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Journal articles on the topic 'Attosecond laser'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Huang, Yindong, Jing Zhao, Zheng Shu, Yalei Zhu, Jinlei Liu, Wenpu Dong, Xiaowei Wang, et al. "Ultrafast Hole Deformation Revealed by Molecular Attosecond Interferometry." Ultrafast Science 2021 (July 7, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2021/9837107.

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Understanding the evolution of molecular electronic structures is the key to explore and control photochemical reactions and photobiological processes. Subjected to strong laser fields, electronic holes are formed upon ionization and evolve in the attosecond timescale. It is crucial to probe the electronic dynamics in real time with attosecond-temporal and atomic-spatial precision. Here, we present molecular attosecond interferometry that enables the in situ manipulation of holes in carbon dioxide molecules via the interferometry of the phase-locked electrons (propagating in opposite directions) of a laser-triggered rotational wave packet. The joint measurement on high-harmonic and terahertz spectroscopy (HATS) provides a unique tool for understanding electron dynamics from picoseconds to attoseconds. The optimum phases of two-color pulses for controlling the electron wave packet are precisely determined owing to the robust reference provided with the terahertz pulse generation. It is noteworthy that the contribution of HOMO-1 and HOMO-2 increases reflecting the deformation of the hole as the harmonic order increases. Our method can be applied to study hole dynamics of complex molecules and electron correlations during the strong-field process. The threefold control through molecular alignment, laser polarization, and the two-color pulse phase delay allows the precise manipulation of the transient hole paving the way for new advances in attochemistry.

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2

Hellemans, Alexander. "Attosecond Laser Pulses." Scientific American 290, no. 5 (May 2004): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0504-38b.

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3

Teng, Hao, Xin-Kui He, Kun Zhao, and Zhi-Yi Wei. "Attosecond laser station." Chinese Physics B 27, no. 7 (July 2018): 074203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/27/7/074203.

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4

Hu, Ronghao, Zheng Gong, Jinqing Yu, Yinren Shou, Meng Lv, Zhengming Sheng, Toshiki Tajima, and Xueqing Yan. "Ultrahigh brightness attosecond electron beams from intense X-ray laser driven plasma photocathode." International Journal of Modern Physics A 34, no. 34 (December 10, 2019): 1943012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x19430127.

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The emerging intense attosecond X-ray lasers can extend the Laser Wakefield Acceleration mechanism to higher plasma densities in which the acceleration gradients are greatly enhanced. Here we present simulation results of high quality electron acceleration driven by intense attosecond X-ray laser pulses in liquid methane. Ultrahigh brightness electron beams can be generated with 5-dimensional beam brightness over [Formula: see text]. The pulse duration of the electron bunch can be shorter than 20 as. Such unique electron sources can benefit research areas requiring crucial spatial and temporal resolutions.

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5

Liu, Y., F. Y. Li, M. Zeng, M. Chen, and Z. M. Sheng. "Ultra-intense attosecond pulses emitted from laser wakefields in non-uniform plasmas." Laser and Particle Beams 31, no. 2 (May 2, 2013): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034613000220.

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AbstractA scheme of generating ultra-intense attosecond pulses in ultra-relativistic laser interaction with under-dense plasmas is proposed. The attosecond pulse emission is caused by an oscillating transverse current sheet formed by an electron density spike composed of trapped electrons in the laser wakefield and the residual transverse momentum of electrons left behind the laser pulse when its front is strongly modulated. As soon as the attosecond pulse emerges, it tends to feed back to further enhance the transverse electron momentum and the transverse current. Consequently, the attosecond pulse is enhanced and developed into a few cycles later until the density spike is depleted out due to the pump laser depletion. To control the formation of the transverse current sheet, a non-uniform plasma slab with an up-ramp density profile in front of a uniform region is adopted, which enables one to obtain attosecond pulses with higher amplitudes than that in a uniform plasma slab.

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6

Wikmark, Hampus, Chen Guo, Jan Vogelsang, Peter W. Smorenburg, Hélène Coudert-Alteirac, Jan Lahl, Jasper Peschel, et al. "Spatiotemporal coupling of attosecond pulses." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 11 (March 1, 2019): 4779–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1817626116.

