Relevant bibliographies by topics / Austenite formation

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Academic literature on the topic 'Austenite formation'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Austenite formation"

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Ravi Kumar, B. "Progress of Recrystallisation in Cold Rolled Austenitic Stainless Steel during Cyclic Thermal Process." Materials Science Forum 702-703 (December 2011): 627–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.702-703.627.

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The present study aims to understand the evolution of microstructure leading to nano/ultrafine grain formation during cyclic thermal process. A commercial grade of AISI 304L austenitic SS was cold rolled which resulted in a creation of a dual microstructure having strain induced martensite (43%) and heavily deformed retained austenite. The dual phase microstructure was subjected to cyclic thermal annealing process at 825 °C. The events occurring in; a) retained austenite and b) reverted austenite formed by phase reversion of strain induced martensite, during annealing treatment, were studied by the Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). The study revealed recrystallisation process of the two austenite grains, which resulted into ultrafine grain formation during cyclic thermal process.
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Ryś, Janusz, and Wiktoria Ratuszek. "Rolling Texture Formation in Super-Duplex Stainless Steel." Solid State Phenomena 163 (June 2010): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.163.145.

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The present research is a part of project which concerns a deformation behavior of duplex type ferritic-austenitic stainless steels. This paper focuses on the examination of ferrite and austenite textures formed upon thermo-mechanical treatment and deformation textures developed during cold-rolling of super-duplex stainless steel sheet. The character and stability of the textures observed in both phases over a wide deformation range are the result of two-phase morphology formed upon hot- and subsequent cold-rolling. The specific band-like morphology of the ferrite-austenite structure creates different conditions for plastic deformation due to the interaction of both phases and considerably constrained lattice rotations. That is why the processes governing the texture formation in duplex steels are supposed to change in comparison to single phase steels affecting final rolling textures of ferrite and austenite.
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Savran, V. I., Y. van Leeuwen, Dave N. Hanlon, and Jilt Sietsma. "Austenite Formation in C35 and C45 Alloys." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 4637–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.4637.

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The first step in the heat-treatment processes for a vast majority of commercial steels is austenitization. There is much less research put in this field comparing to the cooling transformation, but the interest is continuously increasing especially in view of the development of TRIP and Dual-phase steels. The microstructural evolution during continuous heating experiments has been studied for a series of C-Mn steels with carbon contents in the range 0.35-0.45 wt. % using optical and scanning electron (SEM) microscopy. It is shown that the formation of the austenitic phase is possible in pearlitic as well as in ferritic regions, although in the former it proceeds at a much faster rate due to the shorter diffusion distances. Thus a considerable overlap in time of the ferriteto- austenite and the pearlite-to-austenite transformations is likely to occur. Another observation that was made during the experiments is that depending on the heating rate, the pearlite-to-austenite transformation can proceed in either one or two steps. At low heating rates (0.05 °C/s) ferrite and cementite plates transform simultaneously. At higher heating rates (20 °C/s) it is a two-step process: first ferrite transforms to austenite within pearlite grains and then the dissolution of the cementite lamellae takes place.
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Odnobokova, Marina, Andrey Belyakov, Alla Kipelova, and Rustam Kaibyshev. "Formation of Ultrafine-Grained Structures in 304L and 316L Stainless Steels by Recrystallization and Reverse Phase Transformation." Materials Science Forum 838-839 (January 2016): 410–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.838-839.410.

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The microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of 316L and 304L austenitic stainless steels subjected to large strain cold bar rolling and subsequent annealing were studied. The cold working was accompanied by mechanical twinning and strain-induced martensitic transformation. The latter was readily developed in 304L stainless steel. The uniform microstructures consisting of elongated austenite and martensite nanocrystallites evolved at large total strains, resulting in tensile strength above 2000 MPa in the both steels. The subsequent annealing at temperatures above 700°C was accompanied by the martensite-austenite reversion followed by recrystallization, leading to ultrafine grained austenite.
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Cizek, Pavel. "Microstructure Evolution and Softening Processes in Hot Deformed Austenitic and Duplex Stainless Steels." Materials Science Forum 753 (March 2013): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.753.66.

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The microstructure evolution and softening processes occurring in 22Cr-19Ni-3Mo austenitic and 21Cr-10Ni-3Mo duplex stainless steels deformed in torsion at 900 and 1200 °C were studied in the present work. Austenite was observed to soften in both steels via dynamic recovery (DRV) and dynamic recrystallisation (DRX) for the low and high deformation temperatures, respectively. At 900 °C, an “organised”, self-screening austenite deformation substructure largely comprising microbands, locally accompanied by micro-shear bands, was formed. By contrast, a “random”, accommodating austenite deformation substructure composed of equiaxed subgrains formed at 1200 °C. In the single-phase steel, DRX of austenite largely occurred through strain-induced grain boundary migration accompanied by (multiple) twinning. In the duplex steel, this softening mechanism was complemented by the formation of DRX grains through subgrain growth in the austenite/ferrite interface regions and by large-scale subgrain coalescence. At 900 °C, the duplex steel displayed limited stress-assisted phase transformations between austenite and ferrite, characterised by the dissolution of the primary austenite, formation of Widmanstätten secondary austenite and gradual globularisation of the transformed regions with strain. The softening process within ferrite was classified as “extended DRV”, characterised by a continuous increase in misorientations across the sub-boundaries with strain, for both deformation temperatures.
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Tkacz-Śmiech, Katarzyna, Bartek Wierzba, Bogdan Bożek, and M. Danielewski. "Nitrogen Diffusion and Stresses during Expanded Austenite Formation in Nitriding." Defect and Diffusion Forum 371 (February 2017): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.371.49.

