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Journal articles on the topic 'Attosecondes'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Mével, E., O. Tcherbakoff, D. Descamps, J. Plumridge, and E. Constant. "Impulsions attosecondes." Journal de Physique IV (Proceedings) 108 (June 2003): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:20030601.

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2

Salières, Pascal, Thierry Ruchon, and Bertrand Carré. "Les lasers attosecondes." Photoniques, no. 48 (September 2010): 40–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/photon/20104840.

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3

Catoire, Fabrice, Ludovic Quintard, Ondrej Hort, Antoine Dubrouil, and Eric Constant. "Les sources attosecondes." Photoniques, no. 70 (March 2014): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/photon/20147028.

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4

Constant, E. "Génération d'impulsions attosecondes isolées." Journal de Physique IV (Proceedings) 138, no. 1 (December 2006): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:2006138002.

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5

Jordan, Inga, Martin Huppert, Dominik Rattenbacher, Michael Peper, Denis Jelovina, Conaill Perry, Aaron von Conta, Axel Schild, and Hans Jakob Wörner. "Attosecond spectroscopy of liquid water." Science 369, no. 6506 (August 20, 2020): 974–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abb0979.

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Electronic dynamics in liquids are of fundamental importance, but time-resolved experiments have so far remained limited to the femtosecond time scale. We report the extension of attosecond spectroscopy to the liquid phase. We measured time delays of 50 to 70 attoseconds between the photoemission from liquid water and that from gaseous water at photon energies of 21.7 to 31.0 electron volts. These photoemission delays can be decomposed into a photoionization delay sensitive to the local environment and a delay originating from electron transport. In our experiments, the latter contribution is shown to be negligible. By referencing liquid water to gaseous water, we isolated the effect of solvation on the attosecond photoionization dynamics of water molecules. Our methods define an approach to separating bound and unbound electron dynamics from the structural response of the solvent.

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6

Tao, Zhensheng, Cong Chen, Tibor Szilvási, Mark Keller, Manos Mavrikakis, Henry Kapteyn, and Margaret Murnane. "Direct time-domain observation of attosecond final-state lifetimes in photoemission from solids." Science 353, no. 6294 (June 2, 2016): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf6793.

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Attosecond spectroscopic techniques have made it possible to measure differences in transport times for photoelectrons from localized core levels and delocalized valence bands in solids. We report the application of attosecond pulse trains to directly and unambiguously measure the difference in lifetimes between photoelectrons born into free electron–like states and those excited into unoccupied excited states in the band structure of nickel (111). An enormous increase in lifetime of 212 ± 30 attoseconds occurs when the final state coincides with a short-lived excited state. Moreover, a strong dependence of this lifetime on emission angle is directly related to the final-state band dispersion as a function of electron transverse momentum. This finding underscores the importance of the material band structure in determining photoelectron lifetimes and corresponding electron escape depths.

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7

Huang, Yindong, Jing Zhao, Zheng Shu, Yalei Zhu, Jinlei Liu, Wenpu Dong, Xiaowei Wang, et al. "Ultrafast Hole Deformation Revealed by Molecular Attosecond Interferometry." Ultrafast Science 2021 (July 7, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2021/9837107.

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Understanding the evolution of molecular electronic structures is the key to explore and control photochemical reactions and photobiological processes. Subjected to strong laser fields, electronic holes are formed upon ionization and evolve in the attosecond timescale. It is crucial to probe the electronic dynamics in real time with attosecond-temporal and atomic-spatial precision. Here, we present molecular attosecond interferometry that enables the in situ manipulation of holes in carbon dioxide molecules via the interferometry of the phase-locked electrons (propagating in opposite directions) of a laser-triggered rotational wave packet. The joint measurement on high-harmonic and terahertz spectroscopy (HATS) provides a unique tool for understanding electron dynamics from picoseconds to attoseconds. The optimum phases of two-color pulses for controlling the electron wave packet are precisely determined owing to the robust reference provided with the terahertz pulse generation. It is noteworthy that the contribution of HOMO-1 and HOMO-2 increases reflecting the deformation of the hole as the harmonic order increases. Our method can be applied to study hole dynamics of complex molecules and electron correlations during the strong-field process. The threefold control through molecular alignment, laser polarization, and the two-color pulse phase delay allows the precise manipulation of the transient hole paving the way for new advances in attochemistry.

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8

Wikmark, Hampus, Chen Guo, Jan Vogelsang, Peter W. Smorenburg, Hélène Coudert-Alteirac, Jan Lahl, Jasper Peschel, et al. "Spatiotemporal coupling of attosecond pulses." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 11 (March 1, 2019): 4779–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1817626116.