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The shortest light pulses produced to date are of the order of a few tens of attoseconds, with central frequencies in the extreme UV range and bandwidths exceeding tens of electronvolts. They are often produced as a train of pulses separated by half the driving laser period, leading in the frequency domain to a spectrum of high, odd-order harmonics. As light pulses become shorter and more spectrally wide, the widely used approximation consisting of writing the optical waveform as a product of temporal and spatial amplitudes does not apply anymore. Here, we investigate the interplay of temporal and spatial properties of attosecond pulses. We show that the divergence and focus position of the generated harmonics often strongly depend on their frequency, leading to strong chromatic aberrations of the broadband attosecond pulses. Our argument uses a simple analytical model based on Gaussian optics, numerical propagation calculations, and experimental harmonic divergence measurements. This effect needs to be considered for future applications requiring high-quality focusing while retaining the broadband/ultrashort characteristics of the radiation.

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7

Kumar, Sandeep, Heung-Sik Kang, and Dong-Eon Kim. "For the generation of an intense isolated pulse in hard X-ray region using X-ray free electron laser." Laser and Particle Beams 30, no. 3 (June 7, 2012): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034612000237.

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AbstractFor a real, meaningful pump-probe experiment with attosecond temporal resolution, an intense isolated attosecond pulse is in demand. For that purpose we report the generation of an intense isolated attosecond pulse, especially in X-ray region using a current-enhanced self-amplified spontaneous emission in a free electron laser (FEL). We use a few cycle laser pulse to manipulate the electron-bunch inside a two-period planar wiggler. In our study, we employ the electron beam parameters of Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL)-XFEL. The RF phase effect of accelerator columns on the longitudinal energy distribution profile and current profile of electron-bunch is also studied, aiming that these results can be experimentally realized in PAL-XFEL. We show indeed that the manipulation of electron-energy bunch profile may lead to the generation of an isolated attosecond hard X-ray pulse: 150 attosecond radiation pulse at 0.1 nm wavelength can be generated.

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8

Reid, D. T. "LASER PHYSICS: Toward Attosecond Pulses." Science 291, no. 5510 (February 15, 2001): 1911–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1059499.

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9

Johnson, Allan S., Timur Avni, Esben W. Larsen, Dane R. Austin, and Jon P. Marangos. "Attosecond soft X-ray high harmonic generation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 377, no. 2145 (April 2019): 20170468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0468.

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High harmonic generation (HHG) of an intense laser pulse is a highly nonlinear optical phenomenon that provides the only proven source of tabletop attosecond pulses, and it is the key technology in attosecond science. Recent developments in high-intensity infrared lasers have extended HHG beyond its traditional domain of the XUV spectral range (10–150 eV) into the soft X-ray regime (150 eV to 3 keV), allowing the compactness, stability and sub-femtosecond duration of HHG to be combined with the atomic site specificity and electronic/structural sensitivity of X-ray spectroscopy. HHG in the soft X-ray spectral region has significant differences from HHG in the XUV, which necessitate new approaches to generating and characterizing attosecond pulses. Here, we examine the challenges and opportunities of soft X-ray HHG, and we use simulations to examine the optimal generating conditions for the development of high-flux, attosecond-duration pulses in the soft X-ray spectral range. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Measurement of ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics with X-rays’.

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10

Varró, S., and Gy Farkas. "Attosecond electron pulses from interference of above-threshold de Broglie waves." Laser and Particle Beams 26, no. 1 (March 2008): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034608000037.

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AbstractIt is shown that the above-threshold electron de Broglie waves, generated by an intense laser pulse at a metal surface are interfering to yield attosecond electron pulses. This interference of the de Broglie waves is an analog on of the superposition of high harmonics generated from rare gas atoms, resulting in trains of attosecond light pulses. Our model is based on the Floquet analysis of the inelastic electron scattering on the oscillating double-layer potential, generated by the incoming laser field of long duration at the metal surface. Owing to the inherent kinematic dispersion, the propagation of attosecond de Broglie waves in vacuum is very different from that of attosecond light pulses, which propagate without changing shape. The clean attosecond structure of the current at the immediate vicinity of the metal surface is largely degraded due to the propagation, but it partially recovers at certain distances from the surface. Accordingly, above the metal surface, there exist “collapse bands,” where the electron current is erratic or noise-like, and there exist “revival layers,” where the electron current consist of ultrashort pulses of about 250 attosecond durations in the parameter range we considered. The maximum value of the current densities of such ultrashort electron pulses has been estimated to be on order of couple of tenth of mA/cm2. The attosecond structure of the electron photocurrent can perhaps be used for monitoring ultrafast relaxation processes in single atoms or in condensed matter.

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11

Liu, L., C. Q. Xia, J. S. Liu, W. T. Wang, Y. Cai, C. Wang, R. X. Li, and Z. Z. Xu. "Generation of attosecond X-ray pulses via Thomson scattering of counter-propagating laser pulses." Laser and Particle Beams 28, no. 1 (January 21, 2010): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026303460999053x.