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Low-temperature nitriding of austenitic stainless steels or chromium containing alloys can produce expanded austenite, known as S-phase, with combined improvement in wear and corrosion resistance. In the paper a critical review of various models for nitrogen diffusion during nitriding is presented. A special attention is paid to the expanded austenite growth. A new model based on bi-velocity method and including stresses is presented. Basic equations and boundary conditions are discussed. Composition dependent nitrogen diffusion coefficient is assumed. Numerical solutions are obtained for the growth of the S-phase layer in steel. The results are compared with previous experiment and calculations.
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Werner, K. V., H. L. Che, M. K. Lei, T. L. Christiansen, and M. A. J. Somers. "Low Temperature Carburizing of Stainless Steels and the Development of Carbon Expanded Austenite*." HTM Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials 77, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htm-2022-0001.

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Abstract Low-temperature carburizing dramatically enhances the inherently low wear resistance of austenitic stainless steels due to the formation of a carbon-supersaturated solid solution, i.e. expanded austenite. The formation of expanded austenite from low-temperature carburizing has been intensively investigated. However, the influence of chemical composition of the stainless steel on the carburizing response has not received the same interest. This contribution addresses the effect of the chemical composition on low-temperature carburizing in terms of carbon solubility, decomposition of expanded austenite upon exceeding the solubility limit and the elasto-plastic accommodation of the carbon-induced lattice expansion. The results demonstrate that the carbon solubility increases with an increasing Cr-equivalent and that higher Cr- and Ni-equivalents favor the formation of Cr-based M7C3 over Fe-based Hägg (M5C2) carbide.
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Ravi Kumar, B., J. K. Sahu, and S. K. Das. "Influence of Annealing Process on Recrystallisation Behaviour of a Heavily Cold Rolled AISI 304L Stainless Steel on Ultrafine Grain Formation." Materials Science Forum 715-716 (April 2012): 334–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.715-716.334.

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AISI 304L austenitic stainless steel was cold rolled to 90% with and no inter-pass cooling to produced 89% and 43% of deformation induced martensite respectively. The cold rolled specimens were annealed by isothermal and cyclic thermal process. The microstructures of the cold rolled and annealed specimens were studied by the electron microscope. The observed microstructural changes were correlated with the reversion mechanism of martensite to austenite and strain heterogeneity of the microstructure. The results indicated possibility of ultrafine austenite grain formation by cyclic thermal process for austenitic stainless steels those do not readily undergo deformation induced martensite. Keywords: Austenitic stainless steel, Grain refinement, Cyclic thermal process, Ultrafine grain
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Lopata, V., M. Chernovol, E. Solovuch, and O. Dudan. "Use of structural anomalies in steel gas-thermal coatings during increased wear-out." Problems of tribology 102, no. 4 (December 24, 2021): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2079-1372-2021-102-4-61-67.

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The structure of gas-thermal coatings made of wire materials has been studied by determining the most efficient methods of controlling the process of structure formation to achieve the highest physical and mechanical properties of renewable surfaces of vehicle parts. The effect of formation of anomaly amount of residual austenite in sprayed steel coatings was established. Technologies of application of the “austenitic effect” is suggested here to increase a coating wear-resistance. It is determined that the main factors influencing the content of residual austenite in hardened steel are the cooling rate of steel, the concentration of alloying elements in the austenitic phase, as well as thermal stabilization of austenite during self-tempering. It is shown that to ensure the formation in the structure of sprayed coatings of alloy structural, tool and corrosion-resistant steels of metastable austenite, which has a low flow temperature of deformation gamma-alpha transformation, which corresponds to the operating temperatures of sliding friction units, it is necessary to achieve certain coating conditions. wire spraying, cooling rate of molten particles and the degree of their oxidation). One of the most probable reasons for the appearance of the "austenitic effect" in coatings is the heating of the surface layer to a temperature that promotes thermal stabilization of austenite, as well as saturation of melt droplets with alloying elements (primarily chromium) and impurities (carbon, nitrogen) in flames. The relatively low flight speed of molten steel particles and the high concentration of propane containing carbon in the combustion products contribute to the deep saturation of the melt droplets with carbon. It is likely that these circumstances are associated with a high content of residual austenite in the coatings obtained by gas-flame spraying. An additional factor that increases the resistance of austenite in the sprayed coating may be the saturation of the droplets of the melt with carbon during melting and spraying using a propane flame. The studies under discussion have suggested that both for the method of gas-flame spraying and for the method of electric arc spraying, there are modes and steels for spraying that allow the formation of large amounts of metastable austenite in coatings, which in the process of tribocoupling will turn into martensite.On the basis of the carried-out researches technologies of restoration of details of vehicles by drawing multipurpose coverings in which the choice of a method of heating of a wire at spraying is carried out depending on temperature of the beginning of martensitic transformation of a wire material are offered.
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Cota Araujo, Mahira A., Jean-Marc Olive, Gilles Pecastaings, Ahmed Addad, Jérémie Bouquerel, and Jean-Bernard Vogt. "Compelling Evidence for the Role of Retained Austenite in the Formation of Low Cycle Fatigue Extrusions in a 9Ni Steel." Metals 13, no. 3 (March 8, 2023): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13030546.

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The 9Ni martensitic steels have a martensitic microstructure which contains retained austenite after solution heat treatment and water quenching. Under low cycle fatigue, extrusions formed at the surface of the material and were very close to martensite lath boundaries. The presence of retained austenite at martensite laths has been highly suspected to impact the cyclic plasticity. However, the nano-size of the austenitic phase makes it difficult to obtain clear evidence of its role. The paper focuses on the precise determination of these extrusions and the link with the retained austenite. The paper also emphasizes the innovative and promising use of magnetic force microscopy (MFM) to document cyclic plasticity of a 9Ni steel. It is shown that electron microscopies, even the most advanced ones, may be unsuccessful in reaching this goal, while magnetic force microscopy (MFM) overcame the difficulty. This technique has allowed imaging of both the extrusion and the retained austenite. These analyses confirm that the fatigue extrusions originated from a local displacement of martensite lath. The proposed mechanism, in which the retained austenitic film acts as a lubricant film or greasy film promoting a flowing of martensite along the interfaces, is unambiguously demonstrated.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Austenite formation"

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Azizi-Alizamini, Hamid. "Austenite formation and grain refinement in C-Mn steels." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30513.

