Journal articles: 'Attenuations, dilutions, and potencies'

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Patil, Aditya. "Ultra-high diluted medicines and their probable role in homoeopathic drug standardization." RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 7, no. 9 (2022): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2022.v07.i09.003.

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Background: Pharmaceutical homeopathic industries are the mainstream manufacturers for high dilution potencies. In coming years, the CAGR for the homeopathic medicines will be high around 12.5% compared to all other alternative present in the global market. Therefore, a need is felt in upgrading the homoeopathic drug standardization as the presence of nanoparticle in high dilutions can prove to be the new defining parameter for their quantitative analysis. Methods: An online database search was made and the studies on nanoparticles with ultra-high dilutions (UHDs) chosen based on pre-defined keywords were used. Databases searched were from Google scholar, Pub-med, Web of science, Science direct, SCOPUS, CINAHL, EMBASE, Psych-info, WILEY. Articles published from 2000 to 2018 were included. Results: There were 09 research manuscript identified showing the results of ultrahigh dilution medicines testing on presences of nanoparticles. Most researched homeopathic medicine groups were from mineral and plant derived medicines. Techniques like HRTEM, FESEM, EDS, SAED, ICP-AES, DLS, and PDI etc. were used in identifying nanoparticles in ultrahigh diluted attenuations. Conclusion: The data of average size of nanoparticles could be tabulated into a reference range for the development of a standardized range of nanoparticle for any particular remedy and concerned potency hence need to define new parameter in differentiating of each potency in quantitative method and upgrading the pharmacopeia on quality testing parameters of these ultrahigh diluted medicines.

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SUKUL, NIRMAL CHANDRA, RAJ KUMAR SINGH, SUMIT GHOSH, MAHASWETA NANDI, ANANYA PAL, and MANJULA PAL. "High Dilutions of a Drug of Covid-19 Origin Show Difference in Ranks." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 20, no. 4 (2021): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v20i4.1099.

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High dilutions (HDs) of drugs, used in Homeopathy, are prepared in aqueous EtOH (ethanol) through serial dilution accompanying mechanical agitation or succussion, and are called potencies. The potencies from the rank 12 onwards are too dilute to contain any original drug molecules. Do the potency ranks show any difference from each other? Do serial dilution and succussion contribute to the difference in potency ranks? This study aims to address these two questions. The throat swab of a Covid-19 patient was preserved and diluted with aqueous EtOH 90% to prepare the mother tincture (MT) and five different potencies of Covid named Covidinum. These potencies and their solvent media were analysed by electronic and vibrational spectroscopy. Charge transfer (CT) and proton transfer interactions occur during preparation of the potencies. The FT-IR spectra of all the test samples after normalization show difference from each other with respect to O-H stretching and bending (v2) bands. Serial dilution and succussion contribute to the observed difference in ranks and CT interactions.

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Sukul, Nirmal Chandra, Sumit Ghosh, Raj Kumar Singh, Nivedita Pande, and Anirban Sukul. "High Dilutions of Drugs show Distinct Variation from each other in their Electronic Spectra." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 21, no. 2 (2022): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v21i2.1225.

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Drugs at high dilution (HD) produce therapeutic effect on man, animals and plants. Experimental evidence shows that free water molecules and hydrogen bond strength of OH groups constitute the physical basis of HDs which are otherwise devoid of original drugs molecules. HDs are produced in aqueous EtOH by serial dilution of a substance with mechanical agitation or succussion in each step, and are called potencies. Three potencies 6 cH, 12 cH and 30 cH of two drugs Anacardium orientale and Natrum muriaticum (NaCl) and their mother tincture (MT) are used in this study. Electronic spectra of these MTs and potencies, all in 90% EtOH, were taken in the wavelength region of 190 nm – 350 nm. The objective is to find out any additional physico-chemical entities in potencies besides the aforesaid two factors. It was reported earlier that charge transfer (CT) interaction accompanies potentization of drugs. This study focused on the CT interaction. The results indicate that spectral pattern and absorbance intensities of the test samples vary from each other. Potentization involves CT interaction in consecutive potencies. Water and EtOH do not form a homogeneous mixture and have aggregates of EtOH and water molecules. CT interactions occur in these individual aggregates and are mostly inter molecular within EtOH or water. These aggregates vary from each other in the test samples. It is concluded that water and EtOH aggregates and their relative distribution constitute additional phyco-chemical basis of potencies.

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Sukul, Nirmal, Sumit Ghosh, Raj Kumar Singh, Nivedita Pande, and Anirban Sukul. "Investigation of the Influence of clathrate hydrate crystals on the Structuring of Homeopathic High Dilutions." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 21, cf (2022): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v21icf.1153.

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High dilutions (HD) of drugs used in homeopathy are mostly too dilute to contain original drug molecules. But evidences support their specific biological and therapeutic effects. The reason behind this is thought to be water structure characteristic of the original drug. Spectroscopic studies indicate that the specific water structure in HDs can be resolved into free water molecules, hydrogen bonding strength of water hydroxyl, number of hydrogen bonds and clathrate hydrate crystals (CHC). HDs are prepared in EtOH water solution by serial dilution and mechanical agitation, and are called potencies. The objective of the present study is to further confirm the presence of CHCs in the two potencies of three drugs. Electronic spectra of the HDs of the potencies indicate two broad peaks and marked difference in intensities of absorption. Furior Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectra of the test potencies and their control show difference in intensity shift and contour shape of OH stretching and bending bands. All the experimental data indicate the presence of CHCs in varying amounts in the test potencies.

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Sukul, Nirmal Chandra, Tandra Sarkar, Atheni Konar, and Anirban Sukul. "Proteins as targets for high dilutions of drugs: Interaction between ?-amylase and mercuric chloride." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 17, no. 2 (2021): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v17i2.920.

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Background: High dilutions of drugs, used in homeopathy, are usually applied by oral route or foliar spray. These dilutions first come in contact with membrane or circulating proteins. Ultra low doses of mercuric chloride, called potencies, promote activity of diastase or ?-amylase in terms of breakdown of starch, a polysaccharide into a disaccharide maltose in a cell-free medium in test tubes. Merc cor or HgCl2 in high doses inhibits the enzyme activity. Aims: To see (i) whether the high and ultra low dose effects of HgCl2 involve different binding sites of the enzyme and (ii) to find an explanation for the low dose effect of HgCl2 in spite of absence of its original molecules. Methodology: Merc cor mother tincture (147 mM HgCl2) in distilled water was used undiluted in this experiment. Merc cor 200c and 1000c were prepared from the mother tincture (MT) by successive dilution with water 1:100 followed by succussion in 200 and 1000 steps, respectively, and finally preserved in 90% EtOH. These potencies and blank 90% ethanol, were diluted with deionized, distilled (DD) water 1:1000 to minimize ethanol content in test solutions. Each test solution or control was mixed with the enzyme 1:10 just before experiment. The control consisted of DD water. An isothermal calorimetry (ITC) instrument was used to measure the interaction between soluble starch and ?-amylase mixed with each potency (200c/1000c) of Merc cor, its mother tincture, ethanol and control. ITC is a thermodynamic technique which helps in measuring directly very small amount of heat evolved during chemical reaction. Soluble starch 90 µM was injected into 300 µl of 15µM ?-amylase at 2 µl / injection. Twenty injections, one every 2 min, were given. The enzyme substrate interaction in terms of heat released (exothermic) or absorbed (endothermic) were monitored by the ITC instrument. All ITC measurements were calculated and analyzed statistically by an in-built software Origin 7. Results and discussion: The data are presented in figures. While Merc cor MT shows endothermic reaction, all its potencies, ethanol and water control show exothermic reactions. There is wide variation in enthalpy (?H), entropy (?S), binding constant (K) and Gibbs free energy change (?G) among the treatments with Merc cor MT, potencies, ethanol and also control. The results indicate that Merc cor MT and its potencies act on different binding sites of the enzyme. The variation in thermodynamic parameters suggest difference in binding interaction between the drug solutions and the enzyme. This in turn influences the enzyme substrate interaction as reported in earlier studies. The potencies are virtually water modified by the starting substance HgCl2. Conclusion: The mother tincture and potencies of mercuric chloride produce different effects on the enzyme substrate interaction. Potencies show wide variation in ?H, ?S, K and ?G values. It appears from the results that the drugs used in homeopathy produce dual action on proteins. At high doses they act on a binding site(s) but at ultra low doses they act on a different binding site(s). Proteins in an organism may serve as targets for initiation of action of homeopathic potencies.

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Valavan, Ramachandran, and Amarilys Cesar. "Current Status of Expiry of Homeopathic Medicines in Brazil, Germany, India and the United States: A Critical Review." Homeopathy 108, no. 04 (2019): 232–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1692208.

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Background Assignment of expiry date to homeopathic medicines is a subject of important concern to its pharmacists and practitioners. This study compares the regulatory framework for the expiry of homeopathic medicines in four countries: Brazil, Germany, India and the United States. Findings Different or no expiry periods are variously followed. Whereas Germany, with some exceptions, employs a maximum expiry of 5 years for both potencies and finished products, Brazil adopts a 5-year expiry for finished products only, potencies used in manufacture being exempted from an assigned expiry date. In India, all homeopathic medicines except dilutions and back potencies have a maximum of 5 years' shelf-life, including those supplied to consumers. In the United States, homeopathic medicines are exempted from expiry dates. Comments There is neither a rational basis nor scientific evidence for assigning a short (3–5 years) expiry period for homeopathic medicines as followed in some of the countries, particularly in light of the fact that some studies have shown homeopathic medications to be effective even after 25 years. Homeopathic ultra-dilutions seem to contain non-material activity that is maintained over time and, since these exhibit different chemical properties compared to the original starting material, it is quite possible they possess properties of longer activity than conventional medicines. Regulators should acknowledge this feature and differentiate expiry of homeopathic medicinal products from that of conventional drugs.

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Klein, Sabine D., Annegret Sandig, Stephan Baumgartner, and Ursula Wolf. "Differences in Median Ultraviolet Light Transmissions of Serial Homeopathic Dilutions of Copper Sulfate,Hypericum perforatum, and Sulfur." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/370609.

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Homeopathic remedies are produced by potentising, that is, the serial logarithmic dilution and succussion of a mother tincture. Techniques like ultraviolet spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, calorimetry, or thermoluminescence have been used to investigate their physical properties. In this study, homeopathic centesimal (c) potencies (6c to 30c) of copper sulfate,Hypericum perforatum, and sulfur as well as succussed water controls were prepared. Samples of these preparations were exposed to external physical factors like heat, pressure, ultraviolet radiation, or electromagnetic fields to mimic possible everyday storage conditions. The median transmissions from 190 nm to 340 nm and 220 nm to 340 nm were determined by ultraviolet light spectroscopy on five measurement days distributed over several months. Transmissions of controls and potencies of sulfur differed significantly on two of five measurement days and after exposure to physical factors. Transmissions of potencies exposed to ultraviolet light and unexposed potencies of copper sulfate and Hypericum perforatum differed significantly. Potency levels 6c to 30c were also compared, and wavelike patterns of higher and lower transmissions were found. The Kruskal-Wallis test yielded significant differences for the potency levels of all three substances. Aiming at understanding the physical properties of homeopathic preparations, this study confirmed and expanded the findings of previous studies.