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AbstractIt is proposed that single attosecond pulses be generated via electron's Thomson scattering of two counter-propagating laser pulses. In the case of linear polarization, the generation of a single attosecond pulse is highly sensitive to the carrier envelope phase (CEP). However, in the case of circular polarization, it is completely independent on the CEP, which will make circular polarization favorable to generate a stable attosecond X-ray pulse. For either linear or circular polarization, the radiation obtained by using two counter-propagating pulses can be much more intense than that obtained by only using one of these two pulses.

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12

Bandrauk, André D., and Hong Shon Nguyen. "Attosecond molecular spectroscopy The one-electron H2+ system." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 82, no. 6 (June 1, 2004): 831–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v04-080.

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Numerical solutions of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation for a 1-D model non-BornOppenheimer H2+ are used to illustrate the nonlinear, nonperturbative response of molecules to intense (I ≥ 1013 W/cm2), ultrashort (t < 10 fs) laser pulses. Molecular high-order harmonic generation (MHOHG) is shown to be an example of such response, and the resulting nonlinear photon emission spectrum is shown to lead to the synthesis of single attosecond (1018 s) pulses. Application of such ultrashort pulses to the H2+ system results in localized electron wave packets whose motion can be detected by asymmetry in the photoelectron spectrum generated by a subsequent probe attosecond pulse, thus leading to measurement of electron motion in molecules on an attosecond time scale. Key words: attosecond spectroscopy, attosecond photoionization.

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13

Karmakar, A., and A. Pukhov. "Collimated attosecond GeV electron bunches from ionization of high-Z material by radially polarized ultra-relativistic laser pulses." Laser and Particle Beams 25, no. 3 (July 5, 2007): 371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034607000249.

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Three dimensional Particle-in-Cell (3D-PIC) simulations of electron acceleration in vacuum with radially polarized ultra-intense laser beams have been performed. It is shown that single-cycle laser pulses efficiently accelerate a single attosecond electron bunch to GeV energies. When multi-cycle laser pulses are used, one has to employ ionization of high-Z materials to inject electrons in the accelerating phase at the laser pulse maximum. In this case, a train of highly collimated attosecond electron bunches with a quasi-monoenergetic spectra is produced. A comparison with electron acceleration by Gaussian laser pulses has been done. It is shown that the radially polarized laser pulses are superior both in the maximum energy gain and in the quality of the produced electron beams.

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14

Liu, Jiansheng, Changquan Xia, Li Liu, Ruxin Li, and Zhizhan Xu. "Nonlinear Thomson backscattering of intense laser pulses by electrons trapped in plasma-vacuum boundary." Laser and Particle Beams 27, no. 3 (June 19, 2009): 365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034609000287.

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AbstractWe present the idea of intensified attosecond X-ray generation based on nonlinear Thomson backscattering of an intense laser pulse by electrons trapped in plasma-vacuum boundary. Two frequency up-conversions due to the relativistic Doppler effect and longitudinal γ-spike effect are analyzed, respectively, where γ is the relativistic factor of the plasma surface. Relativistic resonance heating conditions should be used as a criterion for the experimental design to obtain efficient high-order harmonics and energetic electrons' generation at relatively low laser intensities. Shaping the laser field by proposing a detuned second-harmonic can generate a single attosecond pulse without spectral filtering.

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15

KO, Dong Hyuk, and Kyung Taec KIM. "Super-intense Laser and Attosecond Physics." Physics and High Technology 22, no. 10 (October 31, 2013): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3938/phit.22.046.

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16

Vence, N., P. S. Krstic, and R. J. Harrison. "Hydrogenic ions in an attosecond laser." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 194, no. 3 (November 1, 2009): 032010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/194/3/032010.

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17

Kumar, S., H. S. Kang, and D. E. Kim. "Attosecond X-ray free electron laser." EPJ Web of Conferences 41 (2013): 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/20134101009.

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18

Lépine, Franck, Giuseppe Sansone, and Marc J. J. Vrakking. "Molecular applications of attosecond laser pulses." Chemical Physics Letters 578 (July 2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2013.05.045.

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19

Gaumnitz, Thomas, Arohi Jain, Martin Huppert, Inga Jordan, Fernando Ardana-Lamas, and Hans Jakob Wörner. "Complete characterisation of attosecond SXR pulses generated by MIR laser sources." EPJ Web of Conferences 205 (2019): 01021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920501021.