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The present work deals with grain refinement and austenite formation in a plain C-Mn steel with 0.17C-0.74Mn (wt pct). To improve the limited work hardening capability of ultrafine grained ferritic steels, new approaches were adopted to develop bimodal ferrite grain size distributions and ultrafine grained dual phase microstructures. The first approach is based on deformation and annealing of a ferrite-martensite microstructure. Ultrafine grained dual phase steels were obtained through rapid heating of very fine ferrite-carbide aggregates into the intercritical annealing region where partial austenite formation takes place. Hence, austenite formation was systematically investigated using a combination of microstructure characterization and detailed dilatometry analysis. The effect of initial structure and heating rate on austenite formation was examined. The resulting microstructure characteristics and mechanical properties of dual phase steels were also investigated. A multi-phase field modelling approach was adopted to simulate austenite formation from a variety of initial structures including ferrite-spheroidized carbide aggregates, fully pearlitic and ferrite-pearlite structures. The results show that a bimodal distribution of ferrite grains negates the Lüdering effect, yet the improvement of work hardening rate remains marginal compared to fine grained ferrite structures. Very fine grained initial structure and rapid heat treatment cycle are essential parameters to achieve ultrafine grained dual phase steels with improved mechanical properties in the steel employed in this study. For austenite formation, dilatation data can be used to distinguish different stages of microstructure evolution upon heating into the single austenite phase region including ferrite recrystallization, pearlite to austenite and ferrite to austenite transformation. Heating rate has a pronounced effect on the size and morphology of austenite grains in the intercritical annealing region. It is shown that phase field modelling is capable of predicting microstructural changes during austenite formation. It is well suited to capture complex interaction between microstructure processes such as spheroidization, carbide dissolution and coarsening during austenite formation especially in fine grained structures where the length scale is comparable with carbon diffusion distance.
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Chelladurai, Isaac. "Characterization of Phase Transformation and Twin Formation in Automotive Sheet Metal Alloys to Quantify and Understand Their Impact on Ductility." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2019. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8628.

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The motivation to use lightweight materials in the construction of the automotive structure is the resultant increased fuel efficiency. However, these materials possess certain drawbacks that make it challenging to adopt them into current automobile manufacturing processes. In this dissertation the microstructural response observed in a magnesium alloy, AZ31, and an advanced high strength steel alloy, QP1180, to uniaxial deformation is analyzed and the results are presented. In AZ31 the required slip modes are not activated at room temperature leading to its low ductility at room temperature. The resulting activity of these twins in response to uniaxial tension is analyzed and its correlations with the microstructure features is reported. Additionally, a neighborhood viscoplastic self-consistent model is developed that will allow more accurate simulation of twin response to outside deformation. Furthermore, activity of slip modes that are usually observed at high temperatures (>200°C) are also observed at lower temperatures (<125°C) and they are compared to the relative twin activity at these temperatures. It is observed that larger grains, with high schmid factors, longer grain boundaries and have misorientation with its neighboring grain greater than 27° are more favorable for twin formation and transmission in the AZ31 microstructure in response to uniaxial tension. The nature of retained austenite (RA) transformation into martensite that gives QP1180 its enhanced ductility, is not clearly understood primarily because of challenges present in characterization of these metastable RA. Further, a 2 dimensional characterization method does not provide the complete information of the RA grain. These challenges are overcome by characterization of a 3 dimensional volume element using serial sectioning and EBSD followed by reconstruction using DREAM3D. The influence of 3d morphology and orientation direction on RA transformation is studied using as-is and uniaxially deformed samples. A novel shear affinity factor is introduced as a metric to describe the ease of RA transformation under uniaxial tension. The 3d nature of the information collected allows a new classification of disk shape in addition to globular and lamellar shapes for RA. It is found that RA that are low volume laths and have low shear affinity factor transform later compared to disk shaped RA’s. Through these guidelines the preparation of a microstructure that is conducive to RA transformation under uniaxial tension is possible.
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Tao, Xiao. "Investigations on the role of Cr, Mn and Ni on the formation, structure, and metastability of nitrogen-expanded austenite on Fe-based austenitic alloys under triode-plasma nitriding." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/21957/.

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Gyhlesten, Back Jessica. "Modelling and Characterisation of the Martensite Formation in Low Alloyed Carbon Steels." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Material- och solidmekanik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-62369.

