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Chen, Ling-Chia, Pascale Sandmann, Jeremy D. Thorne, Martin G. Bleichner, and Stefan Debener. "Cross-Modal Functional Reorganization of Visual and Auditory Cortex in Adult Cochlear Implant Users Identified with fNIRS." Neural Plasticity 2016 (2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4382656.
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Cochlear implant (CI) users show higher auditory-evoked activations in visual cortex and higher visual-evoked activation in auditory cortex compared to normal hearing (NH) controls, reflecting functional reorganization of both visual and auditory modalities. Visual-evoked activation in auditory cortex is a maladaptive functional reorganization whereas auditory-evoked activation in visual cortex is beneficial for speech recognition in CI users. We investigated their joint influence on CI users’ speech recognition, by testing 20 postlingually deafened CI users and 20 NH controls with functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Optodes were placed over occipital and temporal areas to measure visual and auditory responses when presenting visual checkerboard and auditory word stimuli. Higher cross-modal activations were confirmed in both auditory and visual cortex for CI users compared to NH controls, demonstrating that functional reorganization of both auditory and visual cortex can be identified with fNIRS. Additionally, the combined reorganization of auditory and visual cortex was found to be associated with speech recognition performance. Speech performance was good as long as the beneficial auditory-evoked activation in visual cortex was higher than the visual-evoked activation in the auditory cortex. These results indicate the importance of considering cross-modal activations in both visual and auditory cortex for potential clinical outcome estimation.
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Bergerbest, Dafna, Dara G. Ghahremani, and John D. E. Gabrieli. "Neural Correlates of Auditory Repetition Priming: Reduced fMRI Activation in the Auditory Cortex." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 16, no. 6 (2004): 966–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0898929041502760.
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Repetition priming refers to enhanced or biased performance with repeatedly presented stimuli. Modality-specific perceptual repetition priming has been demonstrated behaviorally for both visually and auditorily presented stimuli. In functional neuroimaging studies, repetition of visual stimuli has resulted in reduced activation in the visual cortex, as well as in multimodal frontal and temporal regions. The reductions in sensory cortices are thought to reflect plasticity in modality-specific neocortex. Unexpectedly, repetition of auditory stimuli has resulted in reduced activation in multimodal and visual regions, but not in the auditory temporal lobe cortex. This finding puts the coupling of perceptual priming and modality-specific cortical plasticity into question. Here, functional magnetic resonance imaging was used with environmental sounds to reexamine whether auditory priming is associated with reduced activation in the auditory cortex. Participants heard environmental sounds (e.g., animals, machines, musical instruments, etc.) in blocks, alternating between initial and repeated presentations, and decided whether or not each sound was produced by an animal. Repeated versus initial presentations of sounds resulted in repetition priming (faster responses) and reduced activation in the right superior temporal gyrus, bilateral superior temporal sulci, and right inferior prefrontal cortex. The magnitude of behavioral priming correlated positively with reduced activation in these regions. This indicates that priming for environmental sounds is associated with modification of neural activation in modality-specific auditory cortex, as well as in multimodal areas.
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Soler-Vidal, Joan, Paola Fuentes-Claramonte, Pilar Salgado-Pineda, et al. "Brain correlates of speech perception in schizophrenia patients with and without auditory hallucinations." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (2022): e0276975. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276975.
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The experience of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH, “hearing voices”) in schizophrenia has been found to be associated with reduced auditory cortex activation during perception of real auditory stimuli like tones and speech. We re-examined this finding using 46 patients with schizophrenia (23 with frequent AVH and 23 hallucination-free), who underwent fMRI scanning while they heard words, sentences and reversed speech. Twenty-five matched healthy controls were also examined. Perception of words, sentences and reversed speech all elicited activation of the bilateral superior temporal cortex, the inferior and lateral prefrontal cortex, the inferior parietal cortex and the supplementary motor area in the patients and the healthy controls. During the sentence and reversed speech conditions, the schizophrenia patients as a group showed reduced activation in the left primary auditory cortex (Heschl’s gyrus) relative to the healthy controls. No differences were found between the patients with and without hallucinations in any condition. This study therefore fails to support previous findings that experience of AVH attenuates speech-perception-related brain activations in the auditory cortex. At the same time, it suggests that schizophrenia patients, regardless of presence of AVH, show reduced activation in the primary auditory cortex during speech perception, a finding which could reflect an early information processing deficit in the disorder.
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Hubl, Daniela, Thomas Koenig, Werner K. Strik, Lester Melie Garcia, and Thomas Dierks. "Competition for neuronal resources: how hallucinations make themselves heard." British Journal of Psychiatry 190, no. 1 (2007): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.106.022954.
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BackgroundHallucinations are perceptions in the absence of a corresponding external sensory stimulus. However, during auditory verbal hallucinations, activation of the primary auditory cortex has been described.AimsThe objective of this study was to investigate whether this activation of the auditory cortex contributes essentially to the character of hallucinations and attributes them to alien sources, or whether the auditory activation is a sign of increased general auditory attention to external sounds.MethodThe responsiveness of the auditory cortex was investigated by auditory evoked potentials (N100) during the simultaneous occurrence of hallucinations and external stimuli. Evoked potentials were computed separately for periods with and without hallucinations; N100 power, topography and brain electrical sources were analysed.ResultsHallucinations lowered the N100 amplitudes and changed the topography, presumably due to a reduced left temporal responsivity.ConclusionsThis finding indicates competition between auditory stimuli and hallucinations for physiological resources in the primary auditory cortex. The abnormal activation of the primary auditory cortex may thus be a constituent of auditory hallucinations.
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Pollmann, Stefan, and Marianne Maertens. "Perception modulates auditory cortex activation." NeuroReport 17, no. 17 (2006): 1779–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wnr.0b013e3280107a98.
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Hsieh, P. J., J. T. Colas, and N. Kanwisher. "Spatial pattern of BOLD fMRI activation reveals cross-modal information in auditory cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 107, no. 12 (2012): 3428–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01094.2010.
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Recent findings suggest that neural representations in early auditory cortex reflect not only the physical properties of a stimulus, but also high-level, top-down, and even cross-modal information. However, the nature of cross-modal information in auditory cortex remains poorly understood. Here, we used pattern analyses of fMRI data to ask whether early auditory cortex contains information about the visual environment. Our data show that 1) early auditory cortex contained information about a visual stimulus when there was no bottom-up auditory signal, and that 2) no influence of visual stimulation was observed in auditory cortex when visual stimuli did not provide a context relevant to audition. Our findings attest to the capacity of auditory cortex to reflect high-level, top-down, and cross-modal information and indicate that the spatial patterns of activation in auditory cortex reflect contextual/implied auditory information but not visual information per se.
