Relevant bibliographies by topics / Austenite residua

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Austenite residua'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 18 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Austenite residua"

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Hedström, Peter, Jonathan Almer, Ulrich Lienert, and Magnus Odén. "Evolution of Residual Strains in Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steels and the Accompanying Strain Induced Martensitic Transformation." Materials Science Forum 524-525 (September 2006): 821–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.524-525.821.

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The deformation behavior of metastable austenitic stainless steel AISI 301, suffering different initial cold rolling reduction, has been investigated during uniaxial tensile loading. In situ highenergy x-ray diffraction was employed to characterize the residual strain evolution and the strain induced martensitic transformation. Moreover, the 3DXRD technique was employed to characterize the deformation behavior of individual austenite grains during elastic and early plastic deformation. The cold rolling reduction was found to induce compressive residual strains in the austenite along rolling direction and balancing tensile residual strains in the ά-martensite. The opposite residual strain state was found in the transverse direction. The residual strain states of five individual austenite grains in the bulk of a sample suffering 2% cold rolling reduction was found to be divergent. The difference among the grains, considering both the residual strains and the evolution of these, could not be solely explained by elastic and plastic anisotropy. The strain states of the five austenite grains are also a consequence of the local neighborhood.
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Shiekhelsouk, M. N., Véronique Favier, Karim Inal, Sebastien Allain, Olivier Bouaziz, and M. Cherkaoui. "Residual and Internal Stress States in Duplex Steel with TWIP Effect." Materials Science Forum 524-525 (September 2006): 833–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.524-525.833.

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A new variety of duplex steels with superior mechanical properties has been studied. They exhibit a very interesting combination of strength (tensile strength of 680 MPa) and ductility values (more than 45% total elongation) due to the competition between different plasticity mechanisms. These steels contain two phases: austenite and ferrite and are characterized by low stacking fault energy at room temperature. In this work, four duplex steels with different chemical composition and phase volume fraction are studied. Residual and internal stresses in each phase were determined using the classical X-ray diffraction sin²ψ method. In the as-received state, both longitudinal and transverse residual stresses are in compression (until -350 MPa) for the ferrite and in tension (until +410 MPa) for the austenite. However, residual stresses in the austenitic phase decrease when its volume fraction increases. Moreover, internal stress distribution in one alloy was determined by X-ray diffraction during an in situ tensile test. The austenitic phase stress along the loading direction is higher than the macroscopic applied one, which is higher than the ferritic stress state, verifying a mixture rule and consistent with the initial residual stresses. For an applied macroscopic strain of about 1%, the austenite phase is subjected to a stress of about 600 MPa whereas the stress in the ferritic phase is about 300 MPa. It was also observed that as macroscopic strain increases, stress difference between the austenite and the ferrite decreases.
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Stone, H. J., M. J. Peet, H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia, P. J. Withers, S. S. Babu, and E. D. Specht. "Synchrotron X-ray studies of austenite and bainitic ferrite." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 464, no. 2092 (January 29, 2008): 1009–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2007.0201.

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High-resolution synchrotron X-ray diffraction has been used to conduct in situ studies of the temporal evolution of phases during the isothermal growth of bainite. Two populations of austenitic material were identified: one corresponding to the initial austenite and the other to the carbon-enriched austenite associated with the bainitic ferrite. The observed lattice parameters and the asymmetry of the peaks from the residual austenite have been interpreted in terms of the carbon partitioning due to the transformation. The results are contrasted with an earlier study in which the austenite unit cell appeared to split into two distinct densities prior to the onset of transformation.
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Katemi, Richard J., and Jeremy Epp. "Influence of carbonitriding conditions on phase composition and residual stresses for 20MnCr5 low alloy steel." Tanzania Journal of Science 47, no. 2 (May 26, 2021): 790–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjs.v47i2.34.

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This paper reports an investigation of the influence of carbonitriding conditions for 20MnCr5 low alloy steel. Three gaseous carbonitriding conditions were investigated based on different carbon and nitrogen potentials to attain varying levels of carbon between 0.62 and 0.93% mass, whereas for nitrogen between 0.19 and 0.26% mass at the surface. Analysis of retained austenite and residual stress distributions was conducted using X-ray diffraction technique. The effective case depth varied between 900 and 1200 µm. The case microstructures were characterized by varying proportions of retained austenite and martensite, while the core contained essentially bainitic microstructures. The maximum amount of retained austenite which occurred at a depth of 50 µm from the subsurface ranged between 30 and 70% mass and significantly influenced the level of surface micro-hardness whereas the core hardness remaining relatively constant at 450 HV1. High values of residual stresses in martensite phase were observed. The signs, magnitudes, distributions and location of maximum compressive residual stresses were highly influenced by the maximum fraction of retained austenite. Retained austenite of 30%, 50% and 70% mass at the surface lead to peak compressive residue stresses of -280, -227, and -202 MPa at depths of 555, 704, and 890 μm, respectively. Keywords: Carbonitriding, retained austenite, martensite, residual stress, XRD.
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Tsuchida, Noriyuki, Kenzo Fukaura, Yo Tomota, Atsushi Moriai, and Hiroshi Suzuki. "Tensile Deformation Behaviors of Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steels Studied by Neutron Diffraction." Materials Science Forum 652 (May 2010): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.652.233.

