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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Austenitic stainless steel. Grain boundaries

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Academic literature on the topic 'Austenitic stainless steel. Grain boundaries'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Austenitic stainless steel. Grain boundaries"

1

Dehghan-Manshadi, A., Hossein Beladi, Matthew R. Barnett, and Peter D. Hodgson. "Recrystallization in 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel." Materials Science Forum 467-470 (October 2004): 1163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.467-470.1163.

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A 304 austenitic stainless steel was deformed using hot torsion to study the evolution of dynamic recrystallization (DRX). The initial nucleation of dynamically recrystallization occurred by the bulging of pre-existing high angle grain boundaries at a strain much lower than the peak strain. At the peak stress, only a low fraction of the prior grain boundaries were covered with new DRX grains. Beyond the peak stress, new DRX grains formed layers near the initial DRX and a necklace structure was developed. Several different mechanisms appeared to be operative in the formation of new high angle boundaries and grains. The recrystallization behaviour after deformation showed a classic transition from strain dependent to strain independent softening. This occurred at a strain beyond the peak, where the fraction of dynamic recrystallization was only 50%.

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2

Kokawa, Hiroyuki, W. Z. Jin, Zhan Jie Wang, M. Michiuchi, Yutaka S. Sato, Wei Dong, and Yasuyuki Katada. "Grain Boundary Engineering of High-Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steel." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 4962–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.4962.

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Large amount of nitrogen addition into an austenitic stainless steel can improve the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance remarkably as far as the nitrogen is in solid solution. However, once the nitrogen precipitates as nitride, it results in deteriorations in the properties of the high nitrogen austenitic stain steel. During welding, a high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel is ready to precipitate rapidly immense amounts of chromium nitride in the heat affected zone (HAZ), as intergranular or cellular morphologies at or from grain boundaries into grain interiors. The nitride precipitation reduces seriously the local mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. The present authors have demonstrated that a thermomechanical-processing as grain boundary engineering (GBE) inhibited intergranular chromium carbide precipitation in the HAZ of a type 304 austenitic stainless steel during welding and improved the intergranular corrosion resistance drastically. In the present study, the thermomechanical-processing was applied to a high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel containing 1 mass% nitrogen to suppress the nitride precipitation at or from grain boundaries in the HAZ during welding by GBE. GBE increases the frequency of coincidence site lattice (CSL) boundaries in the material so as to improve the intergranular properties, because of strong resistance of CSL boundaries to intergranular deteriorations. The optimum parameters in the thermomechanical-processing brought a very high frequency of CSL boundaries in the high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel. The GBE suppressed the intergranular and cellular nitride precipitation in the HAZ of the high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel during welding.

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Wang, Min, and Hong Zhen Guo. "Influence of Deformation Heat Treatment on the Ultra-Fine Structure of Austenitic Stainless Steel." Materials Science Forum 551-552 (July 2007): 421–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.551-552.421.

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According to accommodate-state and big bulk 18-8 type austenitic stainless steel has the weakness of coarse-grained and low strength. Optical microscopy，electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze microstructure and grain size of austenitic stainless steel specimens after deformation heat treatment. The paper investigates the influence of recrystallization annealing on the ultra-fine structure of cold deformation austenitic stainless steel. The results show that austenitic stainless steel can produce deformation-induced martensite by cold rolling deformation， and that the content of martensite increases with deformation degree. During the annealing, ultra-fine grains can be obtained by the reversal transformation-induced martensite(M′→ γ ). After severe cold deformation, inside austenitic grains imported austenitic-martensite(γ /M) phase boundaries shall serve to add a great deal of forming nucleus location for recrystallization, to enhance forming nucleus ratio and refine grain. 1Cr18Ni9Ti austenitic stainless steel by severe cold deformation and recrystallization annealing can acquire ultra-fine grains.

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4

Meng, Li Jun, Hui Xing, and Jian Sun. "Precipitation Behavior in AL6XN Austenitic Stainless Steel." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 2330–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.2330.

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The precipitation behavior in the AL6XN austenitic stainless steel after creep deformation at temperatures 500~750 °C up to 3600 hours has been studied by electron microscope. The results showed that precipitates were hardly observed for the steel crept at 500~550 °C, and that the precipitates of carbides were mainly found at grain boundaries in samples crept at 600 °C. When the creep temperature was increased to 650~750 °C, a high density precipitates was found both at grain boundaries and within grains. The electron diffraction pattern and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analyses confirmed that these precipitates are  and Laves phases.

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5

Caul, M. D., and V. Randle. "Grain-Boundary Characteristics in Austenitic Steel." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 54 (August 11, 1996): 344–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100164180.

