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1

Maroju, Praveen Kumar [Verfasser], and Giuseppe [Akademischer Betreuer] Sansone. "Attosecond pulse shaping at a seeded free-electron laser : : towards attosecond time-resolved experiments at the free-electron lasers." Freiburg : Universität, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1239556527/34.

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2

Schapper, Florian. "Attosecond structure of high-order harmonics." Konstanz Hartung-Gorre, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1000540448/04.

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3

Kiesewetter, Dietrich. "Dynamics of Near-Threshold, Attosecond Electron Wavepackets in Strong Laser Fields." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1544447128975478.

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4

Bocoum, Maïmouna. "Harmonic and electron generation from laser-driven plasma mirrors." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLX023/document.

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Dans cette thèse expérimentale, nous nous intéressons à la réponse non-linéaire d’un miroir plasma sous l’influence d’un laser d’intensité sous-relativiste (~10^18 W/cm^2), et de très courte durée (~30fs). Nous avons en particulier étudié la génération d’impulsions attosecondes (1as=10^(-18) s) et de faisceaux d’électrons en effectuant des expériences dites de « pompe-sonde » contrôlées. Un premier résultat important est l’observation d’une anti-corrélation entre l’émission X-UV attoseconde et l’accélération d’électron lorsque l’on change la longueur caractéristique du plasma, résultats confirmés par des simulations numériques. Un second résultat important concerne le diagnostique de l’expansion du plasma sous vide par « interférométrie en domaine spatial » (SDI), technique élaborée dans le cadre de cette thèse. Enfin nous discutons à deux reprises l’utilisation d’algorithmes de reconstruction de phase dans le domaine spatiale ou temporel.De manière plus générale, nous avons cherché à replacer ce travail de thèse dans un contexte scientifique plus général. En particulier, nous tentons de convaincre le lecteur qu’à travers l’intéraction laser-miroir plasma, il devient concevable de fournir un jour aux utilisateurs des sources peu onéreuses d’impulsions X-UV et de faisceaux d’électrons de résolutions temporelles inégalées
The experimental work presented in this manuscript focuses on the non-linear response of plasma mirrors when driven by a sub-relativistic (~10^18 W/cm^2) ultra-short (~30fs) laser pulse. In particular, we studied the generation of attosecond pulses (1as=10^(-18) s) and electron beams from plasma mirror generated in controlled pump-probe experiment. One first important result exposed in this manuscript is the experimental observation of the anticorrelated emission behavior between high-order harmonics and electron beams with respect to plasma scale length. The second important result is the presentation of the « spatial domain interferometry » (SDI) diagnostic, developed during this PhD to measure the plasma expansion in vacuum. Finally, we will discuss the implementation of phase retrieval algorithms for both spatial and temporal phase reconstructions.From a more general point of view, we replace this PhD in its historical context. We hope to convince the reader that through laser-plasma mirror interaction schemes, we could tomorrow conceive cost-efficient X-UV and energetic electron sources with unprecedented temporal resolutions
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5

Wu, Yi. "High flux isolated attosecond pulse generation." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/6038.

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This thesis outlines the high intensity tabletop attosecond extreme ultraviolet laser source at the Institute for the Frontier of Attosecond Science and Technology Laboratory. First, a unique Ti:Sapphire chirped pulse amplifier laser system that delivers 14 fs pulses with 300 mJ energy at a 10 Hz repetition rate was designed and built. The broadband spectrum extending from 700 nm to 900 nm was obtained by seeding a two stage Ti:Sapphire chirped pulse power amplifier with mJ-level white light pulses from a gas filled hollow core fiber. It is the highest energy level ever achieved by a broadband pulse in a chirped pulse amplifier up to the current date. Second, using this laser as a driving laser source, the generalized double optical gating method is employed to generate isolated attosecond pulses. Detailed gate width analysis of the ellipticity dependent pulse were performed. Calculation of electron light interaction dynamics on the atomic level was carried out to demonstrate the mechanism of isolated pulse generation. Third, a complete diagnostic apparatus was built to extract and analyze the generated attosecond pulse in spectral domain. The result confirms that an extreme ultraviolet super continuum supporting 230 as isolated attosecond pulses at 35 eV was generated using the generalized double optical gating technique. The extreme ultraviolet pulse energy was ~100 nJ at the exit of the argon gas target.
Ph.D.
Doctorate
Optics and Photonics
Optics and Photonics
Optics
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6

Monchocé, Sylvain. "Contrôle et métrologie de la génération d'harmoniques sur miroir plasma." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112344.

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Lorsqu'on focalise une impulsion laser femtoseconde ultraintense à très haut contraste sur une cible solide, le champ laser au foyer est suffisamment important pour ioniser la surface durant le front montant de l'impulsion et former un plasma. Au sein de ce plasma s'établit un gradient de densité résultant de l'expansion hydrodynamique du plasma. Ce plasma très dense, réfléchit le faisceau laser incident dans la direction spéculaire: on parle alors de miroir plasma. Comme l'interaction entre le laser et le miroir plasma est fortement non-linéaire, cela conduit à la génération d'harmoniques d'ordre élevé dans le faisceau réfléchi. Dans le domaine temporel, ce spectre d'harmonique est associé à un train d'impulsions attosecondes. Les objectifs de ma thèse étaient de contrôler expérimentalement cette génération d'harmoniques et d'en mesurer toutes les propriétés. Nous nous sommes intéressés dans un premier temps, à l'optimisation du signal harmonique, puis à la caractérisation spatiale en champ lointain du faisceau harmonique (divergence des harmoniques).Si la caractérisation et le contrôle de ces propriétés sont des points importants pour le développement de la source, ces résultats permettent également une meilleure compréhension de l'interaction laser-plasma à ultra-haute intensité. Ils nous ont notamment permis d'obtenir des informations cruciales sur les dynamiques électronique et ionique du plasma, démontrant ainsi qu'il est possible d'utiliser les harmoniques comme un diagnostic de l'interaction laser-plasma.Nous introduisons également une méthode complètement optique permettant de structurer un plasma in-situ. En tirant partie des propriétés de l'expansion d'un plasma, nous avons pu créer in-situ des réseaux plasmas transitoires, que nous avons ensuite exploités pour réaliser les premières mesures ptychographiques à des intensités de 10^19W/cm^2, permettant de mesurer entièrement, pour la première fois, les propriétés spatiales des harmoniques (taille de source et phase) dans le plan de leur génération
When an ultra intense femtosecond laser with high contrast is focused on a solid target, the laser field at focus is sufficient enough to completely ionize the target surface during the rising edge of the laser pulse and form a plasma. This dense plasma entirely reflects the incident beam in the specular direction: this is a so-called plasma mirror. As the interaction between the laser and the plasma mirror is highly non-linear, it thus leads to the high harmonic generation (HHG) in the reflected beam. In the temporal domain, this harmonic spectrum is associated to a train of attosecond pulses.The aim of my PhD were to experimentally control this HHG and to measure the properties of the harmonics. We first studied the optimization of the harmonic signal, and then the spatial characterization of the harmonic beam in the far-field (harmonic divergence). These characterizations are not only important to develop an intense XUV/attosecond light source, but also to get a better understanding of the laser-matter interaction at very high intensity. We have thus been able to get crucial information of the electrons and ions dynamics of the plasma, showing that the harmonics can also be used as a diagnostic of the laser-plasma interaction.We then developed a new general approach for optically-controlled spatial structuring of overdense plasmas generated at the surface of initially plain solid targets. We demonstrate it experimentally by creating sinusoidal plasma gratings of adjustable spatial periodicity and depth, and study the interaction of these transient structures with an ultraintense laser pulse to establish their usability atrelativistically high intensities. We then show how these gratings can be used as a `spatial ruler' to determine the source size of the high-order harmonic beams roduced at the surface of an overdense plasma. These results open new directions both for the metrology of laser-plasma interactions and the emerging field of ultrahigh intensity plasmonics
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7

Frank, Felix. "Generation and application of ultrashort laser pulses in attosecond science." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7025.

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In this thesis, I describe the development of a sub-4 fs few-cycle laser system at Imperial College London used to generate and characterise the first single attosecond (1 as = 10-18s) pulses in the UK. Phase-stabilised few-cycle laser pulses were generated using a hollow fibre system with a chirped mirror compression setup. The pulse was fully characterised using frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG) and spectral phase interferometry for direct electric field reconstruction in a spatially encoded filter arrangement (SEA-F-SPIDER). A pulse duration of 3.5 fs was measured with an argon filled hollow fibre. These phase stabilised Infra-Red (IR) pulses were used to generate a continuous spectrum of high harmonics in the Extreme Ultraviolet (XUV) originating from a single half-cycle of the driving field. Using subsequent spectral filtering, a single attosecond pulse was generated. The isolated XUV pulse was characterised using an atomic streaking camera and a pulse duration of ~260 as was retrieved using FROG for complete reconstruction of attosecond bursts (FROG-CRAB). In an experiment conducted at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, high harmonics were generated using a two-colour field with an energetic beam at 1300nm and a weak second harmonic orthogonally polarized to the fundamental. By changing the phase between the two fields, a deep modulation of the harmonic yield is seen and an enhancement of one order of magnitude compared to the single colour field with the same energy is observed.
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8

Procino, I. "Laser induced molecular axis alignment : measurement and applications in attosecond science." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2011. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1333960/.

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This thesis reports the measurement and applications of molecular axis alignment induced by strong non-resonant linearly polarised laser fields. The spatial alignment of gas phase molecules overcomes the loss of information that results from averaging angle-dependent quantities over all the possible orientations of an isotropic sample. Therefore, laser-induced molecular alignment techniques are an essential component in new experiments aimed at measuring the structure of molecules with attosecond time resolution. In the first part of this thesis an experiment to measure molecular axis alignment is described. This experiment is based on the velocity map imaging technique in conjunction with time-resolved femtosecond laser Coulomb explosion of the molecular sample by an intense circularly polarised laser beam. A circularly polarised beam is needed to ensure a uniform detection efficiency for each possible orientation of the molecular axis in the polarisation plane. However, such a polarisation produces ion distributions that are not cylindrically symmetric, preventing the use of the standard Abel inversion technique to retrieve the three-dimensional ion distributions from the detected two-dimensional images. A new inversion algorithm is presented that allows the retrieval of molecular axis distributions from angular distributions of ions without cylindrical symmetry. The second part of the thesis focuses on the application of laser-induced molecular alignment to retrieve molecular structure and dynamics from high-order harmonic generation (HHG) experiments. HHG with a mid-infrared laser source (1300 nm) from aligned molecular samples of CO2, N2, C2H2, and N2O are presented. The use of a laser source with a wavelength longer than that used in previous experiments (800 nm) has increased the amount of information obtainable from such experiments. These experiments have provided insight into the hole dynamics of CO2 following ionisation, and reveal for the first time structural features in the HHG spectra of molecules with low ionisation potentials such as C2H2.
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9

Chirla, Razvan Cristian. "Attosecond Pulse Generation and Characterization." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1313429461.

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10

Chini, Michael. "Characterization and Application of Isolated Attosecond Pulses." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5163.