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Tensile deformation behaviors of three austenitic stainless steels, JIS-SUS310S, 304 and 301L, were studied by static tensile tests and in situ neutron diffraction. In the mechanical properties obtained by the static tensile tests, the 304 and 301L steels showed better balance of tensile strength and uniform elongation than the 310S one because of TRIP effect. The angular dispersion neutron diffractions with a wavelength of 0.16 or 0.182 nm were performed during stepwise tensile testing by using a neutron diffractometer for residual stress analysis (RESA) at the Japan Atomic Energy Agency. The lattice plane strain, stress-induced martensite volume fraction, dislocation density and so on were estimated by the profile analysis as a function of applied stress. The change in lattice plane spacing for austenite indicated four deformation stages. In the comparison of lattice plane strain among the tested steels, a phase stress caused by the stress-induced martensite seems to overlap the intergranular stress of austenite phase. Judging from the results of profile analysis, the strain partitioning of austenite phase in metastable austenitic steels became larger with increasing of the volume fraction of stress-induced martensite during tensile deformation.
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Prokoshkin, Sergey, Andrey Korotitskiy, Vladimir Brailovski, and K. E. Inaekyan. "Effect of Nanocrystalline Structure and Polygonized Dislocation Substructure on Ti-Ni Martensite Lattice Parameters and Transformation Lattice Strain." Materials Science Forum 584-586 (June 2008): 475–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.584-586.475.

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The Ti-50.26 and 50.61at.%Ni alloys were cold-rolled with true strains from e=0.3 to 2.1. Post-deformation annealing in the 200 to 500°C temperature range after a moderate deformation (e=0.3) produced a polygonized dislocation substructure with various dislocation density and subgrain size, while after severe plastic deformation (e=1.7-1.9), a nanocrystalline structure with various grain size was formed in the B2-austenite. An X-ray diffraction study shows that lattice parameters of B19'-martensite formed from (a) partially recovered and polygonized or (b) nanocrystalline austenites differ from the corresponding parameters of the martensite formed from quenched (recrystallized) austenite. This difference increases with nanocrystalline grain refinement and with an increase in residual dislocation density and subgrain refinement. The maximum martensitic transformation strain has the highest value for the martensite formed in recrystallized austenite, and this value decreases with nanograin refinement and with an increase in dislocation density and subgrain refinement.
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Shen, Li Juan, Yong Lin Ma, and Shu Qing Xing. "The Morphology and Content of δ Ferrite in Non-Equilibrium Solidified 0Cr18Ni9 Austenitic Stainless Steel." Advanced Materials Research 535-537 (June 2012): 666–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.535-537.666.

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The microsructural and content of δ ferrite in non-equilibrium solidified 0Cr18Ni9 austenitic stainless steel is studied by the coin with the circulating water. The solidified microstructure of the residual δ ferrite in different cooling rate is that during the course of solid-state transformation, austenite grows into ferrite gradually; corresponding to the increase of cooling rate, the microsructural of ferrite is skeletal, network, strip and block. The experiment demonstrates that the content of the residual δ ferrite is increase under the increase of the cooling rate.
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Dankwort, Torben, Julian Strobel, Christoph Chluba, Wenwei Ge, Viola Duppel, Manfred Wuttig, Eckhard Quandt, and Lorenz Kienle. "Martensite adaption through epitaxial nano transition layers in TiNiCu shape memory alloys." Journal of Applied Crystallography 49, no. 3 (May 27, 2016): 1009–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s160057671600710x.

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Titanium-rich TiNiCu shape memory thin films with ultralow fatigue have been analysed for their structural features by transmission electron microscopy. The stabilization of austenite (B2) and orthorhombic martensite (B19) variants epitaxially connected to Ti2Cu-type precipitates has been observed and found responsible for the supreme mechanical cycling capability of these compounds. Comprehensiveex situandin situcooling/heating experiments have demonstrated the presence of an austenitic nanoscale region in between B19 and Ti2Cu, in which the structure shows a gradual transition from B19 to B2 which is then coupled to the Ti2Cu precipitate. It is proposed that this residual and epitaxial austenite acts as a template for the temperature-induced B2↔B19 phase transition and is also responsible for the high repeatability of the stress-induced transformation. This scenario poses an antithesis to residual martensite found in common high-fatigue shape memory alloys.
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Lin, Shao Pin, Ge Ping Yu, J. Y. Huang, H. J. Chen, R. C. Kuo, E. Wen Huang, and Jia Hong Huang. "The Effect of Shielded Metal Arc and Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Methods on 308L Stainless Steel Weldments." Materials Science Forum 783-786 (May 2014): 2753–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.2753.