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Ulualp, Seckin O., Bharat B. Biswal, F. Zerrin Yetkin, and Thomas M. Kidder. "Assessment of auditory cortex activation with functional magnetic resonance imaging." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 122, no. 2 (2000): 241–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-5998(00)70247-6.
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OBJECTIVE The goal was to assess auditory cortex activation evoked by pure-tone stimulus with functional MRI. METHODS Five healthy children, aged 7 to 10 years, were studied. Hearing evaluation was performed by pure-tone audiometry in a sound-treated room and in the MRI scanner with the scanner noise in the background. Subjects were asked to listen to pure tones (500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz) at thresholds determined in the MRI scanner. Functional image processing was performed with a cross-correlation technique with a correlation coefficient of 0.5 ( P < 0.0001). Auditory cortex activation was assessed by observing activated pixels in functional images. RESULTS Functional images of auditory cortex activation were obtained in 3 children. All children showed activation in Heschl's gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, and planum temporale. The number of activated pixels in auditory cortexes ranged from 4 to 33. CONCLUSIONS Functional images of auditory cortex activation evoked by pure-tone stimuli are obtained in healthy children with the functional MRI technique.
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van der Heijden, Kiki, Elia Formisano, Giancarlo Valente, Minye Zhan, Ron Kupers, and Beatrice de Gelder. "Reorganization of Sound Location Processing in the Auditory Cortex of Blind Humans." Cerebral Cortex 30, no. 3 (2019): 1103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz151.
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Abstract Auditory spatial tasks induce functional activation in the occipital—visual—cortex of early blind humans. Less is known about the effects of blindness on auditory spatial processing in the temporal—auditory—cortex. Here, we investigated spatial (azimuth) processing in congenitally and early blind humans with a phase-encoding functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigm. Our results show that functional activation in response to sounds in general—independent of sound location—was stronger in the occipital cortex but reduced in the medial temporal cortex of blind participants in comparison with sighted participants. Additionally, activation patterns for binaural spatial processing were different for sighted and blind participants in planum temporale. Finally, fMRI responses in the auditory cortex of blind individuals carried less information on sound azimuth position than those in sighted individuals, as assessed with a 2-channel, opponent coding model for the cortical representation of sound azimuth. These results indicate that early visual deprivation results in reorganization of binaural spatial processing in the auditory cortex and that blind individuals may rely on alternative mechanisms for processing azimuth position.
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David, Anthony S., Peter W. R. Woodruff, Robert Howard, et al. "Auditory hallucinations inhibit exogenous activation of auditory association cortex." NeuroReport 7, no. 4 (1996): 932–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001756-199603220-00021.
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Li, Qiang, Suang Xia, and Fei Zhao. "A Study of Language in Functional Cortex of Audiphone Deaf Signers Used FMRI." Advanced Materials Research 204-210 (February 2011): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.204-210.5.
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Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), to observe the changes of cerebral functional cortex in prelingual deaf singers for Chinese sign language(CSL). Results：During observing and imitating CSL, the activated areas in all groups include bilateral middle frontal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, superior parietal lobule, cuneate lobe, fusiform gyrus and lingual gurus. The activation of bilateral inferior frontal gyrus were found in groupⅠ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ, but no activation in groupⅡ. The activation of bilateral superior temporal gyrus and inferior parietal lobule were found in groupⅠand Ⅲ, but no activation in others. The volumes of bilateral inferior frontal gyrus in groupⅠwere greater than those in group Ⅲ and Ⅳ. The volumes of bilateral superior temporal gyrus in groupⅠwere greater than those in group Ⅲ. Conclusion：The cortex in PDS had occurred reorganization, after losing their auditory and learning the CSL. The activation of linguistic cortex can be found during oberserving and imitating CSL in PDS. The secondary auditory cortex and association area turn to take part in processing visual language when no auditory afference, whereas the primary auditory cortex do not participate the reorganization. Additionally, the visual cortex of PDS is more sensitive than that of normal heaing individuals.
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Oh, Jihoon, Jae Hyung Kwon, Po Song Yang, and Jaeseung Jeong. "Auditory Imagery Modulates Frequency-specific Areas in the Human Auditory Cortex." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 25, no. 2 (2013): 175–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00280.
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Neural responses in early sensory areas are influenced by top–down processing. In the visual system, early visual areas have been shown to actively participate in top–down processing based on their topographical properties. Although it has been suggested that the auditory cortex is involved in top–down control, functional evidence of topographic modulation is still lacking. Here, we show that mental auditory imagery for familiar melodies induces significant activation in the frequency-responsive areas of the primary auditory cortex (PAC). This activation is related to the characteristics of the imagery: when subjects were asked to imagine high-frequency melodies, we observed increased activation in the high- versus low-frequency response area; when the subjects were asked to imagine low-frequency melodies, the opposite was observed. Furthermore, we found that A1 is more closely related to the observed frequency-related modulation than R in tonotopic subfields of the PAC. Our findings suggest that top–down processing in the auditory cortex relies on a mechanism similar to that used in the perception of external auditory stimuli, which is comparable to early visual systems.
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Kokkonen, Salla-Maarit, Vesa Kiviniemi, Minna Mäkiranta, Sanna Yrjänä, John Koivukangas, and Osmo Tervonen. "Effect of Brain Surgery on Auditory and Motor Cortex Activation: A Preliminary Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study." Neurosurgery 57, no. 2 (2005): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000166541.57840.01.
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ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: The effect of glioma removal on blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activation has not been widely documented. The aim of this preliminary study was to observe the effect of tumor resection on BOLD fMRI of the auditory and motor cortices. METHODS: Seven patients with gliomas underwent preoperative and early postoperative BOLD fMRI, and five of them underwent additional late postoperative BOLD fMRI. The auditory and motor cortices were localized with activation studies. A hemispheric activation index was used to quantify the relative extent of BOLD activation. RESULTS: The resection of a glioma with preoperative edema resulted in an increase from the preoperative to the early postoperative fMRI on auditory BOLD activation on the side of the tumor compared with the contralateral side. The same phenomenon was observed in one patient with motor BOLD activation. However, when no preoperative edema was present, a transient decrease in relative auditory BOLD activation was found. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that the resection of a glioma with preoperative edema affecting the auditory and/or motor cortex may cause a transient increase in the BOLD response ipsilateral to the tumor. It seems that when the tumor is resected, the pressure on the brain, specifically on the affected auditory and/or motor cortex, decreases and the functional cortex becomes more easily detectable in BOLD fMRI.