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Tracking and controlling the dynamic evolution of matter under the influence of external fields is among the most fundamental goals of physics. In the microcosm, the motion of electrons follows the laws of quantum mechanics and evolves on the timescale set by the atomic unit of time, 24 attoseconds. While only a few time-dependent quantum mechanical systems can be solved theoretically, recent advances in the generation, characterization, and application of isolated attosecond pulses and few-cycle femtosecond lasers have given experimentalists the necessary tools for dynamic measurements on these systems. However, pioneering studies in attosecond science have so far been limited to the measurement of free electron dynamics, which can in most cases be described approximately using classical mechanics. Novel tools and techniques for studying bound states of matter are therefore desired to test the available theoretical models and to enrich our understanding of the quantum world on as-yet unprecedented timescales. In this work, attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy with ultrabroadband attosecond pulses is presented as a technique for direct measurement of electron dynamics in quantum systems, demonstrating for the first time that the attosecond transient absorption technique allows for state-resolved and simultaneous measurement of bound and continuum state dynamics. The helium atom is the primary target of the presented studies, owing to its accessibility to theoretical modeling with both ab initio simulations and to model systems with reduced dimensionality. In these studies, ultrafast dynamics - on timescales shorter than the laser cycle - are observed in prototypical quantum mechanical processes such as the AC Stark and ponderomotive energy level shifts, Rabi oscillations and electromagnetically-induced absorption and transparency, and two-color multi-photon absorption to "dark" states of the atom. These features are observed in both bound states and quasi-bound autoionizing states of the atom. Furthermore, dynamic interference oscillations, corresponding to quantum path interferences involving bound and free electronic states of the atom, are observed for the first time in an optical measurement. These first experiments demonstrate the applicability of attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy with ultrabroadband attosecond pulses to the study and control of electron dynamics in quantum mechanical systems with high fidelity and state selectivity. The technique is therefore ideally suited for the study of charge transfer and collective electron motion in more complex systems. The transient absorption studies on atomic bound states require ultrabroadband attosecond pulses ? attosecond pulses with large spectral bandwidth compared to their central frequency. This is due to the fact that the bound states in which we are interested lie only 15-25 eV above the ground state, so the central frequency of the pulse should lie in this range. On the other hand, the bandwidth needed to generate an isolated 100 as pulse exceeds 18 eV - comparable to or even larger than the central frequency. However, current methods for characterizing attosecond pulses require that the attosecond pulse spectrum bandwidth is small compared to its central frequency, known as the central momentum approximation. We therefore explore the limits of attosecond pulse characterization using the current technology and propose a novel method for characterizing ultrabroadband attosecond pules, which we term PROOF (phase retrieval by omega oscillation filtering). We demonstrate the PROOF technique with both simulated and experimental data, culminating in the characterization of a world-record-breaking 67 as pulse.
Ph.D.
Doctorate
Physics
Sciences
Physics
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11

Cheng, Yan. "Towards intense single attosecond pulse generation from a 400 NM driving laser." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13185.

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Master of Science
Department of Physics
Brian Washburn
Zenghu Chang
Attosecond pulse generation is a powerful tool to study electron dynamics in atoms and molecules. However, application of attosecond pulses is limited by the low photon flux of attosecond sources. Theoretical models predict that the harmonic efficiency scales as λ[lambda]-6 in the plateau region of the HHG spectrum, where λ [lambda] is the wavelength of the driving laser. This indicates the possibility of generating more intense attosecond pulses using short wavelength driving lasers. The purpose of this work is to find a method to generate intense single attosecond pulses using a 400 nm driving laser. In our experiments, 400 nm femtosecond laser pulses are used to generate high harmonics. First, the dependence of the high harmonic generation yield on the ellipticity of 400 nm driving laser pulse is studied experimentally, and it is compared with that of 800 nm driving lasers. A semi-classical theory is developed to explain the ellipticity dependence where the theoretical calculations match experiment results very well. Next, 400 nm short pulses (sub-10 fs) are produced with a hollow core fiber and chirped mirrors. Finally, we propose a scheme to extract single attosecond pulses with the Generalized Double Optical Gating (GDOG) method.
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12

Weikum, Maria Katharina. "Generation, acceleration and measurement of attosecond electron beams from laser-plasma accelerators." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2017. http://digitool.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29839.

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Accelerator-based light sources are extremely useful machines for investigating matter on a microscopic level, yet their capability for time-resolved research is limited by the femtosecond-scale duration of their radiation pulses. Attosecond beams could enhance these capacities enabling the measurement of most outer shell electron dynamics in molecular and atomic systems. However,one of the main challenges in this direction remains the generation of attosecond-scale electron bunches which can be used for ultrashort radiation generation or as probes themselves. The research presented in this thesis tackles this issue from two angles. First, mechanisms for ultrashort electron beam generation and acceleration in laser wakefield accelerators - as promising,compact accelerator systems - are investigated through particle-in-cell simulations. Bothan optimised electron plasma injector, using upramp-assisted self-injection, and an external injection setup with the plasma stage as an energy booster to a conventionally accelerated beam are capable of providing electron bunches of few hundred attoseconds duration. The externally injected beams are found to be limited in duration, but preserve well the initial high beam quality for energies up to gigaelectronvolts, while in self-injection high beam currents and ultrashort duration can be achieved, yet at some cost to beam quality and stability. As a second research branch, longitudinal beam profile diagnostics with sub-femtosecond resolution are examined as possible means for measuring such ultrashort electron beams. A first proof-of-principle experiment of a novel streaking device is presented and compared with measurements with anX-band radiofrequency deflecting cavity. Additional computational and theoretical studies provide insights into the possibilities and challenges to apply this new diagnostic technique to sub-femtosecond electron beams from conventional and novel accelerators.
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13

Géneaux, Romain. "Le moment angulaire de la lumière en génération d'harmoniques d'ordre élevé." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS474/document.

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Le moment angulaire est une quantité essentielle pour l'étude d'objets en interaction. Tout comme la matière, un rayonnement porte du moment angulaire. Il se décompose en deux composantes, moment angulaire de spin (MAS) et moment angulaire orbital (MAO). Chacune de ces composantes a des propriétés spécifiques et ont donné lieu à de nombreuses applications en utilisant de la lumière dans le domaine visible et infrarouge. Dans cette thèse, nous nous proposons d'étudier le comportement des deux types de moment angulaire de la lumière dans un processus très non-linéaire appelé génération d'harmoniques d'ordre élevé (GHOE). Dans ce processus physique connu depuis 1987, un laser infrarouge intense est focalisé dans un jet d'atomes ou de molécules, ce qui dans le bon régime d'intensité permet de générer un rayonnement à courte longueur d'onde (domaine extrême ultraviolet) et extrêmement bref (attoseconde, 1 as = 10⁻¹⁸ s). Nous commençons par décrire théoriquement ce processus, ainsi que définir de manière approfondie la notion de moment angulaire de la lumière. Nous étudions ensuite la GHOE à partir d'un faisceau infrarouge portant du MAO, ce qui nous permet d'obtenir une source unique, générant des impulsions lumineuses ultrabrève de moment angulaire orbital contrôlé et de longueur d'onde de l'ordre de 10nm. Nous étudions étudions la GHOE à partir de faisceaux portant du MAS. En utilisant une résonance du gaz de génération, nous parvenons à transmettre ce moment angulaire au rayonnement extrême ultraviolet. Ce rayonnement est ensuite utilisé pour mesurer des dichroïsmes circulaires de photoionisation dans des molécules chirales, mesures auparavant réservées aux sources synchrotrons. Ceci ouvre la voie à des mesures chirotpiques résolues en temps à l'échelle femto/attoseconde
Angular momentum is an ubiquitous quantity in all areas of physics. Just like matter, radiation carries angular momentum. It can be decomposed in two parts, namely the spin angular momentum (SAM) and the orbital angular momentum (OAM). Each one of these components has very specific properties and lead to numerous applications using visible and infrared light. In this thesis, we study the behavior of these two types of light angular momentum in a very non-linear process called high harmonic generation (HHG). In this physical process known since 1987, an intense infrared laser is focused into an atomic or molecular gas jet, which in the right intensity regime allows to generate a radiation which has a short wavelength (extreme ultraviolet domain) and is extremely brief (attosecond, 1 as = 10⁻¹⁸ s).We begin by describing theoretically this process, as well as defining in depth the notion of light angular momentum. We then study HHG from an infrared laser carrying OAM. This allows to obtain an unique light source, generating ultrashort light pulses of controlled orbital angular momentum with a wavelength of the order of 10 nm. We then study GHOE from beams carrying MAS. Using a resonance from the generation gas, we manage to transfer this angular momentum to the emitted extreme ultraviolet radiation. This radiation is finally used to measure photoionisation circular dichroisms in chiral molecules, measurements previously restricted to synchrotron sources. This paves the way towards chiroptic time resolved measurement on a femto/attosecond timescale
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14

Ghimire, Shambhu. "Study on generation of attosecond pulse with polarization gating." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/283.

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15

Böhle, Frederik. "Near-single-cycle laser for driving relativistic plasma mirrors at kHz repetition rate - development and application." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLX116/document.

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Les impulsions laser ultrabrèves nous permettent de suivre en temps réel les phénomènes ultrarapides au sein de la matière à l’échelle microscopique. C’est précisément pour l’invention de la chimie à l’échelle femtoseconde, ou femtochimie, qu’Ahmed Zewail se vit décerner le prix Nobel de chimie en 1999. Depuis les utilisateurs du laser cherchent à augmenter la résolution temporelle, c’est-à-dire réduire la durée des impulsions laser. Aujourd’hui, nous savons générer des flashs lumineux à l’échelle attoseconde dans le domaine spectral de l’extrême ultraviolet (XUV) mais l’efficacité de génération reste faible et le développement de sources laser attosecondes intenses constitue un sujet de recherche très actif sur le plan international.Notre groupe au LOA se concentre sur la génération d’impulsions attoseconde sur miroir plasma en régime relativiste. Pour cela, il cherche à développer une source d’impulsions femtosecondes à forte cadence et fort contraste et suffisamment énergétiques pour atteindre des intensités relativistes (>> 10^18W/cm2) lorsqu’elles sont fortement focalisées sur un plasma surdense. Un plasma surdense réfléchit la lumière incidente et par conséquent agit comme un miroir qui se déplaçant à vitesse relativiste et qui comprime l’impulsion incidente, produisant ainsi un flash attoseconde par cycle optique. En utilisant des impulsions proches d’un cycle optique, il est donc envisageable de générer une seule impulsion attoseconde intense pendant l’interaction.Dans la première partie de mon travail de thèse, j’ai réalisé un compresseur nonlinéaire pour réduire la durée des impulsions issues d’une chaîne à double dérive de fréquence (10mJ, 25fs, 1kHz) à phase enveloppe-porteuse (CEP) stabilisée. En propageant les impulsions du laser à haute intensité dans une fibre creuse remplie de gaz rare, j’ai réussi à générer des impulsions de 1.3 cycle optique avec une puissance crête autour de 1TW avec une CEP stabilisée. Dans un deuxième temps, j’ai mis en forme spatialement et temporellement les impulsions issues du compresseur à fibre pour générer à la fois des impulsions attosecondes intenses et des faisceaux d’électrons énergétiques sur un miroir plasma à gradient de densité contrôlé. Ces expériences nous permis, pour la première fois, de mettre en évidence la production d’impulsions attosecondes isolées dans l’XUV, l’émission corrélée de faisceaux d’électrons énergétiques en régime relativiste ainsi qu’un nouveau régime d’accélération d’électrons à très long gradient plasma
Very short light pulses allow us to resolve ultrafast processes in molecules, atoms and condensed matter. This started with the advent of Femtochemistry, for which Ahmed Zewail received the Novel Prize in Chemistry in 1999. Ever since, researcher have been trying to push the temporal resolution further and we have now reached attosecond pulse durations. Their generation, however, remains very challenging and various different generation mechanisms are the topic of heated research around the world.Our group focuses on attosecond pulse generation and ultrashort electron bunch acceleration on solid targets. In particular, this thesis deals with the upgrade of a high intensity, high contrast, kHz, femtosecond laser chain to reach the relativistic interaction regime on solid targets. Few cycle driving laser pulses should allow the generation of intense isolated attosecond pulses. A requirement to perform true attosecond pump-probe exeriments.To achive this, a HCF postcompression scheme has been conceived and implemented to shorten the duration of a traditional laser amplifier. With this a peak intensity of 1TW was achieved with near-single-cycle pulse duration. For controlled experiments, a vacuum beamline was developed and implemented to accurately control the laser and plasma conditions on target.During the second part of this thesis, this laser chain was put in action to drive relativistic harmonic generation on solid targets. It was the first time ever that this has been achieved at 1 kHz. By CEP gating the few-cycle-pulses, single attosecond pulses were generated. This conclusion has been supported by numerical simulations. Additionally a new regime to accelerate electron bunches on soft gradients has been detected
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16

Shiner, Andrew. "Probing Collective Multi-electron Effects with Few Cycle Laser Pulses." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23942.

