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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Attribution Theory

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Academic literature on the topic 'Attribution Theory'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Attribution Theory"

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Flora, Parminder K., Shaelyn M. Strachan, Lawrence R. Brawley, and Kevin S. Spink. "Exercise Identity and Attribution Properties Predict Negative Self-Conscious Emotions for Exercise Relapse." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 34, no. 5 (October 2012): 647–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.34.5.647.

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Research on exercise identity (EXID) indicates that it is related to negative affect when exercisers are inconsistent or relapse. Although identity theory suggests that causal attributions about this inconsistency elicit negative self-conscious emotions of shame and guilt, no EXID studies have examined this for exercise relapse. Weiner’s attribution-based theory of interpersonal motivation (2010) offers a means of testing the attribution-emotion link. Using both frameworks, we examined whether EXID and attributional properties predicted negative emotions for exercise relapse. Participants (n = 224) read an exercise relapse vignette, and then completed EXID, attributions, and emotion measures. Hierarchical multiple regression models using EXID and the attributional property of controllability significantly predicted each of shame and guilt, R2 adjusted = .09, ps ≤ .001. Results support identity theory suggestions and Weiner’s specific attribution-emotion hypothesis. This first demonstration of an interlinking of EXID, controllability, and negative self-conscious emotions offers more predictive utility using complementary theories than either theory alone.

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White, Michael J., and Debra L. Lilly. "Teaching Attribution Theory with a Videotaped Illustration." Teaching of Psychology 16, no. 4 (December 1989): 218–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15328023top1604_14.

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A videotaped illustration of Kelley's (1973) covariation attribution model is described. The videotape contains sets of sequentially presented behavioral situations that lead students to analyze information using Kelley's model. A description of one set of scenes illustrated on the videotape is provided. The cognitive implications of the use of videotaped illustrations to improve understanding of attributional concepts are noted. Informal observation suggests that the videotape illustration is highly effective. Students are easily able to make appropriate attributions using Kelley's model and to apply them to real-life situations.

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Gray, Susan H., and J. Neapolitan. "Attribution Theory." Teaching Sociology 17, no. 3 (July 1989): 416. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1318129.

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Zamfir, Elena, and Peter Dayan. "Interactions between attributions and beliefs at trial-by-trial level: Evidence from a novel computer game task." PLOS Computational Biology 18, no. 9 (September 26, 2022): e1009920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009920.

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Inferring causes of the good and bad events that we experience is part of the process of building models of our own capabilities and of the world around us. Making such inferences can be difficult because of complex reciprocal relationships between attributions of the causes of particular events, and beliefs about the capabilities and skills that influence our role in bringing them about. Abnormal causal attributions have long been studied in connection with psychiatric disorders, notably depression and paranoia; however, the mechanisms behind attributional inferences and the way they can go awry are not fully understood. We administered a novel, challenging, game of skill to a substantial population of healthy online participants, and collected trial-by-trial time series of both their beliefs about skill and attributions about the causes of the success and failure of real experienced outcomes. We found reciprocal relationships that provide empirical confirmation of the attribution-self representation cycle theory. This highlights the dynamic nature of the processes involved in attribution, and validates a framework for developing and testing computational accounts of attribution-belief interactions.

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Phoenix, Gregory M., Michael J. Kalsher, and Matthew V. Champagne. "Allocation of Responsibility for Injuries Sustained from the Use of Technologically-Mediated Consumer Products." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 41, no. 1 (October 1997): 400–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107118139704100188.

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Kelly's (1972) theory of causal attribution was used as a basis for assessing how participants allocated responsibility for injuries sustained in four fictitious product-use scenarios. Each scenario described an injury (mild or severe) that occurred during the use of a consumer product that was mediated by a computerized device. Different versions of each product-use scenario were created to account for manipulations of consensus, consistency, distinctiveness, and injury type. Results showed that participants' overall scores of attribution allocations were consistent with Kelly's attributional model and McArthur's (1972) findings. In situations of low consensus, high consistency, and low distinctiveness, participants made internal causal attributions; and for situations of high consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness, participants made external attributions. The manipulation of accident severity (mild or severe) had no significant effect on attributional tendencies. The availability of a product-use warning was associated with a greater tendency to attribute responsibility for the injury to the consumer. Implications of these results are discussed and suggestions for further research are offered.

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Weiner, Bernard. "Wither attribution theory?" Journal of Organizational Behavior 40, no. 5 (June 2019): 603–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.2398.