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The current work contains experimental and theoretical work about the formation of martensite from the austenitic state of the steel Hardox 450. Simulation of rolling and subsequent quenching of martensitic steel plates requires a model that can account for previous deformation, current stresses and the temperature history, therefore dilatometry experiments were performed, with and without deformation. Two austenitization schedules were used and in the standard dilatometry the cooling rates varied between 5-100 °C/s, in order to find the minimum cooling rate that gives a fully martensitic microstructure. Cooling rates larger than 40°C/s gave a fully martensitic microstructure. The cooling rate of 100 °C/s was used in the deformation dilatometry tests where the uniaxial deformation varied from 5-50 %. The theoretical work involved modelling of the martensite formation and the thermal/transformation strains they cause in the steel. Characterizations were done using light optical microscopy, hardness tests and electron backscatter diffraction technique. The parent austenite grains of the martensitic structure were reconstructed using the orientation relationship between the parent austenite and the martensite. Kurdjumov-Sachs orientation relationships have previously been proven to work well for low-carbon steels and was therefore selected. The standard implementation of the Koistinen-Marburger equation for martensite formation and a more convenient approach were compared. The latter approach does not require the storage of initial austenite fraction at start of martensite formation. The comparison shows that the latter model works equally well for the martensite formation. The results showed that the use of martensite start and finish temperatures calibrated versus experiments for Hardox 450 works better when computing thermal expansion than use of general relations based on the chemistry of the steel. The results from deformation dilatometry showed that deformation by compressive uniaxial stresses impedes the martensite transformation. The simplified incremental model works well for deformation with 5 % and 10 %. However, the waviness in the experimental curve for deformation 50 % does not fit the model due vi to large barrelling effect and the large relative expansion for the material that the sample holders are made of. Crystallographic reconstruction of parent austenite grains were performed on a hot-rolled as-received reference sample and dilatometry samples cooled with 60 °C/s and 100 °C/s. The misorientation results showed that the samples match with the Kurdjumov-Sachs orientation relationship in both hot rolled product and dilatometry samples. When misorientation between adjacent pixels are between 15° and 48°, then the boundary between them was considered as a parent austenite grain. The austenitic grain boundaries of the sample cooled at 100 °C/s is in general identical with the hot rolled sample when considering high angle boundaries (15°-48°). The results from the hardness tests showed that the rolled product exhibits higher hardness as compared to samples cooled by 100 °C/s and 60 °C/s. This can be attributed to the formation of transition-iron-carbides in the hot rolled product due to longer exposure of coiling temperature.
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Javaheri, V. (Vahid). "Design, thermomechanical processing and induction hardening of a new medium-carbon steel microalloyed with niobium." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2019. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526223582.

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Abstract This thesis has been made within the European Industrial Doctorate (EID) project called Mathematics and Materials Science for Steel Production and Manufacturing, abbreviated as MIMESIS, which has five partners: EFD Induction in Norway; SSAB, Outokumpu, and the University of Oulu in Finland; and Weierstrass Institute for Applied Analysis and Stochastics (WIAS) in Germany. The main aim of this work was to develop a steel composition and processing route suitable for making a slurry transportation pipeline with the aid of induction hardening, and to characterize the phase transformations and microstructures involved in the various stages of the processing route. A novel steel chemistry was designed based on metallurgical principles assisted by computational thermodynamics and kinetics. The designed composition is a medium-carbon, low-alloy steel microalloyed with niobium, in wt.% 0.40 C, 0.20 Si, 0.25 Mn, 0.50 Mo, 0.90 Cr, and 0.012 Nb. This was subsequently cast, thermomechanically rolled on a laboratory rolling mill to two bainitic microstructures, and finally subjected to the thermal cycles predicted to be encountered with the internal induction hardening of a typical pipe geometry. The phase transformations and microstructures found at various stages of the simulated production process have been characterized and algorithms developed to enable the optimization of microstructure and hardness through the pipe wall thickness
Tiivistelmä Tämä väitöskirja on tehty osana Euroopan teollisuustohtori (European Industrial Doctorate, EID) -ohjelmaa projektissa eli Matematiikka ja materiaalitiede teräksen valmistuksessa ja käytössä (Mathematics and Materials Science for Steel Production and Manufacturing, MIMESIS). Ohjelmassa on viisi partneria: EFD Induction Norjasta; SSAB, Outokumpu ja Oulun yliopisto Suomesta; ja Weierstrass Institute for Applied Analysis and Stochastics (WIAS) Saksasta. Työn päätavoitteina oli kehittää teräksen koostumusta ja prosessointireittiä, jotka soveltuvat lietteen kuljetusputken valmistukseen induktiokarkaisun avulla, sekä karakterisoida prosessin eri vaiheiden aikana tapahtuvat faasimuutokset ja mikrorakenteet. Uusi teräskoostumus suunniteltiin metallurgisten periaatteiden pohjalta hyödyntämällä laskennallista termodynamiikkaa ja kinetiikkaa. Suunniteltu teräs on niobilla mikroseostettu, matalaseosteinen ja keskihiilinen, eli painoprosentteina 0,40 C, 0,20 Si, 0,25 Mn, 0,50 Mo, 0,90 Cr ja 0,012 Nb. Teräs valettiin, valssattiin ja jäähdytettiin termomekaanisesti laboratoriovalssaimella kahdeksi bainiittiseksi mikrorakenteeksi ja lopulta altistettiin lämpösykleille, joiden ennustettiin olevan tyypillisiä sisäisesti induktiokarkaistulle teräsputkelle. Simuloidun tuotantoprosessin eri vaiheissa havaitut faasimuutokset ja mikrorakenteet on karakterisoitu. Sen lisäksi on kehitetty algoritmit, jotka mahdollistavat mikrorakenteen ja kovuuden optimoinnin putken seinämän paksuuden läpi
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Bellavoine, Marion. "Transformations de phases et recristallisation dans les aciers Dual Phase microalliés au titane niobium : étude expérimentale et modélisation." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0262.