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High Harmonic Generation (HHG) enables the production of bursts of coherent soft x-rays with attosecond pulse duration. This process arrises from the nonlinear interaction between intense infrared laser pulses and an ionizing gas medium. Soft x-ray photons are used for spectroscopy of inner-shell electron correlation and exchange processes, and the availability of attosecond pulse durations will enable these processes to be resolved on their natural time scales. The maximum or cutoff photon energy in HHG increases with both the intensity as well as the wavelength of the driving laser. It is highly desirable to increase the harmonic cutoff as this will allow for the generation of shorter attosecond pulses, as well as HHG spectroscopy of increasingly energetic electronic transitions. While the harmonic cutoff increases with laser wavelength, there is a corresponding decrease in harmonic yield. The first part of this thesis describes the experimental measurement of the wavelength scaling of HHG efficiency, which we report as lambda^(-6.3) in xenon, and lambda^(-6.5) in krypton. To increase the HHG cutoff, we have developed a 1.8 um source, with stable carrier envelope phase and a pulse duration of <2 optical cycles. The 1.8 um wavelength allowed for a significant increase in the harmonic cutoff compared to equivalent 800 nm sources, while still maintaing reasonable harmonic yield. By focusing this source into neon we have produced 400 eV harmonics that extend into the x-ray water window. In addition to providing a source of photons for a secondary target, the HHG spectrum caries the signature of the electronic structure of the generating medium. In krypton we observed a Cooper minimum at 85 eV, showing that photoionization cross sections can be measured with HHG. Measurements in xenon lead to the first clear observation of electron correlation effects during HHG, which manifest as a broad peak in the HHG spectrum centred at 100 eV. This thesis also describes several improvements to the HHG experiment including the development of an ionization detector for measuring laser intensity, as well as an investigation into the role of laser mode quality on HHG phase matching and efficiency.
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17

Schweinberger, Hans Wolfgang. "A laser source for the generation of intense attosecond pulses and its first applications." Diss., Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-176078.

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The continuous development and improvement of laser sources has steadily increased the number of applications and pushed the limit of high precision measurements in various fields. The goal of the work presented in this thesis is to improve the spectrally broadened Ti:sapphire laser system used for isolated extreme ultraviolet (XUV) pulse generation, which has, in the last decade, allowed the study of electron dynamics on a sub-femtosecond (1 fs = 10^-15 s) level and delivered new insights into ultrafast dynamics of electrons in atoms, molecules and solids. By adding a second stage amplifier to the commonly used one-stage chirped pulse amplification laser system the compressed output power of a sub-5 fs laser system has been tripled to 1.5 mJ. A crucial part for achieving this result is the comparison of two different efficient compressor setups in order to optimize the compression. With these higher pulse energies, it is possible to increase the generated photon ux in an isolated attosecond (10^-18 s) pulse and to push the XUV photon energy higher. Run at 4 kHz repetition rate, integrative measurements with sub-2 cycle laser pulses can be conducted much faster than with most laser sources in this energy range. The resulting pulses are used for high-harmonic generation (HHG) and characterized via attosecond streaking, demonstrating excellent stability and quality of the whole laser system. First experiments with these pulses were conducted by probing the temporal behavior of the photo-emission of the giant resonance of 4d electrons in xenon with broadband XUV-pulses at 100 eV and inducing and measuring the nonlinear propagation in fused silica at high intensities via its effect on the waveform of the ultra-short visible-near-infrared pulse measured by means of attosecond streaking. The higher pulse energy of the driving laser field will also prove to be very useful as soon as nonlinear effects besides HHG contribute to the pump and probe setup e.g. an ultrashort UV-pulse is used to pump electron dynamics which are subsequently probed with high temporal resolution by the XUV-pulse.
Die beständige Entwicklung und Verbesserung der verfügbaren Laserquellen hat die Anzahl ihrer Anwendungen stetig wachsen lassen und darüber hinaus insbesondere Hochpräzissionsmessungen in vielen Bereichen dramatisch verbessert. Das Ziel dieser Doktorarbeit ist die Verbesserung der gängigsten Laserquelle zur Erzeugung von isolierten extrem-ultravioletten (XUV) Pulsen, welche im letzten Jahrzehnt das Studium von Elektronen-Dynamiken im sub-femtosekunden Bereich (1 fs = 10^-15 s) ermöglicht hat und zu vielerlei Erkenntnissen der Elektronendynamik in Atomen, Molekülen und Festkörpern beigetragen hat. Mittels der Verwendung einer zusätzlichen Verstärkerstufe, zu dem üblichen einstu- figen Verstärkersystem mit gestreckten Laserpulsen, gelang es die auf weniger als 5 fs komprimierte Laserpulsenergie auf 1,5mJ zu verdreifachen. Dafür wurden zwei unterschiedliche Konzepte für die Kompression der verstärkten Pulse miteinander verglichen. Mit dieser erhöhten Pulsenergie ist es möglich sowohl den Photonen uss in den erzeugten, isolierten Attosekundenpulsen als auch deren Photonenenergie zu erhöhen. Betrieben bei vier Kilohertz Wiederholrate, erlaubt das Lasersystem die Durchführung integrativer Messung mit zwei-Zyklen-Laserpulsen mit deutlich höherer Geschwindigkeit als die meisten anderen Laserquellen in diesem Energiebereich. Diese Laserpulse werden zur Erzeugung höherer Harmonischer eingesetzt und wurden mittels Attosekundenstreakingspektroskopie (Attosekunden-Schlierenspektroskopie) charakterisiert wobei zugleich die hervorragende Stabilität und die Qualität der XUV-pulse nachgewiesen wurde. Die so erzeugten XUV-Pulse wurden zur Durchführung erster Experimente herangezogen, zum einen zur breitbandigen, zeitlichen Charakterisierung der Photoemission der "Riesenresonanz" der Xenon{4d Schale bei 100 eV und zum anderen bei der Untersuchung der induzierten nichtlinearen Propagation in Quarzglas. Deren Ein- uss auf die elektrischen Wellenform der ultrakurzen Laserpulse im sichtbaren, nah-infraroten Spektralbereich wurde mittels Attosekunden-Streaking charakterisiert. Die höheren Pulsenergien des Lasersystems werden sich als besonders nützlich erweisen sobald weitere nichtlineare Effekte Teil des Anregungs-Abfrage-Aufbaus sind, wie z.B. bei der Erzeugung von ultrakurzen UV-Pulsen zur Anregung und der XUVPulse zur zeitlichen Abfrage, da die Intensität beider Pulse mit der Pulsenergie des fundamentalen Pulses ansteigt.
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18

Leeuwenburgh, Jonathan. "Theory of attosecond electron dynamics induced by strong XUV and X-ray laser fields." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/30779.

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This thesis describes interactions between atomic or molecular systems and intense laser fields. Methods for time resolving sub-femtosecond scale Auger-type dynamics in molecules and atoms are discussed. The thesis presents a novel technique for recovering such dynamics by clocking the process with high-harmonic generation. The harmonic generation is driven by an attosecond pump pulse and a long duration, infrared pulse. The technique is then theoretically applied to Auger decay of krypton upon ionisation from the 3d subshell and inner-valence hole dynamics of small molecules. We then examine the extent to which these techniques, which utilise strong fields, can influence the electron dynamics they seek to measure. We describe the coupling between the bound state to a dressed continuum (as opposed to a field-free continuum) and the effect on the Auger decay rate in a sample system is calculated. We then look ahead to possible ways in which the probing strong field may influence the electron dynamics themselves.
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19

Hemmer, Michaël. "Few-cycle pulses amplification for attosecond science applications modeling and experiments." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4920.

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The emergence of mode-locked oscillators providing pulses with durations as short as a few electric-field cycles in the near infra-red has paved the way toward electric-field sensitive physics experiments. In addition, the control of the relative phase between the carrier and the pulse envelope, developed in the early 2000's and rewarded by a Nobel price in 2005, now provides unprecedented control over the pulse behaviour. The amplification of such pulses to the millijoule level has been an on-going task in a few world-class laboratories and has triggered the dawn of attoscience, the science of events happening on an attosecond timescale. This work describes the theoretical aspects, modeling and experimental implementation of HERACLES, the Laser Plasma Laboratory optical parametric chirped pulse amplifier (OPCPA) designed to deliver amplified carrier-envelope phase stabilized 8-fs pulses with energy beyond 1 mJ at repetition rates up to 10 kHz at 800 nm central wavelength. The design of the hybrid fiber/solid-state amplifier line delivering 85-ps pulses with energy up to 10 mJ at repetition rates in the multi-kHz regime tailored for pumping the optical parametric amplifier stages is presented. The novel stretcher/compressor design of HERACLES, suitable for handling optical pulses with spectra exceeding 300 nm of bandwidth with unprecedented flexibility, is fully modeled and also presented in the frame of this thesis. Finally, a 3D model of the multi-stage non-collinear optical parametric amplifier is also reported. The current and foreseen overall performances of HERACLES are presented. This facility is designed to enable attosecond physics experiments, high-harmonic generation and physics of plasma studies.
ID: 029809569; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 218-230).
Ph.D.
Doctorate
Optics and Photonics
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20

Diveki, Zsolt. "Generation and Application of Attosecond Pulses." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00722473.

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To capture electronic rearrangements inside a molecule or during chemical reactions, attosecond (as, 1 as =10−18 s) time resolution is needed. To create a light pulse with this duration, the central frequency has to be in the XUV range and cover several tens of eVs. Moreover, the frequency components have to be synchronized. The so called High Harmonic Generation (HHG) in gases well suits this task. During this process a high intensity laser pulse is focused in a gas jet, where its electric field bends the potential barrier of an atom allowing an electron wave packet (EWP) to tunnel ionize. Following the electric field of the laser the EWP gets accelerated, gaining a large kinetic energy that may be released as a high energy (XUV) photon in the event of a re-collision with the ionic core. These recolliding EWP probe the structure and dynamics of the core in a self-probing scheme: the EWP, that is emitted by the molecule at a certain time, probes itself later. More precisely, this "self-probing" scheme gives access to the complex valued recombination dipole moment (RDM) of the molecule which is determined by both the nuclear and electronic structure. The recombination encodes these characteristics into the spectral amplitude, phase and polarization state of the harmonic radiation emitted by the dipole. Due to the coherent nature of HHG it is possible to measure all these three parameters. Moreover, it is in principle possible through a tomographic procedure to reconstruct the radiating orbital.The objective of my thesis was two-fold. By implementing advanced characterization techniques of the harmonic amplitude, phase and polarization we studied i) the electronic structure of N2 and laser induced multi-channel tunnel ionization. We presented the reconstruction of molecular orbitals and revealed the ionization channel dependent ultrafast nuclear vibration. We also studied ii) the reflectivity and dispersion of recently designed chirped XUV mirrors that can shape the temporal profile of attosecond pulses. With these mirrors we could control the spectral phase over 20 eV and compensate the GDD of the harmonics or introduce a TOD. We also proposed a novel attosecond pulse shaper.
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21

Raith, Philipp Nils [Verfasser], and Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Pfeifer. "Few-Cycle Multidimensional Laser Control of Attosecond Pulse Generation / Philipp Nils Raith ; Betreuer: Thomas Pfeifer." Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1177039893/34.