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Tennert, Falk. "An attributional analysis of corporate reporting in crisis situations." Journal of Communication Management 18, no. 4 (October 28, 2014): 422–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcom-09-2012-0074.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to use an attributional approach to examine press coverage in Germany dealing with Toyota’s 2010 global product recall due to purportedly defective brakes. The research focuses on the attributions of cause and responsibility and, thereby, the practices of media-brokered selection and interpretation of events. Design/methodology/approach – The methodology used is a quantitative content analysis of selected German print media. Corporate reporting is analysed with the help of attribution theory approaches from the field of psychology, which, when applied to public relations themes, thereby enables the identification of latent and manifest risk factors that emerge from the perceived responsibility of the media. Findings – Causal attributions are an essential aspect of coverage in acute crisis situations. The key findings show a dominance of internal attributions of responsibility in which the media interprets the crisis as self inflicted and ascribes a high level of fault on the company. Exonerating attributions according to a self-serving bias find little resonance in the coverage. The responsibility attributed to Toyota by the media coverage to a sustained damage to the company’s reputation. Originality/value – The study demonstrates that attribution theory can be productively applied to questions of communication management. This approach enables an analysis of attribution discourse as well as the potential long-term effects on the company’s reputation. Thus, the original value of this study lies in the psychological foundation of organisational risk and opportunity.

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Amankwah-Amoah, Joseph. "Where will the axe fall?" European Business Review 27, no. 4 (June 8, 2015): 409–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ebr-05-2014-0046.

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Purpose – This study aims to examine the types of attributions after a business failure. Although business failure has garnered a plethora of scholarly attention, there remains an ambiguity and a lack of clarity about the process and types of attribution after a business failure. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is based on a synthesis of the multiple streams of research on the subject. This led to the development of an integrated framework of attributions after business failure. Findings – The paper integrates the business failure literature and attribution theory to develop a 2 × 2 conceptual framework which accounts for not only the effect on pace (time) but also locus of causality in the attribution process. Crossing the two main causes of business failure with two types of attribution produces the 2 × 2 matrix of types of attribution after a business failure which includes early internal attribution, late internal attribution, early external attribution and late external attribution. Research limitations/implications – The theorisation of the literature offers a number of implications for theory and practice. Originality/value – The study also explains the underlying processes inherent in learning from others’ failures and consequences of business failure. The framework removes some of the ambiguity in the existing literature and outlines a number of fruitful avenues for future research.

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Coggans, Niall, and John B. Davies. "Explanations for Heroin Use." Journal of Drug Issues 18, no. 3 (July 1988): 457–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204268801800310.

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This paper examines, from the perspective of “attribution theory,” the role of explanations (for drug use) in giving up drug use. In particular, the “functional utility” of explanations (attributions) in the service of self-esteem needs is discussed. It appears that, in a group of heroin users, explanations are consistently related to level or pattern of heroin use in a manner with considerable utility for self-esteem. The attributional strategies employed, and the implications of particular attributions (explanations) for drug use are also discussed.

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Chiou, Wen-Bin. "Customers' Attributional Judgments towards Complaint Handling in Airline Service: A Confirmatory Study Based on Attribution Theory." Psychological Reports 100, no. 3_suppl (June 2007): 1141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.100.4.1141-1150.

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Besides flight safety, complaint handling plays a crucial role in airline service. Based upon Kelley's attribution theory, in the present study customers' attributions were examined under different conditions of complaint handling by the airlines. There were 531 passengers (216 women; ages 21 to 63 years, M = 41.5, SD = 11.1) with experiences of customer complaints who were recruited while awaiting boarding. Participants received one hypothetical scenario of three attributional conditions about complaint handling and then reported their attributional judgments. The findings indicated that the passengers were most likely to attribute the company's complaint handling to unconditional compliance when the airline company reacted to customer complaints under low distinctiveness, high consistency, and when consensus among the airlines was low. On the other hand, most passengers attributed the company's complaint handling to conditional compliance under the conditions in which distinctiveness, consistency, and consensus were all high. The results provide further insights into how different policies of complaint management affect customers' attributions. Future directions and managerial implications are also discussed.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Attribution Theory"

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Cates, Zientek Candice E. "Attribution theory in sport." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1986. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/2323/.

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McClure, J. L. "The discounting principle in attribution theory." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379936.

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Sears, Paul Albert. "An attribution theory of self-confidence." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 1990. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1054737188.

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Roy, Jane Christine. "Attribution theory and marriage guidance counselling." Thesis, Open University, 1988. http://oro.open.ac.uk/57263/.