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Lamminmäki, Satu, and Riitta Hari. "Auditory cortex activation associated with octave illusion." NeuroReport 11, no. 7 (2000): 1469–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200005150-00022.
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Hosoi, Hiroshi, Satoshi Imaizumi, Takefumi Sakaguchi, Mitsuo Tonoike, and Kiyotaka Murata. "Activation of the auditory cortex by ultrasound." Lancet 351, no. 9101 (1998): 496–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)78683-9.
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Calvert, G. A. "Activation of Auditory Cortex During Silent Lipreading." Science 276, no. 5312 (1997): 593–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.276.5312.593.
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Stiegemann, Ursula, Henning Scheich, Birgit Gaschler-Markefski, et al. "Anomalous Auditory Cortex Activations in Colored Hearing Synaesthetes: An fMRI-Study." Seeing and Perceiving 24, no. 4 (2011): 391–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187847511x588061.
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AbstractColor percept induction in synaesthetes by hearing words was previously shown to involve activation of visual and specifically color processing cortex areas. While this provides a rationale for the origin of the anomalous color percept the question of mechanism of this crossmodal activation remains unclear. We pursued this question with fMRI in color hearing synaesthetes by exposing subjects to words and tones. Brain activations in word condition accompanied by highly reliable color percepts were compared with activations in tone condition with only occasional color percepts and both contrasted to activations in normal subjects under the same stimulus conditions. This revealed that already the tone condition similar to the word condition caused abnormally high activations in various cortical areas even though synaesthetic percepts were more rare. Such tone activations were significantly larger than in normal subjects in visual areas of the right occipital lobe, the fusiform gyrus, and the left middle temporal gyrus and in auditory areas of the left superior temporal gyrus. These auditory areas showed strong word and tone activation alike and not the typically lower tone than word activation in normal subjects. Taken together these results are interpreted in favour of the disinhibited feedback hypothesis as the neurophysiological basis of genuine synaesthesia.
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Blinkenberg, Morten, Christian Bonde, Søren Holm, et al. "Rate Dependence of Regional Cerebral Activation during Performance of a Repetitive Motor Task: A PET Study." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 16, no. 5 (1996): 794–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004647-199609000-00004.
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Using repeated positron emission tomography (PET) measures of regional cerebral counts, we investigated the regional cortical activations induced in eight normal subjects performing eight different frequencies of fingertapping (0.5–4 Hz) with the right index finger. The task was auditorially cued and the performance recorded during the scanning procedure. Performance evaluation showed increased error rates, during fingertapping, of high and low frequencies, and the best tapping performance was measured in the midrange of frequencies. Significantly activated areas ( p < 0.05) of normalized cerebral counts were located in the left sensorimotor cortex (M1S1), right motor cortex, left thalamus, right insula, supplementary motor area (SMA), and bilaterally in the primary auditory cortex and the cerebellum. Statistical evaluation showed a significant ( p < 0.01) and positive dependence of cerebral activation upon movement rate in the contralateral M1S1. There was no significant rate dependence of cerebral activation in other activated motor areas. The SMA and the right cerebellar hemisphere showed a more uniform activation throughout the tapping frequency range. Furthermore, we found a stimulus rate dependence of cerebral activation in the primary auditory cortex. We believe that the present data provide useful information for the preparation and interpretation of future motor activation studies of normal human subjects and may serve as reference points for studies of pathological conditions.
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Gu, Jianwen Wendy, Christopher F. Halpin, Eui-Cheol Nam, Robert A. Levine, and Jennifer R. Melcher. "Tinnitus, Diminished Sound-Level Tolerance, and Elevated Auditory Activity in Humans With Clinically Normal Hearing Sensitivity." Journal of Neurophysiology 104, no. 6 (2010): 3361–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00226.2010.
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Phantom sensations and sensory hypersensitivity are disordered perceptions that characterize a variety of intractable conditions involving the somatosensory, visual, and auditory modalities. We report physiological correlates of two perceptual abnormalities in the auditory domain: tinnitus, the phantom perception of sound, and hyperacusis, a decreased tolerance of sound based on loudness. Here, subjects with and without tinnitus, all with clinically normal hearing thresholds, underwent 1) behavioral testing to assess sound-level tolerance and 2) functional MRI to measure sound-evoked activation of central auditory centers. Despite receiving identical sound stimulation levels, subjects with diminished sound-level tolerance (i.e., hyperacusis) showed elevated activation in the auditory midbrain, thalamus, and primary auditory cortex compared with subjects with normal tolerance. Primary auditory cortex, but not subcortical centers, showed elevated activation specifically related to tinnitus. The results directly link hyperacusis and tinnitus to hyperactivity within the central auditory system. We hypothesize that the tinnitus-related elevations in cortical activation may reflect undue attention drawn to the auditory domain, an interpretation consistent with the lack of tinnitus-related effects subcortically where activation is less potently modulated by attentional state. The data strengthen, at a mechanistic level, analogies drawn previously between tinnitus/hyperacusis and other, nonauditory disordered perceptions thought to arise from neural hyperactivity such as chronic neuropathic pain and photophobia.
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Belin, Pascal, Monica Zilbovicius, Sophie Crozier, et al. "Lateralization of Speech and Auditory Temporal Processing." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 10, no. 4 (1998): 536–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892998562834.
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To investigate the role of temporal processing in language lateralization, we monitored asymmetry of cerebral activation in human volunteers using positron emission tomography (PET). Subjects were scanned during passive auditory stimulation with nonverbal sounds containing rapid (40 msec) or extended (200 msec) frequency transitions. Bilateral symmetric activation was observed in the auditory cortex for slow frequency transitions. In contrast, left-biased asymmetry was observed in response to rapid frequency transitions due to reduced response of the right auditory cortex. These results provide direct evidence that auditory processing of rapid acoustic transitions is lateralized in the human brain. Such functional asymmetry in temporal processing is likely to contribute to language lateralization from the lowest levels of cortical processing.
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Bernstein, Lynne E., Edward T. Auer, Jean K. Moore, Curtis W. Ponton, Manual Don, and Manbir Singh. "Visual speech perception without primary auditory cortex activation." Neuroreport 13, no. 3 (2002): 311–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200203040-00013.
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Rinne, Teemu, Marja H. Balk, Sonja Koistinen, Taina Autti, Kimmo Alho, and Mikko Sams. "Auditory Selective Attention Modulates Activation of Human Inferior Colliculus." Journal of Neurophysiology 100, no. 6 (2008): 3323–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90607.2008.