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Attosecond streaking with broadband SXR continua leads to contributions from multiple overlapping lines in the photoelectron spectrum. The Volkov-transform generalized projection algorithm (VTGPA) is generalised to include all contributing photoelectron bands (multi-line VTGPA) for the reconstruction of ultra-broadband SXR continua. We further investigate the influence of the collection angle of photoelectron detectors on attosecond streaking spectrograms and show full reconstruction for angle-integrated streaking traces. Also, the effects of the photoionization dipole matrix elements on the reconstruction are demonstrated.

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20

Farinella, D. M., M. Stanfield, N. Beier, T. Nguyen, S. Hakimi, T. Tajima, F. Dollar, J. Wheeler, and G. Mourou. "Demonstration of thin film compression for short-pulse X-ray generation." International Journal of Modern Physics A 34, no. 34 (December 10, 2019): 1943015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x19430152.

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Thin film compression to the single-cycle regime combined with relativistic compression offers a method to transform conventional ultrafast laser pulses into attosecond X-ray laser pulses. These attosecond X-ray laser pulses are required to drive wakefields in solid density materials which can provide acceleration gradients of up to TeV/cm. Here we demonstrate a nearly 99% energy efficient compression of a 6.63 mJ, 39 fs laser pulse with a Gaussian mode to 20 fs in a single stage. Further, it is shown that as a result of Kerr-lensing, the focal spot of the system is slightly shifted on-axis and can be recovered by translating the imaging system to the new focal plane. This implies that with the help of wave-front shaping optics the focusability of laser pulses compressed in this way can be partially preserved.

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21

WANG, YUNHUI, HAIPING WU, CHAO YU, QI SHI, KAIMING DENG, and RUIFENG LU. "QUANTUM WAVE-PACKET EXPLORATION OF ISOLATED ULTRA-SHORT ATTOSECOND PULSE GENERATION BY A MODIFIED THREE-COLOR LASER FIELD SCHEME." Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 12, no. 01 (February 2013): 1250098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219633612500988.

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By numerically solving the three dimensional time-dependent Schrödinger equation, we explore the high-order harmonic and attosecond pulse generation of He atoms exposed to a special three-color field. An ultrabroad supercontinuum with a bandwidth of 887 eV has been attained, supporting an isolated 4 as pulse straightforwardly by Fourier transforming. Utilizing available intense infrared femtosecond laser resource within the nonrelativistic regime, the produced laser pulse is near to zeptosecond region. Remarkably, the harmonic conversion efficiency is enhanced in terms of the double-plateau structure of the harmonic spectra, yielding high-intensity attosecond pulses with alternative plateau.

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22

Feng, Liqiang, Wenliang Li, Rich-Samuel Castle, and Yi Li. "High-intensity attosecond pulse generation by using inhomogeneous laser field in frequency and space." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 26, no. 03 (September 2017): 1750034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863517500345.

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High-order harmonic spectra and attosecond source generation from Ar atom driven by the inhomogeneous laser field in frequency and space have been theoretically investigated. The results showed that (i) for the case of the frequency modulation of the laser, the harmonic cutoff can be remarkably extended with the introduction of the chirp of the laser field, (ii) for the case of the space modulation of the laser, the harmonic cutoff can be further extended by using the positive spatial inhomogeneous field, (iii) by properly adding a terahertz controlling field, the intensity of the harmonic yield can be enhanced by 2 orders of magnitude, showing a 775[Formula: see text]eV supercontinuum. As a result, five isolated attosecond pulses (IAPs) from 60 as to 22 as can be obtained.

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23

Levesque, J., and P. B. Corkum. "Attosecond science and technology." Canadian Journal of Physics 84, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p05-068.

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Attosecond technology is a radical departure from all the optical (and collision) technology that preceded it. It merges optical and collision physics. The technology opens important problems in each area of science for study by previously unavailable methods. Underlying attosecond technology is a strong laser field. It extracts an electron from an atom or molecule near the crest of the field. The electron is pulled away from its parent ion, but is driven back after the field reverses. It can then recollide with its parent ion. Since the recolliding electron has a wavelength of about 1 Å, we can measure Angstrom spatial dimensions. Since the strong time-dependent field of the light pulse directs the electron with subcycle precision, we can control and measure attosecond phenomena. PACS Nos.: 33.15.Mt, 33.80.Rv, 39.90.+d, 42.50.Hz, 42.65.Ky

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24

Xiang, Yang, Zhiheng Cui, Jing Lu, Yuan Xu, Hongmei Feng, Xiaoqi Wang, and Jian Wang. "Isolated sub-30-as pulse generation from few-cycle spatially inhomogeneous laser pulses." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 26, no. 02 (June 2017): 1750026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863517500266.