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This research is concerned with some aspects of the counselling process within Marriage Guidance Council Counselling sessions. The first area of investigation chosen was the interaction of the counsellors image of the ideal client with her perceived image of real clients. Unfortunately, it was not possible to pursue this investigation since not all of the counsellors images of who would benefit from counselling were sufficiently stable over time. This was felt to be due to the test used (the California Q set). The second chosen area of investigation was the client counsellor verbal interaction in first counselling sessions studied using transcripts of ten female and four male clients and two couples counselled by the researcher and one woman and one couple counselled by another counsellor. The content was analysed using attribution theory. Clients made attributions from a wider range of categories than experimental studies normally allow for, the most frequently used category was emotion and attitude attributions, this is a neglected category which needs further study. The results did not support previous findings that people make Significantly more situational than personality attributions about their own behaviour. Clients have response strategies they use to reply to the counsellor, some of these are blocking strategies since they result in the counsellor dropping the subject being discussed; others are positive responses since they lead to the client· and counsellor engaging in a dialogue. All clients living with their partners who returned for a second session engaged in at least one extended dialogue with the counsellor about an attribution made by the counsellor. None of the clients who failed to return engaged in an extended dialogue with the counsellor.

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Sumpton, R. C. "The fundamental attribution error : An empirical and theoretical critique of attribution theory." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.354414.

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Burke, Kerry. "Attribution theory : lay explanations of poverty and unemployment /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1991. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR.PS/09ar.psb959.pdf.

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Finchilescu, Gillian. "Social identity theory and intergroup attributions." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1991. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:cc771223-b470-45c3-8584-3bcd4c3fd142.

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The central proposition of this thesis is that intergroup attributions and explanations, like any other intergroup behaviour, are affected by the perceived relations between the groups. Social Identity Theory (SIT) was adopted as the theoretical framework within which to investigate intergroup relations. According to this theory, intergroup behaviour is affected by the relative status the groups bear to each other, together with the perceived legitimacy and stability of this status hierarchy. The thesis proposes two amendments to the theory. It is argued that perceived legitimacy and perceived stability have different effects on intergroup behaviour and hence can not be subsumed under the general category of "insecure comparisons". It is also suggested that intragroup variability exists in these perceptions. A study was conducted which confirmed these propositions, and predictions emerging from SIT concerning the effect of these perceptions on intergroup behaviour and attitudes received considerable support. In examining the effect of the intergroup perception factors on bias in intergroup attributions, the thesis focuses on two types of groups: race and gender. Three types of attribution were considered in different studies: explanations of intergroup inequality, attributions of blame for rape or robbery and attributions for individual group members' actions and outcomes. The results indicate that the relative status of the groups, together with the perceptions of the legitimacy of this status hierarchy influence the first two - the explanations for inequality and the attributions of blame made to the victim and perpetrator of crimes. In general, it appears that the 'prise de conscience' of the illegitimacy of the intergroup situation is the motivating force in rejecting the domination of the high status group over the low status group, by members of both the high and low status groups. However, the third type of attributions, the intergroup explanations made for individual group members' actions and outcomes were not in general affected by these factors. It was suggested that either the intergroup aspect of these vignettes lacked the salience to elicit an intergroup response, or that the actors in the vignettes were treated as atypical of the groups.

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Jareankieatbovorn, Natthida. "Customer perceptions of service failure, service recovery and loyalty recovery : an investigation into the airline industry." Thesis, Brunel University, 2018. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/17131.

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Building sustainable customer relationships through effective service recovery is a worthwhile goal for all airline companies in an era of intense competition. Developing service recovery strategies that can strengthen customer loyalty in the event of service failure has become a major challenge for the airline business, but yet has received little attention from academics. To address the dearth in the literature, this study sets out to investigate how customers' perceptions of perceived justice of service recovery and those factors external to the recovery encounter, including service failure attributions and company reputation, impact their loyalty recovery in the airline context. This study uses a quantitative method based on a surrey approach. A selfadministered questionnaire was purposively distributed among airline customers at Suvarnabhumi International Airport in Bangkok, Thailand. The study was tested using data collected from 480 travellers who had previously experienced a full service airline's flight delay in the past 12 months and was analysed with Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). First, the results of this research confirm the robustness of the Expectation Disconfirmation Paradigm (EDP) for understanding customer perceived justice of service recovery in an exchange relationship context by emphasising significant positive effects of all dimensions of justice in restoring positive customer relationships. Second, the findings clarify the interrelationships between postrecovery customer trust, customer's overall company satisfaction and customer loyalty by highlighting the important role of which trust plays in recovering customer loyalty. Third, The results further demonstrate how customer perceived justice of service recovery is contingent upon service failure attributions and company reputation. Lastly, the research provides airline managers with useful guidelines on developing cost-effective service recovery strategies focusing on maximising customer loyalty in different service failure situations.