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Selective auditory attention powerfully modulates neural activity in the human auditory cortex (AC). In contrast, the role of attention in subcortical auditory processing is not well established. Here, we used functional MRI (fMRI) to examine activation of the human inferior colliculus (IC) during strictly controlled auditory attention tasks. The IC is an obligatory midbrain nucleus of the ascending auditory pathway with diverse internal and external connections. The IC also receives a massive descending projection from the AC, suggesting that cortical processes affect IC operations. In this study, 21 subjects selectively attended to left-ear or right-ear sounds and ignored sounds delivered to the other ear. IC activations depended on the direction of attention, indicating that auditory processing in the human IC is not only determined by acoustic input but also by the current behavioral goals.
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Yong, Zixin, Joo Huang Tan, and Po-Jang Hsieh. "Microsleep is associated with brain activity patterns unperturbed by auditory inputs." Journal of Neurophysiology 122, no. 6 (2019): 2568–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00825.2018.
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Microsleeps are brief episodes of arousal level decrease manifested through behavioral signs. Brain activity during microsleep in the presence of external stimulus remains poorly understood. In this study, we sought to understand neural responses to auditory stimulation during microsleep. We gave participants the simple task of listening to audios of different pitches and amplitude modulation frequencies during early afternoon functional MRI scans. We found the following: 1) microsleep was associated with cortical activations in broad motor and sensory regions and deactivations in thalamus, irrespective of auditory stimulation; 2) high and low pitch audios elicited different activity patterns in the auditory cortex during awake but not microsleep state; and 3) during microsleep, spatial activity patterns in broad brain regions were similar regardless of the presence or types of auditory stimulus (i.e., stimulus invariant). These findings show that the brain is highly active during microsleep but the activity patterns across broad regions are unperturbed by auditory inputs. NEW & NOTEWORTHY During deep drowsy states, auditory inputs could induce activations in the auditory cortex, but the activation patterns lose differentiation to high/low pitch stimuli. Instead of random activations, activity patterns across the brain during microsleep appear to be structured and may reflect underlying neurophysiological processes that remain unclear.
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Bola, Łukasz, Maria Zimmermann, Piotr Mostowski, et al. "Task-specific reorganization of the auditory cortex in deaf humans." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 4 (2017): E600—E609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1609000114.
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The principles that guide large-scale cortical reorganization remain unclear. In the blind, several visual regions preserve their task specificity; ventral visual areas, for example, become engaged in auditory and tactile object-recognition tasks. It remains open whether task-specific reorganization is unique to the visual cortex or, alternatively, whether this kind of plasticity is a general principle applying to other cortical areas. Auditory areas can become recruited for visual and tactile input in the deaf. Although nonhuman data suggest that this reorganization might be task specific, human evidence has been lacking. Here we enrolled 15 deaf and 15 hearing adults into an functional MRI experiment during which they discriminated between temporally complex sequences of stimuli (rhythms). Both deaf and hearing subjects performed the task visually, in the central visual field. In addition, hearing subjects performed the same task in the auditory modality. We found that the visual task robustly activated the auditory cortex in deaf subjects, peaking in the posterior–lateral part of high-level auditory areas. This activation pattern was strikingly similar to the pattern found in hearing subjects performing the auditory version of the task. Although performing the visual task in deaf subjects induced an increase in functional connectivity between the auditory cortex and the dorsal visual cortex, no such effect was found in hearing subjects. We conclude that in deaf humans the high-level auditory cortex switches its input modality from sound to vision but preserves its task-specific activation pattern independent of input modality. Task-specific reorganization thus might be a general principle that guides cortical plasticity in the brain.
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He, Jufang, Yan-Qin Yu, Ying Xiong, Tsutomu Hashikawa, and Ying-Shing Chan. "Modulatory Effect of Cortical Activation on the Lemniscal Auditory Thalamus of the Guinea Pig." Journal of Neurophysiology 88, no. 2 (2002): 1040–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2002.88.2.1040.
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In the present study, we investigated the point-to-point modulatory effects from the auditory cortex to the thalamus in the guinea pig. Corticofugal modulation on thalamic neurons was studied by electrical activation of the auditory cortex. The modulation effect was sampled along the frontal or sagittal planes of the auditory thalamus, focusing on the ventral division (MGv) of the medial geniculate body (MGB). Electrical activation was targeted at the anterior and dorsocaudal auditory fields, to which the MGv projects and from which it assumptively receives reciprocal projections. Of the 101 MGv neurons examined by activation of the auditory cortex through passing pulse trains of 100–200 μA current into one after another of the three implanted electrodes (101 neurons × 3 stimulation sites = 303 cases), 208 cases showed a facilitatory effect, 85 showed no effect, and only 10 cases (7 neurons) showed an inhibitory effect. Among the cases of facilitation, 63 cases showed a facilitatory effect >100%, and 145 cases showed a facilitatory effect from 20–100%. The corticofugal modulatory effect on the MGv of the guinea pig showed a widespread, strong facilitatory effect and very little inhibitory effect. The MGv neurons showed the greatest facilitations to stimulation by the cortical sites, with the closest correspondence in BF. Six of seven neurons showed an elevation of the rate-frequency functions when the auditory cortex was activated. The comparative results of the corticofugal modulatory effects on the MGv of the guinea pig and the cat, together with anatomical findings, hint that the strong facilitatory effect is generated through the strong corticothalamic direct connection and that the weak inhibitory effect might be mainly generated via the interneurons of the MGv. The temporal firing pattern of neuronal response to auditory stimulus was also modulated by cortical stimulation. The mean first-spike latency increased significantly from 15.7 ± 5.3 ms with only noise-burst stimulus to 18.3 ± 4.9 ms ( n = 5, P < 0.01, paired t-test), while the auditory cortex was activated with a train of 10 pulses. Taking these results together with those of previous experiments conducted on the cat, we speculate that the relatively weaker inhibitory effect compared with that in the cat could be due to the smaller number of interneurons in the guinea pig MGB. The corticofugal modulation of the firing pattern of the thalamic neurons might enable single neurons to encode more auditory information using not only the firing rate but also the firing pattern.
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MacDonald, K. D., B. Brett, and D. S. Barth. "Inter- and intra-hemispheric spatiotemporal organization of spontaneous electrocortical oscillations." Journal of Neurophysiology 76, no. 1 (1996): 423–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.76.1.423.