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We investigate theoretically the high-order harmonic generation from few-cycle spatially inhomogeneous laser pulses. It is found that the cutoff of the high-order harmonic spectrum extends dramatically compared with that from homogeneous pulse. With proper inhomogeneous parameters, a broad continuum spectrum appears, from which an isolated attosecond pulse with duration less than 30as could be obtained without any phase compensation. The duration of generated attosecond pulse is not sensitive to the variation of the carrier-envelop phase of the driver field, which may be beneficial to the realization in experiment.

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25

Oane, Mihai, Muhammad Arif Mahmood, Andrei C. Popescu, Alexandra Bănică, Carmen Ristoscu, and Ion N. Mihăilescu. "Thermal Nonlinear Klein–Gordon Equation for Nano-/Micro-Sized Metallic Particle–Attosecond Laser Pulse Interaction." Materials 14, no. 4 (February 10, 2021): 857. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14040857.

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In this study, a rigorous analytical solution to the thermal nonlinear Klein–Gordon equation in the Kozłowski version is provided. The Klein–Gordon heat equation is solved via the Zhukovsky “state-of-the-art” mathematical techniques. Our study can be regarded as an initial approximation of attosecond laser–particle interaction when the prevalent phenomenon is photon–electron interaction. The electrons interact with the laser beam, which means that the nucleus does not play a significant role in temperature distribution. The particle is supposed to be homogenous with respect to thermophysical properties. This theoretical approach could prove useful for the study of metallic nano-/micro-particles interacting with attosecond laser pulses. Specific applications for Au “nano” particles with a 50 nm radius and “micro” particles with 110, 130, 150, and 1000 nm radii under 100 attosecond laser pulse irradiation are considered. First, the cross-section is supposed to be proportional to the area of the particle, which is assumed to be a perfect sphere of radius R or a rotation ellipsoid. Second, the absorption coefficient is calculated using a semiclassical approach, taking into account the number of atoms per unit volume, the classical electron radius, the laser wavelength, and the atomic scattering factor (10 in case of Au), which cover all the basic aspects for the interaction between the attosecond laser and a nanoparticle. The model is applicable within the 100–2000 nm range. The main conclusion of the model is that for a range inferior to 1000 nm, a competition between ballistic and thermal phenomena occurs. For values in excess of 1000 nm, our study suggests that the thermal phenomena are dominant. Contrastingly, during the irradiation with fs pulses, this value is of the order of 100 nm. This theoretical model’s predictions could be soon confirmed with the new EU-ELI facilities in progress, which will generate pulses of 100 as at a 30 nm wavelength.

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Feng, Liqiang, Hang Liu, and Tianshu Chu. "Attosecond XUV sources generation from polarized gating two-color chirped pulse." Modern Physics Letters B 29, no. 21 (August 10, 2015): 1550111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984915501110.

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A promising method to generate the attosecond XUV sources from the high-order harmonic has been theoretically presented by controlling the polarized gating two-color chirped pulse. The results show that with the introduction of the chirps, the harmonic has been remarkably extended. Moreover, the harmonic interferences are very sensitive to the polarization angle between the two lasers. Particularly, when the polarization angle is equal to [Formula: see text], the supercontinuum with a single quantum path contribution is achieved, and a series of isolated attosecond pulses with the duration of 33 as are directly obtained. Further, by testing the influences of other laser parameters on the supercontinuum, we found that this polarized two-color chirped scheme can also be achieved in the multi-cycle pulse region, which is much better for experimental realization.

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27

Kumar, Sandeep, Heung-Sik Kang, and Dong-Eon Kim. "Attosecond Hard X-ray Free Electron Laser." Applied Sciences 3, no. 1 (March 12, 2013): 251–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app3010251.

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28

Zolotorev, M. "Laser driven attosecond SASE X-ray FEL." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 483, no. 1-2 (May 2002): 445–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(02)00359-5.

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Tommasini, R., and E. E. Fill. "Generation of Attosecond X-Ray Laser Pulses." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 10, no. 6 (November 2004): 1388–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstqe.2004.837737.

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Kraus, P. M., B. Mignolet, D. Baykusheva, A. Rupenyan, L. Horný, E. F. Penka, O. I. Tolstikhin, et al. "Attosecond charge migration and its laser control." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 635, no. 11 (September 7, 2015): 112136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/635/11/112136.