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Shielded metal arc (SMA) and gas tungsten arc (GTA) weldments were investigated to study the welding effects on the mechanical behavior of 308L austenitic stainless steel weldments, respectively. Both SMA and GTA weldments showed dendritic microstructure. The observed austenitic stainless steel welds solidified to give primary ferrite and secondary austenite as the ferritic-austenitic solidification mode (FA-mode) solidification. However, the lower heat input with larger Cr-versus-Ni ratio in SMA weld process led to lathy ferrite morphology and more residual ferrite in the SMA welds, while vermicular ferrite morphology was shown in GTA weldments. The yield strength of the welds significantly increased with decreasing elongation, which was mainly due to the dual phase strengthening effect after rapid solidification during welding
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He, Jinshan, Shiguang Xu, Wenxin Ti, Yaolei Han, Jinna Mei, and Xitao Wang. "The Pitting Corrosion Behavior of the Austenitic Stainless Steel 308L-316L Welded Joint." Metals 10, no. 9 (September 18, 2020): 1258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10091258.

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The pitting corrosion resistance of the austenitic stainless steel 308L-316L welded joint was investigated by electrochemical tests. It is found that the weld zone was the most critical for pits to initiate in the welded joint due to relatively instable passive film with few Mo and inhomogeneous passive film induced by multiple (Mn, Al, and Si) oxides and continuous network of 13.94 vol.% δ ferrites. By statistical analysis, 53.8% pits initiated at (Mn, Al, and Si) oxides, 23.0% in austenite, and 23.2% at interface between ferrite and austenite. In addition, heat-affected zone was prone to have pitting corrosion compared with the base metal since residual strain was much higher in the region.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Austenite residua"

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Calcinelli, Luca. "Ottimizzazione del trattamento termico di acciai inossidabili martensitici per stampi." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017.

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L’acciaio inossidabile martensitico AISI 420 viene impiegato per la realizzazione di stampi per la formatura di materie plastiche grazie alle sue elevate proprietà di resistenza all'usura e stabilità dimensionale. Esse sono funzione del trattamento termico che esso subisce e che può compromettere proprietà meccaniche e corrosive tipiche di questo acciaio. Il presente studio prende avvio proprio da queste considerazioni e dagli esiti di alcune failure analysis su stampi per bottiglie in PET, in cui sono state evidenziate rotture per fatica innescate da pitting corrosivo con propagazione intergranulare. Nell’ambito della sperimentazione riportata si è cercato di ottimizzare il trattamento termico di bonifica in modo da massimizzare resistenza a corrosione, a fatica e resilienza pur garantendo una sufficiente stabilità dimensionale. A seguito di un approfondimento bibliografico, si è definita una microstruttura obiettivo caratterizzata dalla presenza di carburi M23C6 globulizzati ed uniformemente distribuiti nella matrice martensitica e si sono testate differenti condizioni di trattamento termico. L'esito della sperimentazione, che si è avvalsa di tecniche di microscopia ottica ed elettronica, ha indicato come trattamento ottimale quello costituito da una austenitizzazione di 30 minuti a 1020°C seguito da una tempra in azoto a 10 bar ed un ciclo di tre rinvenimenti a 250°C. La ridotta temperatura di austenitizzazione ha permesso la limitazione dei tenori di austenite residua mentre elevata velocità di raffreddamento impiegata e ridotte temperature di rinvenimento hanno permesso di evitare la precipitazione di carburi fini infragilenti e causa di sensibilizzazione. Sono state inoltre eseguite numerose analisi che hanno permesso di accertare una certa variabilità microstrutturale del materiale allo stato di fornitura evidenziando come la microstruttura di quest'ultimo sia fondamentale per ottenere l'esito desiderato dal trattamento termico.
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Malmberg, Andreas. "The influence of carbonitriding on hardness, retained austenite and residual stress in 52100 steel." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-173804.

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High rolling contact fatigue parts are vital for the long service life of fuel pumps. Cummins Fuel Systems are currently using an M2 tool steel for one of the most important roller bearing application in their pumps, namely the cam follower. The future design of the cam follower is a pin-less tappet roller. The wear and fatigue properties of the roller is vital to ensure reliability of the fuel system. M2 tool steel is an expensive material and becomes even more so if diamond like coating (DLC) is needed to decrease the friction coefficients. To cut costs of the fuel pump it might be possible to replace the M2 tool steel with 52100 steel (100Cr6). Competitive methods have proven that carbonitrided 52100 can reach excellent wear and fatigue properties making it a candidate to replace M2 tool steel. How the properties of hardness, toughness and compressive residual stresses are developed in 52100 and how they affect the fatigue and wear resistance has been researched from the literature. A big part of this project was to do an extensive analysis of a roller bearing that was believed to have gone through one of these competitive methods that produce excellent wear and fatigue resistance. The analysis was done with background to the knowledge gathered from the literature. Finally process trials were set up to carbonitride 52100 steel samples. The trials were done to develop a better understanding of how adding carbon together with nitrogen to the surface of 52100 steel will influence the metallurgical parameters that results in good wear and fatigue resistance. From this analysis Cummins hope to create a process recipe that can be used for carbonitriding the cam follower and maybe other components in their fuel systems.
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Iyer, Venkatramani S. "Effect of residual stress gradients in austenitic stainless steels on stress corrosion cracking." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42119.

