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Nairne, Dorothy E. "Attitudes of Tanzanian women towards marriage rituals." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1992. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/3741.
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The purpose of this study is to investigate the attitudes of Tanzanian women towards marriage rituals. Data utilized came from three sources: personal interactive observations, the responses from focus discussion sessions and conversations conducted while the researcher was in Tanzania. Findings show that wedding rituals in contemporary, urban settings are a unique combination of traditional Tanzanian culture and aspects borrowed from outside influences. The study also looks at the impact of education, urbanization, occupation, ethnic group and religion on the attitudes of women living in a changing society.
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Al-Malki, Moza. "Attitudes of Qatari citizens towards marriage and family counselling." Thesis, Abertay University, 2002. https://rke.abertay.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/b78e144e-457f-4324-9383-686278b8b9e8.
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The global expansion of counselling into a wide range of social and cultural groups has raised questions about the acceptability of counselling for people living in societies who do not share Western traditions of psychological therapy. The present study is contextualised within reviews of models of marriage and family counselling, and an analysis of recent social changes in Qatari society. Attitudes to family and marriage counselling were investigated in a sample of 247 adult citizens of Qatar, a Gulf State in which counselling services have become established in recent years. A questionnaire measure of attitudes to marriage and family counselling was constructed, and validated for the purposes of the study. Results showed a generally positive attitude toward counselling, with attitude differences associated with age, educational level and place of domicile. Few gender differences were found. These results are discussed in the light of previous research into public attitudes to psychology and counselling, and their implications for practice and further research are reviewed.
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曾福怡 and Fook-yee Connie Tsang. "Attitudes of elderly people towards second marriage in old age." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31977492.
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Tsang, Fook-yee Connie. "Attitudes of elderly people towards second marriage in old age." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13745104.
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Chan, Chuk-yue Gloria, and 陳燭餘. "A study on high school students' attitude towards marriage." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1989. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31248354.
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葉嚴仁敏 and Yim Yan-mun Bonny Ip. "Contemporary youth attitude towards marriage in urban Guangzhou: an exploratory study." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1988. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31975665.
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Stover, Cassidy Leigh Smith Thomas A. (Thomas Alton). "Adolescents' attitudes towards counseling by demographic group before and after a youth relationship education curriculum /." Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1477.
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Obolenskaya, Polina. "Attitudes towards family and marriage in time and context : using two British birth cohorts for comparison." Thesis, City University London, 2012. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/2252/.
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With dramatic changes in family-related behaviours in the past 50 years, there has been an increasing awareness and acceptance of different family arrangements. Subsequently, measuring and studying people’s attitudes towards issues such as commitment to marriage, acceptance of alternative family forms, parental separation and gender roles has gained a lot of attention among those working in the fields of sociology, social psychology and demography. The majority of studies examining the relationship between family-related attitudes and behaviour have focused on either the selection or adaptation effects of attitudes, with fewer (particularly of those using British data) specifically addressing the possibility of both processes taking place. This study’s main goal is to address the latter using the data of two British cohorts born 12 years apart: the 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS) and the 1958 National Child Development Study (NCDS). The cohort’s attitudes are measured by a scale consisting of three items which relate to: marriage being a lifelong commitment, a divorce being easily obtainable these days and the acceptability of parental separation. This work adopts the perspective of value orientation and life course position which implies a recursive nature of attitudes and behaviour whereby behaviour is influenced by people’s values (the selection effect of attitudes) and these values, in turn, adjust following changes in people’s circumstances (the adaptation effect of attitudes). The availability of attitude statements at two time points for each cohort (at age 26 and 30 for BCS; at age 33 and 42 for NCDS) and rich partnership history data allows for such analyses to be carried out as the order of events can be established. Firstly, this research utilises bivariate and multivariate techniques to investigate the determinants of attitudes. Further, it implements regression analyses to explore the relationships between attitude scores and: a) transition to first marriage for non-cohabiting cohort members (BCS and NCDS); b) transition to first marriage of cohabiting cohort members (BCS) and c) dissolution of first marriage (NCDS). The main findings show some evidence of both the selection and adaptation effects of attitudes in relation to marital transitions for both cohorts, indicating the importance of attitudes in shaping people’s behaviour and at the same time showing the tendency of attitudes to change in line with an individual’s personal circumstances.
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McDermid, Jane Hedger. "The evolution of Soviet attitudes towards women and the family." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1988. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6335/.
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Johnson, Colleen Rebecca. "Desire and Opportunity to Marry Among Black South African Women." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3800.
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This study examines how demographic and attitudinal variables are associated with Black South African women's desire to marry. Data from the South African Social Attitudes Survey are used to measure the impact of age, education, living standard, religiosity, urbanicity, cohabitation, and attitudes towards woman's careers, the acceptability of cohabitation, gender roles, unwed childbearing, and the financial and emotional security marriage provides on the desire to marry. Analyses indicate the following are associated with the desire to marry among Black South African women: age, cohabitation, attitudes towards cohabitation, and attitudes towards the financial and emotional security marriage provides. Secondly, data from in-depth interviews with 13 young, college-attending, Black South African women are used to give further insight into the impact of these variables on the desire to marry. Analyses of the interview data suggest that young Black South African women desire to marry but feel constrained in choice of eligible partners by the prevalence of infidelity, AIDS, domestic violence, and economic uncertainty. Additionally, educated, young, Black South African women feel less pressure to marry than older generations due to their emerging economic power and society's increasing acceptance of cohabitation, unwed childbirth, and postponement of marriage.
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du, Toit Nola Cora. "Fertility Intentions and Attitudes Towards Children Among Unmarried Men and Women: Do Sexual Orientation and Union Status Matter?" Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1385119567.
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Jackman, Mahalia. "Living in Sodom's shadow : essays on attitudes towards gay men and lesbians in the Commonwealth Caribbean." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/living-in-sodoms-shadow-essays-on-attitudes-towards-gay-men-and-lesbians-in-the-commonwealth-caribbean(a608cdf2-04e3-4e2a-9a78-506c49c71625).html.