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The shortest light pulses produced to date are of the order of a few tens of attoseconds, with central frequencies in the extreme UV range and bandwidths exceeding tens of electronvolts. They are often produced as a train of pulses separated by half the driving laser period, leading in the frequency domain to a spectrum of high, odd-order harmonics. As light pulses become shorter and more spectrally wide, the widely used approximation consisting of writing the optical waveform as a product of temporal and spatial amplitudes does not apply anymore. Here, we investigate the interplay of temporal and spatial properties of attosecond pulses. We show that the divergence and focus position of the generated harmonics often strongly depend on their frequency, leading to strong chromatic aberrations of the broadband attosecond pulses. Our argument uses a simple analytical model based on Gaussian optics, numerical propagation calculations, and experimental harmonic divergence measurements. This effect needs to be considered for future applications requiring high-quality focusing while retaining the broadband/ultrashort characteristics of the radiation.

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9

Geneaux, Romain, Hugo J. B. Marroux, Alexander Guggenmos, Daniel M. Neumark, and Stephen R. Leone. "Transient absorption spectroscopy using high harmonic generation: a review of ultrafast X-ray dynamics in molecules and solids." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 377, no. 2145 (April 2019): 20170463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0463.

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Attosecond science opened the door to observing nuclear and electronic dynamics in real time and has begun to expand beyond its traditional grounds. Among several spectroscopic techniques, X-ray transient absorption spectroscopy has become key in understanding matter on ultrafast time scales. In this review, we illustrate the capabilities of this unique tool through a number of iconic experiments. We outline how coherent broadband X-ray radiation, emitted in high-harmonic generation, can be used to follow dynamics in increasingly complex systems. Experiments performed in both molecules and solids are discussed at length, on time scales ranging from attoseconds to picoseconds, and in perturbative or strong-field excitation regimes. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Measurement of ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics with X-rays’.

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10

Lara-Astiaso, Manuel, David Ayuso, Ivano Tavernelli, Piero Decleva, Alicia Palacios, and Fernando Martín. "Decoherence, control and attosecond probing of XUV-induced charge migration in biomolecules. A theoretical outlook." Faraday Discussions 194 (2016): 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6fd00074f.

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The sudden ionization of a molecule by an attosecond pulse is followed by charge redistribution on a time scale from a few femtoseconds down to hundreds of attoseconds. This ultrafast redistribution is the result of the coherent superposition of electronic continua associated with the ionization thresholds that are reached by the broadband attosecond pulse. Thus, a correct theoretical description of the time evolution of the ensuing wave packet requires the knowledge of the actual ionization amplitudes associated with all open ionization channels, a real challenge for large and medium-size molecules. Recently, the first calculation of this kind has come to light, allowing for interpretation of ultrafast electron dynamics observed in attosecond pump–probe experiments performed on the amino acid phenylalanine [Calegari et al., Science 2014, 346, 336]. However, as in most previous theoretical works, the interpretation was based on various simplifying assumptions, namely, the ionized electron was not included in the description of the cation dynamics, the nuclei were fixed at their initial position during the hole migration process, and the effect of the IR probe pulse was ignored. Here we go a step further and discuss the consequences of including these effects in the photoionization of the glycine molecule. We show that (i) the ionized electron does not affect hole dynamics beyond the first femtosecond, and (ii) nuclear dynamics has only a significant effect after approximately 8 fs, but does not destroy the coherent motion of the electronic wave packet during at least few additional tens of fs. As a first step towards understanding the role of the probe pulse, we have considered an XUV probe pulse, instead of a strong IR one, and show that such an XUV probe does not introduce significant distortions in the pump-induced dynamics, suggesting that pump–probe strategies are suitable for imaging and manipulating charge migration in complex molecules. Furthermore, we show that hole dynamics can be changed by shaping the attosecond pump pulse, thus opening the door to the control of charge dynamics in biomolecules.

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11

Nandi, S., E. Plésiat, S. Zhong, A. Palacios, D. Busto, M. Isinger, L. Neoričić, et al. "Attosecond timing of electron emission from a molecular shape resonance." Science Advances 6, no. 31 (July 2020): eaba7762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba7762.