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Grain boundaries are an active area of research interest due to their effect on material property and structure relationships. In order to discuss material properties with regard to grain boundaries it is necessary to know the boundary type. The optimum technique for performing this task is Electron Backscatter Diflfraction (EBSD) in concert with the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). By collecting texture measurements in the form of individual orientations from grains it is possible to obtain misorientation measurements from grain boundaries. These measurements are three of the five degrees of freedom necessary to geometrically describe a grain boundary. The other two can be obtained by a serial sectioning technique.Grain boundaries in austenitic steel specimens, isothermally aged at either 700°C or 800°C, have been evaluated with the aim of relating boundary geometry to Cr2N precipitate formation. Samples were analysed using SEM and EBSD in order to obtain orientation measurements of individual grains to misorientations at grain boundaries and to Cr2N precipitates. These precipitates are detrimental to room temperature properties of high nitrogen stainless steels, so a reduction in their formation at grain boundaries would be advantageous. The steel is therefore an ideal candidate material for relating boundaries to material properties. The 700°C isothermally aged sample induces precipitate formation at grain boundaries whereas precipitation by cellular decomposition of austenite occurs in the 800 CC sample. The 700°C sample was used to categorise boundary types using the CSL model and relate this to Cr2N formation. The 800°C sample was used to examine the effect of aging temperature on boundary inclination. Therefore all five degrees of freedom in grain boundary geometry were obtained.

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6

Shen, Lie, Liang Wang, Jiu Jun Xu, and Ying Chun Shan. "Effect of Pre-Shot Peening on Plasma Nitriding Kinetics of Austenitic Stainless Steel." Advanced Materials Research 634-638 (January 2013): 2955–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.2955.

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The fine grains and strain-induced martensite were fabricated in the surface layer of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel by shot peening treatment. The shot peening effects on the microstructure evolution and nitrogen diffusion kinetics in the plasma nitriding process were investigated by optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The results indicated that when nitriding treatments carried out at 450°C for times ranging from 0 to 36h, the strain-induced martensite transformed to supersaturated nitrogen solid solution (expanded austenite), and slip bands and grain boundaries induced by shot peening in the surface layer lowered the activation energy for nitrogen diffusion and evidently enhanced the nitriding efficiency of austenitic stainless steel.

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7

Ritoni, Marcio, M. Martins, F. C. Nascimento, and Paulo Roberto Mei. "Phase Transformations on ASTM a 744 Gr. CN3MN Superaustenitic Stainless Steel after Heat Treatment." Defect and Diffusion Forum 312-315 (April 2011): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.312-315.56.

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The superaustenitic stainless steel ASTM A 744 Gr. CN3MN (22Cr-25Ni-7Mo-0.2N) has as mainly characteristic high corrosion resistance in severe environment. As the corrosion resistance depends on the microstructure, it was investigated the phase transformations after a solution treatment at 1200°C. Thermocalc calculation for 53Fe-25Ni-22Cr alloy indicates austenitic phase between 1300 and 800°C and austenite + sigma phase below 800°C. The as-cast steel studied presented 2.7 % of precipitates volume fraction and the precipitates were located on the grain boundaries and inside the austenitic grains. X-ray diffraction confirmed the presence of sigma phase in as-cast sample. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the level of Cr and Mo was higher in the precipitates than in the austenitic matrix and the Ni content was higher in matrix compared to precipitates. After heating at 1200°C during 90 minutes, the precipitate volume fraction was reduced to 2.1 % and the grain boundaries precipitates were dissolved. The microstructural analyses made through transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction showed the presence sigma phase and M6C carbide.

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8

Wasnik, D. N., Vivekanand Kain, I. Samajdar, Bert Verlinden, and P. K. De. "Effects of Overall Grain Boundary Nature on Localized Corrosion in Austenitic Stainless Steels." Materials Science Forum 467-470 (October 2004): 813–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.467-470.813.

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Thermo-mechanical processing of type 304 and type 316L stainless steels done by (a) cold rolling to a reduction in thickness of 20 to 80 percent and (b) solution annealing to obtain a medium size of grains led to a considerable improvement in resistance to both sensitization and intergranular corrosion. The nature of the resultant grain boundaries was examined in a scanning electron microscope using orientation imaging microscopy in electron back scattered diffraction mode. Fraction of random and special grain boundaries were established for each set of thermo-mechanical processing. After appropriate sensitization treatments, the degrees of sensitization of these stainless steels were evaluated by double loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation tests. Standard ASTM tests were used to evaluate susceptibility to intergranular corrosion (IGC) and intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC). These studies showed that a particular combination of thermomechanical processing led to formation of over 75 percent random grain boundaries in the steels and this imparted resistance to sensitization and to IGC and IGSCC. This opens a new concept in grain boundary (GB) engineering of a high fraction of random GB increasing the resistance to localized corrosion like IGC and IGSCC. Textural studies were carried out with the help of X-ray and MTM-FHM software. It showed significant change of texture in type 304 stainless steel, while no change in the texture of type 316L stainless steel after cold rolling and annealing.

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Briant, C. L. "Nitrogen segregation to grain boundaries in austenitic stainless steel." Scripta Metallurgica 21, no. 1 (January 1987): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0036-9748(87)90409-1.