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The effect of the residual stresses developed during simulated weld heat affected zone in austenitic stainless steel specimen on the stress corrosion cracking susceptibility was studied. Residual stresses was measured using X-ray diffraction technique. Boiling Magnesium Chloride was used as corrosive environment. Compressive stresses developed in the HAZ of the specimen and in regions away from the HAZ stress free values were obtained. The magnitude of the stress gradient decreased as the peak temperature attained during simulated welding decreased. Transgranular cracks were observed in the compressive stress gradient region and time to cracking decreased with increasing stress gradient. Higher nickel content alloys took longer to crack as opposed to lower nickel content alloys at approximately the same stress gradient.
Master of Science

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Moturu, Shanmukha Rao. "Characterization of residual stress and plastic strain in austenitic stainless steel 316L(N) weldments." Thesis, Open University, 2015. http://oro.open.ac.uk/54875/.

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Fusion welding processes commonly involve the localized input of intense heat, melting of dissimilar materials and the deposition of molten filler metal. The surrounding material undergoes complex thermo-mechanical cycles involving elastic and plastic deformation. This processing history creates large residual stress in and around the weld bead, which can be particularly detrimental in reducing the lifetime of fabricated structures, increasing their susceptibility to stress corrosion, fatigue and creep crack growth as well as reducing the fracture load. It is very important to have. a proper knowledge of the residual stress distribution in and around the weld region of structured components because knowing this allows their fitness to be assessed and the service life of critical components to be predicted. Characterizing weld residual stress fields either by measurement or finite element simulation is not straightforward because of the strain field complexity, inhomogeneity of the microstructure and the complex geometry of structural weldments. The residual stress distribution in a slot weld benchmark sample made from AISI 3 16L(N) austenitic stainless steel was analysed using the neutron diffraction at pulsed source. The presence of crevices and hydrogen containing super glue in the stress-free cuboids are some of the main issues effecting the neutron residual stress measurements. A residual stress of 400-450MPa was observed in first pass weld metal and in the HAZ of a three pass welded plate. The strain hardening behaviour of AISI 316L(N) steel around the slot weld was studied taking account of the asymmetric cyclic deformation and the typical strain rates experienced; inferences are drawn regarding how such effects should be modelled in finite element weld residual stress computations. The solution annealed material was tested under symmetric and asymmetric cyclic loading at both room and 550°C. During asymmetric cyclic loading, the 316L (N) material at room and high temperature was less strain hardened than in the same number of cycles of symmetric cyclic loading. At room temperature; the 316L (N) material deformed at fast strain rate showed higher strain hardening than at the slow strain rate. However, at high temperature (550°C); the 316L (N) material deformed at slow strain rate showed higher strain hardening than at the fast strain rate due to dynamic strain ageing. A mixed hardening model was to predict the strain hardening of the 316L (N) material at room and high temperature (550°C). However, the published mix~d hardening parameters were unsuccessful in predicting the strain hardening of the symmetric cyclic deformation at high temperature. Finally, the accumulated cyclic plastic strain resulting from the addition of each weld bead was studied using Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) and hardness measurements. The EBSD metrics showed a gradual increase of plastic strain and equivalent yield stress from the parent zone (approximately 0.02) to the fusion boundary (approximately 0.05-0.09). Although, in strain controlled cyclic loading, none of the EBSD metrics used were capable of assessing the plastic strain, below 58% cumulative plastic strain path. The quantified plastic strain (from the EBSD) and hardness analysis of the parent material indicates that the material deformed plastically. The EBSD derived plastic strain and equivalent yield stress correlate well with hardness, finite element prediction and von Mises equivalent residual stress.
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Manfrinato, Marcos Dorigão. ""Influência da nitretação a plasma no comportamento em fadiga dos aços inoxidáveis austeníticos AISI-SAE 304 e 316"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/88/88131/tde-15112006-221004/.