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Les aciers multiphasés à très haute résistance mécanique destinés à l’industrie automobile font l’objet d’importantes activités de recherche et développement dans le contexte de l’allègement des structures. L’obtention de meilleurs compromis entre résistance et ductilité nécessite de comprendre l’influence du couple composition chimique nominale – paramètres du procédé d’élaboration sur la formation des microstructures.La présente étude s’inscrit dans cette démarche de compréhension et porte en particulier sur les mécanismes se produisant lors du recuit des nuances d’aciers Dual Phase de haut grade microalliés au Ti et au Nb, dont la microstructure initiale laminée à froid est composée de bainite et de martensite. Ces mécanismes (précipitation des éléments de microalliage Ti, Nb et Mo, recristallisation de la ferrite et formation de l’austénite) présentent des interactions complexes. Le scénario des évolutions microstructurales lors du recuit est caractérisé à l’aide d’une étude expérimentale s’appuyant sur des techniques d’analyses complémentaires à différentes échelles (DRX in situ, MEB, MET, SAT). L’influence respective des éléments de microalliage Ti, Nb et Mo et des paramètres du recuit sur ce scénario est clarifiée à l’aide d’une caractérisation systématique des évolutions microstructurales couplée à la mise en œuvre d’une démarche de modélisation des mécanismes et de leurs interactions
To meet the need for weight reductions in the automotive industry, new advanced high-strength steels are being developed. The achievement of a better balance between high strength and high formability requires a deep understanding of both the effect of chemical composition and processing parameters on the formation of microstructures. The present work contributes to such an objective and deals with the mechanisms occurring during annealing of Dual Phase steels microalloyed with Ti and Nb. Microstructural changes during this stage include precipitation of microalloying elements, ferrite recrystallization and austenite formation. These mechanisms are investigated using complementary experimental techniques at different scales such as in situ XRD, SEM, TEM and APT in various Dual Phase steel grades having the same bainite-martensite initial cold-rolled microstructure. Using combined experimental and modeling approaches, the present work clarifies the separate influence of microalloying elements Ti, Nb and Mo and heating rate on the mechanisms occurring during annealing and their interactions
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Marceaux, Dit Clément Arthur. "Interactions entre transformations de phases et recristallisation au recuit : influence de la microstructure initiale pour des aciers à 0,2 % de carbone." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AIXM0297.

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Les aciers à haute résistance sont très utilisés dans l’industrie automobile pour le bon compromis entre résistance et ductilité qu’ils offrent. D’intenses activités de recherche se poursuivent pour améliorer leurs propriétés de formabilité. Les chimies à fort taux de carbone peuvent aider à atteindre ces objectifs. Cette thèse porte sur les évolutions microstructurales au recuit de deux aciers à 0,2% pds de carbone microalliés au Ti et Nb, dont les microstructures initiales laminées à froid diffèrent (bainite-martensite et bainite-perlite). Les interactions entre la restauration, la recristallisation, la précipitation de cémentite, celle du microalliage et la formation d'austénite peuvent mener à la formation de microstructures finales très variées à l’issue du recuit. La genèse de microstructures en bandes, néfastes pour l’obtention de bonnes propriétés de formabilité et liées à la recristallisation incomplète des aciers lors de leur chauffe, est étudiée
High-strength steels are widely used in the automotive industry because of the good mechanical properties – formability ratio they offer. Numerous research activities are still ongoing to further improve their formability properties. High-carbon chemistries can help reach this goal. This thesis focuses on the microstructural evolutions during the annealing of two 0.2 wt.% carbon steels with Ti-Nb microalloy, for which cold-rolled initial microstructures are different (bainite-martensite and bainite-pearlite). Interactions between recovery, recrystallization, cementite precipitation, microalloying elements precipitation and austenite formation can lead to the formation of many kinds of final microstructures after annealing. The origin of banded microstructures, detrimental to good formability properties and linked to incomplete recrystallization during annealing, is studied
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Esham, Kathryn V. "The Effect of Nanoscale Precipitates on the Templating of Martensite Twin Microstructure in NiTiHf High Temperature Shape Memory Alloys." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1494251602171757.

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Philippot, Clément. "Etude des mécanismes de précipitation, de recristallisation et de transformation de phases dans les aciers Dual Phase microalliés au titane niobium lors du recuit." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4342.

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L’allégement des véhicules est l’un des objectifs prioritaires des constructeurs automobile pour répondre aux directives environnementales d’émission de CO2. Le développement des aciers multiphasés à très haute résistance mécanique est l’une des solutions communément adoptées pour réduire l’épaisseur des tôles dans les véhicules tout en conservant leur capacité à assurer la sécurité des passagers. La présente étude porte sur l’optimisation des paramètres du procédé de production industrielle de l’une des ces familles d’aciers : les aciers Dual Phase microalliés au titane et au niobium de haut grade ; c'est-à-dire possédant une résistance à la rupture supérieure à 800MPa.A partir d’une microstructure initiale bainite + martensite laminée à froid, les différents phénomènes se produisant au cours du recuit, de la chauffe jusqu’à la fin du maintien intercritique, sont caractérisés. L’influence des paramètres du recuit comme la vitesse de chauffe, la température et le temps de maintien est étudiée. Le système d’interactions triple entre la précipitation des éléments de microalliage, la recristallisation et la formation de l’austénite est au cœur du problème. Un scénario des évolutions microstructurales a été établi à partir de la caractérisation des divers phénomènes. La finesse de la microstructure étudiée (sub-micrométrique) a nécessité l’emploi combiné de techniques de caractérisation multi-échelles : MEB, MET, sonde atomique tomographique, nano-SIMS
Lightening the weight of vehicles is one of the main challenging objectives of the automotive industry to reach the environmental regulation in term of CO2 emissions. The development of multiphase high strength steels is a common solution to reduce the thickness of sheet steel used in vehicles while keeping the same level of passenger’s safety requirements. The present study deals with the optimization of industrial process parameters applied to obtain one of these steels: the high strength microalloyed Dual Phase steels; i.e. with ultimate tensile strength superior to 800MPa.From an initial cold rolled microstructure made of bainite + martensite, the phenomena occurring during the annealing are characterized since the heating up to the end of the intercritical holding. The influence of process parameters as the heating rate, the holding temperature and the holding time are studied. The triple interactions system between the precipitation of microalloying elements, the recrystallization and the austenite formation is the core of the problem. A scenario of microstructural evolutions has been established based on the characterized phenomena. The studied fine microstructure (sub-microns) requires the combination of multiscale characterization techniques: SEM, TEM, atom probe tomography, nano-SIMS
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Bellavoine, Marion. "Transformations de phases et recristallisation dans les aciers Dual Phase microalliés au titane niobium : étude expérimentale et modélisation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0262.