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Zhang, Shu Cai, Hong Chun Zhu, De Gang Liu, Hao Feng, Hua Bing Li, Zhou Hua Jiang, Guang Wei Fan, Wei Zhang, and Lei Ying Wang. "Research on Precipitation Kinetics of Super Austenitic Stainless Steel with High Mo and N." Applied Mechanics and Materials 687-691 (November 2014): 4197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.687-691.4197.

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The precipitates and precipitation kinetics of super austenitic stainless steel with high Mo and N (HHSASS) were investigated by optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and quantitative metallography method. The results show that the TTP curves are C-shaped, the “nose” temperatures of precipitation are found to be 1000°C with the incubation periods of 120s and 600s, respectively. At 1000°C, some precipitates form as ellipsoidal-shaped and connect along the grain boundaries first. Then a few precipitates start forming as needle-shaped within austenite grains. Until aging for 300min, the field is filled with needle-shaped precipitates. The main precipitates in HHSASS are Sigma phase and Chi phase that are rich in Cr and Mo. The precipitates on the grain boundaries are ellipsoidal-shaped and those in the austenite grains are needle-shaped. About the structures of precipitates need to be further researched.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Austenitic stainless steel. Grain boundaries"

1

Bruemmer, Stephen M. "Quantitative measurement and modeling of sensitization development in stainless steels /." Full text open access at:, 1988. http://content.ohsu.edu/u?/etd,165.

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2

Al, Tooq Zainab. "Simulating radiation damage in austenitic stainless steel and Ni-based alloys." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2013. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/12599.

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The evolution of materials at an atomistic level may have vital consequences for the properties of materials. Therefore, modelling long time scale behaviour of defects in a material is very important, particularly for those used in nuclear power plants. The materials used in nuclear power plants should have good mechanical properties to overcome the corrosive environment and high temperature. Examples of these materials are the austenitic stainless steel and the Ni-based alloys due to their high temperature properties. Molecular Dynamics (MD) and on the fly Kinetic Monte Carlo (otf-KMC) techniques have been used to model the radiation damage in austenitic stainless steel and the Ni-based alloys. This thesis represents the main findings obtained. Three potentials were implemented and used to study radiation damage in austenitic stainless steel. Structural properties such as the elastic constants for the point defects in the pure metals were first calculated. This was followed by calculating the formation energies and migration energies of vacancy and self interstitial defects in the pure metals. Different calculations were performed using each potential on the ternary alloy (Fe with 10 at.% Ni and 20 at.% Cr) and the binary alloy (Ni with 20 at.% Cr) . For example, the segregation in these alloys was investigated using Monte Carlo simulations and results obtained for both alloys at high temperature MD. Furthermore, the vacancy formation energies were calculated for both alloys using all the potentials. Radiation damage at Grain Boundaries (GBs) in fcc Ni and a Ni-Cr binary alloy has been studied using MD and otf-KMC techniques. From the results obtained, the mobility of interstitials were found to be higher than that of vacancies and tend to move quickly to the GB. Vacancies are found to migrate to the GB if they are near otherwise they tend to form clusters in the bulk. During the simulations, interesting mechanisms were observed for the point defects migration and recombinations. Large roughening at the GB was observed, especially in the alloy system and overall the total number of defects accumulated on the GB after multiple collision cascades were relatively small. The radiation in fcc Ni resulting from low energy collision cascades was also modelled using MD and otf-KMC techniques. This part of work aimed replicating the observations seen in experiment and trying to understand them. Recombinations between vacancies and interstitials were found to happen from large distances with low barriers. Most defects produced from low energy collision cascades were found to recombine or interstitials were found to form clusters. Modelling the evolution of the vacancies shows the possibility of producing Stacking Fault Tetrahedra (SFT) which were found to dissociate at 200°C.

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3

Shenton, Paul Aidan. "Grain growth during the thermomechanical processing of austenitic stainless steel." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364249.

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4

Tyas, Nicholas Harvey. "Grain refinement of austenitic stainless steel welds to facilitate ultrasonic inspection." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.620965.

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Laws, Mark S. "Segregation at grain boundaries in sensitised A.I.S.I. 316 stainless steel." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1990. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/799994/.

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Engelberg, Dirk Lars. "Grain boundary engineering for intergranular stress corrosion resistance in austenitic stainless steel." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2006. http://www.manchester.ac.uk/escholar/uk-ac-man-scw:207805.