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Os aços inoxidáveis austeníticos são materiais atrativos para serem utilizados em vários setores industriais que operam sob meios corrosivos, como por exemplo: indústria química, alcooleira, petroquímica, de papel e celulose, na prospecção de petróleo e nas indústrias têxtil e farmacêutica. Contudo, apresentam propriedades tribológicas pobres. No sentido de melhorar essas propriedades, como aumentar a dureza superficial, a resistência ao desgaste e a resistência à fadiga, vários métodos de tratamentos superficiais vêm sendo utilizados. Dentre eles, o mais eficiente é a nitretação por plasma. Este processo é realizado em uma câmara de vácuo sob uma mistura gasosa de hidrogênio e nitrogênio. É aplicada uma diferença de potencial entre o cátodo (porta amostras) e o ânodo (paredes da câmara), acelerando os íons contra a superfície da peça, aquecendo-a e arrancando elétrons de sua superfície. Os íons reagem com espécies da superfície do plasma formando compostos instáveis do tipo FeN que se recombinam para formarem nitretos estáveis. O sucesso deste tratamento se deve à baixa temperatura de operação, ao menor tempo efetivo de tratamento e ao controle da uniformidade da espessura da camada. A camada de nitretos formada durante o tratamento possui uma influência positiva na vida em fadiga de um componente, graças a dois motivos principais. O primeiro é o atraso na nucleação da trinca devido ao aumento da resistência mecânica superficial. O segundo motivo está relacionado com a introdução de tensões residuais compressivas durante o processo de endurecimento da superfície, que retarda a iniciação da trinca e diminui o fator de intensidade de tensão. Os corpos de prova foram nitretados a 400ºC durante 6 horas, com uma pressão de 4,5 mbar e utilizando uma mistura gasosa de 80% vol.H2 e 20%vol.N2. Ocorreu um aumento da resistência mecânica próxima á superfície, devido à camada de nitretos, o que ficou evidente com o sensível aumento no valor do limite de fadiga do material nitretado em relação ao não nitretado. O limite de fadiga do aço AISI 316 não tratado foi de 400MPa e do nitretado foi de 510MPa, enquanto que, para o aço AISI 304, o limite de fadiga do material não tratado foi de 380MPa e o limite para material submetido ao tratamento de nitretação foi de 560MPa.
The austenitic stainless steels are attractive materials to many industrial sectors which work on corrosive environments, as chemical industry alcohol, petrochemical, cellulose industries, in the petroleum prospection and pharmaceutical and textiles industries. However, they present poor tribological properties. In order to improve these properties, like increasing superficial hardness, wear and fatigue resistance superficial heat treatment methods have being used. The most efficient is the plasma nitriding process which occurs in a vacuum container under hydrogen and nitrogen gas mixture. A potential difference is applied between the cathode (samples receptor) and the anode (container walls), accelerating the ions against the piece, heating it and removing electron from the surface of material. These atoms react with the surface plasma species, producing unstable compounds like FeN, which recombine producing stable nitrides. The success of this treatment is due to the low temperature operation, the short effective time of treatment and to the uniformity control of the layer’s thickness. The nitrides layer produced during the treatment have a positive influence in the fatigue life of a component, thanks to two main reasons. The first is the retardation in crack nucleation due to increasing of superficial mechanical strength. The second reason is due to introduction of compressive residual stress during the surface hardening process, which retards de crack initiation process. The specimens were nitriding at 400°C during 6 hours, at a 4,5mbar pressure and using a gas mixture of 80% vol. H2 and 20% vol. N2. The surface mechanical strength increased, due to the nitrides layer, which was evident with the sensitive increase in the fatigue limit of the nitriding specimens, comparing to the untreated ones. The fatigue limit of the AlSl 316 steel in untreated condition was 400 MPa and in nitriding condition was 510 MPa, whereas AlSl 304 steel, the fatigue limit of the untreated condition was 480 MPa and the fatigue limit for the nitrided condition was 560 MPa.
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Nöbauer, Henrik. "Residual stresses and distortions in austenitic stainless steel 316L specimens manufactured by Selective Laser Melting." Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Avdelningen för svetsteknologi (SV), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-12771.

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Residual stresses are one of the major challenges in additive manufacturing of metallic materials today. They are induced during manufacturing because of the rapid local heating and cooling and may cause distortions, cracking and delamination between layers. The magnitude of the residual stresses depends on factors such as manufacturing technology, material, part geometry, scanning strategy, process parameters, preheating temperature and density of the component. In the present work, the magnitudes of residual stresses and distortions in austenitic stainless steel 316L components manufactured by Selective Laser melting have been investigated. Four specimens with rectangular cross-sections where produced with different heights and wall thicknesses. The residual stresses were measured by two different methods, x-ray diffraction and Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI) incremental hole drilling in order to see how well they correspond to each other. The results showed peaks of high tensile stresses in the building direction in all specimens. The magnitudes of stresses were similar in all four specimens. The largest distortions occurred when the wall thickness was increased, and the height was reduced. It was also shown that the measurements made by x-ray diffraction and ESPI incremental hole drilling were not consistent with each other. The latter showed unrealistically high measurements near the surface.
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Shapiro, Karen Naomi. "'The effect of residual stress and surface condition on the stress corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless steel'." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.499863.

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McCluskey, Robert. "Residual stress effects on the fracture toughness behaviour of a narrow-gap austenitic stainless steel pipe weld." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/residual-stress-effects-on-the-fracture-toughness-behaviour-of-a-narrowgap-austenitic-stainless-steel-pipe-weld(7cc3ac9b-ff15-4fca-88ff-313d48f8858b).html.