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Les aciers multiphasés à très haute résistance mécanique destinés à l’industrie automobile font l’objet d’importantes activités de recherche et développement dans le contexte de l’allègement des structures. L’obtention de meilleurs compromis entre résistance et ductilité nécessite de comprendre l’influence du couple composition chimique nominale – paramètres du procédé d’élaboration sur la formation des microstructures.La présente étude s’inscrit dans cette démarche de compréhension et porte en particulier sur les mécanismes se produisant lors du recuit des nuances d’aciers Dual Phase de haut grade microalliés au Ti et au Nb, dont la microstructure initiale laminée à froid est composée de bainite et de martensite. Ces mécanismes (précipitation des éléments de microalliage Ti, Nb et Mo, recristallisation de la ferrite et formation de l’austénite) présentent des interactions complexes. Le scénario des évolutions microstructurales lors du recuit est caractérisé à l’aide d’une étude expérimentale s’appuyant sur des techniques d’analyses complémentaires à différentes échelles (DRX in situ, MEB, MET, SAT). L’influence respective des éléments de microalliage Ti, Nb et Mo et des paramètres du recuit sur ce scénario est clarifiée à l’aide d’une caractérisation systématique des évolutions microstructurales couplée à la mise en œuvre d’une démarche de modélisation des mécanismes et de leurs interactions
To meet the need for weight reductions in the automotive industry, new advanced high-strength steels are being developed. The achievement of a better balance between high strength and high formability requires a deep understanding of both the effect of chemical composition and processing parameters on the formation of microstructures. The present work contributes to such an objective and deals with the mechanisms occurring during annealing of Dual Phase steels microalloyed with Ti and Nb. Microstructural changes during this stage include precipitation of microalloying elements, ferrite recrystallization and austenite formation. These mechanisms are investigated using complementary experimental techniques at different scales such as in situ XRD, SEM, TEM and APT in various Dual Phase steel grades having the same bainite-martensite initial cold-rolled microstructure. Using combined experimental and modeling approaches, the present work clarifies the separate influence of microalloying elements Ti, Nb and Mo and heating rate on the mechanisms occurring during annealing and their interactions
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Books on the topic "Austenite formation"

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Buddy, Damm E., Merwin Matthew J, Iron and Steel Society of AIME. Product Physical Metallurgy Committee., and Minerals, Metals and Materials Society. Materials Processing and Manufacturing Division. Phase Transformations Committee., eds. Austenite formation and decomposition: Proceedings of symposia : held at the Materials, Science & Technology 2003 Meeting in Chicago, Illinois, USA, November 9-12, 2003. Warrendale, Pa: TMS, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Austenite formation"

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Savran, V. I., Y. van Leeuwen, Dave N. Hanlon, and Jilt Sietsma. "Austenite Formation in C35 and C45 Alloys." In THERMEC 2006, 4637–42. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-428-6.4637.

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Panin, Viktor E., Valery E. Egorushkin, and Natalya S. Surikova. "Influence of Lattice Curvature and Nanoscale Mesoscopic Structural States on the Wear Resistance and Fatigue Life of Austenitic Steel." In Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering, 225–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60124-9_11.

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AbstractThe gauge dynamic theory of defects in a heterogeneous medium predicts the nonlinearity of plastic flow at low lattice curvatureand structural turbulence with the formation of individual dynamic rotations at high curvature of the deformed medium. The present work is devoted to the experimental verification of the theoretical predictions. Experimentally studied are the influence of high-temperature radial shear rolling and subsequent cold rolling on the internal structure of metastable Fe–Cr–Mn austenitic stainless steel, formation of nonequilibrium ε- and α′-martensite phases, appearance of dynamic rotations on fracture surfaces, fatigue life in alternating bending, and wear resistance of the material. Scratch testing reveals a strong increase in the damping effect in the formed hierarchical mesosubstructure. The latter is responsible for a nanocrystalline grain structure in the material, hcp ε martensite and bcc α′ martensite in grains, a vortical filamentary substructure on the fracture surface as well as for improved high-cycle fatigue and wear resistance of the material. This is related to a high concentration of nanoscale mesoscopic structural states, which arise in lattice curvature zones during high-temperature radial shear rolling combined with smooth-roll cold rolling. These effects are explained by the self-consistent mechanical behavior of hcp ε-martensite laths in fcc austenite grains and bcc α′-martensite laths that form during cold rolling of the steel subjected to high-temperature radial shear rolling.
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Arjomandi, M., S. H. Sadati, H. Khorsand, and H. Abdoos. "Austenite Formation Temperature Prediction in Steels Using an Artificial Neural Network." In Diffusion in Solids and Liquids III, 335–41. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-51-5.335.

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Ryde, Lena, Joacim Hagström, and W. Bevis Hutchinson. "An EBSD Study of Austenite Formation and Stability in Low-Alloy TRIP Steels." In Materials Science Forum, 321–26. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-434-0.321.

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Guzman-Garfias, R., O. Vázquez-Gómez, P. Garnica-González, H. J. Vergara-Hernández, and J. A. Barrera-Godínez. "Effect of the Heating Rate on the Austenite Formation Kinetics by Isoconversion Method in Cr–Mo–V Steel." In The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, 1756–64. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50349-8_151.

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Amirthalingam, Murugaiyan, M. J. M. Hermans, R. M. Huizenga, S. E. Offerman, J. Sietsma, and I. M. Richardson. "In Situ Synchrotron Diffraction Studies on the Formation, Decomposition and Stabilisation of Austenite in TRIP Steels During Simulated Weld Thermal Cycles." In In-situ Studies with Photons, Neutrons and Electrons Scattering II, 71–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06145-0_4.

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Krawczynska, Agnieszka T., Małgorzata Lewandowska, and Krzysztof J. Kurzydłowski. "Nanostructure Formation in Austenitic Stainless Steel." In Solid State Phenomena, 173–78. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-57-4.173.