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Austenitic stainless steels are frequently used for engineering applications in aggressive environments. Typical sources of component failures are associated with localized attack at grain boundaries, such as intergranular corrosion and stress corrosion cracking. To prevent premature failures, structural integrity assessments are carried out, with the aim of predicting the maximum likelihood of cracking that may develop. For accurate predictions it is of great importance to know the interaction of parameters involved in life-determining processes. This PhD thesis investigates the effect of microstructure and stress on intergranular stress corrosion cracking in Type 302 / Type 304 austenitic stainless steels. High-resolution X-ray tomography has been successfully applied to examine, for the first time in 3-dimensions, in-situ, the interaction between microstructure and crack propagation. The development and subsequent failure of crack bridging ligaments has been observed and correlated with regions of ductile tearing persistent on the fracture surface. These ductile regions were consistent with the morphology of low-energy, twin-type grain boundaries, and are believed to possess the capability of shielding the crack tip. Following this observation, a new grain bridging model has been developed, in order to quantify the effect of static stress and crack bridging on the maximum likely crack length. The model was compared and evaluated with in the literature available percolation-like models. Intergranular stress corrosion tests in tetrathionate solutions have been designed and carried out to validate the new model. The assessment comprised,(i) a thorough examination of the microstructure and analysis parameters employed,(ii) the determination of the degree of sensitisation with subsequent crack path investigations,(iii) the identification of a suitable test system with associated grain boundary susceptibility criteria,(iv) the application of Grain Boundary Engineering (GBE) for microstructure control,(v) statistical crack length assessments of calibrated IGSCC test specimens. The results of these tests showed that the new model successfully predicts the magnitude of stress and the effect of grain boundary engineering on the maximum crack lengths.

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Kurban, Michael. "Intergranular boron segregation and grain boundary character in Alloy 304 austenitic stainless steel." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ63141.pdf.

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Gullberg, Daniel. "Influence of composition, grain size and manufacture process on the anisotropy of tube materials." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Engineering Sciences, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-125336.

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A problem with cold pilgered tubes for OCTG applications is that they can get anisotropic properties with regard to yield strength. One source of anisotropy is texture that is developed during the cold deformation. EBSD measurements have been made on several austenitic stainless steels with different deformations to see what influence the composition has on the texture formation. The same measurements were used to study the influence of grain size on texture formation. The conclusion was that the composition can have an impact on the texture and hence has potential to also affect the anisotropy. The differences in texture cannot be associated with a specific alloying element, but is rather a synergetic effect. It was also concluded that grain structure has no strong influence on texture formation. An evaluation of three different tool designs used for cold pilgering was made. The designs evaluated are referred to as design A, B and C. EBSD measurements showed large deviations in texture in the middle of the wall compared to close to the surface of pilgered OCTG. However, the measurements showed no large differences between the three designs and the texture could not be coupled to the anisotropy.

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Kisko, A. (Anna). "Microstructure and properties of reversion treated low-Ni high-Mn austenitic stainless steels." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2016. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526212159.

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Abstract In this thesis, the influence of reversion and recrystallization annealing on microstructure and mechanical properties was studied in metastable austenitic low-Ni high-Mn stainless steels, some alloyed with up to 0.45 wt.% Nb. Further, the effect of the various microstructures created by reversion and recrystallization on strain-induced martensite transformation in tensile testing was investigated. The aim was to achieve excellent combinations of strength and ductility in the steels and to improve understanding of the behaviour of ultrafine-grained austenitic stainless steels during deformation. All the steels were cold-rolled up to 60% thickness reduction producing up to 60% strain-induced α’-martensite in the austenitic structure. Annealing was carried out using a Gleeble thermomechanical simulator between 450–1100 °C for durations of 0.1–1000 s. The resultant microstructures were examined using different research equipment and methods. Regardless of the amount of Nb alloying, shear- and diffusion-controlled reversion could be completed by annealing at 700 °C, although at this temperature no recrystallization of the untransformed cold-rolled austenite occurred. At 800 °C, however, the cold-rolled austenite recrystallized, producing a non-uniform grain structure comprising ultrafine-grained areas formed via reversion and coarser ones formed by recrystallization of the retained austenite. At 900 °C, a uniform fine austenite grain size of about 2 μm was obtained. At higher annealing temperatures of 1000–1100 °C, normal grain growth of fine grains took place during prolonged annealing in steel with no Nb. However, grain growth was effectively retarded by alloying with 0.28 wt.% Nb. The non-uniform structures consisting of reverted and retained austenite exhibited excellent combinations of yield strength and uniform elongation. The results also showed that tensile strain-induced martensite nucleation sites and α’-martensite formation vary in a complex way depending on grain size
Tiivistelmä Väitöstyössä tutkittiin reversiohehkutuksen vaikutusta metastabiilin 1% nikkeliä ja 9% mangaania sisältävien austeniittisten ruostumattomien terästen mikrorakenteeseen ja mekaanisiin ominaisuuksiin sekä austeniitin raekoon ja mikrorakenteen vaikutusta muokkausmartensiitin syntyyn vetokokeessa. Koeteräksistä osa oli lisäksi niobiseostettuja. Tavoitteena oli nostaa teräksien lujuutta ja ymmärtää ultrahienorakeisen austeniittisten ruostumattomien terästen käyttäytymistä muokkauksessa. Teräkset kylmämuokattiin 60% valssausreduktiolla, jolloin austeniittiseen rakenteeseen muodostui muokkausmartensiittia enimmillään 60%. Reversiohehkutukset tehtiin Gleeble termomekaanisella simulaattorilla lämpötiloissa 450–1100 °C ja 0.1–1000 s pitoajoilla. Saatuja mikrorakenteita tutkittiin eri tutkimuslaitteistoilla ja -menetelmillä. 700 °C hehkutuksessa leikkautumalla ja diffuusion välityksellä tapahtuva reversio oli nopea myös niobi-seostetuilla teräksillä, mutta rekristallisaatiota ei tapahtunut. 800 °C hehkutuksessa muokkauksessa teräksiin jäänyt austeniitti rekristallisoitui, mutta raerakenne muodostui epätasaiseksi koostuen reversion tuottamasta ultrahienoista rakeista ja jäännösausteniitin rekristallisaation tuottamista karkeammista rakeista. Sitä vastoin hehkutus 900 °C:ssa tuotti tasainen 2 μm austeniitin raekoon. Pitkissä hehkutuksissa korkeammissa lämpötiloissa 1000–1100 °C niobi-seostamattomissa teräksissä tapahtui hienojen rakeiden normaalia rakeenkasvua. Kuitenkin 0.28p-% niobi-seostuksen havaittiin oleva riittävä estämään rakeenkasvu. Reversion ja osittaisen rekristallisaation tuottamilla raerakenteilla saatiin erinomaiset myötölujuus-tasavenymäyhdistelmät. Vetokokeissa martensiitin ydintymispaikat ja -nopeus vaihtelivat monimutkaisella tavalla raekoosta riippuen