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Adler, Ubiratan Cardinalli, Amarilys de Toledo Cesar, Maristela Schiabel Adler, Ana Elisa Padula, Erika Nakabara Garozzo, and Wania Papile Galhardi. "From pharmaceutical standardizing to clinical research: 20 years of experience with fifty-millesimal potencies." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 8, no. 29 (2021): 173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v8i29.367.

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Background: 20 years ago we began to standardize the procedures of preparation and use of fifty-millesimal dilutions (LM or Q) according to indications in the 6th edition of HahnemannÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã¢â€žÂ¢s Organon. Aim: to describe the main stages in standardization as well as our teaching and research experience on Organon 6th edition. Results: with the use of standardized LM dilutions we observed a lower incidence of homeopathic aggravation than with our earlier experience with non standardized preparations. Organon.modus, a clinical-pharmaceutical protocol derived from the standardization was adequate for the teaching of homeopathy at Faculty of Medicine of Jundiai (SÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â£o Paulo), the first Brazilian medical school with a graduate course on homeopathy. A randomized double-blind trial comparing individualized homeopathic medicines prescribed in LM dilutions and fluoxetine showed the former not be inferior to the latter in the treatment of moderate-to-severe depression. Conclusion: protocol Organon.modus showed to be adequate to graduate-level teaching of homeopathy and efficient in a controlled clinical trials, favoring its use as common denominator between the art of healing and medical science.

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Rafia Bashir and Mehwish Afzal. "Fuzzy Set Theory Applied on Li-Fraumeni Syndrome Homeopathic Selection of Remedies." Mathematical Sciences and Applications 2, no. 2 (2023): 51–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.52700/msa.v2i2.20.

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In this study, by using the basic concepts and results of the Fuzzy Set Theory, the ambiguous circumstances of homeopathy, regarding the selection, dilution, and potencies are analyzed by parameterization concepts. A comprehensive study of Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) as a genetic autosomal dominant disease is described as related to mutations in the P53 genes. The analysis of the effects and different potencies of some homeopathic medicines like Calcarea Fluorica, Thuja, Carcinosin, Phytolacca, and Calcarea Phos as complementary and alternative medicines are represented through the graphical representation of the different age groups of people. In the context of the Langmuir equation, the dilutions using the Hahnemann and Korsakovian methods with implementing the Fuzzy Set Theory are analyzed.

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Steffen, William A. "Growth of yeast cultures as in vitro model for investigating homœopathic medicines." British Homeopathic Journal 74, no. 03 (1985): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-0785(85)80058-2.

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AbstractThe question of a sensitive response in the growth of yeast cell cultures to treatments with homœopathic dilutions (potencies), has been raised in a number of recent publications,1,2,3. A further set of growth trials with this model performed at our Institute are reported here.The actions of 8x to 16x decimal potencies of AgNO3, CuSO4, HgCl2, and NaCl on the growth of cell cultures of Schizosaccharomyces pombe were investigated. This included a set of trials with experimental poisoning of the cells by toxic levels of CuSO4 and subsequent study of the remedial action by potencies of the same substance.Yeast cells were grown in batch culture in a glucose/malt extract medium. Growth was interrupted shortly before the end of the exponential growth phase and total cell concentrations were assessed by means of a Coulter Counter. The obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis. Each treatment range was tested in three separate trials.The results obtained failed to indicate any response in the growth rate of Sch. pombe to the potency treatments.

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Fleisbach, A., V. Fejfar, and J. Spranger. "Effects of homeopathic potencies: growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in potentised CuSO4 dilutions." British Homeopathic Journal 89, s1 (2000): S65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bhj.5800420.

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Fleisbach, A., V. Fejfar, and J. Spranger. "Effects of homeopathic potencies: growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in potentised CuSO4 dilutions." British Homeopathic Journal 89, S 01 (2000): S65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/homp.1999.0420.

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Mondal, Priya, Indrani Chakraborty, Nirmal Chandra Sukul, Atheni Konar, Tandra Sarkar, and Anirban Sukul. "Extreme dilutions of mercuric chloride produce longer binding interaction with ?-amylase as compared to blank solvents." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 19, no. 3 (2021): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v19i3.1015.

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Background High and ultra low doses of HgCl2 modulate ?-amylase starch interaction through two different binding sites of the enzyme. Mercurius corrosivus at ultra high dilution (UHD) is reported to have a long duration of action for 30-60 days. Objectives (i) To see whether the mother tincture and UHDs of mercuric chloride could directly act on ?-amylase without intervention of its substrate starch. (ii) To see whether the MT and UHDs produce longer binding interaction with ?-amylase than the control. Methods Mercuric chloride MT (0.15 M) or Merc cor ? and its three UHDs, 30, 200, 1000 cH called potencies were in 90% ethanol. Blank 90% ethanol and deionised and distilled (DD) water were used as controls. All ethanol based ligands were diluted with DD water to reduce EtOH content to 0.09%. Using an ITC instrument each ligand was injected once at 10 µl into15µM ?-amylase at 25 0C and the reaction was observed for 2000 s. Results While Merc cor ? produced endothermic reaction, all other ligands did exothermic reaction. Water control and blank ethanol maintained post injection heat change up to 1200 sec. All other ligands sustained heat change for the entire period of observation (2000 sec). Conclusions Merc cor ? and potencies produced exactly the opposite reaction at the protein binding sites. The reaction was short-lived with water control and blank ethanol, but prolonged with Merc cor ? and potencies. Merc cor 200 cH and 1000 cH produced highest heat change (6 µl/sec) during interaction with ?-amylase.

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Sukul, Nirmal Chandra, Tandra Sarkar, Atheni Konar, Md Amir Sohel, Asmita Sengupta, and Anirban Sukul. "DSC reveals variation in enthalpy associated with free water molecules in water-ethanol solution exposed to x-rays and magnetic field." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 17, no. 1 (2021): 07. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v17i1.906.

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Aqueous ethanol is the standard medium for all drugs used in homeopathy. X-ray and Magnetispoli ambo are 2 homeopathic drugs prepared by exposure of aqueous ethanol to x-rays and static magnetic field, respectively.Mother tinctures (MT)weresuccessively diluted with solvent 1:100 and succussed in several steps to prepare centesimal potencies 8 cH, 14 cH and 32 cH. The solvent was processed in the same way. Although identical in chemical composition (0.03 molar ethanol) and water content (96%) these preparations like the Mother tinctures and three potencies of X-ray and Magnetispoli amboexhibit different therapeutic pathological effects. Potency 8cH of each preparation was diluted with water to reach concentrations 4%, 20%, 40% and 80% ethanol. The aim of the study was to establish whether these potencies exhibited variation in free water molecules. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) of MT and potencies exhibited almost similar freezing and melting points, but they remarkably differed in freezing and melting enthalpy and free water molecules. The various dilutions of potency 8cH exhibited variation in enthalpies and free water molecules, being this variation independent of the amount of water added. We conclude that exposure of aqueous ethanol to x-rays and magnetic field, with subsequent dilution and agitation induces changes in the solvent involving free water molecules. All X-ray and Magnetispoli ambo potencies were analyzed by means of Raman spectroscopy for free water molecules. The results were compared to the ones of DSC, being more or less similar.

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Endler, Peter Christian. "Repetitions of fundamental research models for homeopathically prepared dilutions beyond 10-23: a bibliometric study." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 10, no. 35 (2021): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v10i35.441.

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Introduction: Repeatability of experiments is an important criterion of modern research and a major challenge for homeopathic basic research. There is a lack of a recent overview about basic research studies in high homeopathic potencies that have been subjected to laboratory-internal, multicenter or independent repetition trials. Methods: We considered biochemical, immunological, botanical, cell biological and zoological studies on high potencies, i.e. beyond a dilution of 10-23. Main sources of information were reviews, personal contact with members of the homeopathic basic research community, and the MEDLINE and HOMBREX databases. Studies were extracted from the publications and grouped into models. Studies were further sorted according to repetition type (laboratory-internal, multicenter, or independent) and results achieved. Results: A total of 107 studies have been found. From these, 30 were initial studies. In the attempt to reproduce one of these initial studies, 53 follow up studies yielded comparable effects (35 laboratory-internal, 8 multicenter, 10 independent repetitions), eight studies showed a consistent, yet different result from the initial study (2 laboratory-internal, 2 multicenter, 4 independent repetitions), and 16 studies yielded zero effects (5 laboratory-internal, 2 multicenter, 9 independent repetitions). When all repetitive studies are considered, 69% reported effects comparable to that of the initial study, 10% different effects, and 21% zero effects. Independently performed repetition studies reported 44% comparable effects, 17% different effects, and 39% zero effects. Conclusions: We identified 24 experimental models in basic research on high homeopathic potencies, which were repeatedly investigated. 22 models were reproduced with comparable results, 6 models with different results, and repetition showed no results for 15 models. Independent reproductions with either comparable or different results were found for seven models. We encourage further repetition trials of published studies, in order to learn more about the model systems used and in order to test their repeatability

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Teixeira, Marcus Zulian. "Plausibility of the implausible: is it possible that ultra-high dilutions â€˜without biological activityâ€™ cause adverse effects?" International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 12, no. 43 (2021): 41–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v12i43.628.

