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1
Mohammed, Adnan Q., Alyaa R. Mehsin, and Maysam Th Al-Hadidi. "Silica Fume Influence on Behavior of Expansive Soil." E3S Web of Conferences 427 (2023): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202342701012.
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In this investigation, silica fume (SF) was used as an additive material to study its influence on the characteristics of expansive soil. The soil used in this research was prepared in a lab by mingling bentonite (50 percent by soil dry weight) with natural soil. According to (USCS), the prepared soil was classified as (CH) with a liquid limit of 67.5 percent and a plastic limit of 29.3%. Expansive soil was mixed with different percentages of (SF), (8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13%), and experiments were conducted for treated and untreated soil to examine the impact of (SF) on Atterberg's limits, compressibility, swelling, and shear strength parameters. The outcome of this test shows that the use of silica fume raised Atterberg's limits (L.L, P.L, and P.I) and lowered compressibility and swelling percentage, as well as shear strength parameters (c,φ), were altered by increasing the angle of internal friction (φ), and decreased the cohesion (c). From these results, it is concluded that (SF) has a positive effect as an additive material to enhance the geotechnical properties of expansive soil.
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K., Letcham, Krishnagayathiri M., Nirmaladevi T., Dhivakar M., and Surya A. "Experimental Study on Clay Soil Characteristics By Using Egg Shell Powder." Journal of Earthquake Science and Soil Dynamics Engineering 6, no. 1 (2023): 23–35. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7812768.
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<em>One of the most crucial components used in a variety of construction projects, such as earthen dams and canals, is soil. It is important to use a variety of techniques to increase soil stability because soil may already have all the resistance qualities required for a project. Eggshell powder is added to the geotechnical properties in the laboratory tests to improve the behaviour of the engineering properties as a result of this project's investigation. The combination of egg shell powder improves soil properties more effectively than using just regular soil. </em><em>Egg Shell Powder </em><em>is</em><em> used with the clay soil to increase the stability of the soil and is determined by varying the proportions from </em><em>15%, 20%, 25%. The properties are studied by conducting the tests namely Atterberg’s limit test, Standard proctor test, unconfined compressive strength test.</em>
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Swathi, G. Prema, Ch Srinivas, Kodali Nagaraju, Pentakota Shyam Sundar, Dunna Duryodhana, and Addala Prasanth Kumar. "Stabilization of Expansion Soil Using Brick Dust." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 09, no. 03 (2025): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem43205.
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The black cotton soil is known as expansive type of soil which expands suddenly and starts swelling when it comes in contact with moisture. Due to this property of soil the strength and other properties of soil are very poor. To improve its properties, it is necessary to stabilize he soil by different stabilizers. Expansive type of soil shows unpredictable behavior with different kind of stabilizers. Soil stabilization is a process to treat a soil to maintain, alter or improve the performance of soil. In this study, the potential of burnt brick dust as stabilizing additive to expansive soil is evaluated for the improving engineering properties of expansive soil. The evaluation involves the determination of the swelling potential, linear shrinkage, atterberg’s limits, & compaction test of expansive soil in its natural state as well as when mixed with varying proportion of burnt brick dust (from 30 to 50%). The practices have been performed on three proportions 30%, 40%, and 50% with expansive soil. The research result shows considerable reduction in swelling of expansive soil. With increasing amount of stabilizer swelling decreases. Maximum decrement in swelling has been noted in 50% of replacement of soil by brick dust. Also, by increasing stabilizing content linear shrinkage reduces. Maximum decrement in shrinkage has been noted in 50% replacement of soil by stabilizer. Maximum dry density of soil is improving and optimum moisture content is decreasing with increasing stabilizing content. For increasing content of stabilizing agent brick dust atterberg’s limit values are also decreasing. Key Words: Soil stabilization, Brick dust, CBR, Atterberg's limits, Sieve analysis, Specific gravity.
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Muhammad Ameer Hamza, Fawad Ullah, Sang Marjan, Muhammad Suleman, Muhammad Yousaf Khan, and Nauman Ahmad. "Stabilization of expansive soil using different combinations of glass powder and rice husk ash." World Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology and Sciences 14, no. 3 (2025): 310–31. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjaets.2025.14.3.0107.
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The global issue of expansive soil is the root cause of significant harm to structures designed for civil engineering. The difficulty with expansive soils is that they expand when water is absorbed and contract when it evaporates because of clay minerals including kaolinite, montmorillonite. Because of its poor shear resistance and load-bearing capacity, it makes it difficult to build foundations for Infra Construct. The expansive soil is widely distributed worldwide, especially in certain regions of Pakistan including Sindh, Punjab, and KPK. The soil was gathered for this study from Kohat KPK's Shindand region. For such soils to be acceptable for construction, they must be stabilized. The soil was stabilized using different combinations of leftover glass powder and rice husk ash (RHA). Expansive soil samples mixed with various combinations of Glass Powder and Rice Husk Ash (RHA) were subjected to various geotechnical tests, including Sieve Analysis, Hydrometer analysis, Atterberg limit, Free Swell Index (FSI), Standard Proctor Test (SPT), Unconfined Compression Strength (UCS), and California Bearing Ratio (CBR). According to Atterberg's limit, adding 3% GP and 6% RHA results in a significant reduction of the Liquid Limit (LL), Plastic Limit (PL), and Plasticity Index (PI), providing the ideal dose level. Additionally, adding 3% GP and 6% RHA resulted in a drop of 10.8% in the optimal moisture content (OMC) and an increase of 1.42% in the treated soil's maximum dry density (MDD). Adding 3% GP and 6% RHA reduces the Free Swell index by 27.2%. After treating the untreated soils with 3% GP and 6% RHA, the UCS significantly increased by 160.6%.
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Tsion Mindaye, Emer Tucay Quezon, and Temesgen Ayna. "Investigation on the performance of ‘Fino’ materials to stabilize expansive soil: A case study in Yeka Sub-City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 6, no. 2 (2021): 044–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gjeta.2021.6.2.0012.
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Expansive soil swells when it is wet, and it will shrink when it dries. Due to this behavior of the soil, the strength and other properties of soil are inferior. To improve its properties, it is necessary to stabilize the soil with different stabilizers. Soil stabilization is a process to treat the soil to maintain, alter, or improve expansive soil performance. In this study, the potential of 'Fino' as stabilizing additive to expansive soil was investigated for the improving engineering properties of expansive soil to be used as subgrade material. The evaluation involved the determination of the Free Swell test, CBR test, Atterberg's limits, and the Proctor test of expansive soil in its natural state as well as when mixed with varying proportions of 'Fino.' The practices were performed on six proportions 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30 % with expansive soil. The research result indicated a considerable reduction in Swelling, and the Maximum dry Density of soil was improved. Optimum moisture content decreased in increasing 'Fino.' At 30% of 'Fino,' the CBR values of expansive soil increased from 1.06% to 5.94%, Liquid Limit decreased from 95.2% to 29.4%, plasticity index decreased from 57.24% to 17.82% and the degree of expansion of the natural subgrade soil has reduced from "very high to medium." Hence, it is concluded that the 'Fino' at 30% has shown significant improvement in the expansive soil's engineering properties meeting the ERA and AASHTO Standard specifications requirements for road subgrade material.
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U., M. Falalu, E. Sani J., and Moses G. "BEHAVIOURS OF NATURAL AND SPOROSARCINA PASTEURII (BACILLUS PASTEURII) AS A LINER." Engineering and Technology Journal 08, no. 11 (2023): 2949–53. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10280036.
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The enhancement of sandy soil as a liner and cover material for usage as waste containment facility was taken into consideration in this work using Bacillus pasteurii to activate the microbial-induced calcite precipitation (MICP) process. This study aimed at determining the physical properties of SPOROSARCINA PASTEURII (BACILLUS PASTEURII) as a liner. The study's sandy soil, which had a natural moisture content of 8.56%, came from Wudil Local Government Area in Kano State, Nigeria. Stepped Bacillus pasteurii suspension densities of 0 cells/ml, 1.5 x 108 cells/ml, 6 x 108 cells/ml, 12 x 108 cells/ml, 18 x 108 cells/ml, and 24 x 108 cells/ml were applied to the sandy soil. The Atterberg's limit test result, which showed that the soils were nonplastic, was used to determine the index properties of the soil. The soil was classified as A-3(0) and SP soil, respectively, according to the AASHTO and USCS classification systems. The specific gravity decreases with increase in <i>Bacillus pasteurii </i>suspension density
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Dar, Rayees Hussain, and Anoop Sharma. "ROLE OF WOOD ASH AND CALCIUM CHLORIDE IN AMENDING THE EARLY STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT OF AN EXPENSIVE SOIL." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 08 (2024): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem36910.