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Over the last few decades, there has been a significant increase in the political and public acceptance of gay men and lesbians. However, this trend of acceptance is not a global phenomenon. Currently over 70 countries still criminalise private consensual same-sex intimacy, among which are 11 of the 12 independent Commonwealth Caribbean states. It should be noted that the anti-gay laws of the Caribbean are rarely used to police consensual private sexual activities. Thus, if private same-sex conduct is rarely penalised, why keep the laws in place, especially in the age where such bans are considered a violation of basic human rights? Many policy makers in the region have cited public opinions about homosexuality as a significant barrier to law reform. However, while a common view is that these laws are anchored by public support, very few studies have emerged to test whether the attitudes and behaviours of the general population are in line with this view. Against this backdrop, this thesis analyses attitudes towards lesbians and gay men and their legal rights in the Commonwealth Caribbean. The thesis begins with an analysis of support for the anti-gay laws in Barbados, Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago. The analysis revealed that a majority of the sample supported the maintenance and enforcement of the laws, but did not want same-sex couples to be penalised for having sex in private. This suggests that attitudes may not be as stark as policy makers suggest. The descriptive statistics also show that a significant share of individuals think that the laws (1) reflect moral standards; (2) stop the spread of homosexuality; (3) are important from a public health perspective, and (4) protect young people from abuse. Support for the laws are thus related to beliefs that homosexuality is a 'threat' to the fabric of society. The empirical analysis of support for the laws revealed that religiousness, interpersonal contact and beliefs about the origin of homosexuality were the most reliable predictors of public support. However, age and education were only statistically significant in a few models, and there was no evidence that attitudes varied across religious denominations. This is a contrast to the findings of studies in the West. It was hypothesised that macro-level factors - such as the large share of Evangelicals, anti-gay laws and level of socioeconomic development - could be exerting an influence on attitudes that is stronger than that of these personal characteristics. As such, the study conducted a cross-national analysis of attitudes towards same-sex marriage in 28 countries in the Americas, 6 of which were members of the Commonwealth Caribbean. In general, countries with higher levels of development, smaller shares of Evangelicals and more liberal laws on homosexuality were more approving of same-sex marriage. The results also suggest that the impact of age and/or religion is less prominent in countries with restrictions on same-sex intimacy, lower levels of development and a strong Evangelical presence, confirming the hypothesis that contextual factors could mitigate the impact of some of the individual-level variables. Finally, to get a nuanced view of anti-gay prejudice in the region, a thematic analysis of anti-gay speech in dancehall and reggae - music originating from Jamaica but popular in the region - was presented. The thematic analysis revealed that homosexuality is presented as 'sinful', a 'violation of gendered norms', 'unnatural', a 'threat to society' and a 'foreign lifestyle'. The presentation of homosexuality as a 'foreign' lifestyle suggests that anti-gay prejudice could be related to fears of neo-imperialism and could be a means of rejecting ideological intrusions from the West. This is not surprising, as currently, the fight for the advancement of gay rights is being headed by activists in the West. Based on the thematic analysis, efforts to remove the anti-gay laws should be (or at least appear to be) home-grown to limit public backlash.
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Maxwell, Karen J. "Fatherhood in the context of social disadvantage : constructions of fatherhood and attitudes towards parenting interventions of disadvantaged men in Scotland." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/9101/.
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Background: Research on men’s constructions of fatherhood has proliferated over the last three decades, but most studies have focused on middle-class men. There is a need for more research exploring how disadvantaged men conceptualise good fatherhood and relate to changing societal ideals of fatherhood. In addition, parenting interventions are particularly targeted at disadvantaged parents but little is known about how disadvantaged fathers feel about being targeted, and how best to engage them. This study set out to explore disadvantaged UK men’s constructions of fatherhood and attitudes towards parenting interventions. The THRIVE trial taking place in Glasgow, evaluating two antenatal parenting interventions for vulnerable parents, offered an opportunity to investigate these issues. Methods: Thirty-six fathers or fathers-to-be (aged 15-51) were recruited through their partner’s participation in the THRIVE trial or through community organisations working with families in economically-deprived areas. Men participated in in-depth interviews, incorporating elements of repertory grids method. Interviews focused on the men’s upbringings, current circumstances, understandings of good fatherhood, and attitudes towards parenting interventions. Findings: Socially-disadvantaged men’s constructions of good fatherhood were complex and multi-faceted. Men drew on multiple discourses in constructing fathering identities which combined ideas about ‘involved’ fathering with more ‘traditional’ ideas around provision, protection and responsibility. In doing so, these men worked hard to align themselves with socially-acceptable discourses of good fatherhood, demonstrating their awareness of, and engagement with, societally-dominant discourses of modern-day fatherhood. Barriers to the men enacting their visions of good fatherhood centred around: the legacy of their upbringings; difficult relationships with partners and ex-partners; desire to demonstrate an acceptable masculinity; and their disadvantaged circumstances, including the instability of their lives and lack of work. The majority of these men displayed positive attitudes towards attending a parenting intervention. Factors affecting their intentions to attend included: desire to support their partner and feel involved in her pregnancy, perceiving benefits for themselves and their partners, and the belief that the interventions were relevant and appropriate to their needs. Potential barriers were: fear of public scrutiny, perceived lack of information, perceived lack of ‘need’, and notions of acceptable masculinity. Conclusions: Findings suggest that disadvantaged men held normative ideas about good fatherhood but that there were significant challenges facing them in living up to these ideals. Parenting interventions targeting disadvantaged fathers should therefore: capitalise on men’s excitement and commitment to partner and baby in the antenatal period; emphasize the relevance of content to the needs of disadvantaged men; and bear in mind potential barriers such as perceived lack of ‘need’, overcoming social anxieties, and notions of acceptable masculinity.
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Lai, Fung-yee Angelina, and 黎鳳儀. "The changing attitude of young adults towards the family system and its implication for the development of welfare services for familiesin Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1990. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31976293.