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Shape resonances in physics and chemistry arise from the spatial confinement of a particle by a potential barrier. In molecular photoionization, these barriers prevent the electron from escaping instantaneously, so that nuclei may move and modify the potential, thereby affecting the ionization process. By using an attosecond two-color interferometric approach in combination with high spectral resolution, we have captured the changes induced by the nuclear motion on the centrifugal barrier that sustains the well-known shape resonance in valence-ionized N2. We show that despite the nuclear motion altering the bond length by only 2%, which leads to tiny changes in the potential barrier, the corresponding change in the ionization time can be as large as 200 attoseconds. This result poses limits to the concept of instantaneous electronic transitions in molecules, which is at the basis of the Franck-Condon principle of molecular spectroscopy.

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12

Chapman, H. N., and S. Bajt. "High-resolution achromatic X-ray optical systems for broad-band imaging and for focusing attosecond pulses." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 477, no. 2251 (July 2021): 20210334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2021.0334.

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Achromatic focusing systems for hard X-rays are examined which consist of a refractive lens paired with a diffractive lens. Compared with previous analyses, we take into account the behaviour of thick refractive lenses, such as compound refractive lenses and waveguide gradient index refractive lenses, in which both the focal length and the position of the principal planes vary with wavelength. Achromatic systems formed by the combination of such a thick refractive lens with a multilayer Laue lens are found that can operate at a focusing resolution of about 3 nm, over a relative bandwidth of about 1%. With the appropriate distance between the refractive and diffractive lenses, apochromatic systems can also be found, which operate over relative bandwidth greater than 10%. These systems can be used to focus short pulses without distorting them in time by more than several attoseconds. Such systems are suitable for high-flux scanning microscopy and for creating high intensities from attosecond X-ray pulses.

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13

Leone, Stephen R., and Daniel M. Neumark. "Attosecond science in atomic, molecular, and condensed matter physics." Faraday Discussions 194 (2016): 15–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6fd00174b.

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Attosecond science represents a new frontier in atomic, molecular, and condensed matter physics, enabling one to probe the exceedingly fast dynamics associated with purely electronic dynamics in a wide range of systems. This paper presents a brief discussion of the technology required to generate attosecond light pulses and gives representative examples of attosecond science carried out in several laboratories. Attosecond transient absorption, a very powerful method in attosecond science, is then reviewed and several examples of gas phase and condensed phase experiments that have been carried out in the Leone/Neumark laboratories are described.

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14

Morimoto, Yuya, and Peter Baum. "Microscopy and diffraction with attosecond electron pulse trains." EPJ Web of Conferences 205 (2019): 08008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920508008.

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Attosecond imaging with electron beams can access optical-field-driven electron dynamics in space and time. Here we report first diffraction and microscopy experiments with attosecond electron pulses. We study attosecond-level timing of Bragg-spot emission and visualize light-wave propagation in space and time.

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15

Kern, Christian, Michael Zürch, and Christian Spielmann. "Limitations of Extreme Nonlinear Ultrafast Nanophotonics." Nanophotonics 4, no. 3 (January 1, 2015): 303–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2015-0013.

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Abstract High-harmonic generation (HHG) has been established as an indispensable tool in optical spectroscopy. This effect arises for instance upon illumination of a noble gas with sub-picosecond laser pulses at focussed intensities significantly greater than 1012W/cm2. HHG provides a coherent light source in the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) spectral region, which is of importance in inner shell photo ionization of many atoms and molecules. Additionally, it intrinsically features light fields with unique temporal properties. Even in its simplest realization, XUV bursts of sub-femtosecond pulse lengths are released. More sophisticated schemes open the path to attosecond physics by offering single pulses of less than 100 attoseconds duration. Resonant optical antennas are important tools for coupling and enhancing electromagnetic fields on scales below their free-space wavelength. In a special application, placing field-enhancing plasmonic nano antennas at the interaction site of an HHG experiment has been claimed to boost local laser field strengths, from insufficient initial intensities to sufficient values. This was achieved with the use of arrays of bow-tie-shaped antennas of ∼ 100nm in length. However, the feasibility of this concept depends on the vulnerability of these nano-antennas to the still intense driving laser light.We show, by looking at a set of exemplary metallic structures, that the threshold fluence Fth of laser-induced damage (LID) is a greatly limiting factor for the proposed and tested schemes along these lines.We present our findings in the context of work done by other groups, giving an assessment of the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

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16

Loriot, V., A. Marciniak, S. Nandi, G. Karras, M. Hervé, E. Constant, E. Plésiat, A. Palacios, F. Martin, and F. Lépine. "Attosecond Interferometry Using a HHG-2 Scheme." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Physica 65, no. 1-2 (December 30, 2020): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbphys.2020.05.