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Kelly, C. "Using attribution theory to understand resilience for looked after children." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2006. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444894/.

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Children and young people in Public Care are one of the most at risk groups for educational failure and poor life outcomes (NCH, 2005). There is now a wealth of literature detailing predictive risk factors across a range of populations and outlining factors which contribute to resilient, adaptive outcomes in the face of risk factors (e.g. Rutter, 1990 Fonagy et al., 1994). In addition, an understanding of the processes and mechanisms involved is necessary in order to identify which, if any, of the many attributes and/or circumstances that correlate with resilience may be critical targets for effective prevention and intervention. Attributions, the causes given to events, are considered to be powerful determinants of our future actions (see Fosterling, 2001). Drawing on attribution theory and conceptualisations of optimism and self-efficacy, this research uses the Leeds Attributional Coding System (LACS) to compare high and low resilience looked after youngsters' perceptions of positive and negative events in educational, social and home contexts. Resilience was associated with how positive events were construed. High resilience (HR) youngsters made more positive attributions and tended to perceive the causes of positive outcomes optimistically, i.e. causes were relatively unchanging and wide reaching. Low resilience (LR) youngsters saw these causes as unstable and specific. HR adolescents tended to make self-efficacious controllable attributions for internal causes. LR young people were more negative about peer and carer/parent relationships, and views of school, suggesting that perceptions of more everyday contexts are more influential in resilience than major life events, such as changing school or placement, and that relationships are a key factor in positive adaptation. Furthermore, looked after adolescents tend to see themselves more frequently than non-looked after adolescents as the target of others actions. However, HR looked after youngsters are more likely to view others' actions positively.

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Rinholen, Wendy M. "Attribution theory and the effects of stress on college students." Online version, 1998. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/1998/1998rinholenw.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Attribution Theory"

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J, Martinko Mark, ed. Attribution theory: An organizational perspective. Delray Beach, FL: St. Lucie Press, 1994.

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Attribution theory in clinical psychology. Chichester: Wiley, 1988.

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Attribution-Personality Theory Conference (3rd 1988 CSPP-LA). New models, new extensions of attribution theory. Edited by Zelen Seymour L. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1991.

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Zelen, Seymour L., ed. New Models, New Extensions of Attribution Theory. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3126-4.

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1947-, Graham Sandra, and Folkes Valerie S, eds. Attribution theory: Applications to achievement, mental health, and interpersonal conflict. Hillsdale, N.J: L. Erlbaum Associates, 1990.

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1976-, Silvia Paul J., and Lalwani Neal, eds. Self-awareness & causal attribution: A dual systems theory. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001.

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An attributional theory of motivation and emotion. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1986.

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Weiner, Bernard. An attributional theory of motivation and emotion. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1986.

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J, Martinko Mark, ed. Attribution theory in the organizational sciences: Theoretical and empirical contributions. Greenwich, CT: IAP-Information Age Pub., 2004.

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Millman, Zeeva. Integrating attribution theory, social cognitive theory, and training in self-talk to enhance job search behavior. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Attribution Theory"

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Malle, Bertram F. "Attribution/Attribution Theory." In Encyclopedia of Sciences and Religions, 173–77. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8265-8_97.

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Heckhausen, Heinz. "Attribution Theory." In Motivation and Action, 341–71. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75961-1_13.

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Spink, Kevin S., and Darren Nickel. "Attribution Theory." In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine, 183–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39903-0_298.

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Abrams, David B., J. Rick Turner, Linda C. Baumann, Alyssa Karel, Susan E. Collins, Katie Witkiewitz, Terry Fulmer, et al. "Attribution Theory." In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine, 160–62. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_298.

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Spink, Kevin S., and Darren Nickel. "Attribution Theory." In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine, 1–4. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6439-6_298-2.

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Spink, Kevin S., and Darren Nickel. "Attribution Theory." In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine, 1–4. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6439-6_298-3.

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Weiner, Bernard. "Attribution Theory." In Human Motivation, 275–326. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5092-0_7.

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Weiner, Bernard. "Attribution Theory." In A Companion to the Philosophy of Action, 366–73. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444323528.ch46.

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Spitzberg, Brian H., and Valerie Manusov. "Attribution Theory." In Engaging Theories in Interpersonal Communication, 39–51. 3rd ed. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003195511-4.