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10

Čech, Jan. "Zotavení a rekrystalizace austenitické oceli 08Cr18Ni10T." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-400423.

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This thesis deals with influences of graded deformations, temperatures and holding times on the grains and subgrains size in steel 08Cr18Ni10T. In literary part of the thesis there are described static and dynamic annealing treatments, then also austenitic stainless steels and some selected types of their processing. In experimental part there is studied grain size on differently deformed samples annealed in temperature range 1050–1200 °C for 10, 50 and 100 minutes. Analysis of present structures units was perform by EBSD. Except of that, there were realized chemical analysis of selected inclusions and also hardness test were realised. Achieved measurement shown, that grain size of chosen steel is depended on all 3 variable values.

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Books on the topic "Austenitic stainless steel. Grain boundaries"

1

Kurban, Michael. Intergranular boron segregation and grain boundary character in Alloy 304 austenitic stainless steel. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Austenitic stainless steel. Grain boundaries"

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Simonen, E. P., D. J. Edwards, and S. M. Bruemmer. "Local Evolution of Microstructure and Microchemistry Near Grain Boundaries in Irradiated Austenitic Stainless Steels." In Ninth International Symposium on Environmental Degradation of Materials in Nuclear Power Systems-Water Reactors, 1107–13. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118787618.ch116.

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Kokawa, Hiroyuki, W. Z. Jin, Zhan Jie Wang, M. Michiuchi, Yutaka S. Sato, Wei Dong, and Yasuyuki Katada. "Grain Boundary Engineering of High-Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steel." In THERMEC 2006, 4962–67. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-428-6.4962.

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3

Samajdar, I., P. Ahmedavadi, D. N. Wasnik, V. Kain, Bert Verlinden, and P. K. Dey. "Grain Boundary Nature and Localized Corrosion in 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel." In Materials Science Forum, 453–58. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-975-x.453.

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4

Kokawa, Hiroyuki, Takashi Koyanagawa, Masayuki Shimada, Yutaka S. Sato, and Takeshi Kuwana. "Dependence of Carbide Precipitation on Grain Boundary Structure in Sensitized Austenitic Stainless Steel." In Properties of Complex Inorganic Solids 2, 17–26. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1205-9_2.

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5

Hermant, Alexandre, Alexandre Hermant, Eric Suzon, Jacques Bellus, Philippe Petit, Franfois Cortial, and Anne-Françoise Gourgues. "Hot Deformation Behaviour and Recrystallization Mechanisms in a Niobium Stabilized Austenitic Stainless Steel." In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Recrystallization and Grain Growth (ReX&GG 2016), 209–14. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119328827.ch31.

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Hermant, Alexandre, Eric Suzon, Jacques Bellus, Philippe Petit, François Cortial, and Anne-Françoise Gourgues. "Hot Deformation Behaviour and Recrystallization Mechanisms in a Niobium Stabilized Austenitic Stainless Steel." In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Recrystallization and Grain Growth (ReX&GG 2016), 209–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48770-0_31.

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7

Iza-Mendia, A., I. Gutierrez, R. Rodríguez, and A. López. "Recrystallization of Cold Pilgered Heat Resistant Austenitic Stainless Steel Seamless Tubes Under Anisothermal Annealing Conditions." In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Recrystallization and Grain Growth (ReX&GG 2016), 203–8. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119328827.ch30.

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Iza-Mendia, A., I. Gutierrez, R. Rodríguez, and A. López. "Recrystallization of Cold Pilgered Heat Resistant Austenitic Stainless Steel Seamless Tubes Under Anisothermal Annealing Conditions." In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Recrystallization and Grain Growth (ReX&GG 2016), 203–8. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48770-0_30.