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Dear Editor, The homeopathic scientific model suffers constant criticism due to employ different assumptions and antagonistic to conventional scientific model, despite constantly develop studies confirming their premises [1-3]. The preferred target of the critics and skeptics rests on the principle of similitude curative (â€˜like cures likeâ€™) and the use of ultra-high dilutions (dynamized medicines). While the principle of similitude is scientifically grounded in the rebound effect (paradoxical reaction) of conventional drugs [4,5], being recently proposed its therapeutic application by modern pharmacology (â€˜paradoxical pharmacologyâ€™) [6-8], several studies show clinical, biological and physical-chemistry activities of ultra-high dilutions in experimental models [9]. Despite these evidences, many skeptics questioning the â€˜plausibilityâ€™ of the homeopathic model. Disregarding the biological effect of the homeopathic medicines, they gathered in public squares from different countries with the purpose of ingesting large doses of these â€˜implausibleâ€™ ultra-high diluted drugs and show that nothing will happen, because they would not have the power to cause adverse events as the conventional drugs. Although they have not notified any disorder after this massive ingestion of dynamized homeopathic medicines, a recent systematic review suggests that they must have suffered serious consequences, as we have suggested in the past. [10] In order to counteract the widespread idea that homeopathy â€˜is safe to useâ€™, Posadzki et al. [11] conducted a systematic review to critically evaluate the evidence regarding the adverse effects (AEs) of homeopathy described in published case reports and case series. In a total of 38 reports analyzed, 30 pertained to direct AEs of homeopathic medicines encompassing 1142 patients submitted to various medicines and forms of treatment (mostly, complex homeopathic medicines in low potencies). Reporting that â€œin 94.7% of cases the potencies were described as below of the 12Âª Centesimal, the point beyond which the likelihood of a single molecule being present in the remedy approaches zeroâ€, the authors claim that â€œin the majority of cases, the possible mechanism of action involved allergic reactions or ingestion of toxic substancesâ€. With this approach, the authors seek to dismiss the biological effects of ultra-high dilutions, because if they cause AEs would be confirming the plausibility of its possible therapeutic effects. However, toxicological tests are required to affirm that AEs are a consequence of toxic (allergic) effects of the substances or of â€˜imponderableâ€™ effects of ultra-high dilutions. In view of the recent report cited in the review [12] in which a complex homeopathic medicine indicated for treating infant colic (Gali-col Baby, GCB) caused apparent life-threatening events (ALTEs were described by the National Institutes of Health consensus group in 1986 as â€œan episode that is frightening to the observer and that is characterized by some combination of apnea (central or occasionally obstructive), color change (usually cyanotic or pallid but occasionally erythematous or plethoric), a marked change in muscle tone (usually marked limpness), choking or gaggingâ€ [13]) in consequence of the â€˜toxicity of active ingredientsâ€™ (Citrullus colocynthis, Matricaria chamomilla, Bryonia alba, Nux vomica, Veratrum album, Magnesia phosphorica and Cuprum metallicum at potencies between 4C and 5C), Oberbaum et al. [14] performed a toxicological study of these components showing that â€œdoses ingested in the GCB series were 10-13 orders of magnitude smaller than those reported to cause toxic reactions in humansâ€ and that â€œthere was poor correlation between symptoms with GCB and toxic profiles of the componentsâ€. As alternative explanation, they suggest that â€œfour components (Veratrum album, Cuprum metallicum, Bryonia alba and Matricaria chamomilla) have an intermediate to high propensity to produce at least one of the five symptoms that define ALTE, when given in homeopathic dilutions. Two of these (Veratrum album and Cuprum metallicum) have an intermediate-to-high propensity to produce three of the four possible ALTE symptomsâ€. The authors conclude that â€œit is unlikely that the ALTE following ingestion of GCB was a toxic reaction to any of the drugâ€™s componentâ€, proposing the â€˜homeopathic theoryâ€™ (pathogenetic manifestations) [15] as explanation for this linkage. In view of these results, it can be inferred that AEs caused by homeopathic medicines at potencies â‰¥ 6C â€˜are more closely related to the imponderable effects of ultra-high dilutions than the toxic (allergic) effects of substancesâ€™. Accordingly, other case reports cited in that review described serious AEs with potencies of this magnitude, including the occurrence of â€˜drug rash with eosinophilia and severe pulmonary involvementâ€™ after using Sedativ PC (complex homeopathic medicine with 6 ingredients in 6CH) [16], and the occurrence of â€˜heart disease and bladder cancerâ€™ with a complex homeopathic medicine in very high potencies (Aconitum napellus, Barytacarbonica, Cantharis vesicatoria, Gambogia, Pulsatilla nigricans and Rhus toxicodendron at 1000c, M or 10M potencies) [17], discarding any influence of â€˜toxicity of substancesâ€™. Similarly, in a systematic review on information regarding adverse effects of homeopathic medicines including 19 reports of clinical trials, 19 case (or case series) reports and 15 homeopathic pathogenetic trials, Dantas and Rampes [18] concluded that â€œthe mean incidence of AEs of homeopathic medicines (ultra-high dilutions) was greater than placebo (9.4/6.1) in controlled clinical trialsâ€, including mostly headaches, tiredness, skin eruptions, dizziness, bowel dysfunction such as diarrhea or loose stools and, more frequently, aggravations of symptoms following the administration of homeopathic medicines. Countering the false adage that â€œif homeopathic medicines do not do well, evil also do not doâ€, the evidence of the manifestations of serious AEs with the inappropriate use of complex homeopathic medicines and/or very low potencies are an alert to the need to achieve a â€˜good homeopathic clinical practiceâ€™, in conformity with the fundamentals of â€˜therapeutic similitudeâ€™ according to the â€˜pathogenetic experimentationâ€™ and the â€˜individualized medicinesâ€™. On the other hand, allows observation of biological effect of ultra-high diluted substances, reiterating the scientific validity of the use of the â€˜dynamized medicinesâ€™.

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Serin, HalilIbrahim, Kemal Arda, Halil Kara, and Hasan Aydin. "The comparison of x-ray attenuations of contrast media in different dilutions: An experimental study." West African Journal of Radiology 24, no. 1 (2017): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1115-3474.198087.

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Wassenhoven, Michel Van. "Particle Characterisation of Traditional Homeopathically Manufactured Medicine Cuprum metallicum and Controls." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 20, no. 4 (2021): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v20i4.1113.

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Background: Homeopathy is highly controversial. The main reason for this is its use of very highly dilute medicines (high homeopathic potencies, HHP), diluted beyond the Avogadro/Loschmidt limit. Research using several different methods has demonstrated the presence of particles, including nanoparticles of source material, in HHPs. This study aims to verify the results of a previous publication that detected the presence of particles in all dilutions. Methods: We used the Nano Tracking Analyzer (NTA) to examine dilutions of a commonly used homeopathic medicine, an insoluble metal, Cuprum metallicum, for the presence of particles. The homeopathic medicines tested were specially prepared according to the European pharmacopoeia standards. We compared the homeopathic dilutions/dynamizations with simple dilutions and controls including a soluble medicine. Results: We observed the presence of solid material in all preparations including HHPs (except for pure water). The measurements showed significant differences in particle sizes distribution between homeopathic manufacturing lines and controls. Conclusion: Homeopathic medicines do contain material with a specific size distribution even in HHPs diluted beyond the Avogadro/Loschmidt limit. This specificity can be attributed to the manufacturing and potentization process. This material demonstrates that the step-by-step process (dynamized or not) does not match the theoretical expectations in a dilution process. The starting material and dilution/dynamization method influences the nature and concentration of these NPs.

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Kokornaczyk, Maria, Sandra Würtenberger, and Stephan Baumgartner. "Phenomenological Characterization of Low-Potency Homeopathic Preparations by Means of Pattern Formation in Evaporating Droplets." Homeopathy 108, no. 02 (2019): 108–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1676325.

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Background Evaporation-induced pattern formation in droplets has been applied to test effects of high potencies. Here we propose for the first time the droplet evaporation method (DEM) as a tool to characterize low potencies on a qualitative and quantitative basis. Materials and Methods The present investigation consisted of: (1) screening of 18 different substances of mineral, vegetal, and animal origin in the 1x to 6x potency range; choice of four substances with characteristic pattern-forming properties; (2) replication experiments aiming at the differentiation of four homeopathic preparations at the same potency levels (2x–6x); and (3) control experiments performed on three preparations. The DEM experimental protocol consisted of the evaporation of droplets of the analyzed potency per se, placed on microscope slides and in controlled conditions. The resulting patterns were photographed and subjected to computerized image analysis. Results The screening experiments yielded a wide variety of patterns. Homeopathic preparations of mineral origin showed the largest variety of forms, whereas potencies of vegetal origin mostly created dendritic patterns, probably due to diffusion-limited aggregation. The here-analyzed image analysis variables (gray-level distribution, entropy, and inverse difference moment) allowed a highly significant differentiation of patterns prepared from four substances (Echinacea, Baptisia, Luffa, and Spongia) at the same potency levels in the range 2x to 4x, whereas patterns obtained from potencies 5x and 6x could no longer be differentiated and resembled the pattern of pure solute (purified water). The control experiments showed reasonable experimental model stability. Conclusions DEM seems to be a promising tool for qualitative phenomenological characterization of homeopathic preparations in low potency. We propose the application of the current experimental model for investigating further research topics in this field, such as the comparison of potencies versus simple dilutions or the contribution of component remedies to the patterns formed by homeopathic combination medicines.

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Arora, Saurav. "The structural spectra of high dilutions and their unconventional application." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 15, no. 1 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v15i1.815.

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Until few years, the so-called implausible science, homeopathy, was on the verge of being rejected on conventional physicochemical grounds. The mere selection of ultrahigh dilutions (UHD) (homeopathic potencies) for experimentation by mainstream scientists seemed impossible, but the curiosity to explore the science behind homeopathy kept igniting intellectual alma mater who subjected homeopathy to laboratories and test tubes, to know beyond its clinical application. Still, there exist a huge gap and a challenge to convince a conventional scientist to go beyond his domains and look for something which is apparently invisible (beyond Avogadro). But gradually we are overcoming this dogma and exploring the finer aspects and applications of UHDs. Much research has been undertaken, at least, to protect the identity of UHDs, and we are now verge of proving the plausibility of homeopathy from every aspect. This issue of International Journal of High Dilution Research features two interesting articles on nature of UHDs and their unconventional application. The first article by NC Sukul et al aimed to decipher the nature of the water structure of UHDs of two commonly used homeopathic drugs Natrum muriaticum and Sulphur by Laser Raman Spectroscopy. This work is in the series undertaken by the group, who earlier experimented using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance; Electronic, Vibrational and Raman spectroscopy to shown differences in UHDs of various drugs. The present experiment could differentiate the intensities (potencies) of Nat-m and Sulph when compared to their controls, on the basis of hydrogen bond strength and free OH groups. The second article by Nandy et al proposes a new dimension to the application of UHD. In an interesting manner, the author used UHDs of Ferrum metallicum and Zincum oxidatum to improve the electrical properties of the electroactive Poly (vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP). The PVDF-HFP composite films were synthesized in their usual way, but an incorporation of Ferrum and Zinc-o could make the film as homeo-PVDF-composite. This enhancement of the electrical properties and are possibly due to the presence of nanoparticle, as hypothesized by the group. The nature and application of UHDs are promising but challenging areas, which can only be validated through extensive research and validation. The realm of UHDs is expanding, and the day is not far when plausibility of homeopathy would be proved from every aspect, but at the same time we should also keep the momentum of research at pace in clinical research too!

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Bellavite, Paolo, Riccardo Ortolani, Francesco Pontarollo, Valeria Piasere, Giovanni Benato, and Anita Conforti. "Immunology and Homeopathy. 4. Clinical Studies—Part 2." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 3, no. 4 (2006): 397–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nel046.

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The clinical studies on the effectiveness of homeopathy in respiratory allergy (18 randomized trials and 9 observational studies) are described. The literature of common immunologic disorders including also upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) and otorhinolaryngology (reported in part 1), is evaluated and discussed. Most of initial evidence-based research was addressed to the question of whether homeopathic high dilutions are placebos or possess specific effects, but this question has been often equivocal and is still a matter of debate. The evidence demonstrates that in some conditions homeopathy shows significant promise, e.g.Galphimia glauca(low dilutions/potencies) in allergic oculorhinitis, classical individualized homeopathy in otitis and possibly in asthma and allergic complaints, and a few low-potency homeopathic complexes in sinusitis and rhinoconjunctivitis. A general weakness of evidence derives from lack of independent confirmation of reported trials and from presence of conflicting results, as in case of homeopathic immunotherapy and of classical homeopathy for URTI. The suitable methods to evaluate homeopathy effectiveness, without altering the setting of cure, are also analyzed.

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Chatterjee, Ahana, Biplab kumar Paul, Subrata Kar, et al. "Effect of ultrahigh diluted homeopathic medicines on the electrical properties of PVDF-HFP." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 15, no. 1 (2021): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v15i1.808.

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In an effort to improve the electrical properties of the electroactive Poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP), we introduced a novel and simple approach to synthesize PVDF-HFP composite films by incorporating ultrahigh dilutions of two homeopathic medicines Ferrum metallicum (FM) and Zincum oxidatum (ZO) in different potencies. The homeo-PVDF-composite films (HPCF) were synthesized by simple solution casting technique. XRD, FESEM, FTIR studies were performed to check the presence of nanoparticles in the film. The electrical properties of the HPCF samples get enhanced significantly due to the incorporation of the medicines and the effect increases with the increase in potency of the medicines.