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Manusov, Valerie. "Attribution Theory." In Engaging Theories in Family Communication, 51–61. Second edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315204321-5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Attribution Theory"

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Zhang, Guihong. "Applications of Social Attribution Theory in XAI." In IS4SI 2021. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2022081101.

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Alkaabi, Maimonah, and Sunday O. Olatunji. "Modeling Cyber-Attribution Using Machine Learning Techniques." In 2020 30th International Conference on Computer Theory and Applications (ICCTA). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccta52020.2020.9477672.

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Zhang, Ya, Yi Wei, and Jianbiao Ren. "Multi-touch Attribution in Online Advertising with Survival Theory." In 2014 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdm.2014.130.

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Kestemont, Mike. "Function Words in Authorship Attribution. From Black Magic to Theory?" In Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature (CLFL). Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/v1/w14-0908.

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Yaroshevskiy, Andriy, and Dmitry Klyushin. "Nonparametric Methods of Authorship Attribution in Classic and Modern Literature." In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Trends in Information Theory (ATIT). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/atit49449.2019.9030510.

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Shin, Jong-Kuk, Min-Sook Park, and Mi-Ri Kim. "HOW DO CONGRUENCE AND ATTRIBUTION INTERACT IN CSR ADVERTISING CAMPAIGNS?" In Bridging Asia and the World: Globalization of Marketing & Management Theory and Practice. Korean academy of marketing science, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.15444/gmc2014.01.08.02.

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Pan, Qiaoming, Yongqiang Zhu, and Wei Zhu. "Application of the Attribution Theory in Improving Computer Study Effects of University Students." In 2008 9th International Conference for Young Computer Scientists (ICYCS). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icycs.2008.130.

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Feng, Xueqing. "Attribution Shields in English Political Interviews From Perspectives of Projection Theory and Critical Discourse Analysis." In 3rd International Conference on Judicial, Administrative and Humanitarian Problems of State Structures and Economic Subjects (JAHP 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/jahp-18.2018.3.

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Nelson, Jennifer. "Teachers' Perceptions of Principal Versus Assistant Principals' Leadership: An Organizational Justice and Attribution Theory Approach." In 2022 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1882789.

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Liu, Ping, Qiuling Hou, and Fan Yang. "Research on the Mechanism of Emotional Contagion in the Circumstance of Job Failure Based on Attribution Theory." In Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Information Technology and Management Engineering (ICITME 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icitme-18.2018.16.

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Reports on the topic "Attribution Theory"

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Rashid, Md Sanuwar. Do the Media Portrayal of a Brand's Sweatshop Exploitation Affect Consumers' Causal Attribution: Kelley's Attribution Theory-based Account. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/itaa_proceedings-180814-1867.

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Martinez-Bravo, Monica, and Carlos Sanz. Trust and accountability in times of pandemics. Madrid: Banco de España, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53479/29471.

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The COVID-19 pandemic took place against the backdrop of growing political polarization and distrust in political institutions in many countries. Did deficiencies in government performance further erode trust in public institutions? Did citizens’ ideology interfere with the way they processed information on government performance? To investigate these two questions, we conducted a pre-registered online experiment in Spain in November 2020. Respondents in the treatment group were provided information on the number of contact tracers in their region, a key policy variable under the control of regional governments. We find that individuals greatly over-estimate the number of contact tracers in their region. When we provide the actual number of contact tracers, we find a decline in trust in governments, a reduction in willingness to fund public institutions and a decrease in COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. We also find that individuals endogenously change their attribution of responsibilities when receiving the treatment. In regions where the regional and central governments are controlled by different parties, sympathizers of the regional incumbent react to the negative news on performance by attributing greater responsibility for it to the central government. We call this the blame shifting effect. In those regions, the negative information does not translate into lower voting intentions for the regional incumbent government. These results suggest that the exercise of political accountability may be particularly difficult in settings with high political polarization and areas of responsibility that are not clearly delineated.

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Martinez-Bravo, Monica, and Carlos Sanz. Trust and accountability in times of pandemic. Madrid: Banco de España, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53479/25027.

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The COVID-19 pandemic took place against the backdrop of growing political polarization and distrust in political institutions in many countries. Furthermore, most governments fell short of expectations in their management of the pandemic. Did deficiencies in government performance further erode trust in public institutions? Did citizens’ ideology interfere with the way they processed information on government performance? To investigate these two questions, we conducted a preregistered online experiment in Spain in November 2020. Respondents in the treatment group were provided information on the number of contact tracers in their region, a key variable under the control of regional governments. We find that individuals greatly overestimate the number of contact tracers in their region. When we provide the actual number of contact tracers, we find a decline in trust in governments, a reduction in willingness to fund public institutions and a decrease in COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. We also find that individuals endogenously change their attribution of responsibilities when receiving the treatment. In regions where the regional and central governments are controlled by different parties, sympathizers of the regional incumbent react to the negative news on performance by attributing greater responsibility for it to the central government. We call this the blame shifting effect. In those regions, the negative information does not translate into lower voting intentions for the regional incumbent government. These results suggest that the exercise of political accountability may be particularly difficult in settings with high political polarization and areas of responsibility are not clearly delineated.