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9

Miura, Hiromi, Haruka Hamaji, Taku Sakai, Nobuhiro Fujita, and Naoki Yoshinaga. "Effect of Second Phase Particles on Ultra-Fine Grain Evolution during Multi-Directional Forging of Austenitic Stainless Steel." In Materials Science Forum, 293–98. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-985-7.293.

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Han, S. Y., R. L. Higginson, and E. J. Palmiere. "The Effect of Grain Size and Rolling Reduction on the Texture Development of a Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steel." In Materials Science Forum, 195–200. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-443-x.195.

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Conference papers on the topic "Austenitic stainless steel. Grain boundaries"

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Wasnik, D. N., V. Kain, and I. Samajdar. "Role of Grain Boundaries in Intergranular Corrosion in Austenitic Stainless Steels." In 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2002-27010.

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Grain boundaries play a very important role in intergranular corrosion. They determine whether the material is prone to intergranular corrosion or not. A study has been carried out to determine the influence of grain boundaries on the degree sensitization of Type 304 stainless steel (SS) and Type 316L stainless steel. The alloys were different thermomechanical treatment to obtain a variation in grain boundaries. They were then annealed and sensitized. The degree of sensitization was evaluated by using the Double Loop Electrochemical Potentiokinetic Reactivation (DL-EPR) technique and intergranular corrosion was evaluated by ferric sulfate-sulfuric acid test. In these tests, the degree of sensitization was measured by determining the ratio of the maximum current generated by a reactivation scan to that of the anodic scan, i.e. Ir: Ia, and intergranular corrosion was measured from weight loss of specimens. The grain boundary character distribution was measured with the help of Orientation Imaging Microscope (OIM). The degree of sensitization was then related to the grain boundary measurements. It was found that the degree of sensitization and intergranular corrosion is low at high angle grain boundaries in both types of stainless steel.

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McNamara, J. D., A. J. Duncan, M. J. Morgan, and P. S. Korinko. "Imaging Hydrogen in Stainless Steel Alloys by Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy." In ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2018-84755.

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Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) was used to image austenitic stainless steel (SS) samples (Type 304L) fabricated by the laser engineered net shaping (LENS®) process. The samples were hydrogen charged (H-charged) and subsequently cut and polished. The surface contact potential difference (CPD) of the samples was measured using the KPFM technique, a form of atomic force microscopy. A set of uncharged samples was also studied for reference and changes in the CPD were on the noise level. For H-charged samples fabricated by the LENS® process, the resulting surface potential images show a change in CPD of about 10 – 20mV around cell-like boundaries (5–10 μm in size) and grain boundaries (50–100 μm in size). The significant change in the CPD is affected by variation of the local work function, which indicates the presence of hydrogen. The elemental composition of the LENS® samples was studied using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) which showed an increase in the atomic percentage of Cr and a decrease in Ni around the cell-like boundaries. The existence of intercellular ferrite on the sub-grain boundaries may explain the propensity of hydrogen to segregate around these regions. The finer grain structure of LENS® samples compared to that of forged or welded samples suggests that the hydrogen can be dispersed differently throughout this material than in traditionally forged austenitic SS. This study is conducted to elucidate the behavior of hydrogen with respect to the microstructure of additively manufactured stainless steel alloys.

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Ioka, Ikuo, Chiaki Kato, Kiyoshi Kiuchi, and Junpei Nakayama. "Susceptibility of Intergranular Corrosion for Extra High Purity Austenitic Stainless Steel in Nitric Acid." In 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone16-48776.

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Austenitic stainless steels suffer intergranular attack in boiling nitric acid with oxidants. The intergranular corrosion is mainly caused by the segregation of impurities to grain. An extra high purity austenitic stainless steel (EHP alloys) was developed with conducting the new multiple refined melting technique in order to suppress the total harmful impurities less than 100ppm. The basically corrosion behavior of type 310 EHP alloy with respect to nitric acid solution with highly oxidizing ions was investigated. The straining, aging and recrystallizing (SAR) treated type 310 EHP alloy showed superior corrosion resistance for intergranular attack. The segregated boron along the grain boundaries was one of main factor of intergranular corrosion from fission track etching results. The SAR treatment was effective to restrain the intergranular attack for type 310 EHP alloy with B less than 7ppm.

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Ioka, Ikuo, Jun Suzuki, Takafumi Motoka, Kiyoshi Kiuchi, and Junpei Nakayama. "Influence of Impurities on Intergranular Corrosion of Extra High Purity Austenitic Stainless Steels." In 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-75531.

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An intergranular corrosion is observed in austenitic stainless steels exposed to high temperature, concentrated nitric acid (HNO3) solution with highly oxidizing ions. It is an important degradation mechanism of austenitic stainless steels for use in a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant. The intergranular corrosion is caused by the segregation of impurities to grain boundaries and the resultant formation of active sites. Extra High Purity (EHP™) austenitic stainless steel was developed with conducting the new multiple refined melting in order to suppress the total harmful impurities less than 100ppm. The intergranular corrosion behavior of EHP alloys with various impurities was examined in boiling HNO3 solution with highly oxidizing ions to find a correlation between the intergranular corrosion and the impurities of EHP alloys. A good correlation was confirmed between the degree of intergranular corrosion and the corrosion rate. The relationships between the corrosion rate and the impurities content of EHP alloys was determined using a multiple regression analysis. The influence on corrosion rate became small in order of B, P, Si, C, S and Mn. It was important to control B in intergranular corrosion behavior of EHP alloys.