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Automated narrow-gap girth-butt welds are replacing conventional welding methods to join sections of austenitic stainless steel pipe in the primary circuit of Pressurised Water Reactors, to reduce manufacturing costs and improve quality. To ensure the safe operation of these systems, reliable structural integrity assessments have to be undertaken, requiring the mechanical properties of welded joints to be characterised alongside the weld residual stress magnitude and distribution.This research project characterised, for the first time, the weld residual stress field and the tensile and ductile fracture toughness properties of a 33 mm thick narrow-gap 304L stainless steel pipe weld. The residual stress was characterised using two complementary approaches: deep hole drilling and neutron diffraction. A novel neutron diffraction scanning technique was developed to characterise the residual stress field, without cutting an access window into the component, leaving the original weld residual stress field undisturbed. A modified deep hole drilling technique was developed to characterise the residual stress retained in fracture mechanics specimens extracted from the pipe weld in two orientations. The modified technique was shown to measure the original weld residual stress field more accurately than through conventional deep hole drilling. Residual stresses, exceeding 50% of the weld material proof strength, were retained in axially-orientated fracture mechanics specimens.Tensile tests showed that the weld was approximately 60% overmatched. It was demonstrated that neither retained residual stress, nor specimen orientation, had a discernible effect on the measured fracture toughness of the weld material. In less ductile materials, however, the level of retained residual stress may unduly influence the measurement of fracture toughness. At initiation, the fracture toughness properties of both the parent and weld materials were far in excess of the measuring capacity of the largest fracture mechanics specimens that could be machined from the weld.The influence of residual stress and fracture toughness on the performance of narrow-gap welded pipework was investigated. Full elastic-plastic finite element analyses were used to model the pipe weld, containing a postulated defect under combined primary and secondary loading. The results, applied within the framework of an R6 structural integrity assessment, compared different plasticity interaction parameters on the prediction of failure load; the conventional ρ-parameter approach was compared with the recently developed, more advanced, g-parameter. It was shown that the g-parameter significantly reduced the conservatism of the ρ-parameter approach. However, for this pipe weld, plastic collapse was predicted to precede failure by ductile initiation, suggesting that a plastic collapse solution may be an appropriate failure criterion to use in structural integrity assessments of similar component and defect combinations.
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Clitheroe, Linda Suzanne. "The physical and microstructural properties of peened austenitic stainless steel." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-physical-and-microstructural-properties-of-peened-austenitic-stainless-steel(2576543d-5d47-4a41-9490-09eb1caf7204).html.

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Surface treatments used to improve the life of a material known as peening are already extensively used in industry. The main aim of peening is to introduce compressive resiudal stress to the surface and subsurface of a metallic material, however literature also includes a number of microstructural and mechanical effects that peening introduces to a material when the compressive residual stress is established. The aim of this dissertation is compare and contrast the mechanical and microstructural effects of a current industrial peening method called shot peening, with three new increasingly competitive surface treatments. These are laser shock peening, ultrasonic impact treatment and water jet cavitation peening. The surface finish, and changes in microstructure, hardness depth profile, residual stress depth profile and plastic work depth profile of the four surface treatments are analysed. The effect of the peening parameters on the material is also determined, such as length of time of treatment, shot size, step size, direction of treatment, and irradiance per centimetre squared. The effect of peening on the residual stress depth profile of a gas tungsten eight pass grooved weld is also determined. Welding is a known region of early failure of material, with one of the factors affecting this being the introduction of tensile residual stress to the surface and near surface of the weld. An analysis to determine if peening the welded region alters the residual stress was carried out. In all experiments in this dissertation, the material that was used was austenitic stainless steel, as this material is highly used, especially within the nuclear industry. The results of this dissertation show that different peening types and peenign parameters produce a variety of surface, microstructural and mechanical effects to austenitic stainless steel. Peening of an aaustenitic stainless steel welded region results in teh near surface tensile residual stress to alter to ccompressive residual stress.
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Katemi, Richard Jackson [Verfasser], Franz [Akademischer Betreuer] Hoffmann, Franz [Gutachter] Hoffmann, and Udo [Gutachter] Fritsching. "Influence of Carbonitriding Process on Phase Transformation during Case Hardening, Retained Austenite and Residual Stresses / Richard Jackson Katemi ; Gutachter: Franz Hoffmann, Udo Fritsching ; Betreuer: Franz Hoffmann." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1199003603/34.

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Book chapters on the topic "Austenite residua"

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Ooi, S. W., Y. R. Cho, J. K. Oh, and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia. "Carbon Enrichment in Residual Austenite during Martensitic." In ICOMAT, 179–85. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118803592.ch25.

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Smith, G. M., and J. F. Riley. "Residual Stresses in Austenitic Generator End-Rings." In International Conference on Residual Stresses, 728–33. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1143-7_122.

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Matteazzi, Paolo, and Stefano Martelli. "Retained Austenite and Residual Stress Profiles in a Cold Rolled Dual-Phase Steel, Strip." In International Conference on Residual Stresses, 734–39. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1143-7_123.

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Zahouane, A. I., J. P. Gauthier, and B. Marini. "Effect of Residual Stresses on Fatigue Crack Propagation at Room Temperature in a Ferritic-Austenitic Welded Joint." In International Conference on Residual Stresses, 939–45. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1143-7_158.

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Ruud, C. O., G. H. Pennington, E. M. Brauss, and S. D. Weedman. "Simultaneous Residual Stress and Retained Austenite Measurement by X-Ray Diffraction." In Nondestructive Characterization of Materials, 406–12. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84003-6_48.

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Northwood, Derek O., Lily He, Erin Boyle, and Randy Bowers. "Retained Austenite - Residual Stress - Distortion Relationships in Carburized SAE 6820 Steel." In THERMEC 2006, 4464–69. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-428-6.4464.

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Rajendran, Mohan Kumar, Michael Budnitzki, and Meinhard Kuna. "Multi-scale Modeling of Partially Stabilized Zirconia with Applications to TRIP-Matrix Composites." In Austenitic TRIP/TWIP Steels and Steel-Zirconia Composites, 679–721. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42603-3_21.