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Building on weak or soft soils presents issues such as differential settlements, insufficient strength, and significant compressibility. Clayey soils are weak, and as a result, a pavement will not be able to withstand it for long enough to work as intended. There are several methods available to boost the soil's ability to support more weight, such as providing reinforcement and stabilizing the soil. One way to improve the geotechnical qualities of soil is soil stabilization, which has become an important practice in construction engineering and allows for the successful use of industrial wastes as a stabilizer. This method's appeal is increasing due to its adaptability and accessibility. The stabilization of waste materials makes it possible to construct roads at a reasonable cost. The investigation that was done to determine whether adding wood ash and calcium chloride enhanced the properties of clayey soil is described in the current article. Unmodified soil is combined in a variety of percentages with wood ash and calcium chloride to produce the optimal admixture% required for soil stabilization. Laboratory tests such as Atterberg's limit, Compaction test, CBR test, and UCS test were performed for both modified and unmodified clayey soil as part of this comparative study. In this study Wood Ash and Calcium Chloride were used to stabilize Expansive soil. Using index properties tests Wood Ash was fixed at 12% respectively. Calcium Chloride was then varied (i.e. 02%, 04%, 06% and 08%). Key Words: Compaction test, CBR, UCS, Wood Ash, Calcium Chloride
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Esho, Edire Erko, Emer Tucay Quezon, and Democracy Dila. "EFFECTS OF MECHANICALLY STABILIZED GRADED ASSORTED COARSE-GRAINED SOILS IN THE PERFORMANCE OF UNPAVED ROAD: A CASE STUDY IN GOFFA ZONE, SAWLA AREA." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 7, no. 8 (2019): 133–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i8.2019.647.
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Road network development in Ethiopia is booming, radiating from Addis Ababa towards North-South directions, and East-West directions, due to the good economic growth of the country. However, there are challenges always facing by the pavement designers, and materials engineers for every road project, specifically the unpaved roads in Goffa Zone. It was because, most parts of the existing unpaved road sections within the study area are heavily damaged, and lack of proper maintenance. The source of good quality of sub-base course materials limited and becoming depleted. It is for this reason that the research study focused on the investigation of the effects of mechanically stabilized graded assorted coarse-grained soils. Disturbed and undisturbed samples from different quarry sites were considered and tested in the laboratory. Laboratory test for each location performed, and the results served as control values of the engineering properties of natural soils. The Disturbed samples tested for Gradation, Atterberg's Liquid Limit Tests, and Compaction, while, the undisturbed sample tested for the CBR strength, using ASTM manual. The results of the assorted materials for the sub-base course was analyzed and compared with the AASHTO and ERA Standard Specifications.
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Abass, Qammar. "USE OF NANO SILICA AND COIR FIBER TO STRENGTHEN THE ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF CLAYEY SOIL." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 04 (2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem31949.
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One of the problematic soils is expansive soil, which has a strong tendency to shrink when dried and to inflate when its moisture level changes. In India, expansive soils made up of clays are referred to as black cotton soils. The alternating swell-shrink tendency of expansive soils results in foundation structures, including buildings and earth retaining wall pavements, to become distressed. For geotechnical engineers, comprehending the behavior of expansive soil and implementing the proper control measures has been a challenging challenge. A lot of study is being done to develop solutions for soils that produce black cotton. This review study uses the soil index and engineering features to examine the behavior of clayey soil stabilized with different proportions of Nano silica and Coir Fiber. Coir is a naturally occurring, biodegradable material that is widely accessible in several coastal and southern regions of India. Nano silica is a type of filler material that increases ductility without compromising strength. With less swelling potential, the generated nano silica functioned as a hydraulic binder. In expansive soils, coir fiber and nano silica are combined for the goal of sustainable development. As part of this comparison study, laboratory tests including Atterberg's limit, Compaction test, CBR test, and UCS test were performed for both modified and unmodified clayey soil. In this work, expansive soil was stabilized using Nano silica and Coir Fiber. Coir Fiber was fixed at 3.5%, after that Nano silica was changed to 2%, 4%, and 6%. Key Words: Compaction test, CBR, UCS, Coir Fiber, Nano Silica
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Khin, Win Nwe, and Myint Kyaw Nyan. "Evaluation of Dispersion Potential for Some Problem Soils in Central Myanmar." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 2, no. 4 (2018): 2803–9. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd15694.
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Dispersive soils which occur in central region of Myanmar are easily erodible and serious problem of stability of embankments, earth dams, earths and earth retaining structures. These soils are found in regions where the annual rainfall is less than 800 mm. Dispersive soil is structurally unstable and the presence of dispersive soil is indicated by occurrence of erosion gullies, sink holes, spew holes and piping. In some parts of the central Myanmar, dispersive soils have to be used for construction purpose since no other soil material is available. Dispersion only occurs in non saline or rain water. If dispersive soils have been used in the construction of earth dams and embankments, serious piping and failures are occurred. In Myanmar, some problems are found in central region of Myanmar. The study soil is investigated by emersion test in field and then physical tests are done in Yangon Technological University and chemical tests are done in Irrigation and Management of Water Utilization Department in Myanmar. According to these tests results, most of the study soils are dispersive. This paper presents the results of study soils, soil structural problems along Yangon Mandalay Express Way, dispersive potential rating for the study soils and the correlation between Exchangeable sodium percentage ESP and Atterberg's limits. Khin Win Nwe | Nyan Myint Kyaw "Evaluation of Dispersion Potential for Some Problem Soils in Central Myanmar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15694.pdf
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Nguyen, Hoang Han, and David McMahon. "Can the shrink-swell index be predicted in the Wagga Wagga region based on Atterberg limits?" Australian Geomechanics Journal 59, no. 1 (2024): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.56295/agj5916.
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Relationships between the shrink-swell index and other clay tests, such as Atterberg limits have been investigated by others however, there is not any available information for the Wagga Wagga region in NSW Australia. This study’s objective is to establish some relationships between the shrink-swell index and Atterberg limits of the soils in the Wagga Wagga region. A total of 27 samples at different locations and depths was tested for shrink-swell index, linear shrinkage, liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index and soil particle size distribution, using Australian Standard test methods. The results and data analysis indicated that shrink-swell index correlated with Atterberg limits. The shrink-swell index can be estimated based on a single Atterberg limit test or the combination of linear shrinkage + liquid limit and linear shrinkage + plasticity index. In conclusion, linear shrinkage and liquid limit are the reasonable prediction factors for the estimation of shrink-swell index for the soils in the Wagga Wagga region.
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Idiata, David, Ngozi Kayode - Ojo, and Ehizonomhen Okonofua. "Geochemical characterisation of soil using XRF: Implication for geotechnical properties." E-Zbornik, elektronički zbornik radova Građevinskog fakulteta 15, no. 29 (2025): 73–83. https://doi.org/10.47960/2232-9080.2025.29.15.73.
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Abstract: This study investigates the geochemical and geotechnical properties of soils from Uwelu, Benin City, Nigeria (6.3861°N, 5.5827°E, 107 m altitude), to assess their engineering relevance. Samples from two sites underwent tests including specific gravity, sieve analysis, Atterberg limits, compaction, and California Bearing Ratio (CBR), following ASTM and AASHTO standards. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) was used to determine the presence of major oxides and trace elements. The soils, classified as A-2-4 and A-2-6 by AASHTO, had specific gravities of 2.55 and 2.54. The optimum moisture content was 10%, with Maximum Dry Densities (MDD) of 2.01 and 2.06 g/cm³. CBR results showed higher strength in unsoaked samples (20.11%, 6.38%) than soaked ones (9.69%, 3.24%). SiO₂ dominated the geochemistry (57.33%, 48.36%), with notable Al₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃. The findings emphasize the value of integrating geochemical and geotechnical analyses in construction. Keywords: XRF, geochemical characterisation, geotechnical test, Atterberg’s limit, CBR
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Adunoye, G. O., A. A. Ojo, A. F. Alasia, and M. O. Olarewaju. "A study on the correlation potential of compaction characteristics and atterberg limits of selected lateritic soils." International Journal of Physical Research 8, no. 1 (2020): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijpr.v8i1.30689.
