADHD are lacking.Method. A consecutive series of 35 subjects with ADHD aged 9–12 years were assessed on a computer-driven neuropsychological test battery for attentional functions. Their performance was classified according to the data of a normative sample of 187 healthy subjects aged 9–12 years, and compared with the performance of 35 matched healthy control subjects.Results. According to normative data, most ADHD subjects performed on all attentional measures within the normal range. Comparisons with the control group revealed that ADHD subjects reacted faster on all attentional tests, yielding statistical significance for the Go/No go test and the Divided Attention test. They also performed with significantly fewer errors on the Divided Attention test. On the Go/No go test, Visual Scanning test and Attentional Shift test ADHD subjects committed significantly more errors than control subjects.Conclusions. Our results suggest a differential pattern rather than a deficit pattern of attentional functions in ADHD. It is suggested that the more rapid response style of ADHD subjects leads to a more erroneous performance in self-paced attentional tasks and to a better performance in externally paced attentional tasks. However, neuropsychological tests of attention do not contribute to the clinical diagnosis of ADHD.
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Oosterman, Joukje M., Laura C. Derksen, Albert JM van Wijck, Roy PC Kessels, and Dieuwke S. Veldhuijzen. "Executive and Attentional Functions in Chronic Pain: Does Performance Decrease with Increasing Task Load?" Pain Research and Management 17, no. 3 (2012): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/962786.
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BACKGROUND: Diminished executive function and attentional control has been reported in chronic pain patients. However, the precise pattern of impairment in these aspects of cognition in chronic pain remains unclear. Moreover, a decline in psychomotor speed could potentially influence executive and attentional control performance in pain patients.OBJECTIVE: To examine different aspects of executive and attentional control in chronic pain together with the confounding role of psychomotor slowing.METHODS: Neuropsychological tests of sustained attention, planning ability, inhibition and mental flexibility were administered to 34 participants with chronic pain and 32 control participants.RESULTS: Compared with the controls, participants with chronic pain took longer to complete tests of sustained attention and mental flexibility, but did not perform worse on inhibition or planning tasks. The decreased performance on the mental flexibility task likely reflects a reduction in psychomotor speed. The pattern of performance on the sustained attention task reveals a specific decline in attention, indicated by a disproportionate decline in performance with an increase in task duration and by increased fluctuations in attention during task performance. No additional effect was noted of pain intensity, pain duration, pain catastrophizing, depressive symptoms, reduced sleep because of the pain or opioid use.CONCLUSIONS: Executive and attention functions are not uniformly affected in chronic pain. At least part of the previously reported decline in executive function in this group may reflect psychomotor slowing. Overall, limited evidence was found that executive and attention performance is indeed lower in chronic pain. Therefore, it can be concluded that in chronic pain sustained attention performance is diminished while mental flexibility, planning and inhibition appear to be intact.
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Salomone, Simona, Grainne R. Fleming, Jessica Bramham, Redmond G. O’Connell, and Ian H. Robertson. "Neuropsychological Deficits in Adult ADHD: Evidence for Differential Attentional Impairments, Deficient Executive Functions, and High Self-Reported Functional Impairments." Journal of Attention Disorders 24, no. 10 (January 14, 2016): 1413–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054715623045.
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Objective: This study is aimed to investigate neuropsychological deficits in adult ADHD. Method: Neuropsychological deficits in terms of executive functions, divided, selective, and sustained attention, were investigated in a group of adults with ADHD using a series of neuropsychological tests as well as electroencephalography (EEG). Subjective ratings of everyday life attention and memory problems were also collected. Results: Adults with ADHD showed impairments in executive functions, divided attention and sustained attention, compared with adult controls. Performance on selective attention tasks in adults with ADHD was instead no different from control participants’ performance. EEG results confirmed neuropsychological findings by showing a selective impairment on P3 event-related potential (ERP) amplitude indicative of sustained attention deficits. Higher subjective ratings of everyday attentional and memory problems were also found in the ADHD group compared with the control group. Conclusion: This pattern of results suggests differential impairments of attentional skills. Impaired executive functions and higher subjective functional impairments were also found.
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Sylvain-Roy, Stéphanie, Ovidiu Lungu, and Sylvie Belleville. "Normal Aging of the Attentional Control Functions That Underlie Working Memory." Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 70, no. 5 (January 27, 2014): 698–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbt166.
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SOVERI, ANNA, MATTI LAINE, HEIKKI HÄMÄLÄINEN, and KENNETH HUGDAHL. "Bilingual advantage in attentional control: Evidence from the forced-attention dichotic listening paradigm." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 14, no. 3 (July 21, 2010): 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728910000118.
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It has been claimed that due to their experience in controlling two languages, bilinguals exceed monolinguals in certain executive functions, especially inhibition of task-irrelevant stimuli. Here we investigated the effects of bilingualism on an executive phonological task, namely the forced-attention dichotic listening task with syllabic stimuli. In the standard non-forced (NF) condition, the participants reported all syllables they heard, be it from the right or the left ear. In the forced-right (FR) and forced-left (FL) attention conditions, they had to direct their attention to either the right- or the left-ear stimulus and inhibit information coming to the other ear. We tested Finnish monolinguals and early simultaneous Finnish–Swedish bilinguals from two age groups: (30–50-year-olds and 60–74-year-olds). The results showed that the bilinguals performed better than the monolinguals in the FR and FL conditions. This supports the idea of a bilingual advantage in directing attention and inhibiting task-irrelevant stimuli.
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Albrecht, B., D. Brandeis, H. Uebel, L. Valko, H. Heinrich, R. Drechsler, A. Heise, et al. "Familiality of neural preparation and response control in childhood attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder." Psychological Medicine 43, no. 9 (December 3, 2012): 1997–2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329171200270x.
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BackgroundPatients with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) exhibit difficulties in multiple attentional functions. Although high heritability rates suggest a strong genetic impact, aetiological pathways from genes and environmental factors to the ADHD phenotype are not well understood. Tracking the time course of deviant task processing using event-related electrophysiological brain activity should characterize the impact of familiality on the sequence of cognitive functions from preparation to response control in ADHD.MethodPreparation and response control were assessed using behavioural and electrophysiological parameters of two versions of a cued continuous performance test with varying attentional load in boys with ADHD combined type (n = 97), their non-affected siblings (n = 27) and control children without a family history of ADHD (n = 43).ResultsChildren with ADHD and non-affected siblings showed more variable performance and made more omission errors than controls. The preparatory Cue-P3 and contingent negative variation (CNV) following cues were reduced in both ADHD children and their non-affected siblings compared with controls. The NoGo-P3 was diminished in ADHD compared with controls whilst non-affected siblings were located intermediate but did not differ from both other groups. No clear familiality effects were found for the Go-P3. Better task performance was further associated with higher CNV and P3 amplitudes.ConclusionsImpairments in performance and electrophysiological parameters reflecting preparatory processes and to some extend also for inhibitory response control, especially under high attentional load, appeared to be familially driven in ADHD and may thus constitute functionally relevant endophenotypes for the disorder.
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Healy, Brian, Aaron Treadwell, and Mandy Reagan. "Measures of RSA Suppression, Attentional Control, and Negative Affect Predict Self-Ratings of Executive Functions." Journal of Psychophysiology 25, no. 4 (January 2011): 164–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803/a000053.
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The current study was an attempt to determine the degree to which the suppression of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and attentional control were influential in the ability to engage various executive processes under high and low levels of negative affect. Ninety-four college students completed the Stroop Test while heart rate was being recorded. Estimates of the suppression of RSA were calculated from each participant in response to this test. The participants then completed self-ratings of attentional control, negative affect, and executive functioning. Regression analysis indicated that individual differences in estimates of the suppression of RSA, and ratings of attentional control were associated with the ability to employ executive processes but only when self-ratings of negative affect were low. An increase in negative affect compromised the ability to employ these strategies in the majority of participants. The data also suggest that high attentional control in conjunction with attenuated estimates of RSA suppression may increase the ability to use executive processes as negative affect increases.