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31

Xin, Ming, Kemal Şafak, Michael Y. Peng, Aram Kalaydzhyan, Wen-Ting Wang, Oliver D. Mücke, and Franz X. Kärtner. "Attosecond precision multi-kilometer laser-microwave network." Light: Science & Applications 6, no. 1 (July 11, 2016): e16187-e16187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/lsa.2016.187.

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32

Lan, Pengfei, and Peixiang Lu. "Generation and control of attosecond laser pulse." Chinese Science Bulletin 66, no. 8 (October 15, 2020): 847–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/tb-2020-0725.

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33

Barmaki, Samira, Karima Guessaf, and Stéphane Laulan. "Imaging of ultrafast electron motion in molecules." Canadian Journal of Physics 89, no. 6 (June 2011): 703–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p11-039.

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We probe the attosecond electron motion in [Formula: see text], at short internuclear distances, by exact numerical solution of the 3D time-dependent Schrödinger equation in the Born–Oppenheimer approximation. We simulate a pump-probe experiment to calculate the energy distributions of ionized electrons. We start the experiment with a pump pulse that creates a coherent electronic wavepacket combination of the 1sσg and 2pσu states. We let the electronic wavepacket oscillate during a time delay Δt. In the second step of the experiment, we submit the wavepacket to an intense attosecond X-ray laser pulse. We observe an asymmetry in the energy distributions of ionized electrons that allows the mapping of the attosecond electron motion in [Formula: see text].

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Zamfir, V., K. Tanaka, and C. Ur. "Extreme light infrastructure nuclear physics (ELI-NP)." Europhysics News 50, no. 2 (March 2019): 23–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epn/2019204.

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ELI - Extreme Light Infrastructure, a project to build an international research infrastructure “dedicated to the investigation and applications of laser matter interaction at the highest intensity level” is one of the 35 projects in the first Roadmap, in 2006, of the European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures (ESFRI) [1]. “ELI will comprise three branches: ultra high field science that will explore laser matter interaction up to the nonlinear QED limit including the investigation of pair creation and vacuum structure; attosecond laser science designed to conduct temporal investigation at the attosecond scale of electron dynamics in atoms, molecules, plasmas, and solids; lastly, the highenergy beam facility devoted to the development of dedicated beam lines of ultra short pulses of high energy radiation and particles up to 100GeV for users.”

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35

Mikaelsson, Sara, Jan Vogelsang, Chen Guo, Ivan Sytcevich, Anne-Lise Viotti, Fabian Langer, Yu-Chen Cheng, et al. "A high-repetition rate attosecond light source for time-resolved coincidence spectroscopy." Nanophotonics 10, no. 1 (September 15, 2020): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0424.

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AbstractAttosecond pulses, produced through high-order harmonic generation in gases, have been successfully used for observing ultrafast, subfemtosecond electron dynamics in atoms, molecules and solid state systems. Today’s typical attosecond sources, however, are often impaired by their low repetition rate and the resulting insufficient statistics, especially when the number of detectable events per shot is limited. This is the case for experiments, where several reaction products must be detected in coincidence, and for surface science applications where space charge effects compromise spectral and spatial resolution. In this work, we present an attosecond light source operating at 200 kHz, which opens up the exploration of phenomena previously inaccessible to attosecond interferometric and spectroscopic techniques. Key to our approach is the combination of a high-repetition rate, few-cycle laser source, a specially designed gas target for efficient high harmonic generation, a passively and actively stabilized pump-probe interferometer and an advanced 3D photoelectron/ion momentum detector. While most experiments in the field of attosecond science so far have been performed with either single attosecond pulses or long trains of pulses, we explore the hitherto mostly overlooked intermediate regime with short trains consisting of only a few attosecond pulses. We also present the first coincidence measurement of single-photon double-ionization of helium with full angular resolution, using an attosecond source. This opens up for future studies of the dynamic evolution of strongly correlated electrons.

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Liu, Hui, Hang Liu, and Liqiang Feng. "Isolated attosecond pulse generation from different frequency-chirping combined fields." International Journal of Modern Physics B 33, no. 21 (August 20, 2019): 1950241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979219502412.