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The importance of soil compaction for civil engineering construction and application cannot be over-emphasised. To perform soil compaction, numerous number of samples are required, with considerable time and laborious laboratory activities. This has necessitated the need to find models for the prediction of compaction characteristics, using easily determined soil properties. This work therefore undertook a study of the correlation potential of compaction characteristics and Atterberg limits of soils, with a view to modelling compaction characteristics, using Atterberg limits. To achieve this aim, soil samples were obtained from selected locations within Obafemi Awolowo University campus, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Preliminary, Atterberg limits and compaction tests were conducted on the soil samples, using standard procedure. Using Microsoft Excel and Xuru’s Regression tool, the laboratory test results were used to develop relationships between compaction characteristics (optimum moisture content and maximum dry density) and Atterberg limits (liquid limit and plastic limit). Results showed that the natural moisture content of soil samples ranged between 4.97 % and 19.72 %; liquid limit ranged between 27 % and 68 %; plastic limit ranged between 18.92 % and 63.01 %; and plasticity index ranged between 0.94 % and 14.63 %. The optimum moisture content ranged between 6.7 % and 27 %, while the maximum dry density ranged between 1560 kN/m3 and 2260 kN/m3. The results of regression analysis showed that the combination of liquid limit and plastic limit has a strong correlation with optimum moisture content (R2 = 0.870); while the combination (of liquid limit and plastic limit) showed a weak correlation with maximum dry density (R2 = 0.150). The study concluded that liquid limit and plastic limit could be used to estimate the optimum moisture content of the soils, by applying the developed relationship/equation.
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Kayabali, Kamil, and Osman Oguz Tufenkci. "Shear strength of remolded soils at consistency limits." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 47, no. 3 (2010): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t09-095.
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The undrained shear strength of remolded soils is of concern in certain geotechnical engineering applications. Several methods for determining this parameter exist, including the laboratory vane test. This study proposes a new method to estimate the undrained shear strength, particularly at the plastic and liquid limits. For 30 inorganic soil samples of different plasticity levels, we determined the Atterberg limits, then performed a series of reverse extrusion tests at different water contents. The plastic and liquid limits are derived from the linear relationship between the logarithm of the extrusion pressure and water content. The tests show that the average undrained shear strength determined from the extrusion pressures at the plastic limit is about 180 kPa, whereas the average undrained shear strength at the liquid limit is 2.3 kPa. We show that the undrained shear strength of remolded soils at any water content can be estimated from the Atterberg limits alone. Although the laboratory vane test provides a reasonable undrained shear strength value at the plastic limit, it overestimates the undrained shear strength at the liquid limit and thus, care must be taken when the laboratory vane test is used to determine undrained shear strengths at water contents near the liquid limit.
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O’Kelly, Brendan C. "Review of Recent Developments and Understanding of Atterberg Limits Determinations." Geotechnics 1, no. 1 (2021): 59–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics1010004.
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Among the most commonly specified tests in the geotechnical engineering industry, the liquid limit and plastic limit tests are principally used for (i) deducing useful design parameter values from existing correlations with these consistency limits and (ii) for classifying fine-grained soils, typically employing the Casagrande-style plasticity chart. This updated state-of-the-art review paper gives a comprehensive presentation of salient latest research and understanding of soil consistency limits determinations/measurement, elaborating concisely on the many standardized and proposed experimental testing approaches, their various fundamental aspects and possibly pitfalls, as well as some very recent alternative proposals for consistency limits determinations. Specific attention is given to fall cone testing methods advocated (but totally unsuitable) for plastic limit determination; that is, the water content at the plastic–brittle transition point, as defined using the hand rolling of threads method. A framework (utilizing strength-based fall cone-derived parameters) appropriate for correlating shear strength variation with water content over the conventional plastic range is presented. This paper then describes two new fine-grained soil classification system advancements (charts) that do not rely on the thread-rolling plastic limit test, known to have high operator variability, and concludes by discussing alternative and emerging proposals for consistency limits determinations and fine-grained soil classification.
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Marinkovic, Nemanja, Elefterija Zlatanovic, Nebojsa Davidovic, et al. "Comparative analysis of Atterberg’s limits of fine-grained soil determined by various methods." Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering, no. 00 (2023): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace230630035m.
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Determination of the Atterberg?s limits is necessary for the classification of fine-grained soil. That limits can be determined according to the valid standard SRPS EN ISO 17892-12. Two methods are prescribed by the standard for determining the liquid limit: the Casagrande cup and the Fall Cone test, and one method for determining the plasticity limit: the thread-rolling method. In this paper the Fall Cone method was also used as an alternative method to determine the plastic limit. Ten samples of various fine-grained materials, originating from the wider area of the city of Nis, were tested. The classification of all samples was performed based on the results obtained by the methods prescribed by the standard and alternative methods. Comparative analysis shows that the results obtained by applying standard and alternative methods are close, but also that the scattering of results obtained by the Fall Cone method is significantly less, whereas the reproducibility is higher.
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Marušić, Davor, and Vedran Jagodnik. "DETERMINATION OF THE ATTERBERG LIMITS USING A FALL CONE DEVICE ON LOW PLASTICITY SILTY SANDS." Rudarsko-geološko-naftni zbornik 38, no. 3 (2023): 133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17794/rgn.2023.3.11.
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The Fall cone liquid limit testing procedure for low plasticity soil mixtures with sand, including the sample preparation procedure and the implementation of Fall cone plastic limit determination suggestions are covered within this research. A Fall cone apparatus was used in order to determine the liquid and plastic limits of soil types, for which the Casagrande cup and thread rolling methods proved inapplicable. Several issues are addressed concerning standardized sample mixture preparation and cup filling procedures for liquid limit testing, as well as the applicability of single measurements per moisture content and the effect of curing time on data gain quality. Both liquid and plastic limit testing results show a solid and expected linear trend of high precision. Liquid limit testing results correlate well with the existing data which suggests the Fall cone method as a unique liquid limit testing method for mixtures of low plasticity clays with sand. Plastic limit determination methods results show a deviation from values obtained with the classical Casagrande’s thread rolling method which could be caused by the bias in the tested soil type or apparatus. Test results are presented numerically and graphically and discussed with a focus on the given method applicability for determining Atterberg limits of low plasticity soil mixtures with sand.
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Zhanbo, Cheng, Ni Jing, Ding Haotian, and Geng Xueyu. "Fall cone test on biopolymer-treated clay." E3S Web of Conferences 195 (2020): 03041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019503041.
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Fall cone tests were conducted to evaluate the consistency variations of clay soils treated with six types of biopolymers, e.g. carrageenan kappa gum (KG), locust bean gum (BG), xanthan gum (XG), agar gum (AG), guar gum (GG) and sodium alginate (SA) at various concentrations (e.g. between 0.1% to 5% biopolymer to soil mass ratio). The dependences of shear viscosity on water content, and undrained shear strength on water content were established. The results indicated that KG and SA increased the liquid limit (LL) of treated soils after the biopolymer content exceeded a certain limit (e.g. 0.5%), BG and GG contributed to a peak point in LL at biopolymer concentration of 1% to 2%, while XG and AG almost did not change the LL at all. The plastic limit (PL) was about 25% to 50% of the LL, leading to a trend of plasticity index (PI) similar to liquid limit. In order to further simplify the testing procedure and get the Atterberg limits for biopolymer-treated soil, one-point method was adopted.
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Nhàn, Trần Thanh. "TIME TO THE END OF PRIMARY CONSOLIDATION (EOP) OF SOFT CLAYEY SOILS: CONCERNING THE EFFECT OF ATTERBERG’S LIMIT AND CYCLIC LOADING HISTORY." Hue University Journal of Science: Techniques and Technology 128, no. 2B (2019): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.26459/hueuni-jtt.v128i2b.5424.