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Chevalier, Nicole, Véronique Parent, Mélanie Rouillard, France Simard, Marie-Claude Guay, and Claudia Verret. "The Impact of a Motor-Cognitive Remediation Program on Attentional Functions of Preschoolers With ADHD Symptoms." Journal of Attention Disorders 21, no. 13 (December 26, 2012): 1121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054712468485.
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Objective: The purpose of this study was to measure the impact of the motor-cognitive remediation program (MCRP) that uses sensorimotor and visual-motor imagery techniques on attentional functions in preschoolers with ADHD symptoms. Method: A total of 15 high-risk preschoolers were selected based on high ADHD symptoms. An experimental group participated in the MCRP and was compared with a control group. The MCRP consisted of 30 activities, 3 times a week, during 12 weeks. Results: Children in the experimental group improved significantly for orienting (selective attention) and executive control (inhibition, stopping, and engaging mental operations) compared with the control group. Conclusion: These results are a first step to support the postulate that training specific attentional functions by sensorimotor activities and visual-motor imagery has an impact on the cognitive network of attention. This study suggests the potential value of MCRP addressed to preschoolers with ADHD symptoms.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Attentional control functions"
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Saylik, Rahmi. "Neuroticism related differences during porcessing of controlled congnitive tasks." Thesis, Brunel University, 2017. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/14594.
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It is suggested that neuroticism impairs cognitive performance mostly in difficult tasks i.e. WM tasks, but not so much in easier tasks. However, behavioural, and functional neuroanatomical correlates of detrimental effect of neuroticism in relation to central executive system (CES) during cognitive tasks particularly in multitasking still unknown. I aim at investigating behavioural and functional neuroanatomical correlates of single- and dual-task performance in high and low neurotics. The general hypothesis is that high neurotics will show a poorer performance on processing of cognitive tasks as compared to low neurotics. From a screened population, I select low neurotics (below 6) and high neurotics (over 16) on 24 item Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) neuroticism scale. First empirical study was consisted of three standard WM tests. The result of this study showed that high neurotics had lower performance when the task heavily requires CES such as switching and inhibition. Next empirical studies were consisted of dual tasks based on PRP paradigm. In dual task studies, in addition to SOA manipulation SOA (0 and1000ms), task demand manipulated either by presentation of task order or task set maintenance. The results show that high neurotics considerably slower when SOA is short. Further, it has been observed dual task cost differences between high and low neurotics increase as the demand increase either by random tasks or task set maintenance as evident by lower processing efficiency in high neurotics. Also, high neurotics perceived higher stress level as the task demand increase. In the final study, I assessed brain activity by means of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in low and high neurotics while they were performing a demanding dual-task and the less demanding component tasks as single-tasks. Imaging data showed that high neurotics showed less dual-task specific activation in lateral and medial prefrontal cortices. In conclusion, I conclude that high levels of neuroticism impair behavioural performance in demanding tasks with higher perceived stress level, and that this impairment is accompanied by reduced activation of the task-associated brain areas. Key words: Neuroticism, Personality, Multitasking, dual-task performance, prefrontal cortex attentional control theory, working memory.
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Rodrigues, Lizandra Rutkoski. "Cognitive differences between monolinguals and bi/multilinguals: executive functions boosted by code-switching?" Universidade Catolica de Pelotas, 2013. http://tede.ucpel.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/284.
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Previous issue date: 2013-03-15The bilingual experience of code-switching using another language during speech production demands a greater executive and attentional control than that required from monolinguals, and seems to spread to other nonlinguistic cognitive domains. Studies on bilingualism have shown that bilinguals tend to outperform monolinguals on nonlinguistic interference tasks measuring different executive functions (EFs) (mental processes in charge of regulating, controlling and managing other cognitive processes, such as inhibition, attention, problem solving, etc.). However, recent research has shown that bilinguals tend to show a more robust advantage in overall reaction times (RTs), rather than an advantage on the magnitude of the interference effect. Irrespective of nature, the so-called bilingual advantage has been found in different age groups, among different types of bilinguals (e.g., Bialystok et al., 2004; Bialystok et al., 2005; Costa et al., 2008; Martin-Rhee & Bialystok, 2008), but sometimes, no bilingual advantage is actually found. The present study aims at replicating some of the experiments conducted previously with other populations of bilingual and monolingual participants regarding the EFs inhibitory control (Bialystok et al., 2004) and attentional networks (Costa et al., 2008). For that, I interviewed and tested 40 middle-aged businesspeople (20 bilinguals mean age 48.1 and 20 monolinguals mean age 47.2) in two nonlinguistic interference tasks: the Simon task (Simon & Wolf, 1963), and the Attentional Network Task (ANT) (Fan et al., 2002). Businesspeople are naturally faced with strong cognitive demands in their daily lives, constantly having to solve problems by making administrative and financial decisions that involve a lot of responsibility and a lot of people, regardless of product or service being sold or offered by the company. Thus, their professional activity could strengthen their inhibitory control and problem solving skills, which could compete with the cognitive advantages brought out by bilingualism. For this reason, I also included a control group with a different professional activity, consisting of 38 middle-aged teachers/professors (19 bilinguals mean age 46.6 and 19 monolinguals mean age 46.2), to be compared to the businesspeople in the Simon task. It is important to underscore the fact that no previous work has addressed such populations in these regards. Furthermore, I perceived that there are not enough studies on the effects of bilingualism on middle-aged adults regarding these EFs, as compared to the number of studies and findings on the bilingual advantage among other age groups. The results obtained with the businesspeople groups in both tasks showed no bilingual advantage in the interference effect or in overall RTs. However, I cannot assign the absence of a bilingual advantage to the variable Profession as a competitor with bilingualism, for the control group also presented equivalent performances across the mono and bilingual groups in the Simon task
A experiência bilíngue de troca de código o uso de uma outra língua no decorrer de uma conversação exige um maior controle executivo e atencional do que o exigido de monolíngues, e parece espraiar-se para outros domínios cognitivos não linguísticos. Os estudos sobre bilinguismo têm mostrado que bilíngues tendem a ter um melhor desempenho do que monolíngues em tarefas de interferência não linguística que medem diferentes funções executivas (FES) (processos mentais responsáveis pela regulação, controle e gestão de outros processos cognitivos, tais como inibição, atenção, resolução de problemas, etc.). No entanto, pesquisas recentes têm mostrado que bilíngues tendem a apresentar uma vantagem mais robusta em tempos de reação (TRs) globais, ao invés de uma vantagem na magnitude do efeito de interferência. Independentemente de sua natureza, a chamada vantagem bilíngue já foi encontrada em diferentes grupos etários e entre diferentes tipos de bilíngues (e.g., Bialystok et al., 2004; Bialystok et al., 2005; Costa et al., 2008; Martin-Rhee & Bialystok, 2008), porém, às vezes, nenhuma vantagem bilíngue é de fato encontrada. O presente estudo tem o objetivo de replicar alguns dos experimentos já conduzidos com outras populações de participantes bilíngues e monolíngues quanto às FEs controle inibitório (Bialystok et al., 2004) e redes de atenção (Costa et al., 2008). Para isso, entrevistei e testei 40 executivos(as) de meia-idade (20 bilíngues idade média 48,1 e 20 monolíngues idade média 47,2) em duas tarefas de interferência não linguística: a tarefa Simon (Simon & Wolf, 1963), e a tarefa de rede atencional (ANT na sigla em inglês) (Fan et al., 2002). Executivos(as) enfrentam, naturalmente, uma alta demanda cognitiva em suas vidas diárias, tendo que constantemente resolver problemas que requerem decisões administrativas e financeiras, as quais envolvem muita responsabilidade e muitas pessoas, independentemente do produto ou serviço vendido ou oferecido pela empresa. Dessa forma, sua atividade profissional poderia fortalecer suas habilidades de controle inibitório e de resolução de problemas, o que poderia competir com as vantagens cognitivas advindas do bilinguismo. Em função disso, incluí um grupo controle que tem uma atividade profissional diferente, composto de 38 professores(as) de meia-idade (19 bilíngues idade média 46,6 e 19 monolíngues idade média 46,2), a fim de serem comparados aos executivos(as) na tarefa Simon. É importante ressaltar que nenhum estudo anterior investigou essas duas populações com esses mesmos propósitos. Além disso, percebi que há poucos estudos sobre os efeitos do bilinguismo quanto a adultos de meia-idade no que se refere a essas FEs, se comparados ao número de estudos e achados a respeito da vantagem bilíngue relativa a outros grupos etários. Os resultados obtidos com os(as) executivos(as) em ambas as tarefas não mostraram quaisquer vantagens bilíngues, seja no efeito de interferência ou em TRs globais. No entanto, não posso atribuir a ausência de uma vantagem bilíngue à variável Profissão como concorrente do bilinguismo, já que o grupo controle apresentou desempenho equivalente por parte de bilíngues e monolíngues na tarefa
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Benk, Falco. "Transfereffekte zweier Arbeitsgedächtnistrainings auf die kognitive Kontrolle im Vergleich." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-156232.