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Hoche, Holger, Fabian Jaeger, Alessandro Franceschi, Matthias Oechsner, and Peter Groche. "Formation of Residual Stresses in Austenitic Stainless Steels by Infeed and Recess Rotary Swaging." In Forming the Future, 2261–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75381-8_190.

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Tran, Viet-Hoi, Van-Bong Pham, and Van-Dich Tran. "Study of the Mechanisms of Chip Formation in Turning of 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel." In Proceedings of the 2nd Annual International Conference on Material, Machines and Methods for Sustainable Development (MMMS2020), 138–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69610-8_18.

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Fukumaru, T., T. Inoue, Toshihiro Tsuchiyama, and Setsuo Takaki. "Formation of Ultra Fine Grained Structure during Annealing of Heavily Drawn Metastable Austenitic Steel Wire." In Materials Science Forum, 1309–12. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-443-x.1309.

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Conference papers on the topic "Austenite formation"

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Mohr, A., O. Schwabe, K. Ernst, H. Hill, and P. Kluge. "Thermal Spraying of a Novel Nickel-Free High Strength and Corrosion Resistant Austenitic Steel." In ITSC2022. DVS Media GmbH, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2022p0631.

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Abstract Stainless austenitic steels like the 316L (1.4404) are widely applied in various applications and were also used for surface protection using thermal spraying. The reason for this is the easy processability and the high corrosion resistance. Stainless austenitic steels typically contain the following alloying elements: The formation of an austenitic microstructure is achieved by nickel (Ni). The addition of chromium (Cr) lead to good corrosion resistance due to formation of an oxide layer. For resistance against pitting corrosion, molybdenum (Mo) can be added. Also, stainless austenites usually exhibit very low carbon and nitrogen contents to prevent chromium carbides and nitrides which reduces the corrosion resistance. However, both alloying elements cannot be classified as being detrimental in stainless austenites in general. In contrast high nitrogen contents can also be used to improve the chemical properties, especially the resistance against pitting corrosion. Finally, carbon and nitrogen lead to an increase in hardness of the thermal sprayed layer. Based on this knowledge, a high-strength austenite for thermal spraying was developed. The new high strength austenite was processed by HVAF spraying with different particle distributions and parameter variations. Resulting coatings were investigated regarding the microstructure, elemental composition, hardness and corrosion properties in comparison to the standard coating material 316L.
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Reichert, Jennifer M., Thomas Garcin, Matthias Militzer, and Warren J. Poole. "Formation of Martensite/Austenite (M/A) in X80 Linepipe Steel." In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90465.

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Linepipe steels are usually microalloyed with Nb to promote the formation of complex microstructures that lead to the required mechanical properties. In particular, Nb in solution affects significantly the austenite decomposition kinetics and the resulting microstructure. A systematic study has been carried out to quantify the influence of Nb on the austenite decomposition kinetics in X80 linepipe steel. Continuous cooling transformation tests were conducted with a Gleeble 3500. The transformation products include ferrite, granular and upper bainite and M/A (martensite/ retained austenite) constituents. For this study optical microscopy was used to investigate the formation of M/A constituents that critically determine the fracture toughness. A relation between M/A and the surrounding microstructure is observed. In combination with an existent model for the prediction of the microstructure evolution during weld thermal cycles, the area fraction, size and morphology of M/A can be predicted for the simulated HAZ, based on the prior austenite grain size, cooling rate and amount of Nb in solution.
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Daniel, Tobias, Annika Boemke, Marek Smaga, and Tilmann Beck. "Investigations of Very High Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Metastable Austenitic Steels Using Servohydraulic and Ultrasonic Testing Systems." In ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2018-84639.

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To investigate the fatigue behavior of metastable austenite steels in the VHCF-regime, high loading frequencies are essential to realize acceptable testing times. Hence, two high-frequency testing systems were used at the authors’ institute: an ultrasonic testing system with a test frequency of 20 000 Hz and also, a servohydraulic system with a test frequency of 980 Hz. In the present study, two different batches of the metastable austenitic stainless steel AISI 347 were investigated. Fatigue tests on metastable austenitic steel AISI 347 batch A were carried out at an ultrasonic test system at a test frequency of 20 000 Hz, at ambient temperature. Because the test rig acts as a mechanical resonant circuit excited by a piezoelectric transducer the specimen must be designed for oscillation in its vibration Eigenmode at the test frequency to assure maximum displacement at the end and maximum stress in the gauge length center, respectively. For analyzing the deformation behavior during the tests, the change in temperature was measured. Additionally, Feritscope™ measurements at the specimen surface were performed ex-situ after defined load cycles. First results showed a pronounced development of phase transformation from paramagnetic face-centered cubic γ-austenite to ferromagnetic body-centered cubic α‘-martensite. Because formation of α‘-martensite influences the transient behavior and high frequency loadings leads to pronounced self-heating of the material, ultrasonic fatigue tests on metastable austenites represent a challenge in controlling of displacement amplitude and limiting the specimen temperature. First investigations on metastable austenitc steel AISI 347 batch B using a servohydraulic test system at a frequency of 980 Hz and a temperature of T = 300 °C resulted in no fatigue failure beyond N = 107 cycles in the VHCF-regime. However, only specimens with a low content of cyclic deformation-induced α‘-martensite achieved the ultimate number of cycles (Nu = 5·108).
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Matlock, D., E. De Moor, J. Speer, and J. Mueller. "Effect of Mn-Enriched Cementite on Austenite Formation During Intercritical Annealing." In International Symposium on New Developments in Advanced High-Strength Sheet Steels. Association for Iron & Steel Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.33313/298/023.

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Toloui, Morteza, and Matthias Militzer. "Phase Field Modelling of Microstructure Evolution in the HAZ of X80 Linepipe Steel." In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90378.