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In order to observe the end of primary consolidation (EOP) of cohesive soils with and without subjecting to cyclic loading, reconstituted specimens of clayey soils at various Atterberg’s limits were used for oedometer test at different loading increments and undrained cyclic shear test followed by drainage with various cyclic shear directions and a wide range of shear strain amplitudes. The pore water pressure and settlement of the soils were measured with time and the time to EOP was then determined by different methods. It is shown from observed results that the time to EOP determined by 3-t method agrees well with the time required for full dissipation of the pore water pressure and being considerably larger than those determined by Log Time method. These observations were then further evaluated in connection with effects of the Atterberg’s limit and the cyclic loading history.
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Srie Gunarti, Anita Setyowati. "ATTERBERG LIMIT PADA TANAH LEMPUNG YANG DISTABILISASI DENGAN NATRIUM KARBONAT." Bentang : Jurnal Teoritis dan Terapan Bidang Rekayasa Sipil 1, no. 2 (2013): 15–21. https://doi.org/10.33558/bentang.v1i2.400.
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Soil properties often have inadequate to sustain a construction or building, such as compressibility, permeability, and plastisitasnya. One method of stabilization of chemical soil stabilization as an effort to increase strength, reduce the reduction, and improving physical and mechanical properties of others. In this study, conducted observations of Clay Soil Plasticity Index values are mixed with Natrium Carbonate (Na2CO3) with a composition of 1 g of Na2CO3 for 1 kg of soil clays and brooded for 24 hours at the Laboratory of Soil Mechanics Unisma Bekasi. Then tested the limits of consistency (Atterberg Limits) to obtain the value of liquid limit and plastic limit so we get the soil plasticity index. The test results concluded that the original soil physical properties soil plasticity index value of 45.07%. Land included in the type CH (Inorganic clay with high plasticity), and within the category of very soft clay and somewhat sensitive. Soil mixed with Natrium Carbonate has a plasticity index value of 27.553%. Land included in the type of inorganic silt or organic clay with moderate to high plasticity. Natrium Carbonate is successful in reducing the plasticity index value of the land, so that the physical properties of soil clays for the better. Keywords: Natrium Carbonate, Soil clays, Chemical Stabilization, Plasticity Index
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Abiodun Matthew, FASHINA, TAMUNOBERETON-ARI Iyeneomei, and NGERI Paddy A. "Geotechnical Investigation of Subsurface Parameters Necessary for Construction of a Flyover in Woji, Port Harcourt, Nigeria." Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology 06, no. 02 (2022): 138–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.38177/ajast.2022.6215.
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Geotechnical properties of the soil have been carried out at the construction site of an overhead bridge in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. The project is a 230 m long overhead bridge crossing between first and second artillery in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Two tests that were carried out on the soil are the Atterberg limit test and particle size analysis test. The results reveal that the liquid limit is 36, 8, the plastic limit is 21.1 and the plasticity index is 15.7. This implies that the Atterberg limits are slightly above the recommended standard set by the Federal Ministry for Works and Housing, however, considering the swampy wet nature of the environment within the Port Harcourt Metropolis, the results obtained still fall within a range that can be worked with few modifications. The average diameter of the particles (D value) are D10=0.05, D30=0.17, D60=1.12 Cu=1.5 and Cc=0.5. The soil sample tested shows proper gradation since the coefficient of uniformity (Cu)>>4.
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Syed, Husnain Ali Shah. "Influence of Granite Cutting Waste Addition on the Geotechnical Parameters of Cohesive Soil." International Journal of Engineering Research and Advanced Technology (IJERAT) 5, no. 7 (2019): 75–84. https://doi.org/10.31695/IJERAT.2019.3459.
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<em>The current study analyzes the effect of granite cutting waste addition on the properties of cohesive soil. Representative samples of cohesive soils were collected from the Mansehra and Balakot areas of Hazara, Pakistan and their major geotechnical properties determined following the standard ASTM procedures. The determined properties include the Atterberg limits, i.e. Liquid Limit (LL), Plastic Limit (PL), Plasticity Index (PI), and Maximum dry density, Optimum moisture contents, Un-confined compressive strength, Activity and Expansion. Both the soils are classified as active soils possessing high expansion capacity and low strength due to the presence of Ca-montmorillonites. Following an increment of 5%, up to 25% streaks of cutting waste from Susalgali and Baffa granites were added to the Mansehra soil and Balakot soil respectively. A thorough analysis of the test results reveals a continuous decrease in the Atterberg limits, optimum moisture contents and expansion capacity, and increase in the maximum dry density and overall strength of both the soils with increasing amounts of the added granite cutting waste streaks. The reduction in Atterberg limits, optimum moisture contents and expansion capacity reflects the low activity and lower absorption capacity of the added granite. Besides, the concomitant increase in strength and maximum dry density of the treated soils suggests suitability of granite waste addition as a potential means for enhancing bearing capacity and reducing settlement issues in civil engineering.</em>
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Mohammed, Saqib Qadeer. "Enhancing the Engineering Properties of Alluvial Soil using Egg Shell Powder." International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Emerging Technologies 11, no. 2 (2023): 387–91. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11394769.
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Chemical admixtures like lime, cement, and bitumen for stabilization of soil is costly. As a result, therefore a cheapest alternative used to minimize the cost. This study assesses the laboratory investigation into the possibility of using ESG powder to enhance the engg. properties of alluvial soil. 3 different amounts of eggshell powder (2, 4, and 6% by wt. of dry soil) used in the examination. So, experimental tests such as Atterberg’s limit, specific gravity by density bottle, particle size distribution, standard proctor test were conducted. Results showed that increasing the ESG powder quantity improved the atterberg limits, specific gravity by density bottle, proctor test up to a point, while reducing the swelling property and plasticity of alluvial soils generously.
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Abdulmumuni, B.M, A. Adamou, and C. C. O. Awala. "GEOTECHNICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SELECTED SOILS FROM EIKA ADAGU NEW LAYOUT AREA IN OKEHI LGA, KOGI STATE, NORTHCENTRAL OF NIGERIA." Continental J. Earth Sciences 8, no. 2 (2013): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.833465.
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Geotechnical properties of soil has been considered as the first step in prevention of construction failure. The recent infrastructural failure and the influx of people in Eika Adagu area in Okehi LGA of Kogi State area are due to urbanization. In this study we take standard methods to analyze the various soils collected in different parts of Eika Adagu area in Okehi LGA in Kogi State. Representative soil samples were collected from these areas and were investigated for their Geotechnical properties with a view to classifying for their suitability or otherwise for infrastructural development. More so, this has not been done in the selected area. Three representative samples were collected from different locations of the mapped areas around and labeled as soil-A, soil-B and soil-C, all from the area. Characterization based on; moisture content test, Particle size distribution test, Atterberg limit test, Specific gravity test, Compaction test were carried out using the BS 1377, (1990) Parts 1 - 9 specification. Results showed that soil-A and B are clayey soils which are unsuitable for most infrastructural work because they have poor bearing capacities. While soil-C is clayey sand, this could be said to be good for sub-grade material for some construction.
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Firmansyah, Dimas Aldie, Andri Krisnandi Somantri, Atmy Verani Rouly Sihombing, Asep Sundara, and Lindung Zalbuin Mase. "Optimization of the Atterberg Limits on expansive soil stabilized with chitosan biopolymer." E3S Web of Conferences 479 (2024): 06002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202447906002.
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Pavement deterioration can be caused by expansive road subgrade material. Swelling properties are one of the problems on expansive soils. The swelling properties can be decreased by stabilization using additives. The potential of using chitosan biopolymer for soil improvement is attractive due to environmental friendliness and sustainability. This research was conducted to determine the effect of chitosan biopolymer from shrimp shell waste on the Atterberg Limits of expansive soil. This test can be used as an initial assessment of soil strength and stiffness parameters. The Atterberg Limits test was carried out by mixing chitosan biopolymer with a ratio of 0.05%; 0.10%; 0.15%; and 0.20% to the dry weight of the expansive soil. The study’s results showed that adding chitosan biopolymer with a ratio of 0.1% was the most effective in reducing the plasticity index by up to 67% and increase in the shrinkage limit value which is greater than 12%, making the degree of expansion non-severely. The use of chitosan biopolymer is also expected for soil pollution control and remediation.