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Die Motivation zu dieser Arbeit war es, einen Weg zu finden, Ziele, gute Vorsätze und Verhaltensweisen, die zu vermehrtem Wohlbefinden führen, mittels eines AG-Trainings besser realisieren zu können. Die Umsetzung von Zielen oder neuen Verhaltensweisen wird nämlich beständig durch konkurrierende Handlungsalternativen oder unerwünschten Gewohnheiten erschwert. Wie ist es möglich, Absichten auch über längere Zeiträume und im Angesicht verführerischer Alternativen zu verfolgen? Und wie kann man eine schlechte, automatisierte Gewohnheit durch eine neue, förderlichere Denk- und Verhaltensweise oder Emotionsregulation ersetzen?
Die Beschäftigung mit den beiden Modellen Arbeitsgedächtnis (AG) und kognitive Kontrolle erschien dabei äußerst hilfreich. Das Arbeitsgedächtnis nimmt eine zentrale Rolle beim Denken ein. Es beschreibt nicht weniger als all jene Informationen, die dem Bewusstsein gegenwärtig zugänglich sind, und ist damit dem Denken in all seinen Formen innewohnend (Richardson et al., 1996). Aufgabe des AG ist es, Ziele, Absichten und Pläne im Bewusstsein aufrechtzuerhalten, und diese gegenüber konkurrierenden Alternativen abzuschirmen. Ferner werden im AG all jene Informationen verfügbar gehalten, die für das Umsetzen von Zielen nötig sind. Wie der Name schon nahe legt, werden diese handlungsrelevanten Informationen im AG zudem zur Zielerreichung weiterverarbeitet.
Die kognitive Kontrolle (synonyme Bezeichnungen sind auch volitionale Kontrolle oder Exekutivfunktionen (Müsseler, 2008)) beschreibt all jene Prozesse, die für die Planung, Koordination und Kontrolle von Denkabläufen, Handlungen und Emotionen vonnöten sind (Hommel, 2008). Die große Überschneidung der beiden Modelle ist somit klar und manche Theorien vereinigen sie in einer integrativen Theorie der Handlungskontrolle (z.B. Miller and Cohen, 2001).
Eine Verbesserung der AG-Leistung erschien aufgrund der zentralen Rolle für kognitive Kontrollprozesse daher eine geeignete Möglichkeit, dem o.g. Ziel näher zu kommen. Und seit ca. 10 Jahren entwickelt sich ein wachsendes Interesse an AG-Trainings, denn aufgrund seiner elementaren Funktion für das Denken ist das AG Grundlage und Prädiktor einer Vielzahl höherer kognitiver Leistungen. Von einer verbesserten AG-Leistung erhofft man sich daher eine positive Übertragung auf diese Bereiche. Auch rehabilitative Motive sind zahlreich, denn traumatisch- oder erkrankungsbedingte AG-Defizite resultieren in einer verminderten Leistungsfähigkeit dieser Funktionen.
Da bei bisherigen AG-Trainingsstudien eine unzureichende Fundierung durch eine genaue Analyse des AG bemängelt wird (Shipstead et al., 2012), findet eine gründliche Betrachtung der relevanten, kognitionswissenschaftlichen AG-Modelle statt, die um neurowissenschaftliche Ansichten ergänzt wird. Aus den Blickwinkeln beider Disziplinen wird die besondere Rolle der Aufmerksamkeitskontrolle (attentional control oder executive attention) deutlich. Sie ermöglicht den willentlichen Zugang von Informationen in das AG sowie deren Aufrechterhaltung und Abschirmung zur Weiterverarbeitung. Die Aufmerksamkeitskontrolle stellt somit den leistungsdeterminierenden Faktor des AG dar.
Die Analyse der kognitiven Kontrolle erfolgt für das Verständnis der Mechanismen zur Steuerung von Denken, Verhalten und der Emotionsregulation; diese ergibt gleichfalls die entscheidende Funktion von Aufmerksamkeitskontrollprozessen. In dieser Gemeinsamkeit zum AG bildet sich der Erklärungsansatz einer verbesserten kognitiven Kontrolle durch ein AG-Training heraus, wenn dieses auf die Verbesserung der Aufmerksamkeitskontrolle hin ausgerichtet ist. In gegenwärtigen Studien mit computerbasierten AG-Trainings zeigt sich jedoch das vorherrschende Konzept, das AG durch eine zunehmende Gedächtnisbelastung zu trainieren durch Erhöhung zu memorierender Stimuli. Eine genaue Beschreibung des Wirkmechanismus des Trainings bleibt häufig aus oder wird in Analogie zu einem Muskeltraining mit ansteigender Gewichtsbelastung beschrieben, was aufgrund fehlender Übertragbarkeit auf die neuronalen Netzwerke des AG kritisiert wird (Melby-Lervag and Hulme, 2013). Und bei fehlendem klaren Wirkungsmodell werden die Ergebnisse bisheriger computerbasierter Interventionen zudem kontrovers diskutiert (vgl. Morrison and Chein, 2011; Shipstead et al., 2012; Melby-Lervag and Hulme, 2013; Weicker and Thöne-Otto, in preparation). Zur Klärung wurde eine vergleichende Analyse von Studien zur Meditation durchgeführt, was als Alternative zur Verbesserung von AG-Leistungen beschrieben wird (Shipstead et al., 2012). Diese Analyse ergibt gleichfalls die Verbesserung von Aufmerksamkeitskontrolle durch Meditation. Dies bekräftigt weiter das genannte Erklärungsmodell, dass ein AG-Training zu dessen Erfolg auf die Förderung der Aufmerksamkeitskontrolle hin ausgerichtet sein muss.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde ein interferenzbasiertes AG-Training zur Aufmerksamkeitskontrollförderung (Interferenzen = Störinformationen) mit einem üblichen, gedächtnisbasierten AG-Training verglichen (die ursprüngliche Interpretation wurde adaptiert, s. Kap 1). Die zwei Trainingsgruppen sowie eine passive Kontrollgruppe wurden in ihren Leistungen in einem 3x2 faktoriellen Design mit Testzeitpunkten vor und nach dem Training verglichen (bzw. gleichlangem Zeitintervall für die Kontrollgruppe). Hirnleistungstests zu den Bereichen Arbeitsgedächtnis, Aufmerksamkeit, kognitive Kontrolle, Gedächtnis, Intelligenz und Depressivität fanden dazu Verwendung. Im Anschluss an die Nachtestung gab es für die Trainingsteilnehmer einen Fragebogen zur Trainingsevaluation. Die Studie wurde randomisiert, kontrolliert und doppelverblindet durchgeführt (Kontrollgruppe einfach verblindet), mit 58 in die Datenanalyse eingeschlossenen Probanden.
Beide Trainingsgruppen konnten ihre Leistungen in der Trainingsaufgabe geringfügig, aber signifikant steigern, was Erklärungsgrundlage möglicher Transfereffekte sein könnte. Zu deren Überprüfung wurden für jeden Test Varianzanalysen mit Messwiederholungen gerechnet. Der Testzeitpunkt (Nachuntersuchung versus Voruntersuchung) wurde als Innersubjektfaktor und die Untersuchungsbedingung als Zwischensubjektfaktor gesetzt. Beim AG zeigte sich bei einem Test in drei von vier Maßen eine spezifische Verbesserung der Gruppe vom interferenzbasierten AG-Training. Dabei ist unklar, ob diese auf Bodeneffekten der beiden anderen Gruppen oder der Intervention beruhen. Die Maße zur Aufmerksamkeit, kognitiven Kontrolle und zum Gedächtnis zeigten keine trainingsspezifischen Verbesserungen. Beim Test für fluide Intelligenz verbesserten sich im Einzelgruppenvergleich beide Interventionsgruppen, wobei die Gruppe vom interferenzbasierten AG-Training die höhere Signifikanz und Effektstärke aufwies.