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International Commssion on Illumination, CIE. CIE TN 013:2022 Terms related to Planckian radiation temperature for light sources. International Commssion on Illumination, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25039/tn.013.2022.

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There are several terms which describe the Planckian radiation temperature for light sources, including radiance temperature, colour temperature, correlated colour temperature, distribution temperature and ratio temperature. This document provides descriptions of these terms, information on their applicability, and highlights relationships between them so that they may be consistently applied in all applications. Definitions and additional explanatory information for each term are given in this document. Obviously, the greater the difference between the radiation considered and a Planckian radiator, the more tenuous the interpretation of the temperature attribution. Guidelines as to agreed reasonable limits of applicability, if any, are therefore also given, together with information on the calculation of the associated measurement uncertainties where relevant. Keywords: Planckian radiation, Planckian radiatior, Thermodynamic temperature, Planckian radiator temperature, Blackbody temperature, Radiance temperature, Colour temperature, Correlated colour temperature, CCT, Distribution temperature, Ratio temperature

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McCarthy, Noel, Eileen Taylor, Martin Maiden, Alison Cody, Melissa Jansen van Rensburg, Margaret Varga, Sophie Hedges, et al. Enhanced molecular-based (MLST/whole genome) surveillance and source attribution of Campylobacter infections in the UK. Food Standards Agency, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ksj135.

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This human campylobacteriosis sentinel surveillance project was based at two sites in Oxfordshire and North East England chosen (i) to be representative of the English population on the Office for National Statistics urban-rural classification and (ii) to provide continuity with genetic surveillance started in Oxfordshire in October 2003. Between October 2015 and September 2018 epidemiological questionnaires and genome sequencing of isolates from human cases was accompanied by sampling and genome sequencing of isolates from possible food animal sources. The principal aim was to estimate the contributions of the main sources of human infection and to identify any changes over time. An extension to the project focussed on antimicrobial resistance in study isolates and older archived isolates. These older isolates were from earlier years at the Oxfordshire site and the earliest available coherent set of isolates from the national archive at Public Health England (1997/8). The aim of this additional work was to analyse the emergence of the antimicrobial resistance that is now present among human isolates and to describe and compare antimicrobial resistance in recent food animal isolates. Having identified the presence of bias in population genetic attribution, and that this was not addressed in the published literature, this study developed an approach to adjust for bias in population genetic attribution, and an alternative approach to attribution using sentinel types. Using these approaches the study estimated that approximately 70% of Campylobacter jejuni and just under 50% of C. coli infection in our sample was linked to the chicken source and that this was relatively stable over time. Ruminants were identified as the second most common source for C. jejuni and the most common for C. coli where there was also some evidence for pig as a source although less common than ruminant or chicken. These genomic attributions of themselves make no inference on routes of transmission. However, those infected with isolates genetically typical of chicken origin were substantially more likely to have eaten chicken than those infected with ruminant types. Consumption of lamb’s liver was very strongly associated with infection by a strain genetically typical of a ruminant source. These findings support consumption of these foods as being important in the transmission of these infections and highlight a potentially important role for lamb’s liver consumption as a source of Campylobacter infection. Antimicrobial resistance was predicted from genomic data using a pipeline validated by Public Health England and using BIGSdb software. In C. jejuni this showed a nine-fold increase in resistance to fluoroquinolones from 1997 to 2018. Tetracycline resistance was also common, with higher initial resistance (1997) and less substantial change over time. Resistance to aminoglycosides or macrolides remained low in human cases across all time periods. Among C. jejuni food animal isolates, fluoroquinolone resistance was common among isolates from chicken and substantially less common among ruminants, ducks or pigs. Tetracycline resistance was common across chicken, duck and pig but lower among ruminant origin isolates. In C. coli resistance to all four antimicrobial classes rose from low levels in 1997. The fluoroquinolone rise appears to have levelled off earlier and among animals, levels are high in duck as well as chicken isolates, although based on small sample sizes, macrolide and aminoglycoside resistance, was substantially higher than for C. jejuni among humans and highest among pig origin isolates. Tetracycline resistance is high in isolates from pigs and the very small sample from ducks. Antibiotic use following diagnosis was relatively high (43.4%) among respondents in the human surveillance study. Moreover, it varied substantially across sites and was highest among non-elderly adults compared to older adults or children suggesting opportunities for improved antimicrobial stewardship. The study also found evidence for stable lineages over time across human and source animal species as well as some tighter genomic clusters that may represent outbreaks. The genomic dataset will allow extensive further work beyond the specific goals of the study. This has been made accessible on the web, with access supported by data visualisation tools.