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Wassenhoven, Michel Van, Bernard Nysten, Martine Goyens, Pierre Dorfman, Philippe Devos, and Delphine Magnin. "Ion Partition Detected in Homeopathically Manufactured Medicine Cuprum metallicum and Controls." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 21, cf (2022): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v21icf.1181.

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Background: Homeopathy is highly controversial. The main reason for this is its use of very highly dilute medicines (high homeopathic potencies, HHP), diluted beyond the Avogadro/Loschmidt limit. Research using Nano Tracking Analysis has demonstrated the presence of particles in HHPs. This study aims to verify the results of a previous publication that identified the ionic composition of these particles in all dilutions. Methods: We used Scanning Electron Microscopy & Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) to examine dilutions of a commonly used homeopathic medicine, an insoluble metal, Cuprum metallicum, for the presence of particles (NPs). The homeopathic medicines tested were specially prepared according to the European pharmacopoeia standards. We compared the homeopathic dilutions/dynamizations of copper with simple dilutions and dynamized lactose controls. Results: We observed an ionic diversity common to all preparations including HHPs but also significant differences in the relative quantity of each ion between manufacturing lines of homeopathic copper and lactose controls. The probability that the observed differences could have occurred chance alone (especially above Avogadro limit) can be rejected at p < 0.001. The essential component of these homeopathic medicines is sodium hydrogen carbonate, modulated by some other elements and by its quantity, size and shape. Conclusion: Homeopathic medicines made of Cuprum metallicum do contain material with a specific ionic composition even in HHPs diluted beyond the Avogadro/Loschmidt limit. This specificity can be attributed to the manufacturing process. This material demonstrates that the step-by-step process (dynamized or not) does not match the theoretical expectations of a dilution process. The starting material and dilution/dynamization method influences the nature of these NPs. Further measurements are needed on other raw materials using the same controls (solvent and simply diluted manufacturing lines) to support these findings. The role of sodium bicarbonate must be carefully studied in the future.

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Chakraborty, Indrani, Nirmal Chandra Sukul, Rungrapa Mesripong, Nattaya Chaothanaphat, Prasan Dhummaupakorn, and Anirban Sukul. "High dilutions of homeopathic remedies induce relaxation of rat aorta precontracted with Noradrenalin." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 12, no. 43 (2021): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v12i43.627.

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BACKGROUND Homeopathic potencies have been reported to produce alteration of contraction in isolated rat ileum in an organ bath. Potentized homeopathic drugs like Lycopus V and Aurum met are used for the treatment of hypertension. AIM The purpose of this study is to see whether Lycopus V 30 CH and Aurum met 30 CH could produce relaxation of isolated rat aorta in the organ bath. METHODS The aorta of rats were dissected out, placed in Krebs-Henseleit solution, cleared of connective tissue and endothelium and cut into 2-2.5 mm long rings. The rings were fixed in organ baths with the upper end connected by a string to an isometric transducer which was finally attached through a data acquisitation equipment to a computer. Aurum met 30 CH Lycopus V 30 CH, and their medium 90% ethanol were added separately to the bathing fluid containing the aorta rings which were precontracted with noradrenalin (NA). RESULTS Both the drugs produced significant relaxation of the aorta (p

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Santos, William Alves, Thaís Cristina Silva, Sandra AG Pinto, Vanessa Xavier, Elizabeth Cristina Perez, and Leoni Villano Bonamin. "Effects of Phytolacca decandra on the viability of murine breast adenocarcinoma (4T1 cells) in vitro." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 17, no. 2 (2021): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v17i2.925.

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Background: Comparative studies in cancer patients using conventional and alternative therapy have demonstrated that Phytolacca decandra in homeopathic potencies increases survival and improves quality of life of patients bearing breast cancer. In vitro studies show the induction of apoptosis pathways in MCF-7, a human breast cancer cells lineage, after treatment with Phytolacca decandra in different homeopathic dilutions (from 30C to 10M). Recently, we observed significant growth reduction of Ehrlich carcinoma in mice treated with Phytolacca decandra 30cH. Aims: To evaluate Phytolacca decandra effect in different homeopathic dilutions on the phenotypic features, apoptosis index, and cell morphology of 4T1 cells (murine carcinoma cell lineage) in vitro. Method: The potencies 6, 12, 30 and 200 CH prepared in sterile pure water were studied. Dynamized sterile pure water was used as control. The cytotoxicity was evaluated after different cell treatments in culture bottles (25ml) with the homeopathic medicines (equal to 10% of total medium volume). Cells were cultured in a cell density of 5 x 105 cells / ml, treated with the respective potency and, after 24 hours, analyzed for the apoptosis index using Annexin V kit and measured using the Countess® System. The morphology of the 4T1 cells was monitored by staining fixed cell smears with hematoxylin-eosin method. Cells were previously adhered to a glass cover slip and fixed with absolute methanol. The samples were evaluated in quadruplicate and the data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Results and discussion: The results obtained up to now show that the treatment with Phytolacca decandra 200cH induced increase of apoptosis index in relation to the control. Moreover, morphological changes were observed in the respective cell smears: the presence of multinucleated cells, some of them presenting up to 8 nuclei and the increase of eosinophilic staining pattern of cytoplasm, even in mononucleated cells. Conclusion: The increase in apoptosis index reproduced the results described in the literature with other cell lineages, but the changes in morphology still deserve further evaluation.

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Von Ancken, Adalberto. "Proceedings of the XXXIII GIRI meeting." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 18, no. 02 (2021): 01. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v18i02.1002.

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It’s being quite a long journey until here. Although it seens we are not so far from the top, there is so much still to be done. Be invited by Drs. Leoni Bonamin and Francisco Eizayaga to be part of IJHDR editorial board team is a honor and a duty and i am happy to collaborate in this task, mainly in this issue, in which the Proceedings of the XXXIII GIRI meeting are presented. The search for the understanding of how high dilutions can restart steady patterns in biological systems have never been so clear and direct face the high-quality level results described on the XXXIII GIRI meeting on last June, helded in London. Through physicochemical and biological models, this new issue highlights basic research on isopathics, immunostimulatory effects and also physical studies of homeopathic potencies, using solvatochromic dyes, micro-evaporation and other methods as tools. Theoretical approaches were also considered, such as the search for the vital force evidences, as well as clinical studies concerning the Zika virus and dental caries in Brazil and anti-age therapy in Russia. So let us feel delighted in this present and celebrate our learning, because the high dilutions provides endless possibilities.

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Kar, Subrat, Poonam Bandyopadhyay, Sweta Chakraborty, et al. "Derivation of an empirical relation between the size of the nanoparticle and the potency of homeopathic medicines." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 14, no. 4 (2021): 02–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v14i4.804.

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Homeopathic medicines are often prescribed at very high dilutions and it is a clinically observed fact that the medicinal effect of the drug remains even at these high dilutions. The increase in potency of a medicine due to potentization is still debatable from physico-chemical point of view. Out of various hypotheses to explain this phenomenon, a recent hypothesis, advanced by us and supported by others, is that the size of the constituent particles decreases and eventually achieves nano dimension due to potentization. From the experiments performed by our group, the size of nanoparticles (NPs) of Cuprum metallicum, Zincum oxydatum, Aurum metallicum, Ferrum metallicum and Aconitum napellus (6cH, 30cH and 200cH) have been estimated. A general mathematical expression of the form y = a x-n has been derived which relates the size of NPs (y) with the corresponding potencies (x). There is no method to calculate the accurate potency of the homeopathic medicine, as the potency of a medicine depends to some extent on the method of preparation, for which a standardized procedure is warranted. Also, while handling a medicine, the solvent might evaporate causing a change in the potency. Thus by measuring the size of the NPs and using our proposed standard curve, the potency may be estimated.

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Silva, Thaís Cristina, William Alves Santos, Sandra Augusta Gordinho Pinto, Elizabeth Cristina Perez Hurtado, and Leoni Villano Bonamin. "Carcinosinum produces phenotypic changes of 4T1 tumor cells in vitro." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 21, no. 1 (2022): 03. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v21i1.1196.

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Considering that there are few published studies that specifically address the exclusive use of Carcinosinum in different potencies and, most of them focused on genotypic and clinical effects, the present study was proposed to identify possible phenotypic changes, including viability, expression of HER-2 and metastatic abilities, using 4T1 cells in vitro as a model. Carcinosinum was tested in different homeopathic potencies (12cH; 30cH; 200cH) mechanically prepared using sterile pure water. The time space between preparing the potencies and using them was 24 hours.The final dilutions were inserted into the culture medium in a volume equal to 10%, at the time of cell seeding. The same succussed vehicle used to prepare the drugs (70% ethanol) diluted 1:100 in sterile pure water was used as control. All treated cells were cultured in 25 mL flasks, with cell density of 5 x 105 cells/mL. After 24 hours of treatment, cells were analyzed for apoptosis index using Annexin V kit and the Countess® system. The morphology of 4T1 cells was monitored by staining cell smears with hematoxylin-eosin and Giemsa methods. HER-2 expression was assessed by immunocytochemistry and metalloproteinase activity was assessed by zymography. The determination of the cytokine profile was performed using Cytometric Bead Array (CBA). The samples were evaluated in quadruplicate and the data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Carcinosinum 30cH presented the highest apoptotic index and reduction of MMP-9-Pro expression; Carcinosinum 200cH produced the highest positivity for HER-2 and no specific effect was seen after the treatment with Carcinosinum 12cH. No change in cytokine expression was seen among treatments. We conclude that Carcinosinum 30cH and 200cH can change phenotypic features important to tumor development in vitro. The clinical meaning of these data deserves further investigation.

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Miranda, Adriana Ramos de, Claudia Takano, and Alvaro Vannucci. "Impedance Spectroscopy applied to the study of high dilutions of Lycopodium clavatum." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 10, no. 36 (2021): 101–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v10i36.480.