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Sablik, Martin J., Boleslaw Augustyniak, Marek Augustyniak, and M. Chmielewski. "Eddy Current Techniques to Detect Incipient Creep Damage of Stainless Steel Boiler Tubes." In ASME 2007 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/creep2007-26431.

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As creep damage degradation proceeds in 304, 321, and 347 grade stainless steel boiler tubes, the tubes develop a ferro-magnetic component depending on length of service. Incipient creep damage occurs inside the steel, involving precipitation inside the grains, with precipitates getting larger and forming mostly at or near grain boundaries as degradation continues. This incipient creep damage eventually leads further to the development of cavities at grain boundaries, which in turn lead eventually to microcracking and cracking. The amount of ferromagnetic component has been correlated (albeit in a relatively small number of exploited specimens) to the amount of incipient creep damage. The ferromagnetic component appears to be primarily associated with the formation of ferromagnetic hard oxide scale on the outer surface of the boiler tube. The ferromagnetic part of the scale has been identified, using x-rays, as magnetite. This ferromagnetic oxide surface can be easily inspected in power plants using eddy current techniques. Because of the correlation with incipient creep damage, the suggestion is that measurement of the amount of ferromagnetic component can be used to nondestructively monitor the development of incipient creep damage in austenitic steel at stages of development well before cavitation and microcracking. We have found that a processed signal can be extracted from eddy current measurements, which is directly related to the amount of ferromagnetic component. We have shown mathematically why the signal behaves as it does. This same signal has been simulated using finite element modeling (FEM). Its linear dependence on the amount of ferromagnetic component is verified experimentally, mathematically, and by FEM. In addition, we also demonstrate a way in which frequency dependence of the eddy current signal can be used to separate out effects of conductivity from effects of change in permeability due to the ferromagnetic component, thereby reducing effects of experimental error in evaluating the amount of ferromagnetic component at low amounts of degradation. In the present year, the technique is now being tested via measurements at several power plant sites.

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Okita, Taira, Junji Etoh, Mitsuyuki Sagisaka, Takashi Matsunaga, and Yoshihiro Isobe. "Effects of Carbide Precipitate Formation on the Change in Ultrasonic Velocity in Austenitic Stainless Steels." In 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-30859.

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Ultrasonic tests were conducted for 304 type austenitic stainless steels with different annealing conditions and effects of carbide precipitate formation on the velocity changes were evaluated. The velocity increased with higher annealing temperature and/or longer annealing time. SEM observations indicated that carbide precipitates were formed mainly on grain boundaries. Results show that it is not the precipitation itself but the removal of carbon from the matrix that determines the velocity change.

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Sato, Masatoshi, Masanori Kanno, Kiyotomo Nakata, Hidenori Takahashi, and Hiroshi Sakamoto. "The Study on the Applicability of Laser Surface Modification Technology to Irradiated Stainless Steel." In 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone16-48312.

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Recently, occurrence of stress corrosion cracking has been reported at core shrouds in Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) nuclear power plants. Yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) laser surface modification technologies (i.e. Laser Surface Melting Technology (LSM), Laser Cladding Technology (LC)) have been developed as promising preventive maintenance technologies to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of austenitic stainless steel structures and components. On the other hand, it has been also well-known that the helium transmuted from nickel and boron is accumulated to neutron irradiated stainless steel, and that helium related cracks may occur at weld heat affected zone which were attributed to nucleation along grain boundaries, coalescence and growth of helium bubbles due to thermal cycle and thermal stress during welding. Then, the laser surface modification technologies to the irradiated stainless steels was developed and the applicability of these technologies was evaluated based on the results of various tests (e.g. dye-penetrant test, micro structure observation and bending test) to the laser surface modified Type 304 and Type 316L specimens containing up to about 10 appm helium. The laser surface modification applicability diagram was developed as a function of weld heat input and helium concentration, which was supported by numerical simulation on helium bubble formation and growth during welding for irradiated stainless steels.

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Palkó, S., F. Scenini, and R. A. Ainsworth. "Factors Affecting the Oxidation and Carburisation Behaviour of an Austenitic Stainless Steel Used in the UK Advanced Gas-Cooled Reactors." In ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2018-84279.