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Melen, Eliyahu. "The Impact of Parental Divorce on Orthodox Jewish Marital Relationships." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3462.
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While there is ample research showing that adult children of divorced parents have more positive attitudes toward divorce and lower marital commitment, there has been no such research focused specifically on the Orthodox Jewish (OJ) population, which tends to view divorce more negatively. Prior to this study, it was thus unclear if the findings of existing research on marital competence applied to OJ children of divorce. Driven by social exchange theory, this study was designed to discover (a) whether OJ adult children of divorce differ significantly from OJ adult children of intact marriages in their marital commitment and marital satisfaction; (b) whether gender moderates the relationships between parental divorce, marital satisfaction, and marital commitment; and (c) if attitudes toward divorce mediate those relationships. Data from 162 adult OJ participants living in the United States were collected using quantitative cross-sectional survey methodology, and were analyzed using 1-way multivariate analysis of covariance, hierarchical multiple regression, and conditional process analysis. Results indicated that there were no significant differences between OJ adult children of divorce and OJ adult children of intact marriages in their marital commitment or marital satisfaction. Further, gender did not moderate the relationships between parental divorce and marital satisfaction or marital commitment, nor did attitudes toward divorce mediate those relationships. OJ community leaders may use the results of this study to help implement community awareness programs designed to reduce the stigma of parental divorce and its impact on the marriage prospects of OJ children of divorce.
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Townsend, Monique. "African American males' attitudes toward marriage." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2000. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1695.
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This study presents the results from an exploratory study that measured 71 African American males' attitudes toward marriage, their ideal marriage partner, and their attitudes toward African American women.
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Garland, L. "Conventions of love and marriage in late Byzantine literature : An analysis of Byzantine attitudes towards sexual relationships and the concept of romantic love, with especial reference to popular and learned romance genres in Byzantium." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371647.
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Bespinar, Lutfiye Zeynep. "Family Background, Family Processes, Women'." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605504/index.pdf.
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This study aimed to demonstrate the effects of the contextual factors (socio-economic conditions and level of urbanization) on family processes and outcomes related to women. The family processes of interest were spousal relations relative power, feelings of mastery, and self evaluation of women in familial roles. Another aim was to investigate the effect of participation in the activities of family support and women education programs on women'<br>s attitudes in relation to family roles. I studies with an accidental sample of 145 women in various districts of Kadikö<br>y, istanbul. There were three groups of women (1) women living in poor districts of Kadikö<br>y and in touch with "<br>Family Guiding/ Solidarity Center"<br>of Kadikö<br>y Munucipality, (2) women living in the same districts but not in touch with (FG/SC), (3) women living in central-whealthy neighborhoods of Kadikö<br>y. There were three main predictions<br>(1) education was predicted to determine economic status, which would influence mastery. Mastery in turn, would affect spousal relationsand decision making processes in family. Finally, spousal relations would predict self-evaluation (2) urbanization was predicted to influence modern attitudes toward spousal roles positively and traditional attitudes negatively, (3) women who were in touch with FG/SC were predicted to have more favorable attitudes toward modern spousal roles, but less favorable toward traditional spousal roles. The model of the first prediction revealed that<br>economic status determined mastery, which influences warmth and equality. Warmth and equality in turn influences individual'<br>s self evaluation. As expected in the second prediction, urbanization was negatively related to traditional attitudes. Comparison of the three groups revealed that, women living in pheripheral districts showed more favorable attitudes towards traditional gender stereotypic duties of women, and maledominance than women living in central districts. Women living in pheripheral districts and intouch with FG/SC, showed more favorable attitudes toward women'<br>s participation inlabor market than women living in the same area but not in touch with FG/SC, and women living in the central districts.
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Vue, Chuesee. "Hmong youth attitude toward early marriage." Online version, 1999. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/1999/1999vuec.pdf.
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Ghoshal, Raj. "Framing, persuasion, and attitudes toward same-sex marriage." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0011642.
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Khong, Regina. "Vietnamese American attitudes toward intercultural and interracial marriage." Scholarly Commons, 2005. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/626.
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The purpose of this thesis was to examine the attitudes of Vietnamese Americans towards Vietnamese interracial marriages. It also sought to extend previous research in this field and incorporate insights regarding the literature of Vietnamese, Vietnamese- American, and American culture to the literature that addresses the question of interracial marriage. The research question of this paper was, "What are the attitudes of Vietnamese Americans toward interracial marriage between Vietnamese Americans and other races?"
The methodology used was a self-administered anonymous questionnaire given to a limited group of Vietnamese participants in California to gather their views on this subject. The results suggest that the Vietnamese surveyed are more accepting of interracial marriages than the literature would suggest.
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Johnson, Bryan R. "The Context of Contact: White Attitudes Toward Interracial Marriage." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2004. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd505.pdf.
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Williams, Andrew Lewayne. "Attitudes of African American women toward marriage-related issues." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2004. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2433.
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This study presents results from a survey of 108 African American women. Survey questions covered attitudes towards marriage, qualities of an ideal spouse, and opinions of African American men in general.
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Martin, Marika Lelang. "AFRICAN AMERICAN COLLEGE STUDENTS AND THEIR ATTITUDES TOWARD MARRIAGE." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1050092611.
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Moats, Michelle Marie. "The effects of parental marriage, divorce and conlfict on college students' attitudes toward marriage and divorce." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1089665548.
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Stone, Melanie Kay. "Familial conflict and attitudes toward marriage : a psychological wholeness perspective." Virtual Press, 1990. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/720163.