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1. Two 64-channel epipial electrode arrays were positioned on homologous locations of the right and left hemisphere, covering most of primary and secondary auditory and somatosensory cortex in eight lightly anesthetized rats. Array placement was verified with the use of cytochrome oxidase histochemistry. 2. Middle-latency auditory and somatosensory evoked potentials (MAEPs and MSEPs, respectively) and spontaneous oscillations in the frequency range of 20-40 Hz (gamma oscillations) were recorded and found to be spatially constrained to regions of granular cortex, suggesting that both phenomena are closely associated with sensory information processing. 3. The MAEP and MSEP consisted of an initial biphasic sharp wave in primary auditory and somatosensory cortex, respectively, and a similar biphasic sharp wave occurred approximately 4-8 ms later in secondary sensory cortex of the given modality. Averaged gamma oscillations also revealed asynchronous activation of sensory cortex, but with a shorter 2-ms delay between oscillations in primary and secondary regions. Although the long latency shift of the MAEP and MSEP may be due in part to asynchronous activation of parallel thalamocortical projections to primary and secondary sensory cortex, the much shorter shift of gamma oscillations in a given modality is consistent with intracortical coupling of these regions. 4. Gamma oscillations occurred independently in auditory and somatosensory cortex within a given hemisphere. Furthermore, time series averaging revealed that there was no phase-locking of oscillations between the sensory modalities. 5. Gamma oscillations were loosely coupled between hemispheres; oscillations occurring in auditory or somatosensory cortex of one hemisphere were often associated with lower-amplitude oscillations in homologous contralateral sensory cortex. Yet, the fact that time series averaging revealed no interhemispheric phase-locking suggests that the corpus callosum may not coordinate the bilateral gamma oscillations, and that a thalamic modulatory influence may be involved.
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Ota, Y., D. L. Oliver, and D. F. Dolan. "Frequency-Specific Effects on Cochlear Responses During Activation of the Inferior Colliculus in the Guinea Pig." Journal of Neurophysiology 91, no. 5 (2004): 2185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01155.2003.
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The inferior colliculus (IC) is a major processing center in the ascending auditory pathway. The role of the IC in the descending efferent auditory system is less clear. Although the IC central nucleus (ICC) is the major relay station for the ascending auditory pathways, the IC's cortex receives its main input from the neocortex and nonauditory sources. The goal of this study was to determine if the IC subdivisions had different functions in the descending efferent auditory system. IC subdivisions were identified by their tuning curves evoked by tone stimulation, and the effects of localized electrical stimulation on the cochlear whole-nerve action potential (CAP). Sharp tuning curves were obtained from ICC in contrast to broad tuning curves from the lateral, external cortex. Electrical stimulation within the central nucleus had a sharply tuned effect on the CAP. The frequency region affected within the cochlea closely matched the best frequency of local cells within the central nucleus. The effect of electrical stimulation within the lateral, external cortex on the CAP was smaller in comparison to central nucleus stimulation. Similar to the broad tuning of cells within the lateral cortex, electrical stimulation had a broad frequency effect on CAP thresholds.
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Petro, L. S., A. T. Paton, and L. Muckli. "Contextual modulation of primary visual cortex by auditory signals." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1714 (2017): 20160104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0104.
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Early visual cortex receives non-feedforward input from lateral and top-down connections (Muckli & Petro 2013 Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 23 , 195–201. ( doi:10.1016/j.conb.2013.01.020 )), including long-range projections from auditory areas. Early visual cortex can code for high-level auditory information, with neural patterns representing natural sound stimulation (Vetter et al. 2014 Curr. Biol. 24 , 1256–1262. ( doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.04.020 )). We discuss a number of questions arising from these findings. What is the adaptive function of bimodal representations in visual cortex? What type of information projects from auditory to visual cortex? What are the anatomical constraints of auditory information in V1, for example, periphery versus fovea, superficial versus deep cortical layers? Is there a putative neural mechanism we can infer from human neuroimaging data and recent theoretical accounts of cortex? We also present data showing we can read out high-level auditory information from the activation patterns of early visual cortex even when visual cortex receives simple visual stimulation, suggesting independent channels for visual and auditory signals in V1. We speculate which cellular mechanisms allow V1 to be contextually modulated by auditory input to facilitate perception, cognition and behaviour. Beyond cortical feedback that facilitates perception, we argue that there is also feedback serving counterfactual processing during imagery, dreaming and mind wandering, which is not relevant for immediate perception but for behaviour and cognition over a longer time frame. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Auditory and visual scene analysis’.
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McIntosh, A. R., R. E. Cabeza, and N. J. Lobaugh. "Analysis of Neural Interactions Explains the Activation of Occipital Cortex by an Auditory Stimulus." Journal of Neurophysiology 80, no. 5 (1998): 2790–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.5.2790.
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McIntosh, A. R., R. E. Cabeza, and N. J. Lobaugh. Analysis of neural interactions explains the activation of occipital cortex by an auditory stimulus . J. Neurophysiol. 80: 2790–2796, 1998. Large-scale neural interactions were characterized in human subjects as they learned that an auditory stimulus signaled a visual event. Once learned, activation of left dorsal occipital cortex (increased regional cerebral blood flow) was observed when the auditory stimulus was presented alone. Partial least-squares analysis of the interregional correlations (functional connectivity) between the occipital area and the rest of the brain identified a pattern of covariation with four dominant brain areas that could have mediated this activation: prefrontal cortex (near Brodmann area 10, A10), premotor cortex (A6), superior temporal cortex (A41/42), and contralateral occipital cortex (A18). Interactions among these regions and the occipital area were quantified with structural equation modeling to identify the strongest sources of the effect on left occipital activity (effective connectivity). Learning-related changes in feedback effects from A10 and A41/42 appeared to account for this change in occipital activity. Influences from these areas on the occipital area were initially suppressive, or negative, becoming facilitory, or positive, as the association between the auditory and visual stimuli was acquired. Evaluating the total effects within the functional models showed positive influences throughout the network, suggesting enhanced interactions may have primed the system for the now-expected visual discrimination. By characterizing both changes in activity and the interactions underlying sensory associative learning, we demonstrated how parts of the nervous system operate as a cohesive network in learning about and responding to the environment.
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Röders, Dorian, Anne Klepp, Alfons Schnitzler, Katja Biermann-Ruben, and Valentina Niccolai. "Induced and Evoked Brain Activation Related to the Processing of Onomatopoetic Verbs." Brain Sciences 12, no. 4 (2022): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12040481.
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Grounded cognition theory postulates that cognitive processes related to motor or sensory content are processed by brain networks involved in motor execution and perception, respectively. Processing words with auditory features was shown to activate the auditory cortex. Our study aimed at determining whether onomatopoetic verbs (e.g., “tröpfeln”—to dripple), whose articulation reproduces the sound of respective actions, engage the auditory cortex more than non-onomatopoetic verbs. Alpha and beta brain frequencies as well as evoked-related fields (ERFs) were targeted as potential neurophysiological correlates of this linguistic auditory quality. Twenty participants were measured with magnetoencephalography (MEG) while semantically processing visually presented onomatopoetic and non-onomatopoetic German verbs. While a descriptively stronger left temporal alpha desynchronization for onomatopoetic verbs did not reach statistical significance, a larger ERF for onomatopoetic verbs emerged at about 240 ms in the centro-parietal area. Findings suggest increased cortical activation related to onomatopoeias in linguistically relevant areas.