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Abstract The understanding of how the microstructure influences the mechanical response is an essential pre-requisite for materials tailored to match specific requirements. The aim of this chapter is to further this understanding in the context of Mg-PSZ-TRIP-steel composites on three different scales using a set of methods ranging from phase-field simulations over micromechanics to continuum constitutive modeling. On the microscale, using a Ginzburg-Landau type phase-field model the effects of cooling- and stress-induced martensitic phase transformation in MgO-PSZ is clearly distinguished. Additionally with this method the role of energy barrier in variant selection and the effect of residual stress contributing to the stability of the tetragonal phase are also investigated. On the mesomechanical scale, an analytical 2D model for the martensitic phase transformation and self-accommodation of inclusions within linear elastic materials has been successfully developed. The influences of particle size and geometry, chemical driving force, temperature and surface energy on the $$t \rightarrow m$$ t → m transformation are investigated in a thermostatic approach. On the continuum scale, a continuum material model for transformation plasticity in partially stabilized zirconia ceramics has been developed. Nonlinear hardening behavior, hysteresis and monoclinic phase fraction during a temperature cycle are analyzed. Finally, The mechanical properties of a TRIP steel matrix reinforced by ZrO$$_2$$ 2 particles are analyzed on representative volume elements. Here the mechanical properties of the composite as function of volume fraction of both constituents and the strength of the interface are studied.
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Wierszyllowski, Ignacy, and Jerzy Rys. "Application of the DTA to the Analysis of the Residual Austenite Transformation During Tempering." In Nondestructive Characterization of Materials II, 309–15. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5338-6_30.

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Guery, A., F. Latourte, F. Hild, and S. Roux. "Bridging Kinematic Measurements and Crystal Plasticity Models in Austenitic Stainless Steels." In Residual Stress, Thermomechanics & Infrared Imaging, Hybrid Techniques and Inverse Problems, Volume 9, 29–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21765-9_5.

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Habak, Malek, Jean Lu Lebrun, Stefan Waldmann, Patrick Robert, and Cyril Fischer. "Residual Stress in High-Pressure Water Jet Assisted Turning of Austenitic Stainless Steel." In Materials Science Forum, 581–86. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-414-6.581.

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Conference papers on the topic "Austenite residua"

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"Comparison of Different Methods of Residual Stress Determination of Cold-Rolled Austenitic-Ferritic, Austenitic and Ferritic Steels." In Residual Stresses 2018. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781945291890-23.

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"Characterization of Residual Stresses and Retained Austenite on 416 Stainless Steel via X-Ray Diffraction Techniques." In Residual Stresses 2018. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781945291890-25.

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"Residual Stress Analysis in Girth-welded Ferritic and Austenitic Steel Pipes Using Neutron and X-Ray Diffraction." In Residual Stresses 10. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781945291173-39.

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Hashimoto, Tadafumi, Shigetaka Okano, Shinro Hirano, Masahito Mochizuki, and Kazutoshi Nishimoto. "Residual Stress by X-Ray Diffraction and Microstructure for Multi-Pass Girth Welded Pipe Joint in Austenitic Stainless Steel Type 316L." In ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-57434.

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Residual stress due to welding can result in brittle fracture, fatigue failure, and stress corrosion cracking in welded structures. Measuring residual stresses are of great importance, if crack propagation needs to be evaluated. However, it is especially known that the X-ray diffraction method makes remarkable different for austenitic stainless steel, because the microstructures in welds change from the original microstructures during welding thermal cycle. That is, there are the preferred orientation due to the unidirectional solidification and the grain growth in the heat-affected zone. In order to average the sin2Ψ plots to exclude them, Ψ oscillation of ±3 deg was performed and the incident beam size was broadened to 4 by 4 mm. Consequently, typical residual stress distributions due to welding were obtained to various conditions. The residual stress distribution measured by X-ray diffraction agrees very well with that the estimated by thermal-elastic-plastic analysis, if the spatial resolution is correlated. It is attributed that the δ-ferrite grows as the primary phase and the austenite precipitates or crystallizes as the secondary phase. When the secondary austenite nucleates with the Kurdjiumov-Sachs relationship which satisfy δ{110}//γ{111} and δ<111>//γ<110>, plate-like austenite grows randomly into the ferrite and austenite grains are braked up. That is, Specific systems in austenitic stainless steels should be classified, as a material that residual stress can be measured accurately by X-ray diffraction.
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Brumovsky, Milan, Vladislav Pistora, and Ivan Kupka. "Residual Stresses in Austenitic Cladding." In ASME 2007 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2007-26325.