Bei der großen Gesamtzahl von Tests mit mehrfach durchgeführten Signifikanztests für dieselbe Stichprobe ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit für einen Fehler 1. Art insgesamt zu groß, um einzelne Verbesserungen als sicheren Beleg annehmen zu können.
Die vergleichende Betrachtung einer Studie mit sehr ähnlichem, interferenzbasierten Training macht deutlich, dass auch bei optimierter Trainingsbeanspruchung und Softwareumsetzung (während des Trainings traten technische Störungen auf und die Trainingsevaluation ergab eine nur mittelmäßige Beanspruchung durch die Trainingsgestaltung) kein Effekt durch die verwendete Aufgabe zu erwarten ist. In der genannten Studie konnten trotz hoher Teststärke und deutlicherem Trainingsgewinn ebenfalls keinerlei Transfereffekte erzielt werden (Redick et al., 2013).
Ein Vergleich der Trainingsaufgabe mit der Vorgehensweise bei der Meditation, welche in Trainingsstudien positive Effekte auf die AG-Leistung vorweist, (Tang and Posner, 2009; Jha et al., 2010; Zeidan et al., 2010; van Vugt and Jha, 2011), erklärt, warum die Trainingsaufgabe nicht optimal ist: bei der Meditation wird im Gegensatz zum interferenzbasierten Training die Aufmerksamkeitskontrolle ohne künstlich eingebrachte Interferenzen trainiert.
Bei der vergleichenden Betrachtung von Meditation fällt ein weiterer Vorteil gegenüber dem IB-AGT auf: während beim IB-AGT Interferenzen starr ausgeblendet werden sollten, kann durch das Trainieren einer balancierten Aufmerksamkeitskontrolle in der Meditation, bei der Interferenzen weder nachgegangen wird noch komplett unterdrückt werden (Andersson-Reuster, 2009; Mingyur, 2007; Wallace, 2007), eine nachhaltig-dosierte Kontrolle zur Zielaufrechterhaltung ohne unerwünschte Impulsivität und zugleich eine für Rückmeldungen und Adaptivität offene Lernfähigkeit erreicht werden.
Für zukünftige Studien folgt daher die Empfehlung, mögliche Transfereffekte moderiert durch verbesserte Aufmerksamkeitskontrolle von Meditationstrainings auf die kognitive Kontrolle zu untersuchen.
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Silva, Leandra Fagundes da. "Acesso lexical na produção de fala bilíngue em região de fronteira Brasil/Uruguai." Universidade Catolica de Pelotas, 2013. http://tede.ucpel.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/309.
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Previous issue date: 2013-11-20The results of several studies on bilingualism suggest a cognitive advantage due to code-switching, which creates a need for greater inhibitory control, one of the cerebral executive functions (e. g. BIALYSTOK et al., 2004; BIALYSTOK et al., 2005; MARTIN-RHEE; BIALYSTOK, 2008; COSTA et al., 2008). However, this advantage is not as evident in some studies, mainly when extralinguistic factors are controlled more strictly (MORTON; HARPER, 2007) or when attentional and inhibitory control are analyzed separately (BIALYSTOK et al., 2009). Regardless of the situation, the bilingual advantage over monolinguals has been investigated considering different age groups (children, young adults and the elderly). This study aims at investigating cognitive differences between mono and bilingual children who live in a border region, where the languages Portuguese and Spanish coexist, not only in personal, but also in social interactions in the community. In this study two nonlinguistic tasks and a linguistic one, which have been used in other studies (BIALYSTOK et al., 2005b; COSTA et al., 2008; YANG; LUST, 2011; PREUSS, 2011), were replicated, although not together and not necessarily with the same age group, according to the literature found. The replicated tasks focused mainly at investigating processes of inhibitory control and lexical access in bilingual speech production in Aceguá, a city in the border region between Brazil and Uruguay, which had not been analyzed yet, including bilingual children, speakers of Uruguayan Portuguese (DPUs)(ELIZAINCÍN, 2001), Brazilian Portuguese (PB) and Spanish (E). In order to achieve this goal, 60 children aged nine and ten (20 bilinguals (Aceguá) and 40 monolinguals (Aceguá and a control group from Pelotas)) were interviewed and tested with the following nonlinguistic tasks, the Simon Task (SIMON; WOLF, 1963) and the child version of the Attentional Network Task (RUEDA, et al., 2004), and also with the Lexical Access linguistic task (COSTA et al., 2000; PREUSS, 2011). The results obtained in the nonlinguistic tasks did not show cognitive differences between bilingual and monolingual children from the same region. The bilinguals were actually slower than the control group, suggesting that extralinguistic factors considerably influence the reliability of the results found by research on bilingualism, as evidenced in other studies (e. g. HILCHEY; KLEIN, 2011). The data show that a bilingual advantage in conflict resolution is sporadic and may even is absent, depending on the groups under analysis. Also, the results found between the two bilingual groups (Portuguese/Spanish and Spanish/Portuguese) did not show significant differences in order to assume the existence of psycholinguistic differentiation between the languages used in Aceguá/RS, once the advantage was present randomly in both groups when investigating the interference effects present in the bilingual speech involving two languages with semantic proximity. The general results of this study suggest the need for further investigations involving border bilingualism, with a bigger number of participants and also with strict control of extralinguistic factors, which can dramatically affect the identification of the bilingual cognitive advantage
Os resultados de vários estudos sobre bilinguismo sugerem uma vantagem cognitiva decorrente da prática da troca de códigos (code switching), que gera uma necessidade de maior controle inibitório, uma das funções executivas cerebrais (ex. BIALYSTOK et al., 2004; BIALYSTOK et al., 2005; MARTIN-RHEE; BIALYSTOK, 2008; COSTA et al., 2008). No entanto, essa vantagem não é tão evidente em alguns estudos, principalmente quando fatores extralinguísticos são controlados com maior rigor (MORTON; HARPER, 2007) ou quando controle de atenção e inibição são analisados em separado (BIALYSTOK et al., 2009). Independentemente da situação, a vantagem computada aos bilíngues sobre os monolíngues já foi pesquisada em diferentes faixas etárias (crianças, jovens adultos e idosos). Esta pesquisa visa investigar diferenças cognitivas entre crianças mono e bilíngues de região de fronteira, onde os idiomas do português e do espanhol convivem, tanto nas relações pessoais como nas sociais da comunidade. Na presente pesquisa foram replicadas duas tarefas não linguísticas e uma linguística, as quais já haviam sido utilizadas em outros estudos (BIALYSTOK et al., 2005b; COSTA et al., 2008; YANG; LUST, 2011; PREUSS, 2011), porém não em conjunto e não necessariamente para o mesmo grupo etário, de acordo com a bibliografia encontrada. As tarefas replicadas tiveram como principal objetivo investigar os processos de controle inibitório e de acesso lexical na produção de fala bilíngue na fronteira entre Brasil e Uruguai, na região de Aceguá, a qual não havia sido analisada ainda, em crianças bilíngues, falantes do português uruguaio (DPUs) (ELIZAINCÍN, 2001), do português brasileiro (PB) e do espanhol (E). Para atingir esse objetivo, foram entrevistadas e testadas 60 crianças na faixa etária compreendida entre nove e dez anos (20 bilíngues (região) e 40 monolíngues (região e grupo controle de Pelotas)) nas seguintes tarefas não linguísticas: Tarefa de Simon (SIMON; WOLF, 1963) e Tarefa de redes de atenção - ANT infantil (RUEDA, et al., 2004) e na tarefa linguística de Acesso Lexical (COSTA et al., 2000; PREUSS, 2011). Os resultados encontrados nos testes não linguísticos não apontaram diferenças cognitivas entre crianças bilíngues e monolíngues da mesma região. Os bilíngues foram inclusive mais lentos na comparação com as crianças do grupo controle, sugerindo que os fatores extralinguísticos influenciam consideravelmente na confiabilidade dos resultados de pesquisa sobre bilinguismo, como evidenciado em outros estudos (ex. HILCHEY; KLEIN, 2011). Os dados revelam que a vantagem bilíngue na resolução de conflitos é esporádica e pode inclusive ser ausente, dependendo dos grupos analisados. Também, os resultados encontrados entre os dois grupos bilíngues (Português/Espanhol e Espanhol/Português) não revelam diferenças significativas para afirmar a existência de diferenciação psicolinguística entre os idiomas praticados na região de Aceguá/RS, uma vez que a vantagem pendeu aleatoriamente para os dois grupos na investigação dos efeitos de interferência presentes na fala bilíngue quando dois idiomas de proximidade semântica são avaliados. Os resultados gerais da presente pesquisa sugerem a necessidade de mais estudos envolvendo bilinguismo fronteiriço, com maior número de participantes e também com o controle rigoroso dos fatores extralinguísticos, os quais podem afetar drasticamente a identificação da vantagem cognitiva de bilíngues.