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22

Shafak, Kemal Verfasser], and Franz X. [Akademischer Betreuer] [Kärtner. "Large-Scale Laser-Microwave Synchronization for Attosecond Photon Science Facilities / Kemal Shafak ; Betreuer: Franz Kärtner." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1133262112/34.

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Shafak, Kemal [Verfasser], and Franz X. [Akademischer Betreuer] Kärtner. "Large-Scale Laser-Microwave Synchronization for Attosecond Photon Science Facilities / Kemal Shafak ; Betreuer: Franz Kärtner." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:18-85229.

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24

Heißler, Patrick [Verfasser], and Ferenc [Akademischer Betreuer] Krausz. "Relativistic laser plasma interaction : a novel route to intense, single attosecond pulses / Patrick Heißler. Betreuer: Ferenc Krausz." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1024658643/34.

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25

Bloch, Etienne. "Femtosecond and attosecond chiral dynamics investigated by velocity map imaging and photoelectron photoion coincidence spectroscopy." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0144.

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L'absence de symétrie miroir dans la structure d'une molécule, ou chiralité, est d'importance fondamentale dans de nombreux domaines, de la biologie à la chimie, la synthèse de médicaments ou encore la physique. Elle est étudiée ici à son échelle de temps naturelle, de la femtoseconde (10^{-15} s) à l'attoseconde (10^{-18} s), en utilisant des impulsions laser ultrabrèves. Quand une molécule chirale est ionisée par un champ laser polarisé circulairement, de fortes asymétries chirosensitives peuvent apparaître dans la distribution angulaire de photoélectrons, à savoir le dichroïsme circulaire de photoelectrons.Nous verrons comment une source laser à haute cadence de nouvelle génération peut être utilisée avec un spectromètre imageur de vecteur vitesse ou un spectromètre de photoélectrons-photoions en coïncidence pour accéder à ces asymétries. L'intéraction lumière-matière sera explorée dans deux régimes. D'une part, l'ionisation multiphotonique montre une grande sensibilité moléculaire. Des champs polarisés elliptiquement seront en particuler utilisés pour étudier les mécanismes d'anisotropie d'excitation. Des processus dépendants de la fragmentation seront résolus avec la détection en coïncidence, et nous accèderons à des dynamiques femtoseconde avec des schémas pompe-sonde résolus en temps. D'autre part, l'ionisation en champs forts nous fait disposer d'un cadre semi-classique simplifié. Il sera utilisé pour décoder l'intéraction lumière-matière à l'échelle d'une fraction de cycle optique, à l'origine des processus chiroptiques, en utilisant des champs laser vectoriels complexes. Cela nous permettra de comprendre comment les trajectoires individuelles de photoélectrons sont imprégnées par la chiralité, tout en enrichissant la boîte à outils des champs forts d'une observable hautement sensible
The absence of mirror symmetry in the structure of a molecule, or chirality, is of fundamental importance in a broad range of fields, from biology, chemistry, drug synthesis, and physics. It is investigated here at its natural timescale, from femtosecond (10^{-15} s) to attosecond (10^{-18} s), by the use of ultrashort laser pulses. When a chiral molecule is ionized by a circularly polarized laser field, strong chirosensitive asymmetries can appear in the photoelectron angular distribution, namely photoelectron circular dichroism.We will see here how new generation high repetition rate laser beamline can be employed with a velocity map imaging spectrometer or a photoelectron-photoion coincidence spectrometer in order to access these asymmetries. The light-matter interaction will be investigated in two regimes. One the one hand, multiphoton ionization shows a high molecular sensitivity. Elliptically polarized fields will be used in particular to study the mechanisms of anisotropy of excitation. Fragmentation-dependent processes will be resolved with the coincidence detection, and femtosecond dynamics will be accessed by using time-resolved pump-probe schemes. On the other hand, strong field ionization provides a simplified semi-classical framework. It will be used to unravel the sub-optical cycle light-matter interaction at the origin of chiroptical processes by the use of tailored vectorial laser fields. This will enable us to understand how the individual photoelectron trajectories are imprinted with chirality, while enriching the strong-field toolbox with a highly sensitive observable
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Jacqmin, Hermance. "Coherent combining of few-cycle pulses for the next generation of Terawatt-class laser sources devoted to attosecond physics." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLX064/document.

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Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre du développement d’une source laser TW, de cadence élevée, stabilisée en phase, et délivrant des impulsions de quelques cycles optiques pour explorer la physique attoseconde. De telles impulsions contiennent seulement quelques oscillations de l’onde porteuse (durée de 5 fs à une longueur d’onde centrale de 800 nm) et ne sont pas directement disponibles à la sortie d’une source laser femtoseconde classique. Une technique de post-compression efficace pour obtenir de telles impulsions consiste à élargir le spectre des impulsions laser par automodulation de phase dans une fibre creuse remplie de gaz, puis à compenser la phase spectrale introduite avec des miroirs chirpés. Cette technique convient à des impulsions dont l’énergie est inférieure au millijoule. Au-delà, la transmission et la stabilité du compresseur chutent fortement à cause d'effets non linéaires tels que l'autofocalisation et l'ionisation. Pour comprimer des impulsions énergétiques et dont la phase de l’enveloppe est stabilisée par rapport à la porteuse (stabilisation de la CEP), il est possible de diviser l'impulsion initiale en plusieurs répliques d'énergie moindre et de réduire ainsi l'intensité crête en entrée de fibre. Le spectre de chaque réplique est alors élargi indépendamment. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, la combinaison cohérente passive d'impulsions de quelques cycles optiques issues d'une fibre creuse remplie de gaz est démontrée pour la première fois. L'utilisation de lames biréfringentes (calcite) dont l’orientation est soigneusement déterminée permet de générer et combiner des répliques avec une efficacité élevée. Ainsi, dans le cas d’une division en deux répliques, des impulsions stabilisées en phase (CEP), de durée 6 fs et d'énergie 0.6 mJ ont été générées de manière fiable et reproductible. L’étude détaillée de cette technique, aussi bien théorique qu’expérimentale, a permis de mettre en évidence les conditions requises pour générer des impulsions de quelques cycles optiques et présentant un bon contraste temporel. Plus précisément, la phase spectrale relative entre les répliques peut être mesurée à l'aide d'une méthode interférométrique permettant de quantifier les déphasages résiduels dus à la lame qui recombine les répliques, ainsi que ceux induits lors de la propagation dans la fibre par d'éventuels effets de modulation de phase croisée ou d'ionisation. Les effets qui affectent le processus de combinaison des répliques, tels que les modifications des états de polarisation des répliques ou bien les interactions non linéaires entre les répliques, sont analysés en détail. Une méthode est proposée pour minimiser ces effets, même dans le cas plus critique de la division et combinaison d'impulsions à quatre répliques
The framework of this thesis is the design and development of a TW-class, high-repetition rate, CEP-stabilized, few-cycle laser system devoted to attosecond physics. Few-cycle pulses includes only a few oscillations of the carrier wave (duration about 5 fs for 800nm central wavelength) and are not directly available at the output of typical femtosecond sources. One of the most popular techniques used for producing such pulses with high spatial quality is nonlinear spectral broadening in a gas-filled hollow-core fiber followed by temporal compression with chirped mirrors. However, as the input pulse energy approaches the milliJoule level, both the transmission and stability of hollow fiber compressors rapidly drop with the onset of self-focusing and ionization. A way of overcoming this limitation is to divide the input pulse into several lower energy replicas that can be subsequently recombined after independent spectral broadening in the fiber. In this thesis, the passive coherent combining of millijoule energy laser pulses down to few-cycle duration in a gas-filled hollow fiber is demonstrated for the first time. High combining efficiency is achieved by using carefully oriented calcite plates for temporal pulse division and recombination. Carrier-envelope phase (CEP)- stable, 6-fs, 800-nm pulses with more than 0.6 mJ energy were routinely generated in the case of twofold division and recombination. A detailed theoretical and experimental analysis of this temporal multiplexing technique is proposed to explain the conditions required for producing few-cycle pulses with high fidelity. In particular, an interferometric method for measuring the relative spectral phase between two replicas is demonstrated. This gives a measure of the phase mismatch in the combining plate, as well as that induced by eventual cross-phase modulation or ionization during propagation in the fiber. The effects degrading the combining process, as polarization change or nonlinear interactions between pulse replicas are analyzed in details. A method is proposed to overcome these limitations, even in the critical case of fourfold pulse division and combination
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27

Liao, Chen-Ting, and Arvinder Sandhu. "XUV Transient Absorption Spectroscopy: Probing Laser-Perturbed Dipole Polarization in Single Atom, Macroscopic, and Molecular Regimes." MDPI AG, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624358.

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We employ an extreme ultraviolet (XUV) pulse to impulsively excite dipole polarization in atoms or molecules, which corresponds to coherently prepared superposition of excited states. A delayed near infrared (NIR) pulse then perturbs the fast evolving polarization, and the resultant absorbance change is monitored in dilute helium, dense helium, and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) molecules. We observe and quantify the time-dependence of various transient phenomena in helium atoms, including laser-induced phase (LIP), time-varying (AC) Stark shift, quantum path interference, and laser-induced continuum structure. In the case of dense helium targets, we discuss nonlinear macroscopic propagation effects pertaining to LIP and resonant pulse propagation, which account for the appearance of new spectral features in transient lineshapes. We then use tunable NIR photons to demonstrate the wavelength dependence of the transient laser induced effects. In the case of molecular polarization experiment in SF6, we show suppression of XUV photoabsorption corresponding to inter-valence transitions in the presence of a strong NIR field. In each case, the temporal evolution of transient absorption spectra allows us to observe and understand the transient laser induced modifications of the electronic structure of atoms and molecules.
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28

Peters, Michel. "Dynamique des électrons corrélés en champ laser intense." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29086/29086.pdf.

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29

Kormin, Dmitrii [Verfasser], and Ferenc [Akademischer Betreuer] Krausz. "Development of high power pump laser for future sources of isolated attosecond pulses / Dmitrii Kormin ; Betreuer: Ferenc Krausz." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1238017339/34.

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30

Heider, Rupert Patrick [Verfasser], Reinhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Kienberger, Reinhard [Gutachter] Kienberger, and Christian [Gutachter] Back. "Attosecond Metrology – Characterization of X-ray Free-electron Laser Pulses via Angular Streaking and Application of Attosecond Spectroscopy on Liquid H2O / Rupert Patrick Heider ; Gutachter: Reinhard Kienberger, Christian Back ; Betreuer: Reinhard Kienberger." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1168798590/34.