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"We present an interferometric HHG-2 scheme and compare it to the usual XUV-IR RABBIT method that is widely used in attosecond science. Both methods are able to reconstruct the properties of an attosecond pulse train and can be used to measure attosecond ionization time delays in atoms and molecules. While they have several similarities, they also have conceptual differences. Here, we present some particularities of the HHG-2 method and its advantages and drawbacks, which would help to define situations where it can provide information inaccessible by other technics. Keywords: Attosecond, Photoionization, RABBIT "

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17

Bandrauk, André D., and Hong Shon Nguyen. "Attosecond molecular spectroscopy The one-electron H2+ system." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 82, no. 6 (June 1, 2004): 831–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v04-080.

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Numerical solutions of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation for a 1-D model non-BornOppenheimer H2+ are used to illustrate the nonlinear, nonperturbative response of molecules to intense (I ≥ 1013 W/cm2), ultrashort (t < 10 fs) laser pulses. Molecular high-order harmonic generation (MHOHG) is shown to be an example of such response, and the resulting nonlinear photon emission spectrum is shown to lead to the synthesis of single attosecond (1018 s) pulses. Application of such ultrashort pulses to the H2+ system results in localized electron wave packets whose motion can be detected by asymmetry in the photoelectron spectrum generated by a subsequent probe attosecond pulse, thus leading to measurement of electron motion in molecules on an attosecond time scale. Key words: attosecond spectroscopy, attosecond photoionization.

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18

Guggenmos, Alexander, Yang Cui, Stephan Heinrich, and Ulf Kleineberg. "Attosecond Pulse Shaping by Multilayer Mirrors." Applied Sciences 8, no. 12 (December 5, 2018): 2503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8122503.

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The emerging research field of attosecond science allows for the temporal investigation of one of the fastest dynamics in nature: electron dynamics in matter. These dynamics are responsible for chemical and biological processes, and the ability to understand and control them opens a new door of fundamental science, with the possibility to influence all lives if medical issues can thereby be addressed. Multilayer optics are key elements in attosecond experiments; they are used to tailor attosecond pulses with well-defined characteristics to facilitate detailed and accurate insight into processes, e.g., photoemission, Auger decay, or (core-) excitons. Based on the investigations and research efforts from the past several years, multilayer mirrors today are routinely used optical elements in attosecond beamlines. As a consequence, the generation of ultrashort pulses, combined with their dispersion control, has proceeded from the femtosecond range in the visible/infrared spectra to the attosecond range, covering the extreme ultraviolet and soft X-ray photon range up to the water window. This article reviews our work on multilayer optics over the past several years, as well as the impact from other research groups, to reflect on the scientific background of their nowadays routine use in attosecond physics.

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19

Varró, S., and Gy Farkas. "Attosecond electron pulses from interference of above-threshold de Broglie waves." Laser and Particle Beams 26, no. 1 (March 2008): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034608000037.

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AbstractIt is shown that the above-threshold electron de Broglie waves, generated by an intense laser pulse at a metal surface are interfering to yield attosecond electron pulses. This interference of the de Broglie waves is an analog on of the superposition of high harmonics generated from rare gas atoms, resulting in trains of attosecond light pulses. Our model is based on the Floquet analysis of the inelastic electron scattering on the oscillating double-layer potential, generated by the incoming laser field of long duration at the metal surface. Owing to the inherent kinematic dispersion, the propagation of attosecond de Broglie waves in vacuum is very different from that of attosecond light pulses, which propagate without changing shape. The clean attosecond structure of the current at the immediate vicinity of the metal surface is largely degraded due to the propagation, but it partially recovers at certain distances from the surface. Accordingly, above the metal surface, there exist “collapse bands,” where the electron current is erratic or noise-like, and there exist “revival layers,” where the electron current consist of ultrashort pulses of about 250 attosecond durations in the parameter range we considered. The maximum value of the current densities of such ultrashort electron pulses has been estimated to be on order of couple of tenth of mA/cm2. The attosecond structure of the electron photocurrent can perhaps be used for monitoring ultrafast relaxation processes in single atoms or in condensed matter.

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20

Mikaelsson, Sara, Jan Vogelsang, Chen Guo, Ivan Sytcevich, Anne-Lise Viotti, Fabian Langer, Yu-Chen Cheng, et al. "A high-repetition rate attosecond light source for time-resolved coincidence spectroscopy." Nanophotonics 10, no. 1 (September 15, 2020): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0424.