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Marklund, Petter. "Cross-functional brain imaging of attention, memory and executive functions : unity and diversity of neurocognitive component processes /." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Department of Psychology, Umeå University, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-805.
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Chriki, Lyvia. "Characteristics of Worriers as a Function of Individual Differences in Effortful Control." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1436434892.
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Speller, Lassiter Freeman M. A. "Cardiac Vagal Tone & Attentional Control Settings in Adaptive Choice." The Ohio State University, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu161009387533925.
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Johansson, Maria. "Attention and Self-regulation in Infancy and Toddlerhood : The Early Development of Executive Functions and Effortful Control." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-263510.
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Executive functions are higher-order cognitive functions underlying self-regulation of behavior. That is, executive functions make it possible to resolve internal conflicts and behave according to future goals rather than acting on sudden impulses or going on automatic. Very similarly, the temperamental construct of effortful control is defined as being able to inhibit a dominant response, instead acting on a subdominant response. In children, poor executive functions and low levels of effortful control have both been associated with several negative outcomes, such as lower academic achievements and externalizing behavior problems. Although these self-regulatory functions seem to play a very important role in child development, little is still known about them during the first years of life. Furthering the knowledge of early executive functions and effortful control would likely increase the chances of early detection of risks of poor development. The present thesis aimed to investigate individual differences in executive functions and effortful control in infancy and toddlerhood, as well as the early development of, and the relation between, these two functions. The thesis further aimed to investigate the relationship between the self-regulatory functions and activity level, and the possibility of predicting toddlerhood self-regulatory functions with sustained attention in infancy. In Study I, individual differences in 10-month-olds’ rudimentary executive functions were found, and these were related to temperamental activity level. In Study II, individual differences in sustained attention in infancy were found to predict toddlerhood executive functions and effortful control. Both these self-regulatory functions improved significantly from infancy to toddlerhood although the individual stability was low. Executive functions and effortful control were related in toddlerhood but not in infancy. In Study III we replicated and extended the finding of a longitudinal relation between infant sustained attention and toddlerhood executive functions. In addition, partial support for the proposition that executive functions develop in a hierarchical fashion was found, with simple inhibition being predictive of more complex forms of working memory two years later. The results from the three studies combined contribute to a better understanding of the early development of the self-regulatory functions executive functions and effortful control.
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Price, Jaima S. "Exploring the Relationship Between Early Childhood Attentional Control and Language Ability." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2523.
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Relatively few studies have investigated the relationship between early childhood attentional control and later cognitive outcomes, especially language development. The current study is an investigation of the relationship between the executive functioning (EF) component of attentional control and language ability in the second year of life. More specifically, the predictive nature of two aspects of attentional control, attentional focus and resistance to distraction, was be the primary focus of the proposed study. Although it was expected that children both high in attentional focus and resistance to distraction would have significantly superior language development than infants with lower attentional capacities, analyses indicated associations between the postural deviation component of resistance to distraction and language. Attentional focus was also related to infant language ability. Avenues for future research regarding early childhood attentional control, resistance to distraction, and language ability are discussed.
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Alexander, Claire. "Attention functions in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease : a neuropsychological case-control study." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/30865/.
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Background: Previous studies have demonstrated some attentional difficulties in exacerbating COPD inpatients. However, such findings are of limited clinical utility and raise issues with generalisability to the majority of COPD patients whose condition is stable. This study aimed to build on, and offer a comparison to, previous investigations by examining attention functions in stable COPD. Methods: Performance of 23 stable COPD patients and 23 matched controls were compared on three attention-based tasks: Attention Network Test, Stroop Colour-Word Task and Hayling Sentence Completion Task. Performance on these tasks was used to examine alerting and orienting attention and response inhibition. Results: No significant differences were identified in between-group comparisons of individual subtest scores. Inspection of between-group effect sizes suggested a slight reduction in alerting and response inhibition abilities in the COPD group. However, the study was underpowered to detect effects at the level observed. Impairment analysis suggested a small-subgroup of COPD participants experienced response inhibition difficulties beyond the threshold for clinical impairment. Conclusions: For most stable COPD patients, any attention difficulties experienced are mild and unlikely to have a notable difference on everyday functioning. However, a small sub-group may be at risk of clinically relevant levels of attentional impairment, which may influence health outcomes.
Books on the topic "Attentional control functions"
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Zhukova, Galina, and Margarita Rushaylo. The mathematical analysis. Volume 2. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1072172.
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The aim of the tutorial is to help students to master the basic concepts and methods of the study of calculus. In volume 2 we study analytic geometry in space; differential calculus of functions of several variables; local, conditional, global extrema of functions of several variables; multiple, curvilinear and surface integrals; elements of field theory; numerical, power series, Taylor series and Maclaurin, and Fourier series; applications to the analysis and solution of applied problems. Great attention is paid to comparison of these methods, the proper choice of study design tasks, analyze complex situations that arise in the study of these branches of mathematical analysis.
For self-training and quality control knowledge given test questions.
For teachers, students and postgraduate students studying mathematical analysis.
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Gurikov, Sergey. Basics of algorithmization and programming in Microsoft Visual Basic. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/982532.
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This tutorial covers the basics of algorithmization and programming in Microsoft Visual Basic. Contains a description of such traditional material necessary for learning the basics of algorithmization as the operation of linear, branching, and cyclic structures, processing one-dimensional and two-dimensional arrays, programming using functions and procedures, string processing, and so on. We discuss the data types used in VB, review the main controls of the programming environment, and pay attention to data input and output methods. It also describes how to work with graphics based on the GDI+interface.
Meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standards of secondary professional education of the latest generation.
It can be used by students and teachers of secondary professional and higher educational institutions.
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Ivanishchev, Viktor (Victor). Molecular biology. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/01857-6.
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The textbook presents the main range of issues in molecular biology — the most rapidly developing area of biological science. The logic of the presentation of the material includes sequential coverage of the structural organization and functions of DNA, RNA, proteins. Important attention is paid to the mechanisms of signal transmission in living systems, the problems of creating and using genetically engineered organisms. Each chapter ends with control questions and assignments for independent work. The textbook includes a set of laboratory and practical works that do not require specialized equipment and materials. The new edition has been supplemented and clarified, reflecting the current state of science. The content of the textbook corresponds to a number of competencies, the development of which is provided for by the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Education in the preparation of bachelors in the fields of "Pedagogical Education" (profiles "Biology" and "Chemistry"), "Biology". Certain topics can be used in the preparation of masters in the fields of "Biology", "Chemistry", "Natural Science Education". The book is intended for students studying in natural sciences, and will also be useful for teachers of biology and chemistry of high school.
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Reznik, Galina. Marketing. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1242303.