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A significant number of stainless steel components within the boilers of the UK advanced gas-cooled reactor (AGR) plants are subjected to oxidation, carburisation and other changes in the underlying microstructure of the material during operation. This results from exposure to the pressurised CO2-based primary circuit coolant at temperatures from about 500 to 650°C. It is believed that there is a synergistic relationship between the pressurised CO2 coolant environment and creep-fatigue initiation and cracking. Devising and implementing an evaluation methodology to account for oxidation and carburisation to enable conservative lifetime assessments is essential to current and future plant safety. Therefore, the development of a new and fundamental understanding of environmentally assisted degradation and failure mechanisms is required. It has been postulated that the mechanism underlying the initiation of cracks is carburisation associated with the presence of a duplex oxide layer. In this study, the material-environment interaction for Type 316H stainless steel under simulated AGR conditions has been investigated to increase the understanding of the combined effects of stress, strain and surface preparation, for example, on oxidation and cracking behavior. Experimental data are presented which show that surface deformation promotes the formation of a thin, protective oxide scale, which does not protrude along the grain boundaries, whereas a deformation-free surface leads to the formation of thick duplex oxide layers as well as intergranular oxide penetration. Furthermore, an increased surface hardness due to carburisation has been observed for the undeformed surface only, suggesting that carburisation occurs at an early stage on a chemically treated surface. It is found that when the substrate is plastically deformed and under the effect of active stress, the thin oxide on the mechanically deformed surface can be disrupted, resulting in similar behaviour to a chemically treated surface with no deformation.

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Singh, Rupinder, and Sehijpal Singh. "Experimental Investigations for Reducing Effect of Sensitization in Tungsten Inert Gas Welding." In ASME 2008 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2008-61078.

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Stainless steels are considered to have very good resistance to general and localized corrosion due to their chromium content. This property of corrosion resistance constitutes the main criterion for selecting austenitic grades of steels for service in the chemical, nuclear and aerospace industries although their mechanical properties are relatively modest. However, this resistance can degrade when structural components manufactured from these steels are used in a chemically aggressive environment, especially when service involves exposure to high temperatures like in welding. This exposure gives rise to precipitation of chromium carbides producing chromium depletion at grain boundaries that brings about the inter-granular corrosion or sensitization of these materials. Austenitic stainless steel (316L) is one of the corrosion resistance material used extensively in the oil production, chemical and power generation industries for transportation and reservoir of corrosive products. In spite of its corrosion resistance property there exist severe problems of sensitization. In the present work an effort has been made to reduce the effect of sensitization in Tungsten Inert Gas welding of Austenitic stainless steel (316L). Three welding procedures (namely conventional, back step and skip welding) in Tungsten Inert Gas welding have been used to control exposure time of the weld pool to higher temperatures, in order to study the effect of sensitization on mechanical properties (such as tensile strength, yield strength, percentage elongation and hardness). The results of this study suggested that the better mechanical properties were attained by the skip welding procedure and recommended welding parameters are 90 Amp current and 10 L/min of gas flow rate for a 5 mm thick work piece. Noticeable change in amount/extent of sensitization was observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis within the various welding specimens prepared using the various procedures. Further mechanical properties (like strength and hardness) have been correlated with the extent of sensitization, which show remarkable decreases when the amount/extent of sensitization increases.

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Nasser, Mustafa, Catrin M. Davies, and Kamran Nikbin. "The Influence of AGR Gas Carburisation on the Creep and Fracture Properties of Type 316H Stainless Steel." In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63076.

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Defects in the UK’s AGR nuclear reactors have been historically found in superheater regions of the boilers. These components are fabricated from type 316H austenitic stainless steel and operate in carbon dioxide gas coolant environments under creep conditions, at temperatures up to 550°C. As a result, some components maybe carburised throughout their life resulting in the formation of a hardened outer surface layer. This layer results from interstitial carbon diffusion and is thought to impact on the creep, creep-fatigue and fracture properties of 316H. Carburisation is currently unaccounted for within high temperature structural integrity assessment procedures. It is essential that carburisation and resulting damage mechanisms are well understood in order to accurately predict the failure of components. This paper aims to investigate the effect of AGR gas carburisation on the creep and fracture properties of type 316H stainless steel. Specimens have been preconditioned within a simulated AGR gas environment. The presence of carburisation has been confirmed through metallographic examination, hardness testing and surface analysis techniques. A series of constant load high-temperature creep tests have been conducted on preconditioned specimens. Compared to as-received material, carburised specimens displayed a significant reduction in creep rupture time with cracking of the outer carburised layer initiating creep crack growth. This phenomenon is seen to occur at very low strains and has been confirmed through interrupted creep testing. The substantial reduction in creep rupture time is postulated to result from embrittlement of the carburised material owing to strong precipitation of carbides along grain boundaries. It is concluded that carburisation can lead to a severe reduction in creep rupture life in test conditions; the possible implications of this with regards to plant conditions are discussed.

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Reports on the topic "Austenitic stainless steel. Grain boundaries"

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Ramuhalli, Pradeep, Morris S. Good, Aaron A. Diaz, Michael T. Anderson, Bruce E. Watson, Timothy J. Peters, Mukul Dixit, and Leonard J. Bond. Ultrasonic Characterization of Cast Austenitic Stainless Steel Microstructure: Discrimination between Equiaxed- and Columnar-Grain Material ? An Interim Study. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/967235.

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