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AbstractAttosecond pulses, produced through high-order harmonic generation in gases, have been successfully used for observing ultrafast, subfemtosecond electron dynamics in atoms, molecules and solid state systems. Today’s typical attosecond sources, however, are often impaired by their low repetition rate and the resulting insufficient statistics, especially when the number of detectable events per shot is limited. This is the case for experiments, where several reaction products must be detected in coincidence, and for surface science applications where space charge effects compromise spectral and spatial resolution. In this work, we present an attosecond light source operating at 200 kHz, which opens up the exploration of phenomena previously inaccessible to attosecond interferometric and spectroscopic techniques. Key to our approach is the combination of a high-repetition rate, few-cycle laser source, a specially designed gas target for efficient high harmonic generation, a passively and actively stabilized pump-probe interferometer and an advanced 3D photoelectron/ion momentum detector. While most experiments in the field of attosecond science so far have been performed with either single attosecond pulses or long trains of pulses, we explore the hitherto mostly overlooked intermediate regime with short trains consisting of only a few attosecond pulses. We also present the first coincidence measurement of single-photon double-ionization of helium with full angular resolution, using an attosecond source. This opens up for future studies of the dynamic evolution of strongly correlated electrons.

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21

Kumar, Sandeep, Heung-Sik Kang, and Dong-Eon Kim. "For the generation of an intense isolated pulse in hard X-ray region using X-ray free electron laser." Laser and Particle Beams 30, no. 3 (June 7, 2012): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034612000237.

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AbstractFor a real, meaningful pump-probe experiment with attosecond temporal resolution, an intense isolated attosecond pulse is in demand. For that purpose we report the generation of an intense isolated attosecond pulse, especially in X-ray region using a current-enhanced self-amplified spontaneous emission in a free electron laser (FEL). We use a few cycle laser pulse to manipulate the electron-bunch inside a two-period planar wiggler. In our study, we employ the electron beam parameters of Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL)-XFEL. The RF phase effect of accelerator columns on the longitudinal energy distribution profile and current profile of electron-bunch is also studied, aiming that these results can be experimentally realized in PAL-XFEL. We show indeed that the manipulation of electron-energy bunch profile may lead to the generation of an isolated attosecond hard X-ray pulse: 150 attosecond radiation pulse at 0.1 nm wavelength can be generated.

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22

Liu, Y., F. Y. Li, M. Zeng, M. Chen, and Z. M. Sheng. "Ultra-intense attosecond pulses emitted from laser wakefields in non-uniform plasmas." Laser and Particle Beams 31, no. 2 (May 2, 2013): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034613000220.

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AbstractA scheme of generating ultra-intense attosecond pulses in ultra-relativistic laser interaction with under-dense plasmas is proposed. The attosecond pulse emission is caused by an oscillating transverse current sheet formed by an electron density spike composed of trapped electrons in the laser wakefield and the residual transverse momentum of electrons left behind the laser pulse when its front is strongly modulated. As soon as the attosecond pulse emerges, it tends to feed back to further enhance the transverse electron momentum and the transverse current. Consequently, the attosecond pulse is enhanced and developed into a few cycles later until the density spike is depleted out due to the pump laser depletion. To control the formation of the transverse current sheet, a non-uniform plasma slab with an up-ramp density profile in front of a uniform region is adopted, which enables one to obtain attosecond pulses with higher amplitudes than that in a uniform plasma slab.

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23

Okino, Tomoya, Yusuke Furukawa, Yasuo Nabekawa, Shungo Miyabe, A. Amani Eilanlou, Eiji J. Takahashi, Kaoru Yamanouchi, and Katsumi Midorikawa. "Direct observation of an attosecond electron wave packet in a nitrogen molecule." Science Advances 1, no. 8 (September 2015): e1500356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500356.

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Capturing electron motion in a molecule is the basis of understanding or steering chemical reactions. Nonlinear Fourier transform spectroscopy using an attosecond-pump/attosecond-probe technique is used to observe an attosecond electron wave packet in a nitrogen molecule in real time. The 500-as electronic motion between two bound electronic states in a nitrogen molecule is captured by measuring the fragment ions with the same kinetic energy generated in sequential two-photon dissociative ionization processes. The temporal evolution of electronic coherence originating from various electronic states is visualized via the fragment ions appearing after irradiation of the probe pulse. This observation of an attosecond molecular electron wave packet is a critical step in understanding coupled nuclear and electron motion in polyatomic and biological molecules to explore attochemistry.

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24

Chisuga, Yuta, Hiroki Mashiko, Katsuya Oguri, Ikufumi Katayama, Jun Takeda, and Hideki Gotoh. "Electric dipole oscillation in solids characterized by Fourier transform extreme ultraviolet attosecond spectroscopy." EPJ Web of Conferences 205 (2019): 02015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920502015.