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Wilson, E. Courtenay, Jennifer R. Melcher, Christophe Micheyl, Alexander Gutschalk, and Andrew J. Oxenham. "Cortical fMRI Activation to Sequences of Tones Alternating in Frequency: Relationship to Perceived Rate and Streaming." Journal of Neurophysiology 97, no. 3 (2007): 2230–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00788.2006.
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Human listeners were functionally imaged while reporting their perception of sequences of alternating-frequency tone bursts separated by 0, 1/8, 1, or 20 semitones. Our goal was to determine whether functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activation of auditory cortex changes with frequency separation in a manner predictable from the perceived rate of the stimulus. At the null and small separations, the tones were generally heard as a single stream with a perceived rate equal to the physical tone presentation rate. fMRI activation in auditory cortex was appreciably phasic, showing prominent peaks at the sequence onset and offset. At larger-frequency separations, the higher- and lower-frequency tones perceptually separated into two streams, each with a rate equal to half the overall tone presentation rate. Under those conditions, fMRI activation in auditory cortex was more sustained throughout the sequence duration and was larger in magnitude and extent. Phasic to sustained changes in fMRI activation with changes in frequency separation and perceived rate are comparable to, and consistent with, those produced by changes in the physical rate of a sequence and are far greater than the effects produced by changing other physical stimulus variables, such as sound level or bandwidth. We suggest that the neural activity underlying the changes in fMRI activation with frequency separation contribute to the coding of the co-occurring changes in perceived rate and perceptual organization of the sound sequences into auditory streams.
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Wang, Wei, Jiqing Han, Tieran Zheng, Guibin Zheng, and Xingyu Zhou. "Speaker Verification via Modeling Kurtosis Using Sparse Coding." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 30, no. 03 (2016): 1659008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001416590084.
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This paper proposes a new model for speaker verification by employing kurtosis statistical method based on sparse coding of human auditory system. Since only a small number of neurons in primary auditory cortex are activated in encoding acoustic stimuli and sparse independent events are used to represent the characteristics of the neurons. Each individual dictionary is learned from individual speaker samples where dictionary atoms correspond to the cortex neurons. The neuron responses possess statistical properties of acoustic signals in auditory cortex so that the activation distribution of individual speaker’s neurons is approximated as the characteristics of the speaker. Kurtosis is an efficient approach to measure the sparsity of the neuron from its activation distribution, and the vector composed of the kurtosis of every neuron is obtained as the model to characterize the speaker’s voice. The experimental results demonstrate that the kurtosis model outperforms the baseline systems and an effective identity validation function is achieved desirably.
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Concina, Giulia, Annamaria Renna, Luisella Milano, and Benedetto Sacchetti. "Prior fear learning enables the rapid assimilation of new fear memories directly into cortical networks." PLOS Biology 20, no. 9 (2022): e3001789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001789.
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Long-term memory formation involves the reorganization of brain circuits, termed system consolidation. Whether and how a prior fear experience influences system consolidation of new memories is poorly understood. In rats, we found that prior auditory fear learning allows the secondary auditory cortex to immediately encode new auditory memories, with these new memories purely requiring the activation of cellular mechanisms of synaptic consolidation within secondary auditory cortex. Similar results were obtained in the anterior cingulate cortex for contextual fear memories. Moreover, prior learning enabled connections from these cortices to the basolateral amygdala (BLA) to support recent memory retention. We propose that the reorganization of circuits that characterizes system consolidation occurs only in the first instance that an event is learned, subsequently allowing the immediate assimilation of new analogous events in final storage sites.
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Veyrié, Alexandre, Arnaud Noreña, Jean-Christophe Sarrazin, and Laurent Pezard. "Information-Theoretic Approaches in EEG Correlates of Auditory Perceptual Awareness under Informational Masking." Biology 12, no. 7 (2023): 967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12070967.
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In informational masking paradigms, the successful segregation between the target and masker creates auditory perceptual awareness. The dynamics of the build-up of auditory perception is based on a set of interactions between bottom–up and top–down processes that generate neuronal modifications within the brain network activity. These neural changes are studied here using event-related potentials (ERPs), entropy, and integrated information, leading to several measures applied to electroencephalogram signals. The main findings show that the auditory perceptual awareness stimulated functional activation in the fronto-temporo-parietal brain network through (i) negative temporal and positive centro-parietal ERP components; (ii) an enhanced processing of multi-information in the temporal cortex; and (iii) an increase in informational content in the fronto-central cortex. These different results provide information-based experimental evidence about the functional activation of the fronto-temporo-parietal brain network during auditory perceptual awareness.
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Lazeyras, François, Colette Boëx, Alain Sigrist, Grégoire Cosendai, François Terrier, and Marco Pelizzone. "Auditory cortex activation by direct cochlear implant electrical stimulation." NeuroImage 13, no. 6 (2001): 905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(01)92247-5.
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Yetkin, F. Zerrin, Peter S. Roland, Phillip D. Purdy, and William F. Christensen. "Evaluation of auditory cortex activation by using silent FMRI." American Journal of Otolaryngology 24, no. 5 (2003): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-0709(03)00053-x.
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Hari, Riitta. "Activation of the Human Auditory Cortex by Speech Sounds." Acta Oto-Laryngologica 111, sup491 (1991): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489109136790.
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Uhlig, Christian Harm, and Alexander Gutschalk. "Transient human auditory cortex activation during volitional attention shifting." PLOS ONE 12, no. 3 (2017): e0172907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172907.
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Berry, I., J.-F. Démonet, S. Warach, et al. "Activation of Association Auditory Cortex Demonstrated with Functional MRI." NeuroImage 2, no. 3 (1995): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/nimg.1995.1028.
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Paludetti, Gaetano, Walter di Nardo, Maria Calcagni, et al. "SPET Monitoring of Perfusion Changes in Auditory Cortex following Mono- and Multi-Frequency Stimuli." Nuklearmedizin 35, no. 04 (1996): 112–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1629823.