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Introduction: The Impedance spectroscopy [1] is a technique mainly used to characterize the electrical behavior of solids or liquids samples. This particular technique involves placing the sample of material under investigation between two electrodes (capacitor plates), applying an AC voltage and observing the resulting response across the spectrum of impedance by plotting the real part (ZÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã¢â€žÂ¢) as a function of the imaginary part (ZÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã‚Â) of the impedance. Alternatively, graphs of either the real or the imaginary parts of the impedance can be constructed as a function of the applied voltage frequency. Comparative measurements previously carried out by Miranda et al [2]. have demonstrated clear differences between the impedance values of high dilutions of lithium chloride (LiCl) and the corresponding reference water samples (water which has undergone the same dinamization procedures but without the salt). In this paper the results obtained by applying the spectroscopy of impedance technique in high dilutions of Lycopodium clavatum - Lyc (from 15cH to 30 cH), in comparison to the reference waters, will be presented and discussed. Aims: The objective of this work is to measure the impedance components of both high dilutions of Lycopodium clavatum and reference water samples in the frequency range of 100Hz to 13Mhz, using a successful protocol of sample preparation which has already been used before2. Details of the experimental set-up can be found elsewhere[3]. Methodology: Thirty samples of Lyc solutions and thirty reference water samples were produced using the same preparation and measuring protocol. Both groups of liquid samples were measured for dynamizations ranging from 1cH to 30cH, in accordance to the Hahnemanian dynamization method and following the practice suggested by the Brazilian Homeopathic Pharmacopeia. The Lyc solutions were specifically compared to the reference water samples in the potencies of 15cH, 18cH, 23cH and 30cH. It is important to highlight here that all the Lyc solutions and the corresponding reference water samples measured were prepared from the same lot of initial distilled water and submitted to the same steps of dilution and succussion protocol3. Typically three impedance measurements were carried out for each investigated solution, starting with the highest potency. The sample holder (capacitor cell) used during the experiment was careful and systematically cleaned after each measurement. Results: The results obtained show that by choosing either the real part (ZÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã¢â€žÂ¢) or the imaginary component (ZÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã‚Â) of the impedance, it is possible to clearly differentiate the Lyc solutions from the corresponding reference water samples, for the potencies 15cH, 18cH and 30cH. For the potency 23cH, however, this difference is not very significant, as it can be observed in Figure 1. Conclusion: Impedance spectroscopy has demonstrated itself to be a powerful and sensitive technique for the physical characterization of Lycopodium clavatum in high dilutions. The differences obtained for the LiCl dynamizations and the corresponding pure water samples are noteworthy. Also, the results exhibit a non-monotonic behavior over the process of dynamization, indicating that the possibility of contamination during the samples manipulation can be ruled out.

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APHALE, DR PARTH, Shashank Dokania, and Dr Dharmendra Sharma. "Revisiting the Homoeopathic approach to Osteoarthritis- A Review." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 22, cf (2023): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v22icf.1313.

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Introduction: Leading the world towards disability and prolonged sufferings, osteoarthritis (OA) multiplies the number of cases to about 113.25% over a decade. Healthcare services of developing nations are knocked down with flooding patients only to understand that the patient has to undergo palliative treatment for his entire life. Homoeopathic principles are way beyond palliation, a much reliable approach on the lines of minimum doses in treating OA. Objective: This article reviews the variable conditions associated with OA and the adverse effects these conditions can have on patients. 7 studies have been reviewed in this article and the effects of Homoeopathic attenuations on OA patients have been studied. Methods: Parameters including oxidant stress, physiotherapy, analog scales, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) score, erythrocyte lipid peroxidation (LP) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels and Activities of Daily living (ADL) have been compared and results have been outlined before and after treatment with homoeopathic ultra high dilutions. Results: Clinical analysis and statistical data verifies improved WOMAC score, reduction in stiffness and pain in the joints, reduction in marginal deposition of osteocytes, erythrocyte LP and SOD levels post treatment with homoeopathic remedies.

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Thompson, Elizabeth A. "Homeopathy and the menopause." British Menopause Society Journal 8, no. 4 (2002): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/136218002100321857.

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Significant numbers of patients in developed countries use complementary, alternative, or unconventional medicine. Homoeopathy is one of the most widespread and controversial of these therapies and has been used for over 150 years. There are two main theoretical tenets: the principle of "similars" and the use of dilutions called "potencies". The principle of "similars" states that patients with particular signs and symptoms can be cured if given a drug that produces the same signs and symptoms in a healthy individual. The second principle is that remedies retain biological activity if they are repeatedly diluted and agitated or shaken between each dilution. Data from case histories, observational studies and uncontrolled trials suggest that the homeopathic approach can offer a clinically relevant choice for women with menopausal symptoms and those with breast cancer whether they are taking tamoxifen or not. Randomised controlled trials are being conducted to investigate this potential benefit.

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Carmine, T. C. "Effects of high potencies of tumour necrosis factor alpha on H2O2 production in cultured neuroblastoma cells by enhanced luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (ECL)." British Homeopathic Journal 86, no. 02 (1997): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-0785(97)80120-2.

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AbstractThe effects of homoeopathic high dilutions of cytokine TNFα on H2O2 production of SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells were studied. H2O2 was measured using a highly sensitive chemiluminescence method (ECL) based on chemical enhancement of luminol oxidation in the presence of peroxidase and H2O2. The dose-effect relationship between TNFα and H2O2 production of SK-N-SH cells was established over the whole range from 200 ng/ml of TNFα to 100x. Interpolation yielded a waveshaped curve (phase length 5–8) which appeared to ‘ride’ on a wave-shaped 10th order regression curve (phase length ∼ 35). The effects of TNFα 100x on H2O2 production were highly significant (p < 0.002). Elevation of H2O2 production compared to controls was repeatedly seen following incubation of SK-N-SH cells in the presence of TNFα 100x. These results suggest that the chemiluminescence method used is suitable to demonstrate and investigate further the influence of homoeopathic high potencies on biological systems.

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Goyens, Martine, Etienne Capieaux, Philippe Devos, Pierre Dorfman, and Michel Van Wassenhoven. "Nanoparticle Characterisation of Traditional Homeopathically Manufactured Cuprum metallicum and Gelsemium sempervirens Medicines and Controls." Homeopathy 107, no. 04 (2018): 244–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1666864.

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Background Homeopathy is controversial due to its use of very highly diluted medicines (high potencies/dynamisations). Methods We used a multi-technology approach to examine dilutions of two commonly used homeopathic medicines: an insoluble metal, Cuprum metallicum, and a soluble plant tincture, Gelsemium sempervirens, for the presence of nanoparticles (NPs) of original substance. The homeopathic medicines tested were specially prepared, according to the European pharmacopoeia standards. We compared the homeopathic dilutions/dynamisations with simple dilutions and controls. Results Using Mass Spectrometry (Single Particle-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) we could not find the expected copper in the 4cH potentisation and could not confirm the results previously obtained by Chikramane et al (2010). For Gelsemium medicines, using sensitive chromatography (HPLC-UV) up to a dilution level of 6 dH (3cH = dilution 10e-6), there was no significant difference in alkaloid content between a simple dilution and a homeopathic potency.For higher potentisations, however, NP tracking analysis findings revealed the presence of particles in all samples (except for pure water). The measurements showed large differences in particle quantities, mean particle sizes and standard deviations of the mean sizes between manufacturing lines of different starting material.There was always more material in potentised medicines than in potentised pure water. Gelsemium yielded the largest quantity of material (36 times more than that from copper at the same potentisation, 30 cH). The shapes and the chemical composition of the material are differentiable between different medicines and controls. Conclusion Potentisation influences specifically the nature of NPs detected. This material demonstrates that the step-by-step process (dynamised or not) does not match with the theoretical expectations in a dilution process. The Avogadro/Loschmidt limit is not relevant at all. It was not possible to reproduce the findings of Chikramane et al (2010) using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry with copper. Copper NPs could not be detected at 4cH and above.

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Mota, Hannah MG, Ana Carla Aparicio, Larissa Helen Silva Oliveira, et al. "Cartwright's method as a physico-chemical marker of antimonium crudum biological effect." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 17, no. 2 (2021): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v17i2.923.

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Mice bearing Leishmania (L) amazonensis infection and treated with Antimonium crudum (AC) 30cH presented significant reduction of the monocyte migration to the site of infection with clinical improvement. In vitro, the treatment of infected macrophages with AC 30cH produced inhibition of the parasite-induced peaks of CCL2 (a chemokine for monocytes migration) and inhibition of lysosome activity, explaining the results obtained previously in vivo. In the following studies, physical-chemical parameters of the remedy and respective controls were evaluated, to search for a correlation with the former described biological effects. The study of polarity changes in different water-based dilutions of AC using Cartwright´s method, revealed dilution-dependent variations in the absorbance of three solvatochromic dyes ET 33, BDN and methylene Violet (MV), used as “probes” to evaluate the dipole features of the medicine. The electrical activity of the homeopathic preparations appears to be dilution-dependent and related to their biological effects. Further experiments were performed using samples of the supernatant of infected macrophages after 96 hours of incubation with AC in different dilutions. These samples were processed using the same procedures as used for the original medicines and were analyzed by MV method. All tested potencies presented a sharp increase of absorbance at 580 nm, in relation to all controls (supernatant from untreated cells and cells treated with succussed water), as performed by one-way ANOVA, being F = 176.208; p = 0.001 and ?2 = 0.988. This results strongly suggest that biological systems could amplify the electric signal and the following changes in the medium polarity.

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Chirumbolo, S., A. Conforti, S. Lussignoli, H. Metelmann, and P. Bellavite. "Effects of Podophyllum peltatum compounds in various preparations and dilutions on human neutrophil functions in vitro." British Homeopathic Journal 86, no. 01 (1997): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-0785(97)80005-1.

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AbstractHuman blood neutrophil granulocytes (neutrophils) treated with Podophyllum peltatum L.-derived compounds exhibited an enhanced oxidative response to subsequent challenge with bacterial formyl peptides. This priming effect was concerned with superoxide anion (O2 −) release (respiratory burst). The phenomenon was observed with a potentized preparation containing, among other things, podophyllum extract (Podophyllum compositum), with Podophyllum 4x (final concentration of active principle about 0.025 μg/ml), whereas enhancement of O2 − release was not caused by homoeopathic Podophyllum 12x or other components of the complex homoeopathic preparation. Purified podophyllotoxin had the same effect at doses of 0.1–10 μg/ml, whereas doses higher than 100 μg/ml of podophyllotoxin inhibited the respiratory burst, so that pure toxin showed a typical bi-phasic dose-response curve. Similar effects were obtained with purified colchicine (1–1000 μg/ml), a microtubule-disrupting agent. No priming by a Podophyllum-derived compound was observed on neutrophils stimulated with 50 ng/ml phorbol ester. Further, both potentized podophyllum-derived compounds and pure podophyllotoxin-inhibited cellular adhesion to the serum-coated surface of culture microplates. These results show that low potencies of a drug extract have specific stimulating effects on the activation of neutrophil metabolism. The same stimulating effects are also caused by low doses of the active principle of the drug, which is an inhibitor when used at high doses.

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Sukul, Nirmal Chandra, Tandra Sarkar, Atheni Konar, et al. "Raman spectroscopy reveals distinctive features of drugs at ultra high dilution." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 15, no. 4 (2021): 39–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v15i4.866.