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We characterized electronic dipole oscillations in chromium doped sapphire (Cr:Al2O3) using Fourier transform extreme ultraviolet attosecond spectroscopy (FTXUV) combined with an isolated attosecond pulse, which reveals the electric band-structure and dephasing process in solids.

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25

Liu, L., C. Q. Xia, J. S. Liu, W. T. Wang, Y. Cai, C. Wang, R. X. Li, and Z. Z. Xu. "Generation of attosecond X-ray pulses via Thomson scattering of counter-propagating laser pulses." Laser and Particle Beams 28, no. 1 (January 21, 2010): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026303460999053x.

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AbstractIt is proposed that single attosecond pulses be generated via electron's Thomson scattering of two counter-propagating laser pulses. In the case of linear polarization, the generation of a single attosecond pulse is highly sensitive to the carrier envelope phase (CEP). However, in the case of circular polarization, it is completely independent on the CEP, which will make circular polarization favorable to generate a stable attosecond X-ray pulse. For either linear or circular polarization, the radiation obtained by using two counter-propagating pulses can be much more intense than that obtained by only using one of these two pulses.

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26

Oropeza, Freddy E., Mariam Barawi, Elena Alfonso-González, Victor A. de la Peña O’Shea, Juan F. Trigo, Cecilia Guillén, Fernan Saiz, and Ignacio J. Villar-Garcia. "Understanding ultrafast charge transfer processes in SnS and SnS2: using the core hole clock method to measure attosecond orbital-dependent electron delocalisation in semiconducting layered materials." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 9, no. 35 (2021): 11859–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1tc02866a.

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27

Johnson, Allan S., Timur Avni, Esben W. Larsen, Dane R. Austin, and Jon P. Marangos. "Attosecond soft X-ray high harmonic generation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 377, no. 2145 (April 2019): 20170468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0468.

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High harmonic generation (HHG) of an intense laser pulse is a highly nonlinear optical phenomenon that provides the only proven source of tabletop attosecond pulses, and it is the key technology in attosecond science. Recent developments in high-intensity infrared lasers have extended HHG beyond its traditional domain of the XUV spectral range (10–150 eV) into the soft X-ray regime (150 eV to 3 keV), allowing the compactness, stability and sub-femtosecond duration of HHG to be combined with the atomic site specificity and electronic/structural sensitivity of X-ray spectroscopy. HHG in the soft X-ray spectral region has significant differences from HHG in the XUV, which necessitate new approaches to generating and characterizing attosecond pulses. Here, we examine the challenges and opportunities of soft X-ray HHG, and we use simulations to examine the optimal generating conditions for the development of high-flux, attosecond-duration pulses in the soft X-ray spectral range. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Measurement of ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics with X-rays’.

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28

Tsarev, Maxim, and Peter Baum. "Coherent transition radiation from attosecond electron pulses." EPJ Web of Conferences 205 (2019): 02018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920502018.

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We show theoretically and by simulations how coherent transition radiation from tilted surfaces can be used for characterization of attosecond free-electron pulses such as used for pump-probe electron microscopy and diffraction. The tilted geometries eliminate velocity-mismatch and beam-diameter effects, providing sensitivity to attosecond times even for almost arbitrarily large beam diameters.

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29

Isinger, M., D. Busto, S. Mikaelsson, S. Zhong, C. Guo, P. Salières, C. L. Arnold, A. L'Huillier, and M. Gisselbrecht. "Accuracy and precision of the RABBIT technique." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 377, no. 2145 (April 2019): 20170475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0475.

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One of the most ubiquitous techniques within attosecond science is the so-called reconstruction of attosecond beating by interference of two-photon transitions (RABBIT). Originally proposed for the characterization of attosecond pulses, it has been successfully applied to the accurate determination of time delays in photoemission. Here, we examine in detail, using numerical simulations, the effect of the spatial and temporal properties of the light fields and of the experimental procedure on the accuracy of the method. This allows us to identify the necessary conditions to achieve the best temporal precision in RABBIT measurements. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Measurement of ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics with X-rays’.

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30

Barmaki, Samira, Karima Guessaf, and Stéphane Laulan. "Imaging of ultrafast electron motion in molecules." Canadian Journal of Physics 89, no. 6 (June 2011): 703–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p11-039.

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We probe the attosecond electron motion in [Formula: see text], at short internuclear distances, by exact numerical solution of the 3D time-dependent Schrödinger equation in the Born–Oppenheimer approximation. We simulate a pump-probe experiment to calculate the energy distributions of ionized electrons. We start the experiment with a pump pulse that creates a coherent electronic wavepacket combination of the 1sσg and 2pσu states. We let the electronic wavepacket oscillate during a time delay Δt. In the second step of the experiment, we submit the wavepacket to an intense attosecond X-ray laser pulse. We observe an asymmetry in the energy distributions of ionized electrons that allows the mapping of the attosecond electron motion in [Formula: see text].