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Hicks, Jacqueline. Defining and Measuring Diplomatic Influence. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.032.

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This review found no sources of straightforward indicators for use in measuring diplomatic influence. The literature and evaluations found to recommend the use of tailor-made evaluations to account for “differences in diplomatic settings, diplomatic activities and policy fields”. They hinge on developing a theory of change alongside questions and evaluation criteria that are context-specific. They rely on assessing intermediate goals as a ‘proxy’ for the immeasurable long-term influence, and causal contributions (contributed to a result) rather than causal attributions (caused a result). It was also frequently mentioned that programme designers tend to design programmes to support diplomatic influence without specific and measurable objectives because influencing processes are by nature non-linear. In these cases, evaluations will be correspondingly unable to provide specific and measurable indicators of achievement.

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NARYKOVA, N. A., S. V. KHATAGOVA, and Yu R. PEREPELITSYNA. PEJORATIVE WORDS IN GERMAN MASS-MEDIA IN NOMINATIONS OF POLITICIANS. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2077-1770-2021-14-1-3-57-68.

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One of the main functions of mass media is influence on public opinion. So emotionally-painted lexical means are widely used in mass media in relation to leading politicians who are the centre of political arena. They are exposed to the frequent criticism, a negative estimation. The present article is devoted to the consideration of pejorative lexicon which is applied in nominations for heads of states. An empirical material of research were electronic newspapers and editions: Der Spiegel, Die Zeit, Sueddeutsche Zeitung, Der Tagesspiegel, taz, Die Welt, Gegenblende. As the basic methods of research are the following: the componental analysis, the lexico-semantic analysis, the stylistic analysis. The result of research revealed, that in German mass media there is a significant amount of persons names pejorative colouring. They express censure, disrespect, sneer, hatred, antipathy, condemnation, mistrust and so on. There main word-formations for persons nominations are composition, a derivation with using of suffixes and subsuffixes, attributive word-combinations, metaphorically-metonymical way. The materials of the research work can be used in the course of learning German language, at the practical training in oral speech, and also in the course of lexicology, general and aspect lexicography.

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Michel, Bob, and Tatiana Falcão. Taxing Profits from International Maritime Shipping in Africa: Past, Present and Future of UN Model Article 8 (Alternative B). Institute of Development Studies (IDS), November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2021.023.

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International maritime shipping is an essential part of global business. Since the establishment of the current international tax regime in the 1920s, there has been a consensus that profits generated by this business are taxable only in the residence state –the state where the shipowners are located. Source states – the port states where business physically takes place – are generally expected to exempt income from international shipping. This standard is currently reflected in Article 8 of the OECD Model and Article 8 (Alternative A) of the UN Model, and is incorporated in the vast majority of bilateral tax treaties currently in force. Exclusive residence state taxation of shipping profits is problematic when the size of mercantile fleets and shipping flows between two states are of unequal size. This is often the case in relations between a developed and developing country. The latter often lack a substantial domestic mercantile fleet, but serve as an important revenue-generating port state for the fleet of the developed country. To come to a more balanced allocation of taxing rights in such a case, a source taxation alternative has been inserted in UN Model Article 8 (Alternative B). From its inception, Article 8B has been labelled impractical due to the lack of guidance on core issues, like sourcing rules and profit allocation. This gap is said to explain the low adoption rate of Article 8B in global tax treaty practice. In reality, tax treaty practice regarding Article 8B is heavily concentrated and flourishing in a handful of countries in South/South-East Asia – Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand. All these countries subject non-resident shipping income to tax in their domestic income tax laws. Except for India, all countries are able to exercise these domestic tax law rules in relation to shipping enterprises located in the biggest shipowner states, either because they have a treaty in place that provides for source taxation or because there is no treaty at all and thus no restriction of domestic law. None of the relevant tax treaties contain a provision that incorporates the exact wording of Article 8B of the UN Model. If other countries, like coastal countries in sub-Saharan Africa, are looking to implement source taxation of maritime shipping income in the future, they are advised to draw on the South/South-East Asian experience. Best practice can be distilled regarding sourcing rule, source tax limitation, profit attribution and method of taxation (on gross or net basis). In addition to technical guidance on tax, the South/South-East Asian experience also provides important general policy considerations countries should take into account when determining whether source taxation of maritime shipping profits is an appropriate target for their future tax treaty negotiations.