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Joel, Manasseh, and Joseph E. Edeh. "Soil Modification and Stabilization Potential of Calcium Carbide Waste." Advanced Materials Research 824 (September 2013): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.824.29.
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Laterite was treated with calcium carbide waste and lime as the control, to ascertain its modification and stabilization potential, in incremental order of 2% up to 10 %. Atterbergs limits test, compaction test, California bearing ratio (CBR) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test was performed on laterite treated with both additives. The use of χ2test to compare results of tests, showed that there is no significant difference between the modification potential of both additive as reflected in χ2values of 1.293, 0.995 and 0.650 obtained from the comparison of liquid limit, plastic limit and plasticity index test results. However difference was observed with CBR and 7 day UCS test results as χ2values of 13.75 and 11.64 respectively were higher than the standard value of 9.49 obtained from statistical Table at 4 degree of freedom and 5 % level of significance. Based on result of tests, calcium carbide waste is recommended for use in soil modification and stabilization, as usage will provide an effective way of disposing calcium carbide waste.
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Al-Mohammedi, Amenah Adnan Shakir. "Evaluation of Glass Powder's Impact on the Atterberg Limits of Anbar Soil." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 14, no. 5 (2024): 17276–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.8351.
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Soil stabilization is crucial for the construction industry in regions with clayey expanding soil. Adding certain materials can enhance the geotechnical properties of the soil. Ground glass powder is studied herein as an additive to clay soil, by applying the Atterberg Limit Test (ALT). The use of ALT can give a basic assessment of the suitability of the soil, which also determines the optimal ratio of the glass material that must be added to the mixture. Laboratory experiments were conducted utilizing the Casagrande apparatus by adding 4%, 5%, and 6% of ground glass to clay soil, and the impact of these percentages on soil characteristics was evaluated. The results exhibited a noticeable change in the mixture limits and plasticity. Increasing the percentage of added glass leads to a decrease in all three Atterberg limits improving soil stability and reducing soil plasticity.
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Zhuo, Jinpeng, Huie Chen, and Fuang Li. "Study on the Effect of Steel Slag in Improving Saline Soil." World Journal of Innovation and Modern Technology 8, no. 2 (2025): 17–22. https://doi.org/10.53469/wjimt.2025.08(02).04.
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Saline soil is a special type of soil characterized by a high content of soluble salts and poor engineering properties. This study proposes the use of steel slag to improve saline soil and investigates the effects of different steel slag contents and curing ages on the mechanical properties of saline soil through unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests, direct shear tests, and Atterberg limits tests. The results indicate that steel slag powder significantly enhances the mechanical properties of saline soil. UCS, stiffness, and cohesion increase with curing age, while they exhibit an initial increase followed by a decrease as the steel slag content rises. The optimal improvement effect is achieved at a steel slag content of 2.5% and a curing age of 28 days, with respective increases of 103.9%, 303.2%, and 162.4%. Additionally, the internal friction angle increases with steel slag content, with a maximum increment of 7.81°. The Atterberg limits test results show that steel slag powder increases the plastic limit of saline soil, whereas the liquid limit and plasticity index decrease with increasing steel slag content. In summary, steel slag exhibits excellent potential for improving the properties of saline soil.
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Sridharan, A., and H. B. Nagaraj. "Compressibility behaviour of remoulded, fine-grained soils and correlation with index properties." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 37, no. 3 (2000): 712–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t99-128.
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Correlating engineering properties with index properties has assumed greater significance in the recent past in the field of geotechnical engineering. Although attempts have been made in the past to correlate compressibility with various index properties individually, all the properties affecting compressibility behaviour have not been considered together in any single study to examine which index property of the soil correlates best with compressibility behaviour, especially within a set of test results. In the present study, 10 soils covering a sufficiently wide range of liquid limit, plastic limit, and shrinkage limit were selected and conventional consolidation tests were carried out starting with their initial water contents almost equal to their respective liquid limits. The compressibility behaviour is vastly different for pairs of soils having nearly the same liquid limit, but different plasticity characteristics. The relationship between void ratio and consolidation pressure is more closely related to the shrinkage index (shrinkage index = liquid limit - shrinkage limit) than to the plasticity index. Wide variations are seen with the liquid limit. For the soils investigated, the compression index relates better with the shrinkage index than with the plasticity index or liquid limit.Key words: Atterberg limits, classification, clays, compressibility, laboratory tests.
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Budihardjo, M. A., M. Hadiwidodo, I. W. Wardhana, et al. "The effect of demolition waste composition on the landfill liner physical characteristic." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 896, no. 1 (2021): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/896/1/012002.
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Abstract This study analyses the physical characteristics of demolition waste on the composite landfill liner. In this study, three characteristic composite landfill liner tests consist of swelling/specific gravity, OMC standard proctor determination, and atterberg limit test. Composite landfill liner consists of demolition material, bentonite, and lime with eight variable samples. Based on this research, specific gravity ranges from 1.8-2.1 g/cm3, OMC’s highest is V7, and MDD’s lowest is 1.81 g/cm3. Demolition waste content is below 80% can be carried out atterberg limit test. It is related to the particle size distribution test, which states that the size of demolition waste is a type of sand.
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Alabi, Aderemi A., Ridoh Lawal, Kafayat Hamzat, A. M. Olaoye, A. S. Ogungbe, and Joseph O. Coker. "Geophysical and Geotechnical Investigations of the Subsurface for Construction Purposes at Federal College of Education Osiele, Abeokuta, Southwestern Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Theoretical and Environmental Physics 1, no. 1 (2024): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.62292/njtep.v1i1.2023.12.
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Knowledge of the surface and subsurface structures are vital for construction procedures. Integrated geophysical and geotechnical methods were applied to image the subsurface for evaluation of the stratigraphy and the competency of each geoelectric layer for construction purposes at the Federal College of Education Osiele, Abeokuta South-western Nigeria. Nine Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) using Schlumberger electrode configurations were conducted over a current electrode spacing of 200 m. Multi-channel Analysis Surface Wave (MASW) was the seismic technique used for the geotechnical analysis of the study area and laboratory analysis was performed to investigate, Atterberg limit, particle size distribution, compaction test, specific gravity, and California bearing ratio. Results from the geophysical investigation revealed four to five geoelectric layers: topsoil, clayey sand, sandy clay, laterite, and fresh basement. The MASW results have s-wave velocities range of 40–500 m/s and analysis showed four layers. The laboratory analysis revealed that all the ten traverses have specific gravity, which is out of limit except sample 8 which is 2.80, plastic index and Atterberg limits of liquid were within permissible values of 12% and 35% respectively except samples 9 and 10, and California Bearing Ratio within specified limits. Geophysical and geotechnical investigation of the subsurface carried out in the study area for construction purposes revealed that the foundation of a heavy structure should be targeted at around 20 m into the subsurface.
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I.T., Peni, and Mustapha A.M. "Characterization and Classification of Geotechnical Index Properties of Shallow Soil Deposits at Oworoshoki Area, Kosofe Local Government, Lagos, Nigeria." International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis 04, no. 01 (2021): 28–37. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v4-i1-05.
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The study of geotechnical index properties of soils in Oworoshoki, Kosofe, Lagos State was conducted to characterize and classify the index properties of soil samples. Disturbed and undisturbed soils were collected at different shallow depths (1m, 2m and 3m) from the study area and laboratory test was conducted. The laboratory test conducted includes natural moisture content, atterberg limits (liquid limit and plastic limit), particle size distribution, specific gravity, unit weight and hydrometer. The results of the test were gotten: natural moisture content as 23.5%, 24.5% and 25.3% , liquid limits (LL) 28.68%, 26.64% and 29.10%, Oworoshoki is non-plastic for the three depths i.e. plastic limit (PL) is 0, particle size distribution percentage passing through BS #200 (0.075mm) are 95.97 %, 97.97%, 98.10% and this shows that the soil sample contain much silt, the samples are non-plastic for all depths (1m, 2m and 3m), specific gravity as 2.61, 2.55 and 2.60, unit weight as 17.5 KN/m3, 18.1kn/m3 and 18.9KN/m3 and hydrometer percentage passing through BS #200 (0.075mm) as 95.97% at 1.0m depth, 97.97% at 2.0m depth and 98.10% at 3.0m depth. Hydrometer test was conducted because 95.97% passes sieve 0.075mm.This shows that the soil contain high amount of silt. Soils from depth 1.0m, 2.0m and 3.0m are non-plastic (NP) because the Plastic Index (PI=0) and the soil samples are classified as A – 3 according to American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) System.