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Background Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Drugs at ultra high dilution (UHD) have been used in homeopathy for a couple of centuries. The central theme in homeopathic Materia Medica is that each drug has its own distinctive features which need to be matched with the symptoms of a patient for eliciting therapeutic response. However, UHDâ€™s very often (above 12 cH) cross the Avogadro number, and are, therefore, devoid of original drug molecules. How do they maintain their individual identity ? This study aims to address this pertinent question. Â Objective : Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â The medium of UHDâ€™s is ethanol water. It is thought that water structures in a UHD carry the identity of the drug and its rank of dilution. The objective is to decipher the exact nature of water structure in UHDâ€™s of different drugs by laser Raman spectroscopy. Â Method : Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Six homeopathic drugs and their control ethanol, all in 90% ethanol v/v, were used in the study. ForÂ SulphurÂ andÂ Natrum mur, potencies used were 30 cH, 200 cH and 1000 cH, and forÂ Calcarea carbÂ andÂ SepiaÂ the potencies were 8 cH, 202 cH and 1002 cH. In addition to the four drugs we also used X-ray and Magnetis poli ambo which did not originate from any substance by exposure of ethanol water to X radiation and strong magnetic field.For this we could use their mother tinctures as well as ultrahigh dilutions(potencies) like 8cH, 14cH and 32cH. The potencies used for ethanol control were 8 cH, 14cH, 32cH and 20 cH. Raman spectra of all the potencies of 6 drugs, ethanol control and pure water were taken in the wave number region of 2400-4200 cm-1. All the samples were reduced to 25% ethanol by adding appropriate volume of water to each of them before taking the spectra. The mother tinctures MT of X-ray and Magnetis were studied. The intensity ratio of vibration frequencies between 3200 cm-1Â and 3420 cm-1Â (R1) and that between 3620 cm-1Â and 3420 cm-1Â (R2) were calculated for each UHD of the samples. Â Results : All the UHDâ€™s of the drugs and the control tested show difference in intensities in the stretching vibrations of CH and OH groups. The three UHDâ€™s from low to high ranks of both Natrum murÂ andÂ SulphurÂ show negative relationship with respect to R1 values, and positive one concerning Â R2 values. R1 values for 3 UHDâ€™s ofÂ Calcarea carbÂ andÂ Sepia show negative and positive relationships, respectively. In case of R2 values the relationship in 3 UHDâ€™s is 81002 forÂ Calcarea carb, and 8>202

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37

Shah, Rajesh. "Evaluating the anticancer effects of high-dilution preparations of carcinogens such as HIV virus, Hepatitis C virus, Ethanol and Cancer tissues in in-vitro models." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 18, no. 1 (2021): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v18i1.913.

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Background Cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality. The recent experiments with high-diluted preparations have shown anticancer effects in in-vitro and vivo models. The fundamental principle of homeopathy suggests that the substances capable of producing certain diseases may have a capacity to alter the same disease if used in the ultra-dilute-potentized form. This hypothesis led certain carcinogens for examining their potential anti-cancer efficacy. Method Sulforhodamine B assay is useful in determining the cytotoxicity in cell-based studies in evaluating anticancer agents. The protocol involved preparation of homeopathy dilutions, incubation of cells with homeopathy dilutions, SRB binding, and measurement of absorbance. Cells were treated with 30 potencies of HIV nosode, Hepatitis C nosode, Carcinosin, Cancer nosode, and Ethanol along with positive control (Adriamycin). The preparations were tested in HeLa, HepG2, A549, MCF 7, T 24, Jurkat, SCC 40, and HL-60 cell-lines. Results The homeopathic preparations have shown the anticancer activity measured as percentage growth inhibition. All the homeopathy preparations studied, exhibited anticancer activity on HeLa, HepG2, A 549, T 24, and HL-60 cells. Carcinosin showed the anticancer activity on the SCC 40 cells. Hepatitis C nosode, Carcinosin, and Cancer nosode have shown the anticancer activity on breast cancer cell line MCF-7. None of the preparations exhibited anticancer activity on Human Leukemia Cell Line. Conclusion High-dilution, potentized preparations of certain carcinogens have demonstrated anti-cancer, cytotoxic effects in the cell-line model, supporting the rationale of the fundamental homeopathic principle the Law of Similars, opening windows to its wider applications in healthcare.

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Li, Yaxi, Zhi Yan, Ainuo Lin, Xiaodong Li, and Ke Li. "Non-Dose-Dependent Relationship between Antipredator Behavior and Conspecific Alarm Substance in Zebrafish." Fishes 8, no. 2 (2023): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020076.

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A series of behavioral detection paradigms have been developed for zebrafish (Danio rerio) to examine anxiety-like behavioral responses. Among them, the novel tank diving test is rapidly gaining popularity in translational neuroscience and behavioral research for the investigation of psychopharmacological activity focusing on stress. Zebrafish respond to conspecific epidermal-released alarm substances with antipredator reactions. Although the alarm responses of zebrafish were well characterized in a novel tank diving experiment, the relationship between the intensity of the alarm behavior and the concentration of the alarm substance needed to be understood more adequately. In the current paper, we investigated the behavioral phenotypes and potencies of zebrafish elicited by the serial dilution of an alarm substance in the novel tank diving test. Using a video-tracking assisted behavioral quantification approach, we demonstrated no linear concentration-dependent relationship between antipredator behavior and skin extracts, suggesting that an optimal concentration induced each typical behavioral response. The results showed that the freezing duration (%) significantly increased when stimulated with 104-fold times dilutions of skin extract (equivalent 5 × 10–5 fish/L), while erratic movements (%), time in the bottom half (%), and latency to the upper half (s) significantly elevated when stimulated with 103-fold times dilutions (equivalent 5 × 10–4 fish/L). Therefore, the concentration threshold for an alarm substance that elicited innate fear behavior in zebrafish was presumed to be an equivalent concentration of approximately 5 × 10–4 fish/L. The conclusions may fill a knowledge gap between the innate fear response triggered by injured skin and a novel tank diving paradigm that provides insights into the characterization of alarm substance, behavioral responses, and physiological response mechanisms in zebrafish.

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Prado, Priscila Baltuille, Carla Holandino, Stephan Baumgartner, Thaís Cristina Silva, Leoni Villano Bonamin, and Elizabeth Cristina Pérez Hurtado. "In vitro evaluation of the effects of Viscum album homeopathic preparations on murine melanoma cells." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 21, no. 1 (2022): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v21i1.1182.

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Background: Viscum album extract (VA) is a complementary treatment in cancer, with in vitro and in vivo cytotoxic effects on several tumor types when applied in phytochemical doses. However, highly diluted ethanolic homeopathic preparations' effects and mechanisms need further study. Aims: To assess the in vitro effects of highly diluted VA from the subspecies V. album abietis and V. album album at different potency levels in different dilution ratios on murine melanoma cells. Methodology: The VA mother tinctures (MT) from Abies alba (MTA) and Quercus robur (MTQ) were prepared with summer and winter samples, harvested in Switzerland. They were submitted to homeopathic ethanolic maceration and a subsequent dynamization process. MTA, MTQ and the following respective potencies were tested in B16F10 murine cells: 3x, 12x, 30x, 6cH, 12cH, 200cH, 2LM, 3LM, and 5LM. Dynamized water, dynamized and non-dynamized ethanol, and carboplatin were used as control groups. The mitochondrial activity and cell viability analysis were performed at 1, 24, 48, and 72 hours by in vitro incubation. MTA and MTQ harvested in summer, as well as 12x, 200cH and 5LM potencies were also tested to cell apoptosis and necrosis markers, reactive oxygens species (ROS) production, inflammatory cytokines profile, cell morphology, and migratory capacity. Results and discussion: MTA and MTQ induced a decrease in cell metabolism and higher cytotoxicity within 1 hour, with significant morphological changes and increased production of ROS and inflammatory cytokines. Both homeopathic dilutions 12x and 5LM showed an influence on cell metabolism, cell replication, and oxidative stress modulation with inflammatory cytokines, mitosis, and migration pattern changes. On the other hand, Quercus robur and Abies alba 200cH showed increased on cytotoxicity and ROS levels, respectively. Conclusion: The in vitro effects of Viscum album homeopathic solutions in melanoma cells highlight the promising antitumoral potential and reinforce the need for further research to better understanding their mechanisms of action.

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Sukul, Nirmal, Raj Kumar Singh, Nivedita Pande, and Anirban Sukul. "A Cantharis potency acts on heat exposed bovine serum albumin as revealed by FT-IR spectroscopy." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 22, no. 2 (2023): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v22i2.1343.

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In a series of experiments we have demonstrated that high dilution of homeopathic drugs produces distinct effects on plants and animals in-vivo through the medium of water. High dilutions (HDs) of a drug prepared by serial dilution with a solvent medium 1:100, followed by mechanical agitation in several steps are called potencies. Water molecules play an important role on protein structure and function. We focused our observation on water molecules associated with BSA. High dilution (HD) of a homeopathic drug is thought to be specific water structure which produces therapeutic effects on man. HDs also produce effects on animals, plants and even proteins in aqueous solution. What is the primary target of HDs on organisms or on protein? The present study addresses this question. Cantharis 30 cH, a homeopathic potency used for burn injuries, has been tested on bovine serum albumin (BSA) in-vitro. The protein has been exposed to heat at 750C for 10 mins, cooled down to room temperature and then treated with Cantharis 30 cH. The treatment was done by two methods, direct and indirect through water. The results from both the methods are almost similar. The treated and untreated protein solutions were analysed by Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The treatment effect was evident on water molecules associated with BSA. The results indicate that Cantharis 30 cH interacts with water molecules which in turn influence BSA. It is concluded that the homeopathic potency converts first water structure which then affects the protein. Based on the results on this experiment we can assumes that the primary target of all homeopathic potencies is water which constitutes the major component of all living organisms. All biomolecules are suspended in water.

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Mondal, Priya, Siddharthasankar Banerjee, Nirmal Chandra Sukul, Raj Kumar Singh, Indrani Chakraborty, and Anirban Sukul. "Promotion of Growth, Chlorophyll Content and Yield of Rice by a New Drug at Ultra High Dilution." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 20, no. 2-3 (2021): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v20i2-3.1061.

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Application of synthetic fertilizers reduces natural fertility of soil and contaminates ground water. Some photosynthesis inhibitors at ultra-high dilution (UHD) increase photosynthesis, growth and yield of crops. A weedicide Paraquat at UHD enhanced growth and yield of potatoes in fields. This weedicide was serially diluted with distilled water and manually succussed in 30 steps following the method of preparation of homeopathic dilutions called potencies. In this way the 30th potency of Paraquat called Paraquat 30cH was prepared and preserved in 90 % ethanol. Paraquat 30cH was diluted with water 1:1000 (v/v) and sprayed on rice plants in a field measuring 0.3125 acre. The control plot of the same area was situated 300 meters away from the test plot. Three treatments were given at an interval of 7 days. Treated plot showed increased growth, chlorophyll content and yield of rice significantly as compared to control. The UHD of the weedicide produced exactly the opposite effect of the crude material on plants. The increased growth and yield of rice by Paraquat 30cH may be due to enhancement of photosynthesis of treated plants. The UHD of Paraquat increased yield of rice by 19.35% over the control.

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Ravikumar Raju, Teja, Sravanathi P, and Muthu Babu K. "Analysis on Homoeopathic Preparation of Asterias Rubens for Evaluating Anti Breast Cancer Cell Line using Similia Principle." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL4 (2020): 805–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl4.4075.

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Breast cancer is the subsequent foremost reason of cancer death in a woman and ranks as the primary foremost reason of death in India. In its conduct, several measures and recommendation are considered. Homoeopathic medicines are one of the part of a corresponding, and another medicine is utilized for the treatment of cancer. The main purpose of the investigation is to evaluate the anticancer action of homoeopathic arrangements of Asterias rubens on the basis of the similia principle. We directed an in vitro study using MTT assay to control the result of ultra diluted homoeopathic preparation in contradiction of two human breast glandular cancer cell lines(MCF-7 and MDA-MD- 231), frequently used for the breast cancer treatment, by testing the feasibility of breast cancer (MCF-7 and MDA-MD-231) cell line, with various attenuations of Asterias rubens at 24 hrs. Multiple comparisons between tested reagents at different concentrations confirmed the significance of the said results. At a dilution of 1:25 6CH and 30CH potency shown superior activity on MCF-7 and no such significant changes on MDA-MD-231 at any dilutions As it fails to offer estrogen receptor(ER) Also progesterone receptor (PR) expression, and also HER2 (human epidermal development variable receptor2) so continuously a triple-negative breast cancer it will be a hostility manifestation for breast cancer with restricted medicine choices. However, further potency needs to be tested. These preliminary significant results warrant further in vitro and in vivo studies to estimate the possible of Asterias rubens a medicine to treat breast cancer.