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Summary Aim: In order to assess the relationship between auditory cortex perfusion and the frequency of acoustic stimuli, twenty normally-hearing subjects underwent cerebral SPET. Methods: In 10 patients a multi-frequency stimulus (250-4000 Hz at 40 dB SL) was delivered, while 10 subjects were stimulated with a 500 Hz pure tone at 40 dB SL. The prestimulation SPET was subtracted from poststimulation study and auditory cortex activation was expressed as percent increments. Results: Contralateral cortex was the most active area with multi-frequency and monofrequency stimuli as well. A clear demonstration of a tonotopic distribution of acoustic stimuli in the auditory cortex was achieved. In addition, the accessory role played by homolateral acoustic areas was confirmed. Conclusion: The results of the present research support the hypothesis that brain SPET may be useful to obtain semiquantitative reliable information on low frequency auditory level in profoundly deaf patients. This may be achieved comparing the extension of the cortical areas activated by high-intensity multifrequency stimuli.
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Mayer, Andrew R., Faith M. Hanlon, Terri M. Teshiba, et al. "An fMRI study of multimodal selective attention in schizophrenia." British Journal of Psychiatry 207, no. 5 (2015): 420–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.155499.
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BackgroundStudies have produced conflicting evidence regarding whether cognitive control deficits in patients with schizophrenia result from dysfunction within the cognitive control network (CCN; top-down) and/or unisensory cortex (bottom-up).AimsTo investigate CCN and sensory cortex involvement during multisensory cognitive control in patients with schizophrenia.MethodPatients with schizophrenia and healthy controls underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing a multisensory Stroop task involving auditory and visual distracters.ResultsPatients with schizophrenia exhibited an overall pattern of response slowing, and these behavioural deficits were associated with a pattern of patient hyperactivation within auditory, sensorimotor and posterior parietal cortex. In contrast, there were no group differences in functional activation within prefrontal nodes of the CCN, with small effect sizes observed (incongruent–congruent trials). Patients with schizophrenia also failed to upregulate auditory cortex with concomitant increased attentional demands.ConclusionsResults suggest a prominent role for dysfunction within auditory, sensorimotor and parietal areas relative to prefrontal CCN nodes during multisensory cognitive control.
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Bauernfeind, Günther, Sabine Haumann, and Thomas Lenarz. "fNIRS for future use in auditory diagnostics." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 2, no. 1 (2016): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2016-0051.
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AbstractFunctional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an emerging technique for the assessment of functional activity of the cerebral cortex. Recently fNIRS was also envisaged as a novel neuroimaging approach for measuring the auditory cortex (AC) activity in cochlear implant (CI) users. In the present study we report on initial measurements of AC activation due to spatial sound presentation with a first target to generate data for comparison with CI user and the future use in auditory diagnostics.
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Kerssens, Chantal, Stephan Hamann, Scott Peltier, Xiaoping P. Hu, Michael G. Byas-Smith, and Peter S. Sebel. "Attenuated Brain Response to Auditory Word Stimulation with Sevoflurane." Anesthesiology 103, no. 1 (2005): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200507000-00006.
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Background Functional magnetic resonance imaging offers a compelling, new perspective on altered brain function but is sparsely used in studies of anesthetic effect. To examine effects on verbal memory encoding, the authors imaged human brain response to auditory word stimulation using functional magnetic resonance imaging at different concentrations of an agent not previously studied, and tested memory after recovery. Methods Six male volunteers were studied breathing 0.0, 2.0, and 1.0% end-tidal sevoflurane (awake, deep, and light states, respectively) via laryngeal mask. In each condition, they heard 15 two-syllable English nouns via closed headphones. Each word was repeated 15 times (1/s), followed by 15 s of rest. Blood oxygenation level-dependent brain activations during blocks of stimulation versus rest were assessed with a 3-T Siemens Trio scanner and a 20-voxel spatial extent threshold. Memory was tested approximately 1.5 h after recovery with an auditory recognition task (chance performance = 33% correct). Results Scans showed widespread activations (P &lt; 0.005, uncorrected) in the awake state, including bilateral superior temporal, frontal, and parietal cortex, right occipital cortex, bilateral thalamus, striatum, hippocampus, and cerebellum; more limited activations in the light state (bilateral superior temporal gyrus, right thalamus, bilateral parietal cortex, left frontal cortex, and right occipital cortex); and no significant auditory-related activation in the deep state. During recognition testing, subjects correctly selected 77 +/- 12% of words presented while they were awake as "old," versus 32 +/- 15 and 42 +/- 8% (P &lt; 0.01) correct for the light and deep stages, respectively. Conclusions Sevoflurane induces dose-dependent suppression of auditory blood oxygenation level-dependent signals, which likely limits the ability of words to be processed during anesthesia and compromises memory.
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He, Jufang. "Corticofugal Modulation on Both on andoff Responses in the Nonlemniscal Auditory Thalamus of the Guinea Pig." Journal of Neurophysiology 89, no. 1 (2003): 367–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00593.2002.
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Corticofugal modulation on both on andoff responses in various nuclei in the medial geniculate body (MGB) was examined by locally activating the auditory cortex and looking for effects on the neuronal responses to acoustic stimuli. In contrast with a major corticofugal facilitatory effect on theon neurons in the lemniscal nucleus of the MGB of the guinea pigs, of 132 on neurons tested in three conditions with cortical activation through each of three implanted electrodes, the majority of the tested conditions (319/396) that were sampled from the nonlemniscal nuclei of the MGB received inhibitory modulation from the activated cortex. This inhibitory effect was >50% for 99 cases while the auditory cortex was activated. Most of the offand on-off MGB neurons (44/54) showed a facilitatory effect of 111.4 ± 99.9%, and three showed a small inhibitory effect of 25.7 ± 5.8% on their off responses. Thirty neurons in the border region between the lemniscal and nonlemniscal MGB showed mainly facilitatory corticofugal effects on both on andoff responses. Meanwhile, cortical stimulation induced almost exclusive inhibitory effects on the on response and facilitatory effects on the off response in the MGcm. It is suggested that the off response is produced as a disinhibition from the inhibitory input of the auditory stimulus. The present results provide a possible explanation for selective gating of the auditory information through the lemniscal MGB while switching off other unwanted sensory signals and the interference from the limbic system, leaving the other auditory cortex prepared to process only the auditory signal.
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Tang, Jianrong, Shanelle Ko, Hoi-Ki Ding, Chang-Shen Qiu, Amelita A. Calejesan, and Min Zhuo. "Pavlovian Fear Memory Induced by Activation in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex." Molecular Pain 1 (January 1, 2005): 1744–8069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1744-8069-1-6.
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Identifying higher brain central region(s) that are responsible for the unpleasantness of pain is the focus of many recent studies. Here we show that direct stimulation of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in mice produced fear-like freezing responses and induced long-term fear memory, including contextual and auditory fear memory. Auditory fear memory required the activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the amygdala. To test the hypothesis that neuronal activity in the ACC contributes to unpleasantness, we injected a GABAA receptor agonist, muscimol bilaterally into the ACC. Both contextual and auditory memories induced by foot shock were blocked. Furthermore, activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors in the ACC enhanced behavioral escape responses in a noxious hot-plate as well as spinal nociceptive tail-flick reflex. Our results provide strong evidence that the excitatory activity in the ACC contribute to pain-related fear memory as well as descending facilitatory modulation of spinal nociception.