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Mearek, Saleem Mahmood, Alaa Kharbat Shadhar, and Haqqi Hadi Abbood. "Relation Between Swelling Pressure and Potential Expansion Soil with Atterberg Limits." Wasit Journal of Engineering Sciences 10, no. 2 (2022): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/ejuow.vol10.iss2.333.
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The expansive soils can be founded in various regions and extent areas in the south, middle and north of Iraq. Damage to these soils may appear immediately after construction within five years, or it may take several years until something happen to disturb to moisture structure of the soil. This work aims to find the relation between Atterberg limits, swelling potential, and swelling pressure for five samples. This work is projected to forecast the volume changes in site soil associated with the changes in soil plasticity. The behavior of an expansive soil (bentonite sand mixture) (B-S) subjected to the Atterberg limits test and swelling test were studied. Also, it was found that simple classification tests can provide reasonable estimates of field edges. The potential probability forecasts using the consolidation standard were sometimes low, often as little as possible compared to field observations. Predictions based on the soil suction method provided reasonable higher limits for all test sites.
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Goławska, Katarzyna, Zbigniew Lechowicz, Władysław Matusiewicz, and Maria Jolanta Sulewska. "Determination of the Atterberg Limits of Eemian Gyttja on Samples with Different Composition." Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica 42, no. 2 (2020): 168–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sgem-2019-0041.
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AbstractThe paper presents the results of laboratory tests of plastic limit wP and liquid limit wL of Eemian gyttja characterized by different organic matter content Iom and calcium carbonate content CaCO3. Comparison of the liquid limit wL determined with the use of the Casagrande apparatus wLC and a cone penetrometer with cones having apex angles of 60° wL60 and 30° wL30 is shown. Based on statistical analysis of the test results, single- and two-factor empirical relationships for evaluating the plastic limit wP and liquid limit wL of Eemian gyttja depending on the organic matter content Iom and/or calcium carbonate content CaCO3 are presented in this study.
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Yu, Chuang, Raoping Liao, Chaopeng Zhu, Xiaoqing Cai, and Jianjun Ma. "Test on the Stabilization of Oil-Contaminated Wenzhou Clay by Cement." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (July 12, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9675479.
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Oil-contaminated soils have been paid much attention due to the reclamation of industrial lands in coastal cities of China. As known, oil-contaminated soils are inapplicable for construction due to their weak engineering properties, thus leading to the requirement of remediation and reclamation for oil-contaminated sites. This study presents an experimental investigation on the stabilization of contaminated soils with Portland cement. Investigations including the Atterberg limits, unconfined compressive strength, direct shear strength, and microstructure of cement-stabilized soils have been carried out, verifying the suitability of applying cement to improve engineering properties. Experimental results show that the geotechnical properties of contaminated soil are very poor. With the application of cement, the liquid limit and plasticity index of contaminated soil samples decrease dramatically, and the strength of treated soils has been improved. Experimental results from scanning electron microscope (SEM) indicate that cement-stabilized oil-contaminated soil is featured with a stable supporting microstructure, owing to the cementation between soil particles. This also confirms the applicability of cement to be served as an additive to treat oil-contaminated soils.
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Anggraini, Vivi, Iskandar Isdaryanto, Muhammad Imran Mohamad Illiayas, and Emmanuella Stephanie. "Short-Time Effects on Compressive Strength of Residual Soils Due to Rainwater." Journal of Material Science and Technology Research 9, no. 1 (2022): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31875/2410-4701.2022.09.09.
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Abstract: The short-term effects of acid rain on the geotechnical properties of residual soil were investigated. Artificial acid rain (AAR) of pH values 2, 4 and 6 was created with an infiltration setup to replicate the interaction between acid rain and soil. The soil specimens were infiltrated with AAR for durations of 30mins and 60mins for each pH level of 2, 4 and 6 and a control sample using deionised water of pH 7.5. Unconfined compression test (UCS) and Atterberg limits test were performed on the treated samples to study the mechanical behaviour and the characteristics of the soil once contaminated with AAR. The results revealed that reducing the pH value of AAR led to a reduction in compressive strength and Young’s modulus and an increment in liquid limit while the plastic limit remained unchanged. The reduction in compressive strength due to acid rain was observed to be almost halved when the bulk unit weight of the soil was increased for the same infiltration period.
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Oluyinka, Layade Gideon, and Ogunkoya Charles Olubunmi. "Geotechnical properties of lateritic soil as subgrade and base material for road construction in Abeokuta, Southwest Nigeria." International Journal of Advanced Geosciences 6, no. 1 (2018): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijag.v6i1.8952.
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Lateritic soils that overburden Mohammad Buhari Estate in Abeokuta area of Ogun State, Nigeria is in great use for road construction. However, little is known of their geotechnical properties and suitability as base, sub-based and sub-grade materials for road construction. This study is aimed at utilizing in accordance with regulatory standards of Nigeria, the geotechnical techniques to investigate the properties of this lateritic soil. The samples were collected at 0. 25m deep at different locations and were subjected to the following laboratory test; Particle size analysis, Atterberg limits test, Compaction test, Californian Bearing Ratio test, Moisture content and Specific gravity test. The result shows un-soaked CBR test from 12.52-55.84 %. The specific gravity results range from 2.57-2.89 while the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density range from 18.20-28.30% and 1.48-1.81mg/m3 respectively. The liquid limit, plastic limit and plastic index ranges from 12.0 to 40.1%, 10.0 to 22.0% and 2.8 to 20.4% respectively. This implies that lateritic soil present throughout the study area is suitable for use as sub-base and base materials since the geotechnical properties are fairly within the regulatory standards of Nigeria.
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Soewignjo Agus Nugroho and Syawal Satibi. "Perubahan Plastisitas dan Permaebilitas Tanah Lempung (CH) terhadap Penambahan Semen dan Limbah BAFA." Jurnal Teknologi dan Rekayasa Sipil 1, no. 1 (2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.56208/jtrs.v1.i1-hal1-9.
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High Plasticity Clay (CH) soils have poor material characteristics, such as large shrinkage which results in high plasticity so that soil improvement is required using cement and coal waste is added (bottom ash and fly ash). The purpose of adding the mixture is to see its effect on changes in the properties of soil plasticity and permeability. BAFA variation is 4%, 8%, 12% and 16%, cement variation is 3% and 5%. Atterberg limit and soil permeability testing is carried out on ripening day 0.7 and 28 days. The test results show changes in the value of Plasticity Index (Plasticity Index) or the value of PI and the value of k (constant) in the soil permeability test that has been added to the mixed material. Based on the results of the atterberg limit test, there was a decrease in the value of the soil plasticity index (PI) and the liquid limit value (LL) while the plastic limit (PL) experienced an increase in value along with the increase in cement content and BAFA waste, while in the soil permeability test it was known that the original soil sample was more difficult to penetrate water compared to soil samples that have been mixed with cement and BAFA waste.
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Ajam, Mohammad, Mohammad Reza Sabour, and Gorban Ali Dezvareh. "Study of water salinity effect on geotechnical behavior of soil structure using response surface method (RSM), (Case study: Gotvand Dam)." Ciência e Natura 37 (December 21, 2015): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x20865.