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31

Hammond, T. J., Graham G. Brown, Kyung Taec Kim, D. M. Villeneuve, and P. B. Corkum. "Attosecond pulses measured from the attosecond lighthouse." Nature Photonics 10, no. 3 (January 18, 2016): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2015.271.

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32

Georgescu, Iulia. "Attosecond beacons." Nature Physics 9, no. 1 (December 21, 2012): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys2522.

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33

Vrakking, Marc J. J. "Attosecond imaging." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 16, no. 7 (2014): 2775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cp53659a.

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34

Ivanov, M. Yu, R. Kienberger, A. Scrinzi, and D. M. Villeneuve. "Attosecond physics." Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 39, no. 1 (December 7, 2005): R1—R37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/39/1/r01.

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35

Horiuchi, Noriaki. "Attosecond resolution." Nature Photonics 12, no. 7 (June 28, 2018): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41566-018-0210-8.

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36

Corkum, P. B., and Ferenc Krausz. "Attosecond science." Nature Physics 3, no. 6 (June 2007): 381–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys620.

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37

Anscombe, Nadya. "Attosecond analysis." Nature Photonics 2, no. 9 (September 2008): 548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2008.177.

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38

Krausz, Ferenc, and Misha Ivanov. "Attosecond physics." Reviews of Modern Physics 81, no. 1 (February 2, 2009): 163–234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.81.163.

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39

Hentschel, M., R. Kienberger, Ch Spielmann, G. A. Reider, N. Milosevic, T. Brabec, P. Corkum, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz. "Attosecond metrology." Nature 414, no. 6863 (November 2001): 509–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35107000.

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40

Villeneuve, D. M. "Attosecond science." Contemporary Physics 59, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00107514.2017.1407093.

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41

Itatani, Jiro, Hiromichi Niikura, and Paul B. Corkum. "Attosecond Science." Physica Scripta 110 (2004): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1238/physica.topical.110a00112.

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42

Vampa, Giulio, Hanieh Fattahi, Jelena Vučković, and Ferenc Krausz. "Attosecond nanophotonics." Nature Photonics 11, no. 4 (April 2017): 210–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2017.41.

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43

Smirnova, Olga, and Oliver Gessner. "Attosecond spectroscopy." Chemical Physics 414 (March 2013): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphys.2012.12.023.

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44

Xue, Bing, Yuuki Tamaru, Yuxi Fu, Hua Yuan, Pengfei Lan, Oliver D. Mücke, Akira Suda, Katsumi Midorikawa, and Eiji J. Takahashi. "A Custom-Tailored Multi-TW Optical Electric Field for Gigawatt Soft-X-Ray Isolated Attosecond Pulses." Ultrafast Science 2021 (August 16, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2021/9828026.

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Since the first isolated attosecond pulse was demonstrated through high-order harmonics generation (HHG) in 2001, researchers’ interest in the ultrashort time region has expanded. However, one realizes a limitation for related research such as attosecond spectroscopy. The bottleneck is concluded to be the lack of a high-peak-power isolated attosecond pulse source. Therefore, currently, generating an intense attosecond pulse would be one of the highest priority goals. In this paper, we review our recent work of a TW-class parallel three-channel waveform synthesizer for generating a gigawatt-scale soft-X-ray isolated attosecond pulse (IAP) using HHG. By employing several stabilization methods, we have achieved a stable 50 mJ three-channel optical-waveform synthesizer with a peak power at the multi-TW level. This optical-waveform synthesizer is capable of creating a stable intense optical field for generating an intense continuum harmonic beam thanks to the successful stabilization of all the parameters. Furthermore, the precision control of shot-to-shot reproducible synthesized waveforms is achieved. Through the HHG process employing a loose-focusing geometry, an intense shot-to-shot stable supercontinuum (50–70 eV) is generated in an argon gas cell. This continuum spectrum supports an IAP with a transform-limited duration of 170 as and a submicrojoule pulse energy, which allows the generation of a GW-scale IAP. Another supercontinuum in the soft-X-ray region with higher photon energy of approximately 100–130 eV is also generated in neon gas from the synthesizer. The transform-limited pulse duration is 106 as. Thus, the enhancement of HHG output through optimized waveform synthesis is experimentally proved.