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Heider, Rupert Patrick Verfasser], Reinhard [Akademischer Betreuer] [Kienberger, Reinhard [Gutachter] Kienberger, and Christian [Gutachter] Back. "Attosecond Metrology – Characterization of X-ray Free-electron Laser Pulses via Angular Streaking and Application of Attosecond Spectroscopy on Liquid H2O / Rupert Patrick Heider ; Gutachter: Reinhard Kienberger, Christian Back ; Betreuer: Reinhard Kienberger." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:91-diss-20180920-1442076-1-3.

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32

Gonoskov, Arkady. "Ultra-intense laser-plasma interaction for applied and fundamental physics." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för fysik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-84245.

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Rapid progress in ultra-intense laser technology has resulted in intensity levels surpassing 1022 W/cm2, reaching the highest possible density of electromagnetic energy amongst all controlled sources available in the laboratory. During recent decades, fast growth in available intensity has stimulated numerous studies based on the use of high intensity lasers as a unique tool for the initiation of nonlinear behavior in various basic systems: first molecules and atoms, then plasma resulting from the ionization of gases and solids, and, finally, pure vacuum. Apart from their fundamental importance, these studies reveal various mechanisms for the conversion of a laser pulse's energy into other forms, opening up new possibilities for generating beams of energetic particles and radiation with tailored properties. In particular, the cheapness and compactness of laser based sources of energetic protons are expected to make a revolution in medicine and industry.   In this thesis we study nonlinear phenomena in the process of laser radiation interacting with plasmas of ionized targets. We develop advanced numerical tools and use them for the simulation of laser-plasma interactions in various configurations relating to both current and proposed experiments. Phenomenological analysis of numerical results helps us to reveal several new effects, understand the physics behind them and develop related theoretical models capable of making general conclusions and predictions. We develop target designs to use studied effects for charged particle acceleration and for the generation of attosecond pulses of unprecedented intensity. Finally, we analyze prospects for experimental activity at the upcoming international high intensity laser facilities and uncover a basic effect of anomalous radiative trapping, which opens up new possibilities for fundamental science.
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Tang, Suo [Verfasser], and Christoph H. [Akademischer Betreuer] Keitel. "Plasma High Harmonic Generation and Single Attosecond Pulse Emission from Ultraintense Laser Pulses / Suo Tang ; Betreuer: Christoph H. Keitel." Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2018. http://d-nb.info/117725266X/34.

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34

Kallala, Haithem. "Massively parallel algorithms for realistic PIC simulations of ultra high intensity laser-plasma interaction, application to attosecond pulses separation of Doppler harmonics." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASS052.

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La complexité des mécanismes physiques mis en jeu lors de l'interaction laser-plasma à ultra-haute intensité nécessite de recourir à des simulations PIC particulièrement lourdes. Au cœur de ces codes de calcul, les solveurs de Maxwell pseudo-spectraux d'ordre élevé présentent de nombreux avantages en termes de précision numérique. Néanmoins, ces solveurs ont un coût élevé en termes de ressources nécessaires. En effet, les techniques de parallélisation existantes pour ces solveurs sont peu performantes au-delà de quelques milliers de coeurs, ou induisent un important usage mémoire, ce qui limite leur scalabilité à large échelle. Dans cette thèse, nous avons développé une toute nouvelle approche de parallélisation qui combine les avantages des méthodes existantes. Cette méthode a été testée à très large échelle et montre un scaling significativement meilleur que les précédentes techniques, tout en garantissant un usage mémoire réduit.En capitalisant sur ce travail numérique, nous avons réalisé une étude numérique/théorique approfondie dans le cadre de la génération d'harmoniques d'ordres élevés sur cible solide. Lorsqu'une impulsion laser ultra-intense (I>10¹⁶W.cm⁻² ) et ultra-courte (de quelques dizaines de femtosecondes) est focalisée sur une cible solide, elle génère un plasma sur-dense, appelé miroir plasma, qui réfléchit non-linéairement le laser incident. La réflexion de l'impulsion laser est accompagnée par l'émission cohérente d'harmoniques d'ordres élevées, sous forme d'impulsions X-UV attosecondes (1 attosecond = 10⁻¹⁸s). Pour des intensités laser relativistes (I>10¹⁹ W.cm⁻²), la surface du plasma est incurvée sous l'effet de la pression de radiation du laser. De ce fait, les harmoniques rayonnées par la surface du plasma sont focalisées. Dans cette thèse, j'ai étudié la possibilité de produire des impulsions attosecondes isolées en régime relativiste sur miroir plasma, grâce au mécanisme de phare attoseconde. Celui-ci consiste à introduire une rotation des fronts d'onde du laser incident de façon à séparer angulairement les différentes impulsions attosecondes produites à chaque cycle optique. En régime relativiste, la courbure du miroir plasma augmente considérablement la divergence du faisceau harmonique, ce qui rend le mécanisme phare attoseconde inefficace. Pour y remédier, j'ai développé deux techniques de réduction de divergence harmonique afin de mitiger l'effet de focalisation induit par la courbure du miroir plasma et permettre de générer des impulsions attosecondes isolées à partir d’harmoniques Doppler. Ces deux techniques sont basées sur la mise en forme en amplitude et en phase du faisceau laser. Par ailleurs, j'ai développé un modèle théorique pour déterminer les régimes optimaux d'interaction afin de maximiser la séparation angulaire des impulsions attosecondes. Ce modèle a été validé par des simulations numériques PIC en géométries 2D et 3D et sur une large gamme de paramètres laser et plasma. Finalement, on montre qu'en ajustant des paramètres laser et plasma réalistes, il est possible de séparer efficacement les impulsions attosecondes en régime relativiste
The complexity of the physical mechanisms involved in ultra-high intensity laser-plasma interaction requires the use of particularly heavy PIC simulations. At the heart of these computational codes, high-order pseudo-spectral Maxwell solvers have many advantages in terms of numerical accuracy. This numerical approach comes however with an expensive computational cost. Indeed, existing parallelization methods for pseudo-spectral solvers are only scalable to few tens of thousands of cores, or induce an important memory footprint, which also hinders the scaling of the method at large scales. In this thesis, we developed a novel, arbitrarily scalable, parallelization strategy for pseudo-spectral Maxwell's equations solvers which combines the advantages of existing parallelization techniques. This method proved to be more scalable than previously proposed approaches, while ensuring a significant drop in the total memory use.By capitalizing on this computational work, we conducted an extensive numerical and theoretical study in the field of high order harmonics generation on solid targets. In this context, when an ultra-intense (I>10¹⁶W.cm⁻²) ultra-short (few tens of femtoseconds) laser pulse irradiates a solid target, a reflective overdense plasma mirror is formed at the target-vacuum interface. The subsequent laser pulse non linear reflection is accompanied with the emission of coherent high order laser harmonics, in the form of attosecond X-UV light pulses (1 attosecond = 10⁻¹⁸s). For relativistic laser intensities (I>10¹⁹ W.cm⁻²), the plasma surface is curved under the laser radiation pressure. And the plasma mirror acts as a focusing optics for the radiated harmonic beam. In this thesis, we investigated feasible ways for producing isolated attosecond light pulses from relativistic plasma-mirror harmonics, with the so called attosecond lighthouse effect. This effect relies introducing a wavefront rotation on the driving laser pulse in order to send attosecond pulses emitted during different laser optical cycles along different directions. In the case of high order harmonics generated in the relativistic regime, the plasma mirror curvature significantly increases the attosecond pulses divergence and prevents their separation with the attosecond lighthouse scheme. For this matter, we developed two harmonic divergence reduction techniques, based on tailoring the laser pulse phase or amplitude profiles in order to significantly inhibit the plasma mirror focusing effect and allow for a clear separation of attosecond light pulses by reducing the harmonic beam divergence. Furthermore, we developed an analytical model to predict optimal interaction conditions favoring attosecond pulses separation. This model was fully validated with 2D and 3D PIC simulations over a broad range of laser and plasma parameters. In the end, we show that under realistic laser and plasma conditions, it is possible to produce isolated attosecond pulses from Doppler harmonics
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35

Schweinberger, Hans Wolfgang Verfasser], and Ferenc [Akademischer Betreuer] [Krausz. "A laser source for the generation of intense attosecond pulses and its first applications / Hans Wolfgang Schweinberger. Betreuer: Ferenc Krausz." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1063874947/34.

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36

Comby, Antoine. "Dynamiques ultrarapides de molécules chirales en phase gazeuse." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0230/document.

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La chiralité est une propriété géométrique caractérisant les objets qui ne sont pas superposables à leur image dans un miroir. Nos mains en sont un exemple emblématique, puisqu’elles existent sous deux formes différentes droite et gauche. Si la chiralité s'observe à toutes les échelles de l'univers, elle joue un rôle particulièrement important en chimie. Une molécule chirale et son image miroir peuvent réagir différemment avec leur environnement et être thérapeutiques ou toxiques. Ces effets ont évidemment d'immenses répercussions sur le règne animal et végétal. Il apparaît alors clairement qu'il est essentiel d’étudier précisément les dynamiques des réactions chimiques chirales.Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié les dynamiques ultrarapides de molécules chirales par des sources lasers de durée femtosecondes).($10^{-15}$ s). La chiralité moléculaire étant généralement difficile à détecter, nous avons ici utilisé une technique récente, le dichroïsme circulaire de photoélectrons (PECD) qui permet de générer un signal chiral très important. Nous avons ainsi observé des dynamiques moléculaires ultrarapides jusqu'à l'échelle attoseconde ($10^{-18}$ s), et mis en avant des dynamiques de relaxation et d'ionisation encore jamais observées.Parallèlement à ces études résolues en temps, nous avons développé plusieurs expériences employant une nouvelle source laser Yb fibrée à haute cadence et grande puissance moyenne. Nous avons développé une nouvelle méthode, par extension du PECD, qui nous a permis de mesurer la compositions d'échantillons chiraux rapidement avec une grande précision. Enfin, nous avons développé une ligne de lumière XUV ultrabrève de très haute brillance ($sim 2$ mW). Cette source, couplée à un détecteur de photoélectrons et photoions en coïncidence, servira à étudier les mécanismes de reconnaissance chirale
Chirality is a geometric property that characterizes objects that cannot be superposed on their mirror image. Our hands are an emblematic example of this, since they exist in two different forms, right and left. While chirality is observed at all scales in the universe, it plays a particularly important role in chemistry. A chiral molecule and its mirror image can react differently with their environment and be therapeutic or toxic. These effects obviously have immense repercussions on the animal and plant kingdom. It then becomes clear that it is essential to study precisely the dynamics of chiral chemical reactions.In this thesis, we studied the ultrafast dynamics of chiral molecules by laser sources of femtosecond duration ($10^{-15}$ s). Molecular chirality is generally difficult to detect, so we have used a recent technique, circular photoelectron dichroism (PECD), to generate a very important chiral signal. We have thus observed ultrafast molecular dynamics at the attosecond scale ($10^{-18}$ s), and highlighted relaxation and ionization dynamics never observed before.In parallel to these time-resolved studies, we have developed several experiments using a new high repetition rate, high mean power Yb fiber laser. We have developed a new method, by extending the PECD, that has allowed us to measure the composition of chiral samples quickly and accurately. Finally, we have developed an ultra-short XUV beamline with very high brightness ($sim 2$ mW). This source, coupled with a photoelectron and photoion coincidence detector, will be used to study chiral recognition mechanisms
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37

Schönenberger, Norbert [Verfasser], Peter [Akademischer Betreuer] Hommelhoff, and Philip [Gutachter] Russell. "Control of free electrons with ultrafast laser pulses:Generation of attosecond electron pulse trains / Norbert Schönenberger ; Gutachter: Philip Russell ; Betreuer: Peter Hommelhoff." Erlangen : Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 2021. http://d-nb.info/1239898436/34.