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Reactor pressure vessels (RPV) are usually manufactured with austenitic cladding on their inner surface as a protection against corrosion from the primary circuit water environment. Thus, they are not included into the strength calculations of pressure vessels due to their lower strength properties and much smaller thickness in comparison with those of vessels as they are taken only as a corrosion layer. In the same time, due to different thermal coefficients and Young moduli, welding of austenitic cladding results in a high residual stresses in the cladding and also in the adjacent area in the base ferritic metal. These residual stresses as well as stresses resulted from the temperature field in the vessels represent necessary inputs into pressurized thermal shock calculations. WWER (Water-Water Energy Reactor = PWR type) reactor pressure vessels have relatively thick cladding — nominally 8 mm — made from two layers: first layer of 25/10 type welded by one pass while the second layer of 18/10/Ti typed is usually welded by three passes. The main part of the vessels was performed by strip welding with strips of 60 mm wide. Results of residual stresses measurements are given in the paper. Method with incremental milling of beams was used for the measurements and determination of residual stresses. Tests were performed on specimens in as-welded state and also after final heat treatment of the vessels, i.e. after several stress relieves including first hydrotest in shop. As residual stresses depends strongly also on direction of welding, beams were oriented in both directions — parallel and perpendicular to the welding direction. Results of these measurements are shown and discussed in the paper.
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Ma, H., R. J. Bowers, D. O. Northwood, X. Sun, and P. J. Bauerle. "Residual stress and retained austenite in induction hardened ductile iron camshafts." In TRIBOLOGY AND DESIGN 2012. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/td120101.

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Katsuyama, Jinya, Wataru Asano, Kunio Onizawa, Masahito Mochizuki, and Masao Toyoda. "Crack Growth Analyses of SCC Under Various Residual Stress Distributions Near the Piping Butt-Welding." In ASME 2007 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2007-26574.

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Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of core internals and/or recirculation pipes of austenite stainless steel (Type 316L) has been observed. When a SCC is detected at the reactor internals or pipes, it is necessary to calculate crack growth behavior of the crack for a certain operational period. The SCC initiates and grows near the welding zone because of high tensile residual stress by welding relative to the other contributing factors of material and environment. Therefore, the residual stress analysis due to welds of austenitic stainless piping is becoming important and has been already conducted by many researchers. In present work, the through-thickness residual stress distributions near multi-pass butt-welds of Type 316L pipes have been calculated by thermo-elastic-plastic analyses with the geometric and welding conditions changed and collected from literatures. Then crack growth simulations were performed using calculated and collected residual stress distributions. The effects of geometric and welding conditions on crack growth behavior were also discussed.
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Wilson, Brent M., Matthew G. Dick, and Scott H. Magner. "Predicting Railway Tapered Roller Bearing Life Using Measured Residual Stress and Retained Austenite Data." In IEEE/ASME/ASCE 2008 Joint Rail Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2008-63043.

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A predictive life tool for case-carburized railcar tapered roller bearings, called the Service Load Factor (SLF), makes use of residual stress and retained austenite data to assess the condition of bearings as a result of service history. It is well known that the interaction between retained austenite transformation and the development of residual stresses are primary factors contributing to cone bore growth and decreased resistance to raceway spalling. This paper attempts to quantify these changes throughout the life of a bearing to provide insight into the predicted remaining service life of the bearing. Also, this paper will cover the use of the SLF as a failure analysis tool in order to quantify bearing damage due to shifted lading or worn adapters.
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Abdolvand, Hamidreza, John A. Francis, Feridoon Azough, Joanna N. Walsh, Christopher M. Gill, and Philip J. Withers. "On the Thermo-Mechanical Behaviour of SA508 Grade 4 Ferritic Steel." In ASME 2014 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2014-28972.

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The development of residual stresses in the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) during welding of a ferritic steel can be critical to weld structural integrity. The Prior Austenite Grain Size (PAGS), the thermo-mechanical properties of the phases that develop during phase transformation, and the transformation strains are some of the key parameters that can alter residual stress development during welding. Understanding the trend in variation of these parameters is crucial for Finite Element (FE) modelling of residual stress development in weld. In this study, the effect of PAGS on the phase transformation in SA508 grade 4 was determined. For this purpose, samples were heated up to 900, 1050, 1250, and 1350°C and held for various time intervals to produce different austenite grain sizes. The measured austenite grain sizes were then used to fit parameters in an exponential equation implemented in an FE User MATerial subroutine (UMAT) for the modelling of welds. With performing various free dilatometry experiments, it is shown that the only phase that austenite transforms to upon cooling is martensite. In addition, the mechanical properties of as-received material, austenite, and martensite as a function of temperature were measured. Also, various uni-axial loads were applied during cooling cycles, and before the onset of phase transformations, to measure the evolution of transformation strain to generate an empirical formulation for numerical modelling.
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Meyer, Jason, Stefan Habean, Dan Londrico, and Justin Sims. "Relationship Between Deep Case Carburizing and Residual Stress in Rolling Contact Service." In HT2021. ASM International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.ht2021p0321.

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Abstract The proposition that compressive residual stresses are beneficial in improving the service life of components subject to rolling contact fatigue is well documented. However, the exact nature of the relationship between effective case depth (ECD) and the residual stress state is not well understood for components with deep case depth (>0.050inches, 1.27mm). It is expected that compressive residual stresses will gradually transition to tensile stresses as the case depth increases beyond a threshold value. In addition, the strain-induced transformation of retained austenite and its influence on the residual stress state of components resulting from service will be explored. This study will measure the residual stress state of components prepared with various ECD before and after simulated service with the goal of determining where the compressive to tensile transition occurs. Residual stress and retained austenite measurements will be conducted using X-ray diffraction.
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