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The textbook is the fourth edition, contains a detailed presentation of the topics of the discipline "Marketing". In an accessible and understandable form, the key concepts of the discipline "Marketing"are considered. In particular, the reader will get an idea of the essence of marketing, its types, principles, functions and basic elements; the environment of marketing and the conditions in which it can be applied. The textbook reveals the concept of the market, its types, capacity and segmentation; competition, its types, the role of the enterprise in the competition in order to achieve key success factors. Considerable attention is paid to the concepts of "product", "product", their distinctive features. The essence of product distribution is revealed and the features of marketing logistics as a method of managing product promotion channels are given.
The textbook also includes a bibliographic list, questions for self-control, tests, which will allow you to study the course "Marketing" more fully.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
For bachelors studying in the direction of training 38.03.02 "Management".
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Krauzlis, Richard J. Attentional Functions of the Superior Colliculus. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.014.
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The superior colliculus (SC) plays an important role in both overt and covert attention. In primates, the SC is well known to be a central component of the motor pathways that orient the eyes and head to important objects in the environment. Accordingly, neurons in the SC show enhanced responses that will be the target of orienting movements, compared to stimuli that will be ignored. Single-neuron recordings in the SC have revealed a variety of attention-related effects, including changes in activity related to bottom-up and top-down attention, attention capture, and inhibition of return. These findings support the view of the SC as a priority map that represents the location of important objects in the visual environment. Manipulation of SC activity by electrical microstimulation and chemical inactivation shows that the SC is not simply a recipient of attention-related effects, but plays a causal role in these processes. In particular, activity in the SC plays a major role in the selection of targets for saccades, and also for pursuit eye movements and movements of the hand. Moreover, activity in the SC is important not only for the control of overt attention, but also plays a crucial role in covert attention—the processing of visual signals for perceptual judgements even in the absence of orienting movements. The mechanisms mediating the role of the SC in the control of covert attention are not yet known, but current models emphasize interactions between the SC and areas of the cerebral cortex.
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Posner, Michael I., Mary K. Rothbart, and M. Rosario Rueda. Developing Attention and Self-Regulation in Childhood. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.023.
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This chapter views attention as an organ system consisting of three brain networks with their own unique anatomy, connectivity, neuromodulators, and functions. These networks underlie the functions of attention including: obtaining and maintaining the alert state, orienting to sensory events, and voluntary control of responses. It traces the development of these attentional networks from infancy to adulthood. All three networks are present in infancy, but their functions and connectivity change in development. The change of control from the orienting to the executive network that takes place between infancy and childhood underlies the increasing role of voluntary control of emotions and thoughts. It examines how genes and environment influence this development and suggests avenues for further understanding of how attention develops.
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Gottlieb, Jacqueline. Neuronal Mechanisms of Attentional Control. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.033.
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Damage to the human inferior parietal lobe produces an attentional disturbance known as contralateral neglect, and neurophysiological studies in monkeys have begun to unravel the cellular basis of this function. Converging evidence suggests that LIP encodes a sparse topographic map of the visual world that highlights attention-worthy objects or locations. LIP cells may facilitate sensory attentional modulations, and ultimately the transient improvement in perceptual thresholds that is the behavioural signature of visual attention. In addition, LIP projects to oculomotor centres where it can prime the production of a rapid eye movement (saccade). Importantly, LIP cells can select visual targets without triggering saccades, showing that they implement an internal (covert) form of selection that can be flexibly linked with action by virtue of additional, independent mechanisms. The target selection response in LIP is modulated by bottom-up factors and by multiple task-related factors. These modulations are likely to arise through learning and may reflect a multitude of computations through which the brain decides when and to what to attend.
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Hammond, Christopher J., Marc N. Potenza, and Linda C. Mayes. Development of Impulse Control, Inhibition, and Self-Regulatory Behaviors in Normative Populations across the Lifespan. Edited by Jon E. Grant and Marc N. Potenza. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.013.0082.
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Impulsivity represents a complex multidimensional construct that may change across the lifespan and is associated with numerous neuropsychiatric disorders including substance use disorders, conduct disorder/antisocial personality disorder, and traumatic brain injury. Multiple psychological theories have considered impulsivity and the development of impulse control, inhibition, and self-regulatory behaviors during childhood. Some psychoanalytic theorists have viewed impulse control and self-regulatory behaviors as developing ego functions emerging in the context of id-based impulses and inhibitory pressures from the superego. Object relationists added to this framework but placed more emphasis on mother–child dyadic relationships and the process of separation and individuation within the infant. Cognitive and developmental theorists have viewed impulse control and self-regulation as a series of additive cognitive functions emerging at different temporal points during childhood and with an emphasis on attentional systems and the ability to inhibit a prepotent response. Commonalities exist across all of these developmental theories, and they all are consistent with the idea that the development of impulse control appears cumulative and emergent in early life, with the age range of 24–36 months being a formative period. Impulsivity is part of normal development in the healthy child, and emerging empirical data on normative populations (as measured by neuropsychological testing batteries, self-report measures, and behavioral observation) suggest that impulse control, self-regulation, and other impulsivity-related phenomena may follow different temporal trajectories, with impulsivity decreasing linearly over time and sensation seeking and reward responsiveness following an inverted U-shaped trajectory across the lifespan. These different trajectories coincide with developmental brain changes, including early maturation of subcortical regions in relation to the later maturation of the frontal lobes, and may underlie the frequent risk-taking behavior often observed during adolescence.
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Lavie, Nilli, and Polly Dalton. Load Theory of Attention and Cognitive Control. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.003.
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Research has highlighted a puzzling discrepancy in our selective attention performance: whereas in some circumstances we are able to be highly selective, at other times we can exhibit high levels of distraction. The load theory of attention and cognitive control provides an explanation for these contrasting observations, proposing that the extent to which people can focus their attention in the face of irrelevant distractions depends on the level and type of information load involved in their current task. According to the theory, the extent to which unattended visual information is perceived depends on the perceptual load of the attended task, such that increasing the level of perceptual load in the task decreases processing of task-irrelevant stimuli. Effective prioritization of task-relevant stimuli in the face of competition from irrelevant distractors is proposed to depend on the availability of executive control functions. Thus, loading executive control results in increased processing of irrelevant stimuli. This chapter presents converging research from a wide range of approaches in support of these proposals, as well as highlighting some of load theory’s wider influences in areas as diverse as emotion processing, developmental psychology, and the understanding of psychological disorders.
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Hodges, John R. Distributed Cognitive Functions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198749189.003.0001.
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This chapter discusses cognitive functions with a largely distributed neural basis within the framework of contemporary cognitive neuroscience. The following are described: arousal/attention, memory (short-term, or working memory; episodic memory; semantic memory; and implicit memory), and higher-order cognitive function such as planning, problem-solving and set-shifting, motivation, inhibitory control, social cognition, and emotion processing. Each function in placed in the context of its neural basis, with a brief description of the disorders that may affect these cognitive abilities. Methods of assessment at the bedside and by using neuropsychological tasks are also outlined.
Book chapters on the topic "Attentional control functions"
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Paletta, Lucas. "Attention Analysis for Assistance in Assembly Processes." In IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 310–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72632-4_23.
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AbstractHuman attention processes play a major role in the optimization of human-machine interaction (HMI) systems. This work describes a suite of innovative components within a novel framework in order to assess the human factors state of the human operator primarily by gaze and in real-time. The objective is to derive parameters that determine information about situation awareness of the human collaborator that represents a central concept in the evaluation of interaction strategies in collaboration. The human control of attention provides measures of executive functions that enable to characterize key features in the domain of human-machine collaboration. This work presents a suite of human factors analysis components (the Human Factors Toolbox) and its application in the assembly processes of a future production line. Comprehensive experiments on HMI are described which were conducted with typical tasks including collaborative pick-and-place in a lab based prototypical manufacturing environment.
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Zheng, Lei, Dong-ni Pan, Yi Wang, and Xuebing Li. "Computer-Based Attention Training Improves Brain Cognitive Control Function: Evidences from Event-Related Potentials." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 150–61. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7986-4_14.
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Kostenko, Alexandre, Philippe Rauffet, Sorin Moga, and Gilles Coppin. "Operator Functional State: Measure It with Attention Intensity and Selectivity, Explain It with Cognitive Control." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 156–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32423-0_10.