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45

Levesque, J., and P. B. Corkum. "Attosecond science and technology." Canadian Journal of Physics 84, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p05-068.

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Attosecond technology is a radical departure from all the optical (and collision) technology that preceded it. It merges optical and collision physics. The technology opens important problems in each area of science for study by previously unavailable methods. Underlying attosecond technology is a strong laser field. It extracts an electron from an atom or molecule near the crest of the field. The electron is pulled away from its parent ion, but is driven back after the field reverses. It can then recollide with its parent ion. Since the recolliding electron has a wavelength of about 1 Å, we can measure Angstrom spatial dimensions. Since the strong time-dependent field of the light pulse directs the electron with subcycle precision, we can control and measure attosecond phenomena. PACS Nos.: 33.15.Mt, 33.80.Rv, 39.90.+d, 42.50.Hz, 42.65.Ky

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Takahashi, Eiji J., Pengfei Lan, Oliver D. Mucke, Yasuo Nabekawa, and Katsumi Midorikawa. "Nonlinear Attosecond Metrology by Intense Isolated Attosecond Pulses." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 21, no. 5 (September 2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstqe.2015.2405899.

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47

Hammond, TJ, Emeric Balogh, and Kyung Taec Kim. "Isolation of attosecond pulses from the attosecond lighthouse." Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 50, no. 1 (December 19, 2016): 014006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6455/50/1/014006.

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48

Marroux, Hugo J. B., Ashley P. Fidler, Daniel M. Neumark, and Stephen R. Leone. "Multidimensional spectroscopy with attosecond extreme ultraviolet and shaped near-infrared pulses." Science Advances 4, no. 9 (September 2018): eaau3783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau3783.

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Dynamics following excitation with attosecond extreme ultraviolet (XUV) pulses arise from enormous numbers of accessible excited states, complicating the retrieval of state-specific time evolutions. We develop attosecond XUV multidimensional spectroscopy here to separate interfering pathways on a near-infrared (NIR) energy axis, retrieving single state dynamics in argon atoms in a two-dimensional (2D) XUV-NIR spectrum. In this experiment, we measure four-wave mixing signal arising from the interaction of XUV attosecond pulses centered around 15 eV with two few-cycle NIR pulses. The 2D spectrum is created by measuring the emitted XUV signal field spectrum while applying narrowband amplitude and phase modulations to one of the NIR pulses. Application of such a technique to systems of high dimensionality will provide for the observation of state-resolved pure electronic dynamics, in direct analogy to phenomena unraveled by multidimensional spectroscopies at optical frequencies.

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Kolbasova, Daria, and Robin Santra. "Analytical Theory of Attosecond Transient Absorption Spectroscopy of Perturbatively Dressed Systems." Applied Sciences 9, no. 7 (March 30, 2019): 1350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9071350.

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A theoretical description of attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy for temporally and spatially overlapping XUV and optical pulses is developed, explaining the signals one can obtain in such an experiment. To this end, we employ a two-stage approach based on perturbation theory, which allows us to give an analytical expression for the transient absorption signal. We focus on the situation in which the attosecond XUV pulse is used to create a coherent superposition of electronic states. As we explain, the resulting dynamics can be detected in the spectrum of the transmitted XUV pulse by manipulating the electronic wave packet using a carrier-envelope-phase-stabilized optical dressing pulse. In addition to coherent electron dynamics triggered by the attosecond pulse, the transmitted XUV spectrum encodes information on electronic states made accessible by the optical dressing pulse. We illustrate these concepts through calculations performed for a few-level model.

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Cheng, Yu-Chen, Sara Mikaelsson, Saikat Nandi, Lisa Rämisch, Chen Guo, Stefanos Carlström, Anne Harth, et al. "Controlling photoionization using attosecond time-slit interferences." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 20 (April 30, 2020): 10727–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1921138117.

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When small quantum systems, atoms or molecules, absorb a high-energy photon, electrons are emitted with a well-defined energy and a highly symmetric angular distribution, ruled by energy quantization and parity conservation. These rules are based on approximations and symmetries which may break down when atoms are exposed to ultrashort and intense optical pulses. This raises the question of their universality for the simplest case of the photoelectric effect. Here we investigate photoionization of helium by a sequence of attosecond pulses in the presence of a weak infrared laser field. We continuously control the energy of the photoelectrons and introduce an asymmetry in their emission direction, at variance with the idealized rules mentioned above. This control, made possible by the extreme temporal confinement of the light–matter interaction, opens a road in attosecond science, namely, the manipulation of ultrafast processes with a tailored sequence of attosecond pulses.

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