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Holland, Darren, and Nazmina Mahmoudzadeh. Foodborne Disease Estimates for the United Kingdom in 2018. Food Standards Agency, January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.squ824.

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In February 2020 the FSA published two reports which produced new estimates of foodborne norovirus cases. These were the ‘Norovirus Attribution Study’ (NoVAS study) (O’Brien et al., 2020) and the accompanying internal FSA technical review ‘Technical Report: Review of Quantitative Risk Assessment of foodborne norovirus transmission’ (NoVAS model review), (Food Standards Agency, 2020). The NoVAS study produced a Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment model (QMRA) to estimate foodborne norovirus. The NoVAS model review considered the impact of using alternative assumptions and other data sources on these estimates. From these two pieces of work, a revised estimate of foodborne norovirus was produced. The FSA has therefore updated its estimates of annual foodborne disease to include these new results and also to take account of more recent data related to other pathogens. The estimates produced include: •Estimates of GP presentations and hospital admissions for foodbornenorovirus based on the new estimates of cases. The NoVAS study onlyproduced estimates for cases. •Estimates of foodborne cases, GP presentations and hospital admissions for12 other pathogens •Estimates of unattributed cases of foodborne disease •Estimates of total foodborne disease from all pathogens Previous estimates An FSA funded research project ‘The second study of infectious intestinal disease in the community’, published in 2012 and referred to as the IID2 study (Tam et al., 2012), estimated that there were 17 million cases of infectious intestinal disease (IID) in 2009. These include illness caused by all sources, not just food. Of these 17 million cases, around 40% (around 7 million) could be attributed to 13 known pathogens. These pathogens included norovirus. The remaining 60% of cases (equivalent to 10 million cases) were unattributed cases. These are cases where the causal pathogen is unknown. Reasons for this include the causal pathogen was not tested for, the test was not sensitive enough to detect the causal pathogen or the pathogen is unknown to science. A second project ‘Costed extension to the second study of infectious intestinal disease in the community’, published in 2014 and known as IID2 extension (Tam, Larose and O’Brien, 2014), estimated that there were 566,000 cases of foodborne disease per year caused by the same 13 known pathogens. Although a proportion of the unattributed cases would also be due to food, no estimate was provided for this in the IID2 extension. New estimates We estimate that there were 2.4 million cases of foodborne disease in the UK in 2018 (95% credible intervals 1.8 million to 3.1 million), with 222,000 GP presentations (95% Cred. Int. 150,000 to 322,000) and 16,400 hospital admissions (95% Cred. Int. 11,200 to 26,000). Of the estimated 2.4 million cases, 0.9 million (95% Cred. Int. 0.7 million to 1.2 million) were from the 13 known pathogens included in the IID2 extension and 1.4 million1 (95% Cred. Int. 1.0 million to 2.0 million) for unattributed cases. Norovirus was the pathogen with the largest estimate with 383,000 cases a year. However, this estimate is within the 95% credible interval for Campylobacter of 127,000 to 571,000. The pathogen with the next highest number of cases was Clostridium perfringens with 85,000 (95% Cred. Int. 32,000 to 225,000). While the methodology used in the NoVAS study does not lend itself to producing credible intervals for cases of norovirus, this does not mean that there is no uncertainty in these estimates. There were a number of parameters used in the NoVAS study which, while based on the best science currently available, were acknowledged to have uncertain values. Sensitivity analysis undertaken as part of the study showed that changes to the values of these parameters could make big differences to the overall estimates. Campylobacter was estimated to have the most GP presentations with 43,000 (95% Cred. Int. 19,000 to 76,000) followed by norovirus with 17,000 (95% Cred. Int. 11,000 to 26,000) and Clostridium perfringens with 13,000 (95% Cred. Int. 6,000 to 29,000). For hospital admissions Campylobacter was estimated to have 3,500 (95% Cred. Int. 1,400 to 7,600), followed by norovirus 2,200 (95% Cred. Int. 1,500 to 3,100) and Salmonella with 2,100 admissions (95% Cred. Int. 400 to 9,900). As many of these credible intervals overlap, any ranking needs to be undertaken with caution. While the estimates provided in this report are for 2018 the methodology described can be applied to future years.

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