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"Selective Attention and Cognitive Control: Dissociating Attentional Functions through Different Types of Load." In Control of Cognitive Processes. The MIT Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/1481.003.0014.
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Richter, Thalia, Alexander J. Shackman, Tatjana Aue, and Hadas Okon-Singer. "The Neurobiology of Emotion–Cognition Interactions." In Cognitive Dimensions of Major Depressive Disorder, 171–82. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198810940.003.0014.
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Humans have long considered emotion and cognition as two separate mental capacities, depending on their subjective different emotional and cognitive experiences. However, evidence for the mutual modulatory relationships between emotional and cognitive functions, as well as for the neural circuits supporting these relationships, is growing substantially. In this chapter, we review the bidirectional interactions between the cognitive and emotional systems. We focus on threat-related cues and emotional states that influence a variety of attentional and executive functions, including working memory, cognitive control, and selective attention. We further elaborate on the flexibility of cognitive biases toward emotional information, as well as the plasticity of the neural connections supporting these biases. We discuss the influence of cognitive strategies on emotions. Finally, we highlight several limitations of existing research and suggest future scientific directions. Each of these themes is demonstrated among healthy individuals, at-risk populations, and patients with psychiatric disorders. Understanding the mutual influences between emotion and cognition is highly important for both theoretical and clinical knowledge. It may refine our expertise regarding the human mind, as well as contribute to the development of specific interventions for individuals with disorders involving disruption to emotional and cognitive systems.
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Barbas, Helen, Jamie G. Bunce, and Maria Medalla. "Prefrontal Pathways that Control Attention." In Principles of Frontal Lobe Function, 31–48. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199837755.003.0004.
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Fabiani, Monica, and Gabriele Gratton. "Aging, Working Memory, and Attention Control." In Principles of Frontal Lobe Function, 582–92. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199837755.003.0041.
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Benarroch, Eduardo E. "Executive Control." In Neuroscience for Clinicians, edited by Eduardo E. Benarroch, 781–98. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190948894.003.0042.
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Attention, working memory, decision-making, and executive control are fundamental cognitive functions that involve large-scale networks largely defined on the basis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies. These networks include areas of the lateral and medial prefrontal, orbitofrontal, anterior, and midcingulate cortices, anterior insula, and lateral and medial posterior parietal cortices as well as areas of the temporal lobe and temporoparietal junction. These networks include the dorsal and ventral attention networks, frontoparietal, cingulo-opercular and salience control networks, and the default mode network. These networks are located along a hierarchical gradient of cortical organization. Dysfunction of large-scale cortical networks is a cardinal feature of neurodegenerative dementias and psychiatric disorders.
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Matthews, Paul M. "Creativity." In Secrets of Creativity, 150–68. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190462321.003.0008.
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Creativity is not a phenomenon that arises from the brain in isolation; it has an experiential, sociopolitical, and cultural context. Nonetheless, studies of the brain illuminate mechanistic aspects of human creativity with a clarity sufficient clearly to allow some predictions of the potential for creativity and have suggested ways in which it can be enhanced. This chapter briefly reviews associations between creativity and disease, focusing on rare case studies of people with neurodegenerative disease affecting the frontal lobe and executive processing. These suggest that impaired frontal activity can enhance more creative behaviors under some conditions, a hypothesis confirmed by direct testing with transient, noninvasive electrical interference with frontal lobe functions in healthy volunteers. The use of some drugs also has been associated with increased creativity. Improved performance on tests of creative cognition by people with Parkinson’s disease after treatment with L-dopa has highlighted roles for dopamine and norepinephrine in modulating cognitive flexibility. However, most of the recent advances in understanding brain mechanisms of creativity from functional brain imaging studies have highlighted that creativity is not localizable to one or a few brain regions, but instead engages coordinated activities across major systems in the brain, including the default mode network and executive control, salience, or attentional networks. With information on genotype and patterns of brain activity, neuroscientists may be able to classify people for their potential creativity.
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Baghdadi, Golnaz, Farzad Towhidkhah, and Mojdeh Rajabi. "Factors that affect function of the attention control system." In Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Attention, 149–66. Elsevier, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-90935-8.00010-x.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Attentional control functions"
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Rojas-Barahona, Cristian A., Carla E. Förster Marín, Francisco Aboitiz, and Jorge Gaete. "ARE THERE DIFFERENCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS OF CHILDREN WITH A TYPICAL AND ATYPICAL DEVELOPMENT STIMULATED BY A GAME ON A TABLET?" In International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021inpact072.
Full textAbstract:
"Introduction: Executive functions (EF) are developed early, building a fundamental basis of higher cognitive processes in adulthood (Garon et al., 2008). There are studies with children of typical development (Passolunghi et al., 2006; Welsh et al., 2010) that have demonstrated the key role of EF, such as working memory, inhibitory control, planning and attentional flexibility, in initial literacy and precalculus. What is still unclear is whether these EF can be stimulated early and if it has any effect on their development. At the same time, it is known that children with atypical development, such as ADHD, have deficiencies in the development of EF (Barkley, 1997). Early stimulation of EF in this type of population will have the same effects as in a typical development population? The objective of the study is to evaluate the effect of a stimulation program of the EF (working memory, inhibitory control, planning and attentional flexibility), by means of a tablet digital game, in the development of the EF of preschool children with and without symptoms of ADHD, of socioeconomically disadvantaged sectors. Method: Two groups, control (CG) and intervention (IG) were selected at random, both were evaluated twice (before and after). In total there were 408 participants, 212 with typical development and 196 with atypical development. The IG was exposed to a digital game of EF through a tablet during 12 sessions (in the classroom). Results: The main results show differences in favor of IG in the different EF evaluated, both for children with and without ADHD symptoms, with the exception of attentional variable for which no differences were observed. There are differences in the effect of EF among children evaluated. Discussion: These differences and their possible implications in the educational and social environment are discussed."
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Murphy, Ian P., Shirin Dadashi, Jessica Gregory, Yu Lei, Javid Bayandor, and Andrew Kurdila. "Modeling and Adaptive Control for Tracking Wing Trajectories." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-64925.
Full textAbstract:
Studies of Micro Air Vehicles (MAVs) have gained increased attention over the past decade, while a significant range of open problems in this emerging field remain unaddressed. This paper highlights the investigations entailing flapping wing vehicles, designed based on inspiration from observations of avian flight. The nonlinear equations of motion of a ground fixed flapping wing robot are derived that incorporates a quasi-steady model of aerodynamics. The equations of motion are developed using Lagrange’s equations and the aerodynamic contributions are formulated using virtual work principles. The aerodynamics are constructed with a quasi-steady state formulation where the functions representing lift and drag coefficients as a function of angle of attack are treated as unknowns. An adaptive controller is introduced that seeks to learn the aerodynamic effects. A Lyapunov analysis of the controller guarantees boundedness of all error terms and asymptotic stability in both the joint position and derivative error. The controllers are simulated using two dynamic models based on flapping wing prototypes designed at Virginia Tech. The numerical experiments validate the Lyapunov analysis and verify that unknown parameters are learned if persistently excited.
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Sobanski, Kurt, Ken Martin, Fong Shi, and Brad Greenway. "Gas Turbine Distributed Control Systems: Power Supply and Communication Data Bus Design Considerations." In ASME 1998 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/98-gt-414.
Full textAbstract:
Over the past several decades, gas turbine control systems have evolved from hydro-mechanical systems to full authority redundant electronic systems. One advanced technology with potential to revolutionize the way engine system designers build new products is high temperature distributed controls. Distributed control systems put electronics close to control functions and reduce the number of interconnects between central processors and sensors or effectors. In distributed systems, power and data buses take the place of multiple discrete analog wire bundles found in centralized control systems. Distributed modules interconnected with power and data buses control effectors such as hydraulic actuators or solenoid valves and read sensors to measure pressures, temperatures and speeds. With distributed controls, many gas turbine applications will require high temperature electronics ruggedized to survive the demanding environment. For these new systems, manufacturers must determine how to maximize the use of standard interfaces and electronic components and minimize the use of custom parts. Two particular areas would benefit the aerospace industry include distributed system power supplies and communication data buses since these designs play an important role in system cost, weight, size and reliability. Interface standardization will benefit engine manufacturers by lowering system cost and enabling inter-changeability of distributed engine control components from different suppliers. Careful attention to architectural design details for the power supplies and data buses can lead to systems that meet the needs of end users.