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Specifying the mechanical characteristics of soil is as one of the major steps in designing the foundation for civil projects, particularly hydraulic structures. This study examines the water salinity effect on engineering characteristics of fine-grained soil in clayey core of Gotvand dam which it is located on the Karun River in Khuzestan province, Iran. For this purpose, three types of salt; sodium chloride, magnesium chloride and calcium sulfate is considered that the last one has the highest concentration in the water of reservoir behind the dam, and then their effect on the mechanical characteristics of clay including density, Atterberg limits, angel of internal friction, adhesion and open inflation have examined. Therefore, treatments required for testing were provided by combining the mentioned salts considering the weight percentage of salt in the water behind the dam and designing a test using response surface methodology (RSM). The results were statistically analyzed by RSM. Results showed that type and amount of soil salinity has no significant impact on the compaction characteristics of soil namely optimum moisture content and the maximum dry density. Results of changes in Atterberg limits showed that presence of salt ions reduces the plasticity of the soil and it was seen a certain decrease in the liquid limit and subsequently a dramatic drop in soil plasticity by increasing the percentage of soil; while the plastic limit remained almost unchanged. Eventually, results of open inflation showed that whatever the salt concentration be higher, the rate of sample's open inflation will be lower.
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Ajam, Mohammad, Mohammad Reza Sabour, and Gorban Ali Dezvareh. "Study of water salinity effect on geotechnical behavior of soil structure using response surface method (RSM), (Case study: Gotvand Dam)." Ciência e Natura 37 (December 21, 2015): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x20866.
Full textAbstract:
Specifying the mechanical characteristics of soil is as one of the major steps in designing the foundation for civil projects, particularly hydraulic structures. This study examines the water salinity effect on engineering characteristics of fine-grained soil in clayey core of Gotvand dam which it is located on the Karun River in Khuzestan province, Iran. For this purpose, three types of salt; sodium chloride, magnesium chloride and calcium sulfate is considered that the last one has the highest concentration in the water of reservoir behind the dam, and then their effect on the mechanical characteristics of clay including density, Atterberg limits, angel of internal friction, adhesion and open inflation have examined. Therefore, treatments required for testing were provided by combining the mentioned salts considering the weight percentage of salt in the water behind the dam and designing a test using response surface methodology (RSM). The results were statistically analyzed by RSM. Results showed that type and amount of soil salinity has no significant impact on the compaction characteristics of soil namely optimum moisture content and the maximum dry density. Results of changes in Atterberg limits showed that presence of salt ions reduces the plasticity of the soil and it was seen a certain decrease in the liquid limit and subsequently a dramatic drop in soil plasticity by increasing the percentage of soil; while the plastic limit remained almost unchanged. Eventually, results of open inflation showed that whatever the salt concentration be higher, the rate of sample's open inflation will be lower.
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Verona Soares, Pedro Adelio, and Sapto Budy Wasono. "SOIL STABILIZATION (SUBGRADE) FOR AINARO LOT 2 ROAD PAPER, TIMOR – LESTE." Neutron 22, no. 2 (2023): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.29138/neutron.v22i2.185.
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Soil conditions in Timor Leste vary greatly in terms of grain and bearing capacity. The soil found at the laulara solerema location is clay because it can be seen from various types of samples and the results of analysis in the laboratory can determine the quality of the soil and the type of soil. This study aims to determine the characteristics of clay soil in Laura – Solerema as a road pavement material, especially the soil foundation The method used in determining the mixture through several tests, among others, sieve analysis test, compaction test (standard proctor) CBR (California Bearing Ratio) test, Swelling, Atterberg limit test and compaction test. The results of testing the clay soil in Laura – Solerema partially have values that do not meet the requirements as road pavement materials, especially subgrade layers. The stabilization study aims to study and determine the results of soil test data, to be able to determine the optimum moisture content (OMC) and dry volume (MDD), and the Atterberg limit with CBR values of 95% and 100%.
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M., Anvesh Kumar, and Swathi U. "Utilization of Bamboo Fibers for Modification of Black Cotton Soil Properties." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 3, no. 5 (2019): 2144–50. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3591154.
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Soil stabilization is the process which involves enhancing the physical properties of the soil in order to improve its strength, durability etc. by blending or mixing with additives. The different types of method used for soil stabilization are Soil stabilization with cement, Soil stabilization with lime, Soil stabilization using bitumen, Chemical stabilization and a new emerging technology of stabilization by Geo textiles and Geo synthetic fibers. In this study, we are making use of bamboo fibers as geo synthetic material for stabilization of soil. With the introduction of bamboo fibers to the soil the CBR values will improve and thickness of pavement layer also gets reduced. It also reduces the intensity of stress on subgrade. Bamboo fibers is such a geosynthetic material which is easily available, ecofriendly and also cost effective. With the application of soil stabilization method in construction the overall cost gets reduced when compared to the ordinary method of construction. The Highway Research Board HRB classification of the soil strata like black cotton soil and sedu soil is done using suitable sampling technique such as Core Cutter Method. To determine the characteristics like Grading by Sieve Analysis, Atterbergs Limits i.e Liquid limit using Cone Penetration Method and Casagrande Method, Plastic limit by rolling the sample to 3mm diameter thread, Shrinkage limit using Shrinkage apparatus, Optimum Moisture Content and Maximum Dry Density using Standard Proctor Test and also California Bearing Ratio by conducting CBR test. The pavement thickness was designed using pavement design catalogues published by IRC SP 20 2002. The estimation for the street is finished by considering the thing, for example, Earthwork Excavation for Roadway and Drains, Jungle Cutting, compacting and reviewing and so forth., according to SR 2016 17, PW, P and IWT circle Andhra Pradesh and proposing of particulars for the blend of Bamboo strands as Geo Synthetic material for adjustment. M. Anvesh Kumar | U. Swathi "Utilization of Bamboo Fibers for Modification of Black Cotton Soil Properties" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27831.pdf
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Mohammed, Yimam, A. Paulmakesh, Bereket Admasu, and Saliha Shukri. "Relationship between California Bearing Ratio and Other Geotechnical Properties of Sub grade Soils." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2040, no. 1 (2021): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2040/1/012029.
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Abstract The California bearing ratio (CBR) is a very commonly used laboratory test for predicting the strength of subgrade layer. The aim of this study is predicting the strength of the subgrade soil from fine grained soils. The findings obtained from test results are Atterberg limit, grain size, compaction, and free swell tests. The California bearing ratios were conducted to find out the strength parameters, and correlated with liquid limit, plastic limit, plastic index, maximum dry density and optimum moisture content. The CBR values were determined in the laboratory are compared with the predicted values.
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Wasti, Y., and M. H. Bezirci. "Determination of the consistency limits of soils by the fall cone test." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 23, no. 2 (1986): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t86-033.
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The liquid and plastic limits for a variety of natural and artificial soils covering a wide range of plasticity, as determined by the Casagrande method and the fall cone test and based on a strength criterion, were compared. To check the validity of the strength criterion, the undrained shear strength of these soils has been determined with a laboratory vane over the water content range between these limits. A limited comparison of the undrained strength values obtained from the vane test and fall cone test is also given. Key words: Atterberg limits, consistency, fall cone, laboratory vane, shear strength.
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Zahermand, Samad, Mahmod Vafaeian, and Mohammad Hosein Bazyar. "Analysis of the physical and chemical properties of soil contaminated with oily (petroleum) hydrocarbons." Earth Sciences Research Journal 24, no. 2 (2020): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v24n2.76217.
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This paper is focused on analyzing the engineering properties and geotechnical changes of the soil contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons, compared to non-contaminated soil. Also, identifying the physical and chemical behaviors and the interaction mechanisms between soil and contaminants at the time of contamination is far-reaching. This study aims to investigate the effects of petroleum contaminants on Atterberg limits, cation-exchange capacity, electrical conductivity and acidity, maximum dry density, and optimum moisture content of clay soil compared to non-contaminated samples with similar geological conditions in Gachsaran petroleum refinery region. The significant effects of contaminants on clay soil include an increase in cation-exchange capacity and electrical conductivity, but a decrease in acidity compared to non-contaminated samples. The results of the Atterberg limit as a physical index of the soil showed an increase in the petroleum hydrocarbon concentration, which enhanced the plastic and liquid limits, but decreased the plasticity index. The results of compaction tests using water and oil fluids indicated that the concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons in sandy soil increased maximum dry density and decreased optimum moisture content. Moreover, in a soil sample with stable pollution levels, maximum dry density and optimum moisture content were higher and lower in the compaction test using water fluid compared to those in compaction tests using oil fluid, respectively. Finally, increasing the soil pollution level reduced the difference between maximum dry density and the optimum moisture content in the compaction test using water fluid compared to the same test using oil fluid.