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Wang, Rong, Lingjie Wu, Zuohua Tang, et al. "Visual cortex and auditory cortex activation in early binocularly blind macaques: A BOLD-fMRI study using auditory stimuli." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 485, no. 4 (2017): 796–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.02.133.
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Pastor, M. A., C. Vidaurre, M. A. Fernández-Seara, A. Villanueva, and K. J. Friston. "Frequency-Specific Coupling in the Cortico-Cerebellar Auditory System." Journal of Neurophysiology 100, no. 4 (2008): 1699–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01156.2007.
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Induced oscillatory activity in the auditory cortex peaks at around 40 Hz in humans. Using regional cerebral blood flow and positron emission tomography we previously confirmed frequency-selective cortical responses to 40-Hz tones in auditory primary cortices and concomitant bilateral activation of the cerebellar hemispheres. In this study, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) we estimated the influence of 40-Hz auditory stimulation on the coupling between auditory cortex and superior temporal sulcus (STS) and Crus II, using a dynamic causal model of the interactions between medial geniculate nuclei, auditory superior temporal gyrus (STG)/STS, and the cerebellar Crus II auditory region. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that 40-Hz-selective responses in the cerebellar Crus II auditory region could be explained by frequency-specific enabling of interactions in the auditory cortico–cerebellar–thalamic loop. Our model comparison results suggest that input from auditory STG/STS to cerebellum is enhanced selectively at gamma-band frequencies around 40 Hz.
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Carrasco, Andres, and Stephen G. Lomber. "Neuronal activation times to simple, complex, and natural sounds in cat primary and nonprimary auditory cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 106, no. 3 (2011): 1166–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00940.2010.
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Interactions between living organisms and the environment are commonly regulated by accurate and timely processing of sensory signals. Hence, behavioral response engagement by an organism is typically constrained by the arrival time of sensory information to the brain. While psychophysical response latencies to acoustic information have been investigated, little is known about how variations in neuronal response time relate to sensory signal characteristics. Consequently, the primary objective of the present investigation was to determine the pattern of neuronal activation induced by simple (pure tones), complex (noise bursts and frequency modulated sweeps), and natural (conspecific vocalizations) acoustic signals of different durations in cat auditory cortex. Our analysis revealed three major cortical response characteristics. First, latency measures systematically increase in an antero-dorsal to postero-ventral direction among regions of auditory cortex. Second, complex acoustic stimuli reliably provoke faster neuronal response engagement than simple stimuli. Third, variations in neuronal response time induced by changes in stimulus duration are dependent on acoustic spectral features. Collectively, these results demonstrate that acoustic signals, regardless of complexity, induce a directional pattern of activation in auditory cortex.
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Linke, Annika C., and Rhodri Cusack. "Flexible Information Coding in Human Auditory Cortex during Perception, Imagery, and STM of Complex Sounds." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 27, no. 7 (2015): 1322–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00780.
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Auditory cortex is the first cortical region of the human brain to process sounds. However, it has recently been shown that its neurons also fire in the absence of direct sensory input, during memory maintenance and imagery. This has commonly been taken to reflect neural coding of the same acoustic information as during the perception of sound. However, the results of the current study suggest that the type of information encoded in auditory cortex is highly flexible. During perception and memory maintenance, neural activity patterns are stimulus specific, reflecting individual sound properties. Auditory imagery of the same sounds evokes similar overall activity in auditory cortex as perception. However, during imagery abstracted, categorical information is encoded in the neural patterns, particularly when individuals are experiencing more vivid imagery. This highlights the necessity to move beyond traditional “brain mapping” inference in human neuroimaging, which assumes common regional activation implies similar mental representations.
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Sukov, William, and Daniel S. Barth. "Three-Dimensional Analysis of Spontaneous and Thalamically Evoked Gamma Oscillations in Auditory Cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 79, no. 6 (1998): 2875–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.79.6.2875.
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Sukov, William and Daniel S. Barth. Three-dimensional analysis of spontaneous and thalamically evoked gamma oscillations in auditory cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 2875–2884, 1998. The purpose of this study was to investigate interactions among laminar cell populations producing spontaneous and evoked high-frequency (∼40 Hz) gamma oscillations in auditory cortex. Electrocortical oscillations were recorded using a 64-channel epipial electrode array and a 16-channel linear laminar electrode array while electrical stimulation was delivered to the posterior intralaminar (PIL) nucleus. Spontaneous gamma oscillations, and those evoked by PIL stimulation, are confined to a location overlapping primary and secondary auditory cortex. Current source-density and principal components analysis of laminar recordings at this site indicate that the auditory evoked potential (AEP) complex is characterized by a stereotyped asynchronous activation of supra- and infragranular cell populations. Similar analysis of spontaneous and evoked gamma waves reveals a close spatiotemporal similarity to the laminar AEP, indicating rhythmic interactions between supra- and infragranular cell groups during these oscillatory phenomena. We conclude that neural circuit interactions producing the laminar AEP onset in auditory cortex are the same as those generating evoked and spontaneous gamma oscillations.
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SHERGILL, S. S., E. T. BULLMORE, M. J. BRAMMER, S. C. R. WILLIAMS, R. M. MURRAY, and P. K. McGUIRE. "A functional study of auditory verbal imagery." Psychological Medicine 31, no. 2 (2001): 241–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329170100335x.
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Background. We used functional MRI to examine the functional anatomy of inner speech and different forms of auditory verbal imagery (imagining speech) in normal volunteers. We hypothesized that generating inner speech and auditory verbal imagery would be associated with left inferior frontal activation, and that generating auditory verbal imagery would involve additional activation in the lateral temporal cortices.Methods. Subjects were scanned, while performing inner speech and auditory verbal imagery tasks, using a 1.5 Tesla magnet.Results. The generation of inner speech was associated with activation in the left inferior frontal/insula region, the left temporo-parietal cortex, right cerebellum and the supplementary motor area. Auditory verbal imagery in general, as indexed by the three imagery tasks combined, was associated with activation in the areas engaged during the inner speech task, plus the left precentral and superior temporal gyri (STG), and the right homologues of all these areas.Conclusions. These results are consistent with the use of the ‘articulatory loop' during both inner speech and auditory verbal imagery, and the greater engagement of verbal self-monitoring during auditory verbal imagery.