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Studies on the effects of divorce on children often focus on the event of the divorce as being detrimental to the children. It is becoming more evident, however, that it is not the physical loss of a parent in itself that leads to later adjustment problems, but rather the type of environment in which the child lives. The present study examined the relationship between current and past familial conflict, as perceived by college students, and their current attitudes toward marriage. This study also explored the relationship between the family structure in which the students lived (intact vs. divorced) and their current attitudes toward divorce.Two hundred four students from a midwestern university participated in this study. Participants completed four questionnaires: (1) the Family Environment Scale -current; (2) the Attitudes Toward Marriage scale; (3) the Attitudes Toward Divorce scale; and (4) the Family Environment Scale - past. The following hypotheses were tested: (1) Students who perceived high levels of conflict in their families currently or while growing up will have less favorable attitudes toward marriage; (2) Students who experienced parental divorce will have more favorable attitudes toward divorce than students from intact homes. Analyses included multiple regression analyses predicting attitudes toward marriage and attitudes toward divorce from conflict and family structure.Contrary to expectations, perceived levels of conflict were not significantly related to attitudes toward marriage, and family structure was not a significant predictor of attitudes toward divorce. Compared to students from intact homes, students from divorced homes reported significantly higher levels of conflict in their homes while growing up. Implications of these findings and limitations and recommendations for future research are discussed.<br>Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services
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Ip, Yim Yan-mun Bonny. "Contemporary youth attitude towards marriage in urban Guangzhou : an exploratory study /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1988. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B12358630.
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Finney, Sarah D. "Parental Divorce and LDS Young Adult Attitudes Toward Marriage and Family Life." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 1998. http://patriot.lib.byu.edu/u?/MTAF,7953.
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Osanami, Törngren Sayaka. "Love ain't got no color? : Attitude toward interracial marriage in Sweden." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, REMESO - Institutet för forskning om Migration, Etnicitet och Samhälle, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-70799.
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This dissertation focuses on the geographical area of Malmö, the third largest city in Sweden, and examines the majority society’s opinions and attitudes toward interracial dating, marriage and childbearing. The dissertation is driven by two theoretical frames: the theory of race as ideas constructed through the perception of visible differences and the theory of prejudice and stereotypes. Mixed methods have been chosen as a means of exploring people’s attitudes toward interracial relationships. Quantitative data was collected by means of an attitude survey and the qualitative data was collected by means of follow-up interviews with some of the respondents who participated in the survey. The study shows that although their attitudes vary depending on the different groups in question, the majority of the respondents and interviewees could imagine getting involved in interrelationships and would not react negatively if a family member got involved in such a relationship. The quantitative results address the importance of intimate contacts, in other words having friends of diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds in having more positive attitudes toward interracial dating, marriage and childbearing. Age, gender, education and the place of upbringing also affects people’s attitudes. The qualitative inquiry probes the reasoning behind the survey results and points to the complicated relations between individual attitudes and the sense of group position. The interviewees’ words depict color-blind ways of talking about attitudes toward interracial marriage and different groups. Ideas of race emerge in this color-blind reasoning and the role of visible difference is highlighted both through the quantitative and qualitative inquiries.<br>Denna avhandling granskar majoritetssamhällets åsikter och attityder till “interracial marriage and relationships” (blandäktenskap och annan blandrelation). Populationen för denna granskning är ett representativt urval av befolkningen i Malmö, Sveriges tredje största stad. Studien drivs främst av två teoretiska inriktningar. Den ena är teorin om “race” (ras) som innebär att race är tankar och idéer som väcks utifrån fysiska och synliga skillnader hos olika grupper. Den andra är teorin om fördomar och stereotyper. Metoden som använts för att undersöka befolkningsmajoritetens attityder är “mixed methods”. Den kvantitativa enkätstudien följs upp med kvalitativa intervjuer till en del av de svarande. Studien visar att även om det finns variationer i val av preferenser beroende på vilken grupp det handlar om, kan majoriteten av respondenterna i enkäten och intervjupersonerna tänka sig att leva i blandäktenskap eller i annan blandrelation. Majoriteten svarar också att de inte skulle reagera negativt om någon i familjen väljer att leva i ett sådant förhållande. Resultaten från den kvantitativa undersökningen tyder på ett starkt samband mellan att ha vänner med olika etnisk bakgrund och i att vara mer positiv till blandäktenskap och blandrelation. Ålder, kön, utbildningsnivå och var man är uppväxt påverkar också attityderna. Den kvalitativa undersökningen utforskar resonemangen bakom resultaten från enkäten och avslöjar en komplicerad relation mellan individers attityder och känslan av grupposition. Intervjupersonernas ordval och uttryckssätt reflekterar ett “färgblint” sätt att tala om attityder till blandäktenskap och olika grupper. I resonemangen bakom färgblindhet framkommer i både enkäten och intervjuerna tankar och idéer om “race” (ras) och betydelsen av fysiska och synliga skillnader hos olika grupper.
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Johnson, Veronica Ida. "The Effects of Intimate Relationship Education on Relationship Optimism and Attitudes toward Marriage." The University of Montana, 2009. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-05192009-110429/.
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This study evaluated the effects of relationship education on undergraduate students' optimism about relationships and attitudes toward marriage. Participants included undergraduate students enrolled in an Intimate and Family Relations class and students enrolled in a comparison class at the University of Montana. Students were assessed during the first week of the fall semester, 2008, and again at the conclusion of fall semester, 2008. Students' attitudes and optimism towards marriage and intimate relationships were assessed using the Optimism about Relationships scale (Carnelly & Janoff-Bulman, 1992), the Family-of-Origin scale (Hovestadt, Anderson, Piercy, Cochran, & Fine, 1985), and the Marital Attitude Scale (Braaten & Rosèn, 1998). This study focused on whether taking an Intimate and Family Relations class had differential effects on students whose parents previously divorced as compared with students from non-divorced families. Analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) were used to determine assessment score differences from pre- to post-test between students in the Intimate and Family Relations class and students in the comparison class. Conclusions and recommendations for future research are provided.
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Mathis, Shawnery L. "The Relationship Between Parental Attitudes and Behaviors and Their Adult Children's Attitudes Toward Marriage, Divorce, and Marital Counseling." DigitalCommons@USU, 2005. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/2848.