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Bonamin, Leoni Villano, Sandra AG Pinto, Anuska Alvares-Saraiva, and Elizabeth Cristina Perez Hurtado. "Study of the effects of Silicea terra and Zincum metallicum in various dilutions on the oxidative activity of macrophages in vitro." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 17, no. 1 (2021): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v17i1.894.

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Silica (silicon dioxide) is found in nature, being composed of 2 chemical elements abundant on the Earth's crust, oxygen and silicon. As homeopathic medicine, silica is used for treatment of chronic ulcers due to its ability to modulate the macrophage activity. Zinc is a cofactor of several immune mediators, especially thymulin, which is also capable of modulating the macrophage activity and recruitment of B1 cells in mice. In the present study, we assessed the homeopathic medicines Silicea terra and Zincum in an in vitro experimental model to determine their effects on the interaction between RAW 264.7 macrophages and BCG (Bacillus Calmette-GuÃ©rin). In this step of the study, we assessed oxidative activity through measurement of hydrogen peroxide and nitrite/nitrate in the cell culture supernatant after 24 hours of treatment. Several homeopathic potencies were used for both drugs (6cH, 30cH, 200cH). The tests were performed in duplicate, and the data were analyzed by means one-way ANOVA. The results show no effect on nitric oxide (NO) production, but reduction of hydrogen peroxide production (pâ‰¤ 0.001) after treatment with the vehicle (0.03% alcohol). Such reduction was reversed with treatments Silicea terra30cH and Zincum metallicum 30cH (pâ‰¤ 0.001). Treatment with Silicea terra 200cH induced significant reduction of hydrogen peroxide production, even when compared to the vehicle (pâ‰¤ 0.005). Taken together, the results indicate that only treatment of BCG-challenged macrophages with Silicea terra 200cH was able to significantly reduce the oxidative activity of these cells after 24 hours of incubation. Since NO production in vitro usually occurs after 96 to 120 hours of incubation, one might infer that the negative result obtained in the present study might be associated with the time-point of assessment. Other aspects of the macrophage-BCG interaction are still under evaluation.

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Endler, P. Christian, Corinne Kraus, Wilhelm MosgÃ¶ller, and Harald Lothaller. ""˜Regression toward the mean" in replications of fundamental research studies on homeopathic high potencies?" International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 17, no. 1 (2021): 21–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v17i1.901.

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Around 100 high-potency studies, each one replicating earlier studies, were located in a bibliometric study on fundamental research [1]. 70% of the replication studies yielded the same result as the original study, 10% the opposite result, and 20% found no difference between the test and control groups. This is to say, the final standing was 70 positive, 10 negative and 20 undecided results. Among the replication studies performed by the original laboratory, the outcomes were 83 positive and 5 negative (12 undecided); in the ones performed in laboratories of independent researchers invited to participate in a multicentric study the corresponding outcomes were 75 and 11 (14), and the ones of studies performed by external researchers 48 and 14 (38). Had the experiments been performed on purely random phenomena the most probable outcomes would have been 33 : 33 : 33. In a follow-up study we sought to establish whether the outcomes of the replication studies might be attributed to regression toward the means. As is known, this term describes the situation in which a random experiment yields an extreme result, while subsequent replications give average results quite independent from the initial one. By contrast, when the experiment is not entirely based entirely on chance, subsequent replications tend to yield results that deviate from the average in the same direction as the initial one. We thus grouped the studies into 3 clusters of at least 7 articles according to their date of publication. The relative frequencies of positive, undecided and negative results were graphically represented through by curves to allow for visual comparison of the initial result versus the results of the replication studies for each of the 3 clusters. Regression towards the mean was neither observed in the results of the replication studies taken together nor in the group of laboratory-internal replication studies. By contrast, the group of multicentric replication studies exhibited increase of the relative frequency of undecided results and decrease of the one of positive results. In the group of external replication studies the relative frequency of undecided results increased and the one of positive and of negative results decreased. The statistical probability of drawing a â€˜positive resultâ€™ from a total of 3 equally probable options (positive, undecided, negative) is 33.3%. By contrast, within the entirety of replication studies the frequency of positive results was 77% on the first replication, 66.7% on the second and 66.7% on the third. Unlike the results from the group of laboratory-internal studies, the ones of multicentric and external replications are suggestive of regression towards the mean. However the magnitude of this effect is far weaker than would be expected from a purely random distribution of results. One question that remains is why there appears to have been practically no regression in the laboratory-internal replications. This should not be cheaply attributed to publication bias. Especially in experiments on homoeopathic high potencies, it could well be that numerous, in some part hidden factors of influence are involved, which internal laboratories â€“ possibly unwittingly through unreflected working habitsâ€“ are better at controlling than external laboratories, regardless of the effort invested to this end. Keywords: high dilution, replication experiments, regression to the mean References [1] Endler PC, Bellavite P, Bonamin L, JÃ¤ger T. Mazon S. Replications of fundamental research models in ultra high dilutions, 1994 and 2015: an update on a bibliometric study. Homeopathy 2015;104:235-245

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Jerman, Igor, Linda Ogrizek, Luka Jan, and Vesna Periček. "Physical transfer of the UHD signal resulting from potentized dilution of interferon gamma antibodies." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 22, no. 2 (2023): 34–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v22i2.1315.

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Physico-chemical examinations of very high dilution (UHD) solutions subjected to certain physical factors (such as shaking) are becoming more frequent and are increasingly producing conclusive results. A much less studied phenomenon is the transfer of molecular information (UHD signals of diluted substances) from one liquid to another without an intermediate liquid phase. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of such a transfer of the UHD signal from the UHD solutions to the receiver solution, in particular, if the molecular source used in the donor solutions was the biologically active interferon gamma antigen molecule. We were especially interested in how the transfer of the UHD signal is affected by the time of exposure of the receiver to the donor, and how the transfer is affected by activation (shaking) versus exposure alone. For measurement of the physicochemical parameters, we used pH, electrical conductivity, and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) sensors. For relative UV/VIS spectroscopy measurements, we used a Macherey-Nagel spectrophotometer. All original liquids (water and solutions, four different liquids altogether) subject to research were obtained from Materia Medica LTD, Moscow. Distilled water (W) was used for dilutions and potencies as follows: potentized water (W cH9), potentized dilution of antibodies to interferon-gamma (Abs IFNγ cH9), the same original substance in the form of a mixture of potencies (Abs IFNγ cH12, cH30, cH50, shortly Abs IFNγ mix). We used two different receiver solutions, one for physicochemical research and another (addition of alcohol) for UV/VIS spectroscopy. The transfer of UHD signal via glass was processed via shaking of the donor flask. For direct or post-hoc analysis, we used Wilcoxon signed-rank test, two tailed. The results showed that activation strongly influences signal transfer and that this can be compensated to some extent by prolonged direct exposure. In principle, exposure time has a positive effect on signal transfer. Although the detection of the physically transmitted signal is generally weaker than the signal in the original UHD solutions, it is still detectable with our measurement system and protocol, both in terms of effect (Cohen's D) and statistically significant differences. In this respect, different detection methods may detect the signal differently. After the separation between the donor and receiver glasses (solutions), the character of the signal may change and may even be better expressed. Activation is shown to be an important factor for the UHD signal transfer, at least for shorter times. By longer exposure times, it appears that activation can be compensated, at least to some extent.

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46

Bonamin, Leoni Villano, Thaís Cristina Silva, William Alves Santos, Sandra AG Pinto, Vanessa Xavier, and Elizabeth Cristina Perez. "Study of the Effects of Homeopathic Medicine Carcinosinum on Mammary Adenocarcinoma (4T1 cells) in vitro." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 17, no. 2 (2021): 22–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v17i2.924.

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Background: There are few published researches about the exclusive use of Carsinosinum in several potencies to treat cancer. The name Carcinosinum refers to any homeopathic preparation of epithelial cancerous tissues and is especially indicated when there are any hereditary and familial antecedents of cancer, tuberculosis, diabetes, pernicious anemia or a combination of two or more of these diseases. Homeopathic complexes which include Conium Maculatum, Sabal Serrulata, Thuja Occidentalis and Carcinosinum can reduce in 23% the incidence of prostate cancer in vivo and in 38% the tumor volume, compared to untreated groups. Another in vivo study revealed reduction of symptoms and increase of survival time in mice bearing Ehrlich ascitic carcinoma, after treatment with Carcinosinum 200cH. In vitro, Carcinosinum 200cH can increase the expression of the pro-apoptotic gene p53. However, mice treated with Carcinosinum 6cH had the highest percentage and diversity of symptoms compared to other treatments, which demonstrate the importance of homeopathic potency in pro or anti-carcinogenic action. Considering that the literature on this subject is still rare and focused on genotypic and clinical effects, the present study was proposed, with the aim of identifying the possible phenotypic changes, including viability, HER-2 expression and metastatic skills, using 4T1 cells in vitro as a model, after treatment with Carcinosinum in different homeopathic working dilutions (12cH; 30cH; 200cH), prepared mechanically (Denise Machine, Autic®) in our laboratory using sterile pure water, from a commercial matrix (HN Cristiano, São Paulo, Brazil) stocked in 70% hydro-alcoholic solution. The final dilutions were inserted in the culture medium in a volume equal to 10%, at the time of cell seeding. The same succussioned vehicle used to prepare the medicines (70% hydro-alcoholic solution), from the same batch and diluted 1:100 in sterile pure water, was used as control. All treated cells were cultivated in bottles of 25ml with cell density of 5 x 105 cells / ml and, after 24 hours of treatment, they were analyzed for the apoptosis index using the Annexin V kit and measured by the Countess® system. The morphology of the 4T1 cells was monitored by staining fixed cell smears with hematoxylin-eosin method. The samples were evaluated in quadruplicate and the data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. The results obtained up to now show that the treatment with Carcinosinum 12cH produced a different pattern of cell death compared to the other treatments, with significant reduction in apoptosis index (one-way ANOVA, p=0.01) and clear hydropic degeneration phenotypic pattern. The analysis of HER-2 expression and metastatic skill will be the next step of this research.

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Wittenburg, Christine, and Jean Ellen Duckworth. "Comparison of aluminum toxicology and homeopathic Alumina: a mixed methods study." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 17, no. 1 (2021): 08–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v17i1.897.