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Generation of high-order harmonic spectrum and isolated attosecond pulse (IAP) from frequency-chirping combined field has been investigated. It is found that by adding the middle-chirp form of the laser field, the extension of the harmonic cutoff comes from the middle region of the laser field. However, the intensity of the higher-order spectral continuum is very low. By adding the asymmetric negative chirp form of the laser field, the extension of the harmonic cutoff is attributed to the falling region of the laser field. Moreover, the intensity of the higher-order spectral continuum presents similar value as that produced from the chirp-free pulse. Further, by properly adding a second controlling pulse (i.e., infrared field or ultraviolet pulse) into the fundamental chirped pulse, the intensity of the harmonic spectrum can be enhanced by 2–3 and 1–2 orders of magnitudes for the cases of the middle-chirp form and the asymmetric negative chirp form, respectively. Finally, by using the best laser conditions, a series of isolated attosecond pulses with the durations of 38 as can be produced.

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37

Zhang, Gang-Tai. "Intense Isolated Ultrashort Attosecond Pulse Generation in a Multi-Cycle Three-Colour Laser Field." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 69, no. 12 (December 1, 2014): 673–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5560/zna.2014-0067.

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AbstractAn efficient method for generating an intense isolated ultrashort attosecond pulse is presented theoretically. By adding a 267 nm controlling pulse to a multi-cycle two-colour field, not only the spectral cutoff and the yields of the harmonic spectrum are evidently enhanced, but also the selection of the single quantum path is realised. Then a high-efficiency supercontinuum with a 504 eV bandwidth and smooth structure is obtained, which enables the production of an intense isolated 30 as pulse. In addition, the influences of the laser parameters on the supercontinuum and isolated attosecond pulse are investigated.

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Papp, D., N. A. M. Hafz, and C. Kamperidis. "Self-induced ionization injection LWFA and generation of sub-fs electron bunches with few-cycle sub-TW laser pulses." Laser and Particle Beams 37, no. 2 (April 12, 2019): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034619000260.

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AbstractWe investigate an ionization injection scheme in a “weakly” non-linear regime of a wakefield, driven by sub-TW, few-cycle laser pulses in a single-stage, high-Z gas. This medium simultaneously provides the background wake fluid electrons from its lower ionization states and the necessary dephased electrons from its higher ionization states. Two dimensional-particle-in-cell simulations show the generation of relativistic electron beamlets having up to 15 MeV peak energy, with a narrow energy-spread and sub-fs duration. Since the currently-available sub-TW, few-cycle laser systems operate at kHz repetition rates, the presented scheme is capable of producing kHz attosecond electron bunches and their associated radiations which can find unique applications, for instance, in attosecond diffraction and microscopy.

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39

Schoenlein, Robert, Thomas Elsaesser, Karsten Holldack, Zhirong Huang, Henry Kapteyn, Margaret Murnane, and Michael Woerner. "Recent advances in ultrafast X-ray sources." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 377, no. 2145 (April 2019): 20180384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2018.0384.

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Over more than a century, X-rays have transformed our understanding of the fundamental structure of matter and have been an indispensable tool for chemistry, physics, biology, materials science and related fields. Recent advances in ultrafast X-ray sources operating in the femtosecond to attosecond regimes have opened an important new frontier in X-ray science. These advances now enable: (i) sensitive probing of structural dynamics in matter on the fundamental timescales of atomic motion, (ii) element-specific probing of electronic structure and charge dynamics on fundamental timescales of electronic motion, and (iii) powerful new approaches for unravelling the coupling between electronic and atomic structural dynamics that underpin the properties and function of matter. Most notable is the recent realization of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) with numerous new XFEL facilities in operation or under development worldwide. Advances in XFELs are complemented by advances in synchrotron-based and table-top laser-plasma X-ray sources now operating in the femtosecond regime, and laser-based high-order harmonic XUV sources operating in the attosecond regime. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Measurement of ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics with X-rays’.

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40

Bruner, Barry D., Zdeněk Mašín, Matteo Negro, Felipe Morales, Danilo Brambila, Michele Devetta, Davide Faccialà, et al. "Multidimensional high harmonic spectroscopy of polyatomic molecules: detecting sub-cycle laser-driven hole dynamics upon ionization in strong mid-IR laser fields." Faraday Discussions 194 (2016): 369–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6fd00130k.

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High harmonic generation (HHG) spectroscopy has opened up a new frontier in ultrafast science, where electronic dynamics can be measured on an attosecond time scale. The strong laser field that triggers the high harmonic response also opens multiple quantum pathways for multielectron dynamics in molecules, resulting in a complex process of multielectron rearrangement during ionization. Using combined experimental and theoretical approaches, we show how multi-dimensional HHG spectroscopy can be used to detect and follow electronic dynamics of core rearrangement on sub-laser cycle time scales. We detect the signatures of laser-driven hole dynamics upon ionization and reconstruct the relative phases and amplitudes for relevant ionization channels in a CO₂ molecule on a sub-cycle time scale. Reconstruction of channel-resolved complex ionization amplitudes on attosecond time scales has been a long-standing goal of high harmonic spectroscopy. Our study brings us one step closer to fulfilling this initial promise and developing robust schemes for sub-femtosecond imaging of multielectron rearrangement in complex molecular systems.