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38

Wyatt, Adam Stacey. "Spectral interferometry for the complete characterisation of near infrared femtosecond and extreme ultraviolet attosecond pulses." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:22b7750a-6328-42c1-a7f6-965523858c05.

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This thesis describes methods for using spectral interferometry for the complete space-time characterisation of few-cycle near-infrared femtosecond pulses and extreme ultraviolet (XUV) attosecond pulses produced via high harmonic generation (HHG). Few-cycle pulses tend to exhibit one or more of the following: (1) an octave-spanning bandwidth, (2) a highly modulated spectrum and (3) space-time coupling. These characteristics, coupled with the desire to measure them in a single-shot (to characterise shot-to-shot fluctuations) and in real-time (for online optimisation and control) causes problems for conventional characterisation techniques. The first half of this thesis describes a method, based on a spatially encoded arrangement for spectral phase interferometry for direct electric-field reconstruction (SEA-SPIDER). SEA-SPIDER is demonstrated for sub-10fs pulses with a central wavelength near 800nm, a bandwidth over 350nm, and a pulse energy of several nano-Joules. In addition, the pulses exhibit a modulated spectrum and space-time coupling. The spatially-dependent temporal intensity of the pulse is reconstructed and compared to other techniques: interferometric frequency-resolved optical gating (IFROG) and spectral phase interferometry for direct electric field reconstruction (SPIDER). SEA-SPIDER will prove useful in both femtoscience, which requires accurate knowledge of the space-time character of few-cycle pulses, and in HHG, which requires the precise knowledge of the driving pulse for seeding into simulations and controlling the generation process itself. Pulses arising from HHG are known to exhibit significant space-time coupling. The second half of this thesis describes how spectral interferometry may be performed to obtain the complete space-time nature of these fields via the use of lateral shearing interferometry. Finally, it is shown, via numerical simulations, how to extend the SPIDER technique for temporal characterisation of XUV pulses from HHG by driving the process with two spectrally-sheared driving pulses. Different experimental configurations and their applicability to different laser systems are discussed. This method recovers the space-time nature of the harmonics in a single shot, thus reducing the stability constraint currently required for photoelectron based techniques and may serve as a complimentary method for studying interactions of XUV attosecond pulses with matter.
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39

Labeye, Marie. "Molecules interacting with short and intense laser pulses : simulations of correlated ultrafast dynamics." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS193/document.

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Cette thèse porte sur différents aspects des dynamiques ultra-rapides d’atomes et de molécules soumises à des impulsions laser infrarouges courtes et intenses. Nous étudions des processus fortement non linéaires tels que l’ionisation tunnel, la génération d’harmoniques d’ordre élevé ou l’ionisation au-dessus du seuil. Deux approches différentes sont utilisées. D’un côté nous mettons au point des modèles analytiques approchés qui nous permettent de construire des interprétations physiques de ces processus. D’autre part nous appuyons les interprétations données par ces modèles avec les résultats obtenus par des simulations numériques qui résolvent explicitement l’équation de Schrödinger dépendante du temps en dimension réduite. Nous étudions également une méthode numérique basée sur l’interaction de configuration dépendante du temps afin de pouvoir des décrire des systèmes à plusieurs électrons plus gros et plus complexes
In this thesis we study different aspects of the ultrafast dynamics of atoms and molecules triggered by intense and short infrared laser pulses. Highly non-linear processes like tunnel ionization, high order harmonic generation and above threshold ionization are investigated. Two different and complementary approaches are used. On the one hand we construct approximate analytical models to get physical insight on these processes. On the other hand, these models are supported by the results of accurate numerical simulations that explicitly solve the time dependent Schrödinger equation for simple benchmark models in reduced dimensions. A numerical method based on time dependent configuration interaction is investigated to describe larger and more more complex systems with several electrons
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40

Gilbertson, Steve. "Double optical gating." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/4250.

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41

Platzer, Dominique. "Spectroscopie de photoionisation d’atomes et molécules en phase gazeuse aux échelles de temps femtoseconde et attoseconde." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASP088.

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Cette thèse porte sur l’étude de systèmes atomiques et moléculaires en phase gazeuse par spectroscopie pompe-sonde électronique aux échelles de temps femtoseconde (1 fs = 10⁻¹⁵ s) et attoseconde (1 as = 10⁻¹⁸ s) sur la ligne de lumière SE1 de la plateforme ATTOLab. Dans un premier temps, la dissociation femtoseconde de la molécule d’iodométhane suite à l’absorption d’un photon UV a été suivie par spectroscopie Auger d’une part et ionisation multiphotonique (ATI-IR) d’autre part. Dans le second cas, il a été possible de mettre en évidence une dynamique de relaxation dont la durée caractéristique est de 75 fs pour le paquet d’onde nucléaire confiné aux faibles distances internucléaires. Dans un deuxième temps, la dynamique d’ionisation attoseconde de l’argon a été étudiée sur une large gamme spectrale incluant des minima de Cooper. Pour cela, ont été exploitées : (i) une source cohérente dans l’ultra-violet extrême (énergie de photon de l’ordre de 10–100 eV) basée sur le phénomène de génération d’harmoniques d’ordre élevé et permettant de produire des trains d’impulsions attosecondes, et (ii) une technique d’interférométrie électronique donnant accès aux phases spectrales des paquets d’ondes émis. Ces dernières permettent d’extraire les délais de photoionisation attosecondes, qui peuvent être interprétés comme le temps nécessaire à l’électron pour s’échapper du potentiel atomique. Les fortes variations observées pour les délais d’ionisation entre les couches de valence 3s et 3p révèlent des effets importants de corrélation électronique, notamment la présence de canaux d’ionisation de type "shake-up". Pour pouvoir reconstruire le film complet du processus de photoionisation, il est nécessaire d’ajouter une dimension spatiale aux mesures purement spectrales/temporelles. L’ionisation résonante à deux photons de l’hélium à travers l'état 1s3p a ainsi été étudiée avec un spectromètre imageur de vecteurs vitesse (VMI) au lieu du spectromètre intégrateur de type bouteille magnétique utilisé pour les études précédentes. Un saut de phase spectral extrêmement rapide a été mesuré, et ceci de façon relativement homogène jusqu’à des angles de 45°, donnant une vision plus complète du processus. Pour finir, un nouveau spectromètre VMI a été conçu, construit puis installé sur la ligne de lumière. Ses principales caractéristiques (gamme d’énergie, résolution) ont été optimisées pour la spectroscopie attoseconde, grâce notamment au développement d’une nouvelle lentille électrostatique
In this work are studied atomic and molecular systems in the gas phase using time-resolved electron pump-probe spectroscopy on the femtosecond (1 fs = 10⁻¹⁵ s) and attosecond (1 as = 10⁻¹⁸ s) timescales on the SE1 beamline of the ATTOLab platform. First, the femtosecond dissociation of methyl iodide following the absorption of one UV photon was investigated by Auger spectroscopy and multiphoton ionization (ATI-IR). In the latter case, a relaxation dynamic with 75 fs caracteristic time was evidenced for the part of the nuclear wavepacket confined to small internuclear distances. Second, the attosecond ionization dynamics of argon were studied over a large spectral range including Cooper minima. This study required: (i) a coherent light source in the extreme ultra-violet (photon energy in the 10-100 eV range) based on high harmonic generation and producing attosecond pulse trains, and (ii) an electron interferometry technique giving access to the spectral phase of the photoemitted wavepackets. The latter are used to extract the attosecond photoemission time delays that can be interpreted as the time necessary for the electron to escape from the atomic potential. Strong variations of the time delays were observed between the 3s and 3p valence shells, revealing important electronic correlation effects, like the presence of shake-up ionization channels. To be able to reconstruct the complete movie of the photoionization process, one needs to add spatial information to the spectral/temporal measurements. Two-photon resonant ionization of helium through the 1s3p state was then studied, using a velocity-map imaging (VMI) spectrometer instead of the angularly-integrating magnetic-bottle electron spectrometer used in the previous studies. An extremely fast spectral phase shift was measured, quite homogeneously up to 45° emission angles, thus giving a more complete view of the process. Finally, a new VMI spectrometer was designed, built and installed on the beamline. Its main specifications (energy range and resolution) were optimized for attosecond spectroscopy, mainly through the development of a new electrostatic lens
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42

Beaulieu, Samuel. "Probing femtosecond and attosecond electronic and chiral dynamics : high-order harmonic generation, XUV free induction decay, photoelectron spectroscopy and Coulomb explosion." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0063/document.