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This research study consisted of eighty-six pairs (young adult and his or her parent) of participants recruited from freshman and sophomore classes in two Northern Utah Universities. The parents ages ranged from 36-80 and the young adult children's ages ranged from 16-25. This research project examined the participants' demographics, marital satisfaction (of the parents), attitudes toward marriage, attitudes toward divorce, and attitudes toward marital counseling.
Three paired t tests were used to determine whether attitudes toward marriage, divorce, and marital counseling were the same for young adult children and their parents. Multiple regression equations were used to determine what effects multiple variables (parental divorce rate and attitudes toward marriage, divorce, and marital counseling, young adult children's age, gender, and willingness to attend marital counseling in the future) have on young adult children's attitudes toward marriage, divorce, and marital counseling.
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Daniels, Kim. "An examination of the effects of family structure on attitudes toward marriage and divorce." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2001. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/218.
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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.<br>Bachelors<br>Arts and Sciences<br>Sociology
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Lucas, Amy Harris Kathleen Mullan. "Are attitudes predictive of non-marital childbearing? teenagers' attitudes toward motherhood before marriage and their relationship to non-marital childbearing /." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,1300.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007.<br>Title from electronic title page (viewed Apr. 25, 2008). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degrees of Master of Arts in the Department of Sociology." Discipline: Sociology; Department/School: Sociology.
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Blom, Elin. "Contrasting Attitudes Toward Marriage in Pride and Prejudice: Elizabeth Bennet's Disregard for the Contemporary Marital Conventions." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Sektionen för lärande och miljö, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-15275.
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Through a liberal feminist perspective, this essay investigates the unconventional marital views of the fictional character Elizabeth Bennet. These are analyzed and compared to the traditional marital opinions of the novel's social environment. Moreover, the historical context is important in understanding the marital views in Pride and Prejudice, because the novel was written at a time when the views toward marriage changed significantly. This paper argues that Elizabeth's behavior, expressed opinions and rejections of Mr. Collins's and Mr. Darcy's proposals depict liberal feminist ideas of marriage. The literary review supports the notion that there are two contrasting attitudes toward marriage in Pride and Prejudice: the traditional view and the liberal feminist view. The thorough examination of Elizabeth Bennet's character strongly suggests that she represents the unconventional view of marriage, while characters such as Mr. Collins, Mrs. Bennet, and Charlotte Lucas voice the traditional view of marriage. Furthermore, an analysis of Mr. Darcy's attraction toward Elizabeth indicates that it was Elizabeth's very unconventionality that made Mr. Darcy fall in love with her.
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Whitehead, Andrew L. Froese Paul. "Sacred rites and civil rights religion's effect on attitudes toward same-sex unions and the perceived cause of homosexuality /." Waco, Tex. : Baylor University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2104/5338.
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Pearte, Catherine. "Young Adults' Attitudes Toward Same-Sex Marriage and Polygamy As a Function of Demographic, Gender, and Personality Variables." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4054.
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Based on a sample of 814 university students, pro- and anti-same-sex marriage and polygamous marriage groups were established based on students scoring >1 SD above (n = 145; n = 132, respectively) and < 1 SD below the group mean (n = 127; n = 126) on the Attitudes Toward Same-Sex Marriage Scale (ATSSM: Pearl & Paz-Galupo, 2007) and Attitudes Toward Polygamy Scale, which was generated by modifying the ATSSM (ATPM). Compared to pro-same-sex marriage students, anti-same-sex marriage students were significantly more prejudiced against gays and lesbians, authoritarian, religious, and politically conservative. Anti-same-sex marriage students also had less contact with and appreciation for diverse cultural groups, more desire to dominate out-groups, were less autonomous in their thinking, and were more likely to be men. Anti-polygamous students were more strongly opposed same-sex marriage, idealized the traditional family, authoritarian, religious, less autonomous in their thinking, desire to dominate minority groups, and were more likely to be female compared to those who were propolygamous marriage. Results further indicated that, polygamy and same-sex marriage are predicted by different variables, with same-sex marriage being more strongly tied to prejudice against gays and lesbians and polygamous marriage being more strongly tied to beliefs about the inherent morality of conventions surrounding the traditional family. A regression analysis using data from all 814 students yielded almost identical results with regards to identifying variables most predictive of ATSSM. Followup analyses revealed that prejudice against gays and lesbians was the single best predictor of opposition to same-sex marriage and even accounted for the associations between opposition to same-sex marriage and religiosity, political conservatism, and support of traditional marriage and family. With respect to polygamy, data from regression analyses revealed that ATSSM was the best predictor of ATPM. Despite the cultural focus on this variable, however, controlling for ATSSM did not reduce the predictive power of critical variables to a non-significant level. Recommendations for challenging opposition to marriage equality are discussed.<br>M.S.<br>Department of Psychology<br>Sciences<br>Psychology PhD
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Plesa, Claudia. "Race, Ethnicity and Attitudes Toward Same-Sex Unions in the United States." PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/242.
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Recent political and cultural trends have led to an evaluation of the meaning of marriage within American society, and especially marriage as it concerns couples of the same sex. However, little research has been done to find out how attitudes toward same-sex marriage might vary according to race and ethnicity. Drawing on data from the 2004 National Politics Study, the author investigates same-sex marriage attitudes and tests hypotheses concerning the attitudes of various American race-ethnic groups. This study employs multinomial logistic regression analysis to compare attitudes of African Americans, Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites. Results indicate that even when socio demographic factors such as education and gender are controlled for, ethnic groups still differ in their attitudes toward this topic. Analyses also indicate that the relationship between race/ethnicity and attitudes toward same-sex unions does not vary by gender and that foreign birth explains the relationship between Hispanic ethnicity and attitudes toward same-sex marriage.
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Kottler, Sharon Helen. "Wives' subjective definitions of and attitudes towards wife rape." 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/17121.