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Wang, Ya, and Daniel J. Inman. "Simultaneous Energy Harvesting and Gust Alleviation for a Multifunctional Wing Spar Using Reduced Energy Control Laws via Piezoceramics." In ASME 2011 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2011-5224.
Full textAbstract:
The increasing need for lightweight structures in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) applications raise issues involving gust alleviation. Here we examine the gust alleviation problem using a self-sensing, self-charging, and self-actuating structure. The basic idea is that the wing itself is able to harvest and store energy from the normal vibrations during flight along with any available sunlight. If the wing experiences any strong, unexpected wind gust, it will sense the increased vibration levels and provide vibration control to maintain its stability. In this paper, a multifunctional wing spar is designed, which integrates a flexible solar cell array, piezoceramic wafers, a thin film battery and an electronics module into a composite structure. This multifunctional wing spar therefore carries on the functions of energy harvesting and storage, as well as the functions of gust alleviation via piezoelectric materials. The piezoceramic wafers act as sensors, actuators, and harvesters. The global modulus and stiffness of this multifunctional wing spar are estimated using both the rule of mixtures and the cross section transformation method. These values are then used in an Euler-Bernoulli cantilever beam model of the multifunctional spar. The first two dominant modes are predicted analytically for the distributed parameter model. The finite element method is employed to confirm the analytical eigenvalues estimation. Special attention is given to the self-contained gust alleviation with the goal of using harvested energy. The gust signals are generated using a Gaussian white noise source n (t) ∼ N (0,1) fed into a linear filter, with the required intensity, scale lengths, and power spectral density (PSD) function for the given flight velocity and height. The Dryden PSD function is implemented for atmospheric turbulence modeling. The recently developed reduced energy control law is combined with a positive strain feedback controller to minimize the actuation energy and the dissipated heat energy. Positive feedback operation amplifiers (op-amps) and voltage buffer op-amps are implemented for two dominant mode gust disturbance controls. This work builds off of our previous research in self-charging structures and holds promise for improving UAV performance in wind gust alleviation.
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Mills, Val D., John R. Wagner, and Imtiaz Haque. "Fourier Series Neural Network Analysis of a Steer-by-Wire System." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-33216.
Full textAbstract:
Automotive steering system research has traditionally focused on improving vehicle handling and safety, as well as investigating lateral dynamic issues. The emergence of hybrid vehicles provides a motivation for steer-by-wire technology in terms of power source availability and improved performance. From a design perspective, steering systems are difficult to accurately model due to the inherent nonlinearities present in the steering assembly, chassis, wheels, and tire/road interface. One modeling strategy that merits further attention is the Fourier Series Neural Network (FSNN) which has been proven effective for the characterization of dynamic systems. A neural network can approximate nonlinear functions to a high degree of accuracy, given an adequate network structure and sufficient training. In this paper, a Fourier Series activation function neural network will be studied to identify a steer-by-wire system. A behavioral model has been developed for the driver interface and directional control assembly of the rack and pinion steer-by-wire system. Representative numerical results are presented to demonstrate the FSNN’s ability to predict the system’s overall transfer function. This engineering tool may provide an attractive alternative to rigorous system modeling, and inherently captures the response characteristics due to the nonlinear behavior.
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Lin, G., B. Balachandran, and E. Abed. "Dynamics and Control of Supercavitating Bodies." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-59959.
Full textAbstract:
Analytical and numerical investigations conducted into the control of dive-plane dynamics of supercavitating bodies are presented. Particular attention is paid to tail-slap behavior. A fundamental understanding of the solution structure in terms of equilibrium and other solutions developed through the effort is discussed, and control schemes used to realize stable inner loop dynamics are presented. Dominant nonlinearities associated with planning forces are taken into account in the model and controllability of the system with the fin input and/or the cavitator input has been examined. The describing function method is brought to bear upon this problem and the presence of limit cycles in the controlled and uncontrolled cases are explored. The nonlinear planing force associated with tail-slap behavior is approximated as a piecewise linear function and the results obtained from switching feedback control analysis are provided.
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Prince, Akimul, and Biswanath Samanta. "Neuromodulation Based Control of Autonomous Robots." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-64049.
Full textAbstract:
The paper presents a control approach based on neuromodulation in vertebrate brains and its implementation on an autonomous robotic platform. The neuromodulatory function is modeled through a neural network for generating context based behavioral responses to sensory input signals from the environment. Three types of neurons are incorporated in the neural network model. The neurons are — cholinergic and noradrenergic (ACh/NE) for attention focusing and action selection, dopaminergic (DA) for curiosity-seeking, and serotonergic (5-HT) for risk aversion behaviors. The neuronal model was implemented on a relatively simple autonomous robot that demonstrated its interesting behavior adapting to changes in the environment.
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Cheng, Dawei, Yi Tu, Zhenwei Ma, Zhibin Niu, and Liqing Zhang. "Risk Assessment for Networked-guarantee Loans Using High-order Graph Attention Representation." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/807.
Full textAbstract:
Assessing and predicting the default risk of networked-guarantee loans is critical for the commercial banks and financial regulatory authorities. The guarantee relationships between the loan companies are usually modeled as directed networks. Learning the informative low-dimensional representation of the networks is important for the default risk prediction of loan companies, even for the assessment of systematic financial risk level. In this paper, we propose a high-order graph attention representation method (HGAR) to learn the embedding of guarantee networks. Because this financial network is different from other complex networks, such as social, language, or citation networks, we set the binary roles of vertices and define high-order adjacent measures based on financial domain characteristics. We design objective functions in addition to a graph attention layer to capture the importance of nodes. We implement a productive learning strategy and prove that the complexity is near-linear with the number of edges, which could scale to large datasets. Extensive experiments demonstrate the superiority of our model over state-of-the-art method. We also evaluate the model in a real-world loan risk control system, and the results validate the effectiveness of our proposed approaches.
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Сафонов, Александр, Aleksandr Safonov, Дмитрий Копелиович, and Dmitriy Kopeliovich. "Multilevel Functional-logic Models in 3D-simulators of Electrical Equipment." In 29th International Conference on Computer Graphics, Image Processing and Computer Vision, Visualization Systems and the Virtual Environment GraphiCon'2019. Bryansk State Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/graphicon-2019-2-232-235.
Full textAbstract:
At present, much attention is paid to the training of specialists who operate at responsible and hazardous industries, using various types of benches and simulators. A special place among them is occupied by three-dimensional computer simulators, which are characterized by low cost and sufficient quality of training. The paper presents an approach to developing an integrated control system for computer simulators; its functional chart is proposed. In this work, the problem of modeling complex technical systems taking into account the criteria of complete and realistic modeling and performance is specially noted. There is also an approach to constructing simulators with variable technical object models depending on the target and with a given level of detail. The results of the work were tested in the development of simulators of electrical equipment.
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Muhammad, Cameron, and Biswanath Samanta. "Control of Autonomous Robots Using Principles of Neuromodulation in ROS Environment." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-38158.
Full textAbstract:
Decision making of a vertebrate in response to the sensory signals from the environment is regulated by the neuromodulatory systems in its brain. A vertebrate’s behaviors like focusing attention, cautious risk-aversion and curiosity-seeking exploration are influenced by these neuromodulators. The paper presents an autonomous robotic control approach based on vertebrate neuromodulation and its implementation on multiple open-source hardware platforms. A simple neural network is used to model the neuromodulatory functions for generating context based behavioral responses to sensory signals. The neural network incorporates three types of neurons — attention focusing cholinergic and noradrenergic (ACh/NE), curiosity-seeking dopaminergic (DA), and risk aversive serotonergic (5-HT) neurons. The implementation of the neuronal model on multiple relatively simple autonomous robots is illustrated through the interesting behavior of the robots adapting to changes in the environment. The implementation is done in open-source, open-access robotics software framework of Robot Operating System (ROS).