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Toxicology forms part of homeopathy. The founder of homeopathy, Samuel Hahnemann, incorporated many toxicological symptoms in his Materia Medica. These symptoms are part of the information homeopathic practitioners relay on to choose the appropriate medication for their patients. This medication is administered in form of ultra-high dilutions. Hahnemann also developed Materia Medica on the base of provings done with high diluted substances only â€“ simply because these substances did not have a known toxicology at his time. Alumina is one of these substances. Today we possess a reliable toxicology of aluminum and its compounds. The objective of this study was to determine the grade of concordance between homeopathic (highly diluted) Alumina and aluminum toxicology. A striking concordance will add to evidence of homeopathically potentized substances. The present was a literature-based investigation conducted from a phenomenologist stance. The design is a novel one. Symptoms of aluminum intoxication were obtained from case reports published in scholarly journals. 70 original research articles containing case-reports of 5 aluminum-induced diseases served for the extraction of over 300 symptoms. These symptoms were compared to HahnemannÂ´s Alumina proving symptoms. A review of modern investigations of the toxic effects of aluminum showed that the conventional medical paradigm and basic science are just starting to explore the huge number of noxious effects the metal has on human, animal and plant health. Qualitative explorations of the relevant homeopathic literature (toxicology in homeopathy and Alumina in randomized controlled trials) resulted in the finding that toxicology plays a minor role in modern homeopathy and that Alumina has been poorly investigated. The result of the quantitative part of this study â€“ the comparison of proving and toxicology obtained from clinical cases â€“ shows an uneven picture. It leads to only partly significant concordances between symptoms from both sources which are strong in core areas of AluminaÂ´s remedy action while the overall comparison shows a coincidence of 50.76% (39.76% for symptoms probably produced by UHDs). This study has to be seen as a pilot for a literature-based proof of the evidence of homeopathic potencies. There remains much to be done, especially in the realm of homeopathic proving and its design. HahnemannÂ´s procedure â€“ to rely on sensible provers â€“ should be reconsidered. The reproving of Alumina should be envisaged. Keywords: Homeopathy, proving, toxicology, homeopathic pathogenetic trial (HPT), Alumina, aluminum

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48

Paiva, Juliana, Camila Siqueira, Carla Holandino, and Alvaro Leitao. "Evaluation of the genotoxic and mutagenic potentials of a living nosode compounded with Influenza A virus." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 10, no. 36 (2021): 180–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v10i36.502.

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Background: The influenza virus has been responsible for contagious respiratory diseases with high mortality rates [1]. Some drugs have been used to treat human influenza. However, these drugs cause many common side effects and induce the appearance of resistant viral strains [2]. The impact caused by the influenza virus has motivated the development of new approaches for the prevention and control of influenza [3]. Therefore, a new homeopathic medicine was developed using, as a starting point, the infectious influenza virus [4]. This belongs to a group called living nosodes [5]. However, its mutagenic and genotoxic potentials, especially when used in low dilutions, has not yet been evaluated and it is important because this biotherapic is prepared from living microorganisms. Different methods can be used to detect mutagenic and genotoxicic effects. Aims: This study aims to evaluate the genotoxic and mutagenic potentials of influenza A living nosode at different homeopathic potencies. Methodology: 1 ml of purified viral suspension was diluted in 9 ml of sterile distilled water. This sample was submitted to 100 mechanical succussions (approximately 3 Hz), using AuticÃƒâ€šÃ‚Â® Brazilian machine, originating the first dilution, named decimal (1x). 1 ml of this solution was diluted in 9 ml of solvent and was submitted to 100 sucussions, generating biotherapic 2x. This procedure was successively repeated, according to Brazilian Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia, to obtain the biotherapic 30x [6]. By the same technique, water vehicle was prepared until 30x potency to be used as control. All samples were prepared in sterile and under aseptic conditions, using laminar flow cabinet, class II, and were stored in the refrigerator (8Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ÂºC). The samples 1x, 6x, 12x, 18x, 24x and 30x and water 30x (vehicle control) were analysed by: the Inductest, which assesses the ability of physical or chemical agents to promote lysogenic induction as a reflection of damage in DNA molecules in lysogenic bacteria, and the Ames test, which uses indicator strains of Salmonella typhimurium, sensitive to substances that can induce different types of mutation. Results: The Inductest showed no decrease in the survival fraction of the bacteria used, and no increase in the formation of lysogenic induction, in any tested potency. The same profile was obtained after the Ames test, with similar results to negative control. Conclusion: We can conclude that this living nosode compounded with Influenza A virus is not able to induce DNA damage in prokaryotic cells. This result permits us to conclude that patients who use this medicine have no side effects related to mutagenesis and genotoxicity.

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Jerman, Igor, and Vesna PeriÄek KrapeÅ¾. "UHD, electronic homeopathy and organisms â€“ do they share a common language?" International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 15, no. 4 (2021): 43–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v15i4.867.

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Introduction Homeopathy, at least in its UHD aspect, proves that the biological function of molecules (their â€œmessageâ€) can be transmitted from some original material substance through pure water to living systems (1). Even if in general this transmission is based on serial dilutions of mother tinctures, experiments demonstrate it can be realized also via modified environmental EM fields, i.e. through the air as is known from the experiments performed by Montagnier (2), Endler and our group (3). It is also known as electronic homeopathy and is capable of a very similar achievement to UHD homeopathy without any chemical continuity between mother tincture and the final informed water. Quantum field theory developed by Preparata and Del Giudice brings theoretical ground to understanding and explaining this, for contemporary physicists, seemingly impossible phenomenon (4). Namely, it is not only that molecular information can be transmitted and stored in pure (UHD) water, but also that it can provoke changes in organisms. Theoretical model According to quantum electrodynamics, the interactions between an original substance, water and an organism are enabled by coherent domains (CDs). Many experiments corroborate the capacity of CDs to get entangled (phase locking) with the complex field of mother tinctureâ€™s substance(s) and consequently to encode the message of the tincture. However this is not the end of the process; this code must later be decoded from the side of the organism (and it seems that it can be even decoded by chemical systems, according to Elia (5)) and make an appropriate reaction. We assume that in case of organisms the endogenous coherent EM field first proposed by FrÃ¶hlich is responsible for the decoding; however a homeostatic energy barrier must be broken. Many experiments confirm that even physiological states, not only chemical messages ((6, 7) can be transmitted through the same channel. The language of CDs and other EM coherent modes is not violent â€“ the message of a molecule is presented in a way that provokes a reaction but cannot force the organism into a pathological or dead state. Therefore we can speak of a subtle (bio)chemistry and pharmacology, based on coherent modes and using a universal common language understandable to molecules and organisms. Conclusion ï€ Chemicals, water coherent domains, endogenous coherent oscillations of organisms and physiological responses must share a common denominator; ï€ quantum field oscillations and their wave structures could represent the denominator and therefore the active molecular information; ï€ potentization somewhat sharpens these wave structures, gives them more penetrative power, which makes higher potencies (dilutions) generally more effective â€“ as they must break the homeostatic barrier of organismic endogenous EM field. ï€ understanding the language implied in the first point as well as deeper mechanisms of sharpening the molecular information will enable us to enter a new era of subtle (bio)chemistry and pharmacology, surpassing not only contemporary pharmaceutical practice, but also the homeopathic one. References [1] P. Bellavite, M. Marzotto, D. Olioso, E. Moratti, A. Conforti, High-dilution effects revisited. 1. Physicochemical aspects. Homeopathy. 103(1):4-21 (2014). [2] Monatagnier et al., DNA waves and water, arXiv:1012.5166v1 [q-bio.OT] (2010). [3] I. Jerman, R. RuÅ¾iÄ, R. KraÅ¡ovec, M. Å karja, L. Mogilnicki, Electrical transfer of molecule information into water, its storage and bioeffects on plants and bacteria. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. 24(3): 341-354 (2005). [4] E. Del Guidice, P. R. Spinetti, A. Tedeschi, Water Dynamics at the Root of Metamorphosis in Living Organisms. Water. 2010, 2, 566-568; doi:10.3390/w2030566. [5] Elia V. in Niccoli M. 1999. Thermodynamics of extremely diluted aqueous solutions. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 879: 241-248. [6] C. W. Smith, Quanta and Coherence Effects in Water and Living Systems. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 10(1):69-78. (2004). [7] A. Foletti, J. Pokorny, Biophysical approach to low back pain: a pilot report. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. 34 (2): 156-159 (2015).

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Dinelli, Giovanni, Ilaria Marotti, Grazia Trebbi, and Lucietta Betti. "From Kolisko to nowadays: progresses and discoveries in agro-homeopathy." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 11, no. 40 (2021): 122–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v11i40.585.

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The use of ultra-diluted preparations method in agriculture was introduced with agro-homeopathy, which allows to influence biological processes of plants by either accelerating or delaying growth. Moreover, it can contribute to the control of plagues and diseases, directly promoting an increase of the yield and an improvement of product qualitative traits. Since the pioneering works of Kolisko on wheat germination [1] and Junker on growth of microorganisms (paramecium, yeast, fungi) [2], in the last 30 years work has flourished from independent researchers from worldwide (Americas, Europe and Australasia). The international research works on agro-homeopathy can be conceptually divided in two main groups: effects of ultra-diluted preparations on crop growth and applicability for crop disease control. The first type of investigations usually are carried out on both healthy organisms for determining the growth stimulation of treatments and on abiotically stressed plants (i.e. heavy metal over-exposition, salt excess, water and nutrients deficiency) for determining the re-growth stimulation of ultra-dilutions [3,4]. The second type of investigations are usually performed on artificially diseased organisms (i.e. fungal and viral pathogens or nematode infection), which may react more markedly to homeopathic treatments than healthy ones [5]. Unfortunately, on the basis of the extensive critical review of published papers, there is little firm evidence to support the reliability of the reported results. Except for a limited number of publications, the most common drawbacks of agro-homeopathy researches are the poor experimental methodology and the inadequate statistical analysis. Moreover, since there is no agricultural homeopathic pharmacopoeia, much work is required to find suitable remedies, potencies and dose levels. Considering the criticism on the practical applicability of ultra-diluted preparations, in order to be accepted as a valid part of agricultural practices a well structured research strategy for agro-homeopathy is needed. This is often hampered by methodological problems as well as by the general underinvestment on the academic and nonacademic research structures. Fundamental researches based on collaborative approaches (i.e. ring tests on selected crop models) and on common experimental protocols (i.e. statistical robustness) are the keys for determining the worldwide acceptability of agro-homeopathy as a sustainable agro-technique. Statement of conflict of interest Authors declare there is no conflict of interest. Statement of financial support Authors declare that this study received no funding. Bibliography 1. Kolisko L. Physiologischer und physikalischer Nachweis der Wirksamkeit kleinster EntitÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â¤ten. 1923; Stuttgart, Verlag Der Kommende Tag AG. 2. Junker H.. Die Wirkung extremer PotenzverdÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â¼nnungen auf Organismen. Pflugers Arch ges Phys 1928; 219B, 5/6, 647-672. 3. JÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â¤ger T, Scherr C, Shah D, Majewsky V, Betti L, Trebbi G, Bonamin L, SimÃƒÆ’Ã‚Âµes-WÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â¼st AP, Wolf U, Simon M, Heusser P, Baumgartner S. Use of homeopathic preparations in experimental studies with abiotically stressed plants. Homeopathy 2011; 100: 275-287 4. Majewsky V, Heuwieser, Shah D, Scherr C, Jaeger Tim, Betti L, Trebbi G, Bonamin L, Klocke P, Baumpartner S. Use of homeopathic preparations in experimental studies with healthy plants. Homeopathy 2009; 98: 228-243. 5. Betti L, Trebbi G, Majewsky V, Scherr C, Shah-Rossi D, JÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â¤ger T, Baumgartner S. Use of homeopathic preparations in phytopathological models and in field trials: a critical review. Homeopathy 2009; 98: 244-266.

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