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This study was based on subjective attitudes towards wife rape of 85 women and detailed interviews with 20 of them. It aimed to measure the relation between traditionalism and use of the term wife rape, awareness of wife rape and of its criminalisation; and to understand women's experiences and subjective definitions of wife rape and their coping strategies. Once wife rape was problematised, definitions varied. Women holding more traditional attitudes (informal settlement women) were less likely to define the wife's experience in a vignette as wife rape than women holding less traditional (shelter women) and non-traditional attitudes (Network identified women). Additionally, women holding more non-traditional attitudes were more likely to define the event as wife rape than were other women. Similar intergroup differences in traditionalism on awareness of wife rape and its criminalisation emerged. The line between sexual violence and violent sexuality was a thin one at times.<br>M.A (Pshychology)
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Lazinski, Marysia Joanna. "Young peoples’ feelings about and attitudes towards marriage: the influence of attachment style and early family functioning." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/7604.
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Researchers are recognizing the importance of examining underlying family functioning in order to understand the varying influences of parental divorce on offspring. The current study investigated the relations among young adults’ attachment styles, their reported family-of-origin functioning and parents’ marital status (divorced or non-divorced), and their current feelings about and attitudes towards marriage, in a sample of 537 young adults, half of whom experienced the divorce of their parents. The results demonstrate that knowledge of divorce status alone does not tell the whole predictive story for a child’s later relational connections and attitudes. In fact, parental marital status may, at times, act as a proxy for lower intimacy, fewer democratic parenting practices, and higher conflict in the family. Family-of-origin functioning, and, in particular, higher levels of intimacy, was the best predictor of the young adult’s secure attachment in close relationships. Although adult children from divorced households did report more negative feelings and opinions of marriage, parents’ marital status, attachment style and family-of-origin functioning variables were all important in explaining their feelings about and attitudes towards marriage. Notably, those with higher levels of attachment avoidance were more likely to express negative feelings and opinions about marriage. It may be that the role of family functioning on attitude towards marriage includes an indirect pathway: Family-of-origin functioning predicts a young adult’s attachment style in close relationships, which, in turn, can have an important influence on their feelings about and attitudes towards the institution of marriage. Ultimately, we document that if a family-of-origin is experienced to be cohesive and close – even if parents do divorce – it appears that young adult children can still feel securely attached in their close relationships and still feel positively towards marriage. Therefore, the “intergenerational transmission of divorce,” is neither automatic nor inevitable and this term should no longer be utilized in the divorce literature.<br>Graduate
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Cyrull, F. Jean. "The influence of selected variables on the attitudes of Canadian adolescents towards marriage and family life." Thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/3213.
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The purposes were to investigate the attitudes of Canadian adolescents toward marriage and family life and to determine how these are influenced by family structure, perception of family conflict, gender and age and to investigate the influence of family structure on adolescent self-esteem. Seven hundred and ninety-two students ages 13-19 in a Western Canadian high school responded to the questionnaire. Multivariate and Univariate analyses reveal that family structure and perception of family conflict have a greater influence on adolescent attitudes towards marriage and family life than age and gender. Length of time living in are married family did not appear to influence adolescent attitudes. The remarried family structure most negatively affected adolescent attitudes. Older males in the remarried family appeared to have higher self-esteem than subjects in other family structures.
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Belo, Nikiwe Eunice. "Attitudes towards marriage on the sexual behaviours of female adolescents raised by single mothers / Nikiwe Eunice Belo." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/15002.
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The aim of this study was to explore the role of attitudes towards marriage on the sexual
behaviour of female adolescents raised by single mothers. The main objectives of this study were
to compare attitudes towards marriage and sexual behaviour of female adolescents raised by
single mothers and those raised by both parents and to investigate the influence of female
adolescents attitudes towards marriage on their sexual attitudes and their sexual behaviour. Data
were collected from a purposively sampled group of 300 (150 for experimental and comparison
group respectively) from around Mahikeng in the North-West Province. The ages of participants
ranged from 18-24 years. The results showed a significant mean difference in birth control
among female adolescents who have been raised by single mothers as compared to those who are
raised by both parents (p <.01). There was a positive significant correlation between general
concepts and permissiveness p < .001. General concepts also correlated positively with birth
control p <.001. A positive significant relationship was found between feelings and communion
p <. 001. There was also a positive significant relationship between general concepts and
instrumentality p < .001. The relationship between general concepts and behaviour facet was
positive and significant p < .001. A negative significant relationship was found between feelings
and attitude facet p <.001. There was a significant positive relationship found between general
concepts and the desire facet p< .001. In conclusion, the results of this study can be used to develop programmes targeting the
parenting of single mothers.<br>Thesis (Soc.Sc. (Clinical Psychology) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2014
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Hippen, Kaitlin A. "Attitudes Toward Marriage and Long-term Relationships across Emerging Adulthood." 2016. http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/sociology_theses/59.
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The current study expands upon existing developmental research on marital attitude change by examining how attitudes toward marriage and long-term relationships may vary across emerging adulthood. Utilizing five waves of data from the Center on Young Adult Health and Development’s College Life Study, discrete-time survival analysis and latent basis growth curve analysis are employed to assess the change—and predictors of such change—in three measures of relationship attitudes (desire for marriage, desire for long-term relationships, and importance of marriage and long-term relationships) of over 900 college students. Results indicate positive change in all three measures of attitudes, with most emerging adults desiring and placing importance on marriage and long-term relationships from the very beginning of college. Predictors of attitude change included sex, race, experience of parental death, student status, educational aspirations, and total number of sex partners. Results suggest a need for more longitudinal research in this area.
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Wang, Li-Ting, and 王莉婷. "Adolescents' Attitudes toward Cohabitation and Their Expectations of Marriage." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/71578467709402116217.
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碩士<br>國立臺灣師範大學<br>人類發展與家庭學系<br>100<br>The purpose of this study is to investigate the correlations among adolescents’ individual and family backgrounds, their attitudes toward cohabitation and their expectations of marriage. This study adopts the questionnaire survey method. The subjects of the study are senior high school students and vocational high school students in Taiwan. 1300 valid samples are obtained from the survey. The major findings are as follow:
1.The vocational high school students surveyed in the study hold an impartial attitude toward cohabitation. While there is greater acceptance of cohabitation as trial marriage, the idea that cohabitation can substitute for marriage has the lowest degree of acceptance.