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Ce manuscrit de thèse s'articule autour de l'étude de l'interaction entre des impulsions lumineuses ultra brèves et des atomes ainsi que des molécules polyatomiques et chirales en phase gazeuse. En utilisant des techniques développées en physique attoseconde ainsi qu'en femtochimie, notre objectif général est de parvenir à une meilleure compréhension des dynamiques ultrarapides photoinduites dans la matière. Pour ce faire, nous avons développé des sources de lumière à ultra brèves dans le proche infrarouge et l’infrarouge moyen, qui ont été utilisées pour construire une source de rayons X dans la fenêtre de l’eau, basée surla génération d'harmoniques d’ordre élevé (GHOE), ainsi que pour l’étude de nouveaux canaux de GHOE impliquant des états hautement excités (Rydberg). Cette dernière étude a démontré une émission harmonique via l'ionisation depuis des états de Rydberg et la recombinaison radiative sur l'état fondamental, attirant ainsi notre intérêt pour le rôle des états de Rydberg en physique des champs forts. Cela nous a conduit à étudier la décroissance libre de l’induction XUV de paquets d'ondes électroniques comme une nouvelle technique de spectroscopie 2D. De plus, nous avons découvert que l'interaction entre un laser intense et un atome préparé dans une superposition cohérente d'états électroniques peut conduire à la génération de lignes hyper-Raman concomitantes avec la GHOE standard. Ce mécanisme avait été prédit lors des premiers calculs théoriques de GHOE, mais n'avait jamais été démontré expérimentalement. Par la suite, nous nous sommes intéressé à l’étude de systèmes moléculaires, dans lesquelles une excitation électronique induite par la lumière peut déclencher des dynamiques nucléaires. Nous avons étudié la photo isomérisation non-adiabatique de l’acétylène cationique en vinylidène cationique ainsi que le contrôle cohérent de la localisation électronique lors de la photodissociation de H2+. La simplicité de ces systèmes moléculaires a permis la comparaison des résultats expérimentaux avec des calculs théoriques de pointe,révélant l'importance du couplage entre les degrés de liberté nucléaires et électroniques lors de dynamiques moléculaires photoinduites.Un autre pilier majeur de cette thèse est l'étude de l'ionisation de molécules chirales avec des impulsions chirales. On sait depuis les années 70 que l'ionisation d'un ensemble de molécules chirales aléatoirement orientées, en utilisant une impulsion polarisée circulairement, conduit à une forte asymétrie avant-arrière dans le nombre de photoélectrons émis, selon l'axe de propagation de la lumière (DichroismeCirculaire de Photoélectron, DCPE). Avant cette thèse, le DCPE a été largement étudié à l’aide du rayonnement synchrotron (ionisation à un photon) et a récemment été démontré avec des lasers femtoseconde, via des schémas d'ionisation multiphotonique. Dans cette thèse, nous avons montré que le DCPE est un effet universel, c'est-à-dire qu'il émerge dans tous les régimes d'ionisation: l'ionisation àun photon, l'ionisation à multiphonique, l'ionisation au-dessus du seuil ainsi que l’ionisation par effet tunnel. Ensuite, nous avons démontré que la combinaison d’approches standard de femtochimie et du DCPE peuvent être utilisées pour suivre des dynamique de molécules chirales photoexcitées. En utilisant des approches expérimentales similaires, avec des séquences d'impulsions ayant des états de polarisation contre-intuitifs, nous avons démontré un nouvel effet chiroptique, appelé Dichroïsme Circulaire de Photoexcitation (DCPX), qui est décrit par un courant électronique directionnel et chirosensible, lorsque plusieurs niveaux sont peuplés de manière cohérente avec de la lumière chirale. Enfin, nous avons introduit une perspective temporelle à la photoionisation chirale en mesurant l'asymétrie avant arrièredes retards de photoionisation dans les molécules chirales photoionisées par des impulsions lumineuses chirales
This thesis manuscript is articulated around the investigation of the interaction between ultrashort light pulses and gas-phase atoms, polyatomic and chiral molecules. Using the toolboxes developed in attosecond and strong-field physics as well as in femtochemistry, our general goal is to reach a better understanding of subtle effects underlying ultrafast light-induced dynamics in matter.To do so, we developed cutting-edge near-infrared and mid-infrared few-cycle light sources, which were used to build a water-window soft-X-ray source based on high order harmonic generation (HHG), as well as to study new HHG channels involving highly-excited (Rydberg) states. The latter study revealed a delayed HHG emission from the ionization of Rydberg states and radiative recombination onto the electronicground state, triggering our interest in the role of Rydberg states in strong-field physics. This led us to investigate the laser-induced XUV Free Induced Decay from electronic wave packets as a new background-free 2D spectroscopic technique.More over, we have found out that strong-field interaction with a well prepared coherent superposition of electronic states led to the generation of hyper-Ramanlines concomitant with standard high-order harmonics. These spectral features were predicted in the early-days theoretical calculations of HHG but had never been reported experimentally.After these experiments in rare gas atoms, we moved to molecular targets, in whichlight-induced electronic excitation can trigger nuclear dynamics. Using simple benchmark molecules, we have studied dynamics involving the participation of both nuclear and electronic degrees of freedom: first, we studied the ultrafast non adiabatic photoisomerization of the acetylene cation into vinylidene cation, andsecond, we investigated the coherent control of electron localization during molecular photodissociation of H2+. The simplicity of these molecular targets enabled the comparison of the experimental results with state-of-the-art theoretical calculations,revealing the importance of the coupling between nuclear and electronic degrees of freedom in photoinduced molecular dynamics.The other major pillar of this thesis is the study of ionization of chiral molecules usingchiral light pulses. It has been known since the 70s that the ionization from an ensemble of randomly oriented chiral molecules, using circularly polarized light pulse,leads to a strong forward-backward asymmetry in the number of emitted photoelectrons, along the light propagation axis (Photoelectron Circular Dichroism,PECD). Prior to this thesis, PECD was widely studied at synchrotron facilities (single photonionization) and had recently been demonstrated using table-top lasers in resonant-enhanced multiphoton ionization schemes. In this thesis, we have shownthat PECD is a universal effect, i.e. that it emerges in all ionization regimes, from single photon ionization, to few-photon ionization, to above-threshold ionization, up to the tunneling ionization regime. This bridges the gap between chiral photoionizationand strong-field physics. Next, we have shown how the combination of standard femtochemistry approaches and PECD can be used to follow the dynamics of photoexcited chiral molecules using time-resolved PECD. Using similar experimental approaches, but by using pulse sequences with counter-intuitive polarization states,we have demonstrated a novel electric dipolar chiroptical effect, called Photoexcitation Circular Dichroism (PXCD), which emerges as a directional and chirosensitive electron current when multiple excited bound states of chiral molecules are coherently populated with chiral light. Last, we introduced a time-domain perspective on chiral photoionization by measuring the forward-backward asymmetry of photoionization delays in chiral molecules photoionized by chiral light pulses. Our work thus carried chiral-sensitive studies down to the femtosecond and attosecond ranges
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43

Mang, Matthias M. "Interferometric spatio-temporal characterisation of ultrashort light pulses." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:163c5374-1466-4c4d-a0f5-c4e66b27e2ac.

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The main topic of this thesis is the development of novel diagnostics for the characterisation of infrared femtosecond and extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) attosecond pulses. High-resolution interferometric methods are applied to high harmonic radiation, both to measure the properties of the XUV light and to relate this information to the physics of the fundamental generation process. To do so, a complete high harmonic beamline has been built and optimised to enable the observation of strong signatures of the macroscopic response of the medium. The distinct spatial characteristics of long and short trajectories are studied, as well as the interference between them. An interferometric measurement allows the extraction of the atomic dipole phase, which gives direct access to the sub-cycle electron dynamics. A major focus of this thesis is on the development of a novel method which simultaneously characterises two independent electric fields as a function of any degree of freedom in which it is possible to shear one of the beams. Since each field alternately takes the role of the reference to retrieve the other field, this technique is referred to as mutual interferometric characterisation of electric-fields (MICE). One of the key features of MICE is that no sheared but otherwise identical replica of the test pulse needs to be generated, which is a typical requirement of self-referencing techniques. Furthermore, no a priori information is needed for the reconstruction. The strength and the wide applicability of MICE are demonstrated using two fundamentally different examples. First, the temporal pulse profiles of two infrared femtosecond pulses are simultaneously reconstructed in a single laser shot. In the second demonstration, the MICE approach is used to simultaneously reconstruct the wavefronts of two high harmonic beams. Having this new technique at hand, the phase properties of the different quantum trajectories are compared. All pulse characterisation techniques implicitly assume full coherence of the beam. This, however, is often not the case in practice, in particular when dealing with complex XUV light sources. Here the standard characterisation techniques fail to provide an accurate description of the electric field. Instead, the electric field must be seen as a statistical mixture of different contributions to the overall field. Here an interferometric experiment is first proposed and then performed involving multiple lateral shears to measure the two-point correlation function of high harmonic radiation. This directly provides information about the existence and the magnitude of partial coherence of high harmonics.
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44

Bourassin-Bouchet, Charles. "Optiques pour les impulsions attosecondes." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00657772.

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Les plus brefs flashs de lumière qui puissent être produits en laboratoire actuellement ont des durées de quelques dizaines d'attosecondes (1 as = 10-18 s), et ne peuvent être créés que dans le domaine extrême-ultraviolet (XUV). Le développement de composants optiques capables de contrôler et de mettre en forme ce rayonnement attoseconde est crucial pour permettre à ces impulsions de se généraliser. Cette thèse porte donc sur l'étude et la réalisation de tels composants.Les impulsions attosecondes ont la particularité de comporter une dérivée de fréquence intrinsèque au processus utilisé pour leur génération. Cela a pour effet d'augmenter leur durée. Nous avons donc développé des miroirs multicouches capables d'induire une dérive de fréquence opposée sur les impulsions s'y réfléchissant, permettant ainsi de les compresser. En caractérisant les impulsions attosecondes réfléchies par ces miroirs, nous avons pour la première fois observé une telle compression des impulsions attosecondes. Nous avons également développé des miroirs multicouches théoriquement capables de compresser des impulsions sous la barre symbolique des 50 as, soit en dessous du record actuel de durée d'une impulsion lumineuse.La mesure de ces impulsions requiert leur focalisation dans un spectromètre. Or les miroirs focalisants généralement utilisés peuvent très rapidement introduire des aberrations géométriques. A l'aide de simulations numériques et d'une étude analytique, nous avons montré que ces aberrations pouvaient très fortement déformer la structure spatio-temporelle des impulsions attosecondes, provoquant une augmentation de leur durée. Enfin, nous avons montré que ces effets n'étaient pas pris en compte par les techniques actuelles de caractérisation d'impulsions attosecondes, cela pouvant amener à mesurer une impulsion attoseconde plus courte qu'elle ne l'est en réalité.
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45

Quintard, Ludovic. "Caractérisation et contrôle des profils spatiaux, spectraux et temporels de faisceaux XUV obtenus par génération d’harmoniques d’ordres élevés dans des gaz." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0641/document.

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Dans ce travail nous présentons nos travaux réalisés sur le contrôle de la générationd’harmoniques d’ordres élevés dans les gaz. Dans un premiers temps nous montronscomment, en générant les harmoniques hors du foyer du faisceau IR, il est possiblede contrôler la phase spatiale des harmoniques dans le milieu générateur permettantd’obtenir un front d’onde divergent, collimaté ou convergent. Par cette méthode nousmontrons qu’il est possible de focaliser les harmoniques à des distances pouvant atteindresix longueur de Rayleigh après le point focal du faisceau IR. Nous avons ensuiteétudié des faisceaux harmoniques XUV présentant des distributions spatio-spectralesen champ lointain structurées. Dans cette étude nous observons l’influence d’un irisde diamètre variable positionné avant la focalisation de l’IR. Dans un troisième tempsnous étudions des méthodes de contrôle du spectre harmonique. Tout d’abord nousavons contrôlé finement la longueur d’onde centrale des harmoniques par modificationdu contenu spectral de l’IR en superposant deux impulsions IR retardées. Puis nousavons utilisé les effets collectifs de la génération d’harmoniques afin de favoriser uneharmonique spécifique ou un groupe d’harmoniques en champ lointain. Enfin, nousprésentons une méthode de caractérisation de la durée d’impulsions attosecondes dansle domaine temporel. Cette méthode, appelée ionisation par paliers, utilise l’ionisationcomme sonde pour mesurer des durée d’impulsions pouvant atteindre la centained’attoseconde
We present our work on the control of high order harmonic generation in gases.We first show how, by generating the harmonics outside the focus of the IR beam,it is possible to control the spatial phase of the harmonics in the generating mediumallowing to obtain a divergent, collimated or convergent wavefront. With this methodwe show that it is possible to focus the harmonics up to six Rayleigh length after thefocal point of the IR beam. Then we study XUV harmonic beams presenting structuredspacio-spectral distributions in the far field. In this study, we observe the influence ofthe diameter of an iris positioned before the focusing of the IR. In a third step we studymethods for controlling the harmonic spectrum. First, we finely control the harmonicscentral wavelength by modifiying the spectral content of the IR by adding two delayedIR pulses. Then we used the collective effects of the high order harmonic generationin order to foster a specific harmonic or a group of harmonics in the far field. Finally,we present a method for characterizing the duration of attosecond pulses in the timedomain. This method, called ionization ladder, uses ionization as a probe to measurepulse duration of up to hundreds of attosecond
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46

Chopineau, Ludovic. "Physique attoseconde relativiste sur miroirs plasmas." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS132/document.