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Mohammed, Athraa Hashim, Asmaa Younus Yahya, and Balqees Abdulwahid Ahmed. "Database for Baghdad Soil Using GIS Techniques." Journal of Engineering 18, no. 12 (2012): 1307–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2012.12.02.
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teen sites Baghdad are made. The sites are divided into two groups, one in Karkh and the other in Rusafa. Assessing the underground conditions can be occurred by drilling vertical holes called exploratory boring into the ground, obtaining soil (disturbed and undisturbed) samples, and testing these samples in a laboratory (civil engineering laboratory /University of Baghdad). From disturbed, the tests involved the grain size analysis and then classified the soil, Atterberg limit, chemical test (organic content, sulphate content, gypsum content and chloride content). From undisturbed samples, the test involved the consolidation test (from this test, the following parameters can be obtained: initial void ratio eo, compression index cc, swelling index cs , coefficient of consolidation cv , coefficient of volume change mv, maximum preconsolidation stress Pc , Effective overburden pressure Po )and shear test (the following parameters can be obtained: undrained cohesion cu, angle of friction φ. In-situ testing was carried out by the standard penetration test in order to obtain the penetration resistance of the soil strata in a bore hole. Database for Baghdad soils is made using different GIS techniques connecting the spatial locations of those soils with their properties (ِAtterberg Limits, Specific Gravity, Grain size Analysis, Shear Strength parameters, Consolidation parameters), Borehole log, Site profile using the attribute tables, hyperlinks, metadata and SQL (System Query Language), so GIS techniques give the facilities for adding, editing and analyzing the existingdata as well as the any future data of Baghdad soils.
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Prashant, Kumar* Prof. M.C.Paliwal Prof. A.K.Jain. "STABILIZATION OF SUB GRADE SOIL BY USING FOUNDRY SAND WASTE." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY 5, no. 9 (2016): 300–308. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.154193.
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Due to various construction development projects undertaken all over the world there is a substantial increase in the production of waste materials like concrete, fly ash, plastic, rice husk, foundry sand etc. which create disposal problems. Foundry waste sand is produced in large quantity in foundry industries and is disposed in open land. Therefore use of foundry waste sand in foundation of buildings and in road constructions to improve bearing capacity of soil and to reduce the area of open land needed for its disposal and to preserve environment through resource conservation.Soil is a base of a structure which supports the structure from beneath and distributes the load effectively. The present study deals with stabilization of soil by using foundry waste sand in different proportion in original soil. In this study laboratory tests such as Atterberg’s Limit Test, Direct Shear Test and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test were carried out for both modified and unmodified soil. The results show that Maximum Dry Density and CBR values were improved after addition of foundry waste sand to the soil
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Yusuf, Roy Pramana, Muhammad Jafri, and Yohanes Martono Hadi. "Korelasi Nilai CBR Lapangan Dan CBR Laboratorium Untuk Lapisan Subgrade Pada Jalan Padang Tambak Liwa – Batas Kota Liwa." Jurnal Rekayasa Sipil dan Desain 6, no. 4 (2018): 377–84. https://doi.org/10.23960/jrsdd.v6i4.953.
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Land is the basis of a pavement structure. Best part of the land to construct a road construction is land that has a high density value. To determine the density of a soil, CBR testing is needed. CBR testing itself is divided into 2, namely field CBR and laboratory CBR. Location taken was between Padang Tambak Liwa - Liwa City Limits. This research will be conducted to find out how much influence the correlation of Field CBR values and Laboratory CBR on the road. In this study researchers will conduct Water Content Test, Filter Analysis, Atterberg Limits, Plastic Limit Test, Specific Gravity, Standard Soil Compaction, laboratory CBR Test, which uses disturbed subgrade from Padang Tambak Liwa - Liwa City Limits and then obtained a graph of the CBR laboratory test data results then compared with the existing field CBR graph. In the correlation of the value of the CBR field test and the laboratory CBR test there are samples that have an average deviation value below 5%. As for STA 227 + 500, STA 230 + 500, STA 233 + 000 there were different results of deviations from 26 samples, there were 3 samples that were above 5% deviation. This can be caused by uneven soil conditions, differences in precision of laboratory equipment with the tools used in the field, different forms of penetration characters in CBR testing.
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Ike, E. "Effect of ionic concentrations and ph on the Atterberg limit of cohesive soil." Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 26, no. 1 (2020): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjpas.v26i1.9.
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The addition of salt to pore water can affect the behaviour of the soil by influencing the electrochemical forces exist between the solid, liquid and dissolved phases. Changes in geotechnical behaviour of fine grained soils under the influence of ionic concentrations and pH depends on the chemistry of the soil constituents and the pore fluid chemistry. The geotechnical modifications of soil behaviour largely depend on the clay particles and the diversities in the nature of the clay types is due to their specific surface and the net electrical charge on them. Generally, clay particles surface are negatively charged while its edges are positively charged. To preserve electrical neutrality the negative charge of the clay particle is balanced by the attraction of cations which are held between the layers, and on the surface of the particles. The charged clay surface together with the counter–ions in the pore water at the diffuse double layer. The present study focuses on the effect of the ionic concentrations of potassium chloride (KCl) and pH on the liquid limit of fine grained soil. Fall cone test was conducted to measure the liquid limit in different concentrations of the pore fluid, with each of the ionic concentrations prepared in four different pH values (3.5, 5.5, 7.5 and 9.5). From the test results, it was observed that the pH values generally has no significant effect on the liquid limit of the samples; while the liquid limit lightly undulated at lower pH values at ionic concentrations of 0.00001 M, 0.0004 M and 0.003 M, the pH values had least influence at higher ionic concentrations (0.1 M and 1.8 M) of KCL. This behaviour is attributed to the buffering effects of the relatively high solute content at 0.1 M and 1.8 M. On the other hand, the liquid limit decreased with increasing ionic concentrations of KCL. Increasing the ionic concentration reduces the thickness of the diffuse double layer thereby depleting the repulsive forces and hence increases the effective stress leading to flocculation of clay particles that gave rise to the reduction in the liquid limit of the clayey sample
 Keywords: Liquid Limit, potassium chloride, pore fluid, ionic concentrations, pH
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C. ONYELOWE, Kennedy, Michael E. ONYIA, Eze R. ONUKWUGHA, et al. "Atterberg Limits of Modified Compacted Clayey Soil for Sustainable Green Subgrade Structure." Jurnal Kejuruteraan 33, no. 3 (2021): 651–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2021-33(3)-23.
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Atterberg limits are one of the fundamental geotechnical parameters used to assess the settlement and other volume change parameters of engineering soils containing clays. This paper describes index test results on expansive soil treated with rice husk ash (RHA) and 5%, 10%, and 15% quicklime activated rice husk ash (QARHA) obtained using laboratory testing procedure. The cost of conventional binders used in earthwork has necessitated the need to look for cheaper materials that serve the same purpose. Also, the extent of environmental poisoning due to the use of cement is worrisome and has motivated the use of alternative and green supplementary cements in soils stabilization. However, previous research works have dwelt on the use of ash derived from the combustion of solid waste materials like rice husk ash. But the present work has gone a step further to activate the properties of rice husk ash with three proportions of quicklime and this novel procedure has not been reported by any work in recent times. After preliminary tests, the test soil was classified as highly plastic soil. The soil was further subjected to treatment exercise at the rate of 0% (control), 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% addition of RHA, 5%-QARHA, 10%-QARHA, and 15%-QARHA by weight of test soil. The RHA addition improved the index properties; liquid and plastic limits and plasticity index at varying rates. The rates of improvement show that the higher the rate of activation of rice husk ash with quicklime, the higher the pozzolanic performance, which tends to cement the soil particles together and improve the consistency through flocculation. Finally, rice husk ash and its composites achieved by quicklime activation process have shown to be alternative cementing construction materials for use as binders in the modification of expansive soils utilized as subgrade materials.