2.Cohabitation finds greater acceptance among male vocational high school students who come from a family of lower socio-economic status, do not have religious beliefs, have a monthly allowance of more than 1001 NT dollars, have been in a relationship, and consider their parents’ relationship to be disharmonious, or one of whose parents is deceased.
3.About sixty percent of the subject would want to marry in the future. There is higher preference for marriage among male senior high school students who have religious beliefs, have a monthly allowance of more than 2001 dollars, have been in a relationship, and consider their parents’ relationship to be harmonious, or whose parents are divorced.
4.The high school students’ attitudes toward cohabitation influence their expectations of marriage, and different aspects of their attitudes toward cohabitation have different degrees of influence. For male students who have a monthly allowance of more than 2001 dollars and have been in a relationship, the more they regard cohabitation as trial marriage, the more they would want to marry in the future. For male students who have been in a relationship, the more they agree that cohabitation enhances intimacy, the more they would want to marry in the future. Furthermore, for senior high school students who consider their parents’ relationship to be harmonious, the less they agree that cohabitation can substitute for marriage, the more they would want to marry in the future.
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Craig, Dorothy A. "American Attitudes about Gay Marriage: The Impact of Attitudes toward Familial Gender Roles and Religiosity." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2069/458.
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The purpose of this study was to examine attitudes about gay marriage. The main research question was: Do traditional attitudes toward familial gender roles and conservative, moderate, and liberal views about religiosity impact attitudes about gay marriage? I used data from the 2006 General Social Survey (GSS) of 1,977 adults living in the United States.
Results of this study found people with traditional attitudes toward familial gender roles have more negative attitudes about gay marriage. Also, people with strong religious affiliation and more frequent attendance at religious services have more negative attitudes about gay marriage. Furthermore, people who were very religious and belonged to specific religious affiliations have more negative attitudes about gay marriage. Conversely, this study found people who were slightly religious, not religious, and very spiritual have more positive attitudes about gay marriage and people who belonged to specific religious affiliations have more positive attitudes about gay marriage.<br>Dr. Melissa Swauger
Dr. Diane Shinberg
Dr. Kay Snyder
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Boester-Dean, Ashley L. "The Attitudes Toward Marital Rape Scale : initial scale development." 2014. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1744490.
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Access to abstract permanently restricted to Ball State community only.<br>Access to thesis permanently restricted to Ball State community only.<br>Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services
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Roy-Petrick, Patricia M. "Predictors of counselor trainees’ implicit attitudes toward interracial couples." 2010. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1629107.
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Implicit Attitudes of Counselor Trainees toward Black-White Couples
Inter-racial couples developed as soon as European men landed on the coast of North
America. Historically, these relationships were considered deviant and unacceptable.
The attitudes towards interracial marriages are improving, however, the incidence of
interracial dating and marriage, especially among Blacks and Whites, remains low in the
United States (White & White, 2000). As the acceptance of interracial marriages
increases, the rate of interracial marriages also increases. With the increasing number of
inter-racial couples in the United States the probability that counselors will have contact
with a Black-White couple increases also. It is important for the counselors to have
accepting attitudes towards these couples to be effective in the treatment of these couples.
The Implicit Association Test (IAT) measured the implicit attitudes of the participants
toward black-white couples. This study included a comparison of attitudes based on
demographic factors such as sex, age, education, region of the US, socioeconomic status,
home setting, and multicultural awareness and knowledge as measured by the
Multicultural Knowledge and Awareness Scale (MCKAS). In addition, a multiple linear
regression will determine which of these variables is best able to predict the participants’
attitudes. The results showed there is a significant difference in attitudes toward
interracial couples between demographic subgroups of the variable age. However, there
were no significant differences in attitudes between the subgroups of the variables
education, socioeconomic status, sex, race, region of the country, community type and
size. The regression analyses found MCKAS was the one variable that could predict
scores on the IAT.<br>Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services
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Liu, Kuei-Chuan, and 劉桂娟. "Unmarried but Mature Elementary School Female Teachers’ Attitude Toward Marriage." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/10195588065505986218.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立臺中教育大學<br>區域與社會發展學系碩士班<br>102<br>This thesis aims to explore the umarried but mature elementary school female teachers whose attitude toward marriage. This thesis demostrates how family and interpersonal relationship have an impact on the umarried but mature elementary school teachers’ attitude toward marriage, which displays in various aspects, such as affect,behaviour tendency and cognition.
The study shows that family considerably influences the umarried but mature elementary female school teacher’s attitude toward marrige. These unmarried but mature elementary school female teachers’ parents influence them more than other relatives. The parents’ way of getting along with each other determines the unmarried but mature elementary school t female teachers’ attitude toward the marriage. Parents will effect how the teachers choose their career but not their mating references. As for interpersonal relationship, the environment of workplace greatly helps the unmarried but mature elementary school female teachers develop a sense of accomplishment and confidence; however, it limits their circle of friends. Their experience of falling in love also impacts on their marriage attitude. Amid the different experiences of mating marriage, the umarrried but mature elementary school female teacher prefer to being introduced to a mate by friends. Most of unmarried but mature elementary school female teachers are satisfied with their life, and they usually interact with their friends and relatives. The differences in personalities and values between the unmarried but mature elementary school female teachers affect their perspective on marriage. With the increasing of ages, they feel stressed while urging marry .
With regard to the attitude toward marriage, in affect, they consider that marriage is not necessary.They expect to marry but worry about being hurt. In behaviour tendency, they didn’t make too much preparation for their marriage; nevertheless, when they get married, they will focus on the relationship with their spouses. In cognition,they realize that there will be trade-offs when they are in marriage life. Although they have to face the pressure of urging marry now, it does not make them stressed.