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Gao, C. Z., P. M. Dinh, P. G. Reinhard, and E. Suraud. "Towards the analysis of attosecond dynamics in complex systems." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 30 (2017): 19784–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp00995j.

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We study from a theoretical perspective the ionization of molecules and clusters induced by irradiation of a combined two-color laser field consisting of a train of attosecond XUV pulses in the presence of an IR field.

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42

Niikura, Hiromichi, F. Légaré, D. M. Villeneuve, and P. B. Corkum. "Attosecond dynamics using sub-laser-cycle electron pulses." Journal of Modern Optics 52, no. 2-3 (January 20, 2005): 453–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500340412331313486.

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43

Ullrich, R. Moshammer and J. "Attosecond and x-ray free-electron laser physics." Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 42, no. 13 (June 12, 2009): 130201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/42/13/130201.

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Lee, Teck Ghee, M. S. Pindzola, and F. Robicheaux. "Attosecond laser pulse ionization of atoms and molecules." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 194, no. 3 (November 1, 2009): 032007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/194/3/032007.

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Lee, Teck-Ghee, M. S. Pindzola, and F. Robicheaux. "Double ionization of H2by intense attosecond laser pulses." Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 43, no. 16 (July 30, 2010): 165601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/43/16/165601.

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46

Swoboda, M., J. M. Dahlström, T. Ruchon, P. Johnsson, J. Mauritsson, A. L’Huillier, and K. J. Schafer. "Intensity dependence of laser-assisted attosecond photoionization spectra." Laser Physics 19, no. 8 (July 15, 2009): 1591–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1054660x09150390.

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47

Dahlström, J. M., D. Guénot, K. Klünder, M. Gisselbrecht, J. Mauritsson, A. L’Huillier, A. Maquet, and R. Taïeb. "Theory of attosecond delays in laser-assisted photoionization." Chemical Physics 414 (March 2013): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphys.2012.01.017.

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48

Cheng, Yu-Chen, Sara Mikaelsson, Saikat Nandi, Lisa Rämisch, Chen Guo, Stefanos Carlström, Anne Harth, et al. "Controlling photoionization using attosecond time-slit interferences." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 20 (April 30, 2020): 10727–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1921138117.

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When small quantum systems, atoms or molecules, absorb a high-energy photon, electrons are emitted with a well-defined energy and a highly symmetric angular distribution, ruled by energy quantization and parity conservation. These rules are based on approximations and symmetries which may break down when atoms are exposed to ultrashort and intense optical pulses. This raises the question of their universality for the simplest case of the photoelectric effect. Here we investigate photoionization of helium by a sequence of attosecond pulses in the presence of a weak infrared laser field. We continuously control the energy of the photoelectrons and introduce an asymmetry in their emission direction, at variance with the idealized rules mentioned above. This control, made possible by the extreme temporal confinement of the light–matter interaction, opens a road in attosecond science, namely, the manipulation of ultrafast processes with a tailored sequence of attosecond pulses.

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Richter, Maria, Jesús González-Vázquez, Zdeněk Mašín, Danilo S. Brambila, Alex G. Harvey, Felipe Morales, and Fernando Martín. "Ultrafast imaging of laser-controlled non-adiabatic dynamics in NO2 from time-resolved photoelectron emission." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 21, no. 19 (2019): 10038–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cp00649d.

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Zhu, Jianqiang, Xinglong Xie, Meizhi Sun, Qunyu Bi, and Jun Kang. "A Novel Femtosecond Laser System for Attosecond Pulse Generation." Advances in Optical Technologies 2012 (January 15, 2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/908976.

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We report a novel ultrabroadband high-energy femtosecond laser to be built in our laboratory. A 7-femtosecond pulse is firstly stretched by an eight-pass offner stretcher with a chirp rate 15 ps/nm, and then energy-amplified by a two-stage optical parametric chirped pulse amplification (OPCPA). The first stage as preamplification with three pieces of BBO crystals provides the majority of the energy gain. At the second stage, a YCOB crystal with the aperture of ~50 mm is used instead of the KDP crystal as the gain medium to ensure the shortest pulse. After the completion, the laser will deliver about 8 J with pulse duration of about 10 femtoseconds, which should be beneficial to the attosecond pulse generation and other ultrafast experiments.

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