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Lors de la réflexion d’un laser femtoseconde ultra-intense [Iʟ > 10¹⁶ W/cm²] sur une cible solide, celle-ci est ionisée dès les premiers cycles de l’impulsion. Un plasma se détend alors vers le vide avec un profil exponentiel de longueur caractéristique Lg. Pour de faibles longueurs de gradient Lg < λʟ, le gradient plasma est considéré comme raide, il réfléchit spéculairement l’impulsion incidente : c’est un miroir plasma. De tels plasmas, réfléchissant pour la lumière, sont aujourd’hui exploités dans différentes applications scientifiques, comme l’accélération de particules par laser ou encore la génération d’harmoniques d’ordre élevé, associées dans le domaine temporel à un train d’impulsions attosecondes. Néanmoins, pour favoriser ces émissions de lumière ou de particules, le transfert d’énergie entre l’impulsion laser incidente et le plasma est essentiel. L’objectif de cette thèse est de mieux comprendre ces interactions à l’aide de la caractérisation de ces deux observables physiques qui en sont issues : les émissions d’électrons relativistes et d’harmoniques d’ordre élevé. Tout d’abord, nous reportons dans ce manuscrit la première étude expérimentale et numérique détaillée des mécanismes de couplage laser-plasma dense impliqués en régime relativiste [Iʟ > 10¹⁸ W/cm²] en fonction notamment de la longueur caractéristique de gradient Lg. Cette étude a notamment permis d’identifier deux régimes distincts en fonction des conditions d’interaction, éclaircissant ainsi la physique régissant ces systèmes. Par ailleurs, au delà de cet aspect fondamental, le contrôle de ces sources est également essentiel pour de futures expériences. Pour cela, différentes approches permettant de mettre en forme spatialement et temporellement ces impulsions de lumière ultra-brèves ont été étudiées au cours de ce doctorat, ouvrant ainsi de nouvelles perspectives pour l’utilisation de ces sources. En particulier, nous démontrons qu’il est possible d’introduire un moment angulaire orbital aux impulsions XUV attosecondes via la mise en forme spatiale du faisceau IR femtoseconde incident ou bien de plasma dense créé à la surface de la cible mais également de contrôler la dynamique des électrons de surface du plasma à l’échelle attoseconde à l’aide d’un champ incident à deux couleurs. Finalement, une méthode novatrice basée sur des mesures de ptychographie dynamique a été développée afin de caractériser spatio-temporellement ces impulsions de lumière ultra-brèves, constituant un enjeu majeur pour la communauté
When an ultra-intense femtosecond laser beam [Iʟ > 10¹⁶ W/cm²] is focused on a solid target, the surface becomes completely ionized during the first optical cycles of the laser pulse. Due to their solid-like density and to their limited expansion into the vacuum such plasmas specularly reflect these pulses, just like ordinary mirrors do for low intensity. These plasmas are now used in many scientific applications like particle acceleration by laser light as well as high-order harmonic generation, associated to a train of attosecond pulses in the time domain. Nevertheless, to favor these emissions of light or particle, the energy transfert between the incident field and the dense plasma is crucial. The aim of this thesis is to better understand these interactions through the characterization of high-order harmonics and relativistic electron beams generated on plasma mirrors. We reported in this manuscript the first detailed experimental and numerical study of the coupling mechanisms involved between an ultra-intense laser light [Iʟ > 10¹⁸ W/cm²] and a dense plasma, and more specifically as a function of the gradient scale length Lg. These results enabled to identify two different regimes, clarifying some physical issues. Furthermore, beyond these fondamental aspects, the control of these sources is essential, particularly for futures pump-probe experiments or new spectroscopies. For that, several approaches have been studied to temporally and spatially shape these ultra-short light pulses, thus opening up new perspectives for these sources. We demonstrate in particular the generation of intense XUV vortex beam either by spatially shaping the incident IR field or the dense plasma created at the target surface as well as controlling the electron dynamics on the attosecond time scale with relativistic two-color waveforms. Finally, an innovative method based on in-situ ptychographic measurements has been developed to simultaneously characterize in time and space these ultrashort XUV light pulses, constituting one of the major challenges of the community
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47

Clergerie, Alex. "Modélisation de spectroscopie moléculaire par paquets d'électrons attosecondes." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0243.

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Sur la base d'une approche numérique bien optimisée dans le cas atomique, on développe des simulations numériques de la génération d'harmoniques d'ordre élevé dans des molécules soumises à un champ laser intense et bref. Dans ce processus, un paquet d'onde électronique issu de l'ionisation vient, guidé par le champ, sonder la cible moléculaire à l'échelle attoseconde. Nous avons développé un modèle semi-classique dans lequel l'ionisation et la propagation de l'électron dans le continu sont traitées classiquement en termes de trajectoires électroniques, tandis que la photorecombinaison est décrite quantiquement. Nous présentons la méthodologie que nous avons mise en place, et son application à la génération d'harmoniques dans les molécules d'eauen phase gazeuse. Après des simulations dans lesquelles les molécules sont figées à leur géométrie d'équilibre tout au long de l'interaction, l'effet de la vibration nucléaire entre ionisation et recombinaison est explicitement pris en compte. Notre modèle fournit une description quantitative du processus de génération, associée à une image intuitive inhérente à la description classique de la dynamique électronique
On the basis of previous numerical simulations for atomic targets, we develop a model to describe high-orderharmonic generation in molecules subjected to short and intense laser pulses. In this process, anelectron wavepacket launched through ionization is driven by the field and comes back to the molecular ioniccore that it probes on the attosecond timescale. Our model, to which we refer to as molCTMC-QUEST,describes ionization and electron propagation into the continuum classically, in terms of electron trajectories, while photorecombination is described quantum mechanically. We present the methodology that wehave built, and we later apply it to harmonic generation in water molecules. After simulations in which themolecules remain frozen in their equilibrium geometry throughout the interaction, we explicitly take intoaccount nuclear vibration between ionization and recombination. molCTMC-QUEST provides a quantitativedescription of the generation process combined with an intuitive picture of the interaction inherent in theclassical description of electron dynamics
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48

Ruf, Hartmut. "Dynamique moléculaire par imagerie attoseconde." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00803390.

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Depuis sa première observation, la génération d'harmoniques d'ordre élevé (GHOE) dans les gaz a demontré son importance, ouvrant la voie à la science attoseconde. Cette technique produit un rayonnement impulsionnel XUV qui s'étend dans le domaine spectral intermédiaire entre l'ultraviolet et les rayons X. Ces impulsions attosecondes donnent accès à des résolutions temporelles extrêemes, permettant ainsi d'observer des dynamiques électroniques dans des atomes ou des molécules. En effet le processus de généneration d'harmonique repose sur l'oscillation de paquets d'électrons attosecondes issus des molécules, accélérés par le champ de laser intense et se recombinant radiativement avec leurs ions moléculaires parents. Ainsi, le rayonnement harmonique émis lors de la recombinaison permet d'encoder l'information structurale sur le ou les orbitales impliquées avec une résolution spatiale de l'ordre l'Angström et temporelle femtoseconde ou attoseconde. La génération d'harmonique peut être utilisée comme signal de sonde dans des expériences de spectroscopie pompe-sonde résolue en temps. Ces expériences de spectroscopie harmoniques permettent d'étudier la structure des orbitales et les dynamiques moléculaires ultra-rapides. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'utiliser le processus de la GHOE, pour sonder les processus fondamentaux qui interviennent dans les atomes, les molécules et la matière condensée. Tout d'abord, pour comprendre comment extraire des informations dynamiques ou structurelles sur les orbitales à partir du signal harmonique nous avons étudié un système simple et connu: l'argon. Une nouvelle approche théorique développée par Fabre et Pons a permis de reproduire fidèlement l'expérience. Nous avons continué à étudier la structure et la dynamique moléculaire dans N2 et CO2. Les molécules issues d'un jet supersonique Even-Lavie qui permettait d'obtenir des températures rotationelles de moins de 10K ont été alignées par laser avec un fort degré d'alignement. Ce type de jet permet d'améliorer la sensibilité à la structure des orbitales impliquées et d'identifier la contribution de plusieurs orbitales. Ensuite nous avons utilisé la sensibilité de la génération des harmoniques d'ordre élevé à la structure des orbitales moléculaires pour sonder la dynamique complexe du NO2 excité autour d'une intersection conique. Nous avons appliqué la méthode du réseau d'excitation transitoire qui permet d'améliorer la sensibilité aux molécules excitées. Nous avons donc mené une étude dans les agrégats. A l'aide d'une étude différentielle en température et d'une méthode de cartographie spectrale et spatiale, nous avons pu isoler la contibution des grands agrégats. Notre analyse suggère un nouveau mécanisme de génération par des agrégats et permet même une estimation de la longeur de corrélation des électrons dans les agrégats. Ce manuscrit se termine avec la présentation d'une ligne de lumière XUV. Cette technique consiste à utiliser le rayonnement XUV fs produit par la GHOE comme impulsion sonde pour ioniser des fragments de dissociation moléculaire à l'aide d'une transition à un photon.
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49

Georgescu, Ionut. "Rare-gas clusters in intense VUV laser fields." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-ds-1226316004337-66645.

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A hybrid quantum-classical approach to the interaction of atomic clusters with intense laser fields in the vacuum ultra-violet (VUV) has been developed. Much emphasis is put on localized electrons, those quasi-free electrons which localize about the ions and screen them. These electrons set a time scale, which is used to interpolate between the quantum, rate based description of photon absorption by bound electrons and the classical, deterministic description of the cluster nano-plasma. Typical observables such as total energy absorption, electron and ion spectra are in very good agreement with the experimental findings. A scheme to probe the multi-electron motion in clusters with attosecond laser pulses is introduced. Conventional final state measurements in the energy domain cannot provide information about earlier states of the system due to the incoherent nature of the dynamics. Time-delayed attosecond pulses in the extreme ultra-violet (XUV) are used to probe the transient charging of the cluster ions during the interaction with the laser by measuring the kinetic energy of the electrons detached by the probe pulse. This information is otherwise lost at later times due to recombination. Knowledge about the transient charging would also shed more light on the still controversial subject of the energy absorption mechanisms in the VUV regime. Moving to shorter duration of the excitation, the characteristic time-scales for ionization and plasma equilibration are inversed. An attosecond laser pulse in the VUV regime creates a dense, warm nano-plasma far from equilibrium. Time-delayed attosecond pulses in the XUV probe then both the creation and the relaxation. The latter shows the breakup of the Bogoliubov hierarchy of characteristic times, indicating strongly-coupled plasma dynamics and drawing parallels to the relaxation of extended ultra-cold neutral plasmas with millions of particles.
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50

Georgescu, Ionut. "Rare-gas clusters in intense VUV laser fields." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universität Dresden, 2008. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A24072.

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Abstract:
A hybrid quantum-classical approach to the interaction of atomic clusters with intense laser fields in the vacuum ultra-violet (VUV) has been developed. Much emphasis is put on localized electrons, those quasi-free electrons which localize about the ions and screen them. These electrons set a time scale, which is used to interpolate between the quantum, rate based description of photon absorption by bound electrons and the classical, deterministic description of the cluster nano-plasma. Typical observables such as total energy absorption, electron and ion spectra are in very good agreement with the experimental findings. A scheme to probe the multi-electron motion in clusters with attosecond laser pulses is introduced. Conventional final state measurements in the energy domain cannot provide information about earlier states of the system due to the incoherent nature of the dynamics. Time-delayed attosecond pulses in the extreme ultra-violet (XUV) are used to probe the transient charging of the cluster ions during the interaction with the laser by measuring the kinetic energy of the electrons detached by the probe pulse. This information is otherwise lost at later times due to recombination. Knowledge about the transient charging would also shed more light on the still controversial subject of the energy absorption mechanisms in the VUV regime. Moving to shorter duration of the excitation, the characteristic time-scales for ionization and plasma equilibration are inversed. An attosecond laser pulse in the VUV regime creates a dense, warm nano-plasma far from equilibrium. Time-delayed attosecond pulses in the XUV probe then both the creation and the relaxation. The latter shows the breakup of the Bogoliubov hierarchy of characteristic times, indicating strongly-coupled plasma dynamics and drawing parallels to the relaxation of extended ultra-cold neutral plasmas with millions of particles.
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