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Kirby, Emma. "Back to the future, for better or worse? Meanings of marriage for young women in the Lower Hunter Region, Australia." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/39560.
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Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)<br>Why do young women still choose to marry in the new millennium? Although conjugal diversity in Australia has increased and crude marriage rates have decreased, the majority of young women still desire marriage. Marriage clearly remains important. The institution of marriage, despite high divorce rates, continues to exist as the most powerful and widely acknowledged form of social contract. Few empirical studies have focused on the meanings young women ascribe to marriage. Rather, marriage tends to be regarded as a stable concept around which to research and investigate. The meanings and definitions of marriage, particularly how young people identify marriage within their wider identity, has been ignored in much of the literature. This acceptance of marriage and its meaning within existing literature universalises and reinforces marriage as a dominant social and societal norm, whereby prestige is attached across cultures and through time. Marriage has sustained its centrality within social science research, yet without justification or adequate problematising. Meanwhile, in gender studies there is a tendency to assume that marriage is an outdated concept which has been superseded by the sexual revolution and by second wave feminism. As a result, feminist studies have not addressed the apparent persistence of marriage as a goal for young women. This thesis project contributes to filling that identified gap by addressing the apparent persistence of marriage as a goal for young women in Australia. This mixed methods study maintains a focus on qualitative methodologies and feminist epistemologies, aiming to provide rich subjective accounts of marriage. The study comprises data from 225 surveys. It also includes data from in-depth semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with 75 of the survey participants. All three kinds of data collection asked about the meanings of marriage for young women. The participants were women aged 18 to 35 years, of various relationship statuses, from the Newcastle and Lower Hunter region of New South Wales, Australia. Participants were purposefully sampled to allow a spread of age and relationship status. Although this was not specifically intended, as a cohort they can be described as predominantly white and middle class. A grounded theory approach in line with Glaser and Strauss (1967) was employed to uncover subjective narratives that revealed attitudes and feelings towards the place of marriage and intimate relationships in the young women’s life trajectories. The findings of this study result from descriptive statistical analysis of survey data, and from content and discourse analysis of interviews and focus groups that indicate participants’ discursive constructions of marriage. The study finds that participants position marriage as a marker of status, as important for child bearing, as well as the major factor in achieving a competent and legitimate mature feminine identity. This study presents an overview of young Australian women’s aspirations for, and experiences of marriage and intimate relationships. It offers fresh insights into the ways these women imagine marriage and the marital relationship within their life trajectory. An integrated account of feminist critiques of marriage, and theorising on individualization and detraditionalization, allows us to see how gender inequalities are maintained in marital relationships under the discourse of individualization. This study offers evidence that emphasises the need for continuing feminist critiques of marriage and the family. The findings of this study suggest that the neo-liberal discourse of individualization has encouraged of the idea of gender neutrality, equality and autonomy within the marital relationship. At the same time the young women indicate that they expect to put the interests and wishes of a future husband ahead of their own. High levels of personal compromise are foreshadowed. Yet their imagined futures include more than marriage. They do wish for self-fulfilment and many want careers. However, marriage is constructed as the anchoring status and identity that makes those goals legitimate and achievable. The study finds evidence of both detraditionalization and retraditionalization trends in the aspirations, expectations and lived realities of the young women interviewed. It is argued that attitudes towards marriage reflect the detraditionalization process to some extent, yet concurrently indicate the retraditionalization process; for example in the desire for full church weddings and in the defence of women taking responsibility for housework and raising children.
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Greenwood, Leanna R. "Attitudes Toward Interracial Marriage in the United States Military: Black-White Contrasts." 2017. http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/sociology_theses/67.
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In the midst of increasing multiracial identification and diversity in the United States, I examine whether White and Black military veterans hold different attitudes toward interracial marriage than those held by their coethnics in the general population. Using the General Social Survey, I examine the likelihood of military members opposing marriage between a close relative and a partner of a race different from the respondent’s own, and whether their views are significantly different from their non-military coethnic counterparts. I use binary logistic regressions to assess whether opposition toward interracial marriage varies by military status and race. Results indicate that Whites are more opposed to interracial marriage than Blacks, and Whites with military service are more likely to oppose than their non-military counterparts. However, there was no difference among Blacks. In addition, age mediates the relationship between veteran status and attitudes among Whites, with younger people showing less opposition.
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Wang, Nai-yin, and 王乃尹. "An investigation of secondary school students'' positive thinking and attitudes toward marriage." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ek7v5z.
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碩士<br>國立中山大學<br>教育研究所<br>101<br>The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between secondary school students’ positive thinking and attitudes toward marriage. Three hundred and four senior high school students and 355 vocational high school students from Kaohsiung city were selected by stratified sampling. The “Questionnaire of Secondary School Students’ Positive Thinking and Attitudes toward Marriage” was administered to assess all participants’ positive thinking and attitudes toward marriage. In addition, 3 secondary school students with high total scores on positive thinking, 6 students with low positive thinking scores were recruited as target students for follow-up interviews and Kinetic Family Drawings tests to verify the results. Besides, two homeroom teachers of the target students were interviewed for triangulation. Descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, analysis of variance, Pearson correlation and theme content analysis were conducted to compare the similarities and differences of the quantitative and qualitative data. The major findings were as following:
1. The factors of peer and religious were significantly related to these secondary school students’ positive thinking much than the family factor.
2. Male students’ optimism mean score was significantly higher than their female counterparts; whereas female students’ positive institutions mean score was significantly higher than the male counterparts.
3. Male students’ mean scores on the dimensions of “attitudes toward marriage right and duty” and “anti-traditional marriage appearance” were significantly higher than their female counterparts; whereas female students mean score on the dimension of “marriage style” was significantly higher than their male counterparts.
4. Students whose parents interact harmoniously presented significantly higher score on positive thinking than these students with non-harmoniously interaction families; whereas, they were non-significant difference on students’ attitudes toward marriage within groups of different interaction families.
Implications of these findings for life education in secondary school and constructive suggestions for future research are discussed.