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The heat affected zone (HAZ) during welding experiences a very steep temperature gradient which results in significant microstructure gradients. Thus, model approaches on the length scale of the microstructure, i.e. the so-called mesoscale, are useful to accurately simulate microstructure evolution in the HAZ. In this study, a phase field model (PFM) is employed to simulate austenite grain growth and austenite decomposition in the HAZ of an X80 linepipe steel microalloyed with Nb and Ti. The interfacial mobilities and nucleation conditions are obtained by benchmarking the PFM with experimental data from austenite grain growth and continuous cooling transformation tests. An effective grain boundary mobility is introduced for austenite grain growth to implicitly account for dissolution of NbC. Subsequently, austenite decomposition into polygonal ferrite and bainite is considered. For this purpose the PFM is coupled with a carbon diffusion model. Ferrite nuclei are introduced at austenite grain boundaries and suitable interfacial mobilities are selected to reproduce experimental ferrite formation kinetics. Bainite nucleation occurs for a sufficiently high undercooling at available interface sites (i.e. austenite grain boundaries and/or austenite-ferrite interfaces). For simplicity, the formation of carbide-free bainite is considered and a suitable anisotropy approach is proposed for the austenite-bainite interface mobility. The model is then used to predict austenite grain growth and phase transformation in the HAZ.
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"Microstructure Formation and Transformation Behavior in Titanium Nickelide with Variose Grain Size of B2 Austenite." In Shape Memory Alloys 2018. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644900017-13.

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Ridhova, Aga, and Rachman Kurnia. "Effect of heat treatment on the formation of martensite from retained austenite of 4340 alloy steel." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON METALLURGY AND MATERIALS (ISMM2020): Accelerating Research and Innovation on Metallurgy and Materials for Inclusive and Sustainable Industry. AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0060031.

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Terada, Yoshio, Hiroshi Morimoto, Naoki Doi, and Masahiko Murata. "X80 UOE Pipe With Excellent HAZ Toughness." In ASME 2008 27th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2008-57578.

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New X80 UOE pipe manufacturing technology has been developed to attain excellent CTOD properties in HAZ. In the new steel pipe, the HAZ microstructure near the weld fusion line is refined by utilizing the strong suppression of austenite grain growth as well as the formation of intragranular ferrite (IGF). The IGF grows radially from oxides in the same way as in Ti-O steel. The suppression of austenite grain growth is due to the pinning effect by fine particles including ultra fine oxides. As these oxides dispersed in the steels are chemically stable even near the fusion line, the microstructure can be refined. In addition, it is also necessary to suppress the formation of coarse grain boundary ferrite (GBF) near the weld fusion line in order to obtain excellent CTOD properties. So, it was found that the increase of boron addition in weld metal is effective to suppress the formation of coarse GBF near the weld fusion line because boron atoms diffuse into prior austenite grain boundaries near the fusion line from the molten pool during welding. This paper describes new technology for improving CTOD properties in HAZ. The X80 UOE pipe manufactured on a large scale and exhibited excellent CTOD properties at −30°.
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Vasko, Galyna M., Perry H. Leo, and Thomas W. Shield. "Prediction of the Initial Crack Tip Microstructure in a Single Crystal of CuAlNi." In ASME 1999 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1999-0934.

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Abstract The austenite to martensite pseudoelastic transformation induced by the anisotropic elastic crack tip stress field in a single crystal of shape memory alloy is considered. It is proposed that the orientation of the initial austenite-martensite interface that forms can be predicted based on knowledge of the stress field, the crystallography of the transformation and one of two selection criteria. These criteria are based on the work of formation of the martensite in stress field and the crack opening displacement the martensite causes at the crack. Predictions of the criteria are compared to experiments on three single edge notched CuAlNi single crystal specimens. Results indicate that the maximum work criterion accurately predicts the orientation of the austenite-martensite interfaces that initially form near a crack.
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Chentouf, Samir Mourad, Mohammad Jahazi, and Rejean Fortin. "Influence of the Quench Process on Microstructure Evolution in a Landing Gear Steel." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-38636.

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The quench process of large size components is always problematic owing to non-uniform phase formation. In this context, the influence of cooling rate on phase transformation, for different cooling rates, in 300M steel is studied. A combination of high resolution dilatometry, optical microscopy, Vickers micro hardness measurements were employed to accurately determine the critical transformation temperature, and to identify microstructure constituents (bainite, martensite, and retained austenite). A mixture of bainite, martensite and some retained austenite phases were observed to appear at cooling rate of 0.25°C/sec whereas for a cooling rate of 50°C/sec the microstructure is totally martensitic.
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Reports on the topic "Austenite formation"

1

Williams, D., and W. Maxey. NR198506 Evaluation of an X70 Low-Carbon Bainitic-Steel Pipe. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), October 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011411.

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A 24-inch-diameter x 0.75-inch-wall X70 low-carbon bainitic-steel pipe was evaluated to obtain an independent measurement of pipe properties and to examine metallurgical characteristics that may affect behavior in gas-transmission service. The steel from which the pipe was produced was processed using advanced steelmaking methods to insure cleanliness but apparently was not treated for sulfide shape control since no sour gas exposure in service was anticipated. Primary microalloying additions in this high manganese steel, other than columbium, were titanium and boron. Titanium was added to form a TiN dispersion during continuous casting to aid in the control of austenite grain size during slab rolling. Boron was added to suppress the transformation of austenite to ferrite or pearlite during and following controlled rolling, so as to promote formation of bainite. Heavy controlled rolling at temperatures below the austenite recrystallization temperature, and finish rolling at temperatures perhaps as low as 1290 F were used to develop a very fine grain size in the bainite.
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Moddeman, W. E., J. C. Birkbeck, W. C. Bowling, A. R. Burke, and R. T. Cassidy. Oxidation of Al-containing austenitic stainless steels as related to the formation of strong glass-ceramic to metal seals. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/283616.

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