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1
Wong, Chia Yuin. "Microstructure evolution in Nb alloyed Esshete 1250 creep resistant austenitic stainless steel." Thesis, Swansea University, 2008. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42426.
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The microstructure evolution of a commercial grade creep-resistant austenitic steel, namely Esshete 1250, was investigated under different creep temperature and stress conditions, with an overall aim of exploring the micorstructural relationship to creep rupture during high temperature application. Creep tests data was supplied by British Energy on temperatures varied from 550°C to 700°C for periods of up to 17 years. The literature review includes the study of various creep resistant alloys and a detailed investigation on the precipitation reactions that take place in creep resistant steels. Moreover, the strengthening mechanisms in order to obtain suitable creep resistance properties for engineering materials for high temperature applications is also reviewed. Long term creep deformation for Esshete 1250 creep resistant steel is reviewed in Chapter 2. The tensile properties of Esshete 1250 parent material and weld material are included in this Chapter as well. Qualitative and quantitative metallography techniques are reviewed in order to provide the required background information for the interpretation of obtained microstructure. The experimental study involved hardness testing and scanning electron microscopy examination. The size, distribution of MX precipitates was analysed with electron microscopy techniques together with Optilab analysis, while metallographic grain evolution measurements in creep exposed samples was also carried out. As part of this study, the grain size evolution and precipitate size evolution of Esshete 1250 creep resistant steel are obtained. Attention then is given to the volume fraction, size and distribution of MX (Nb-rich) particles. It is concluded that MX precipitation is the key factor that influences the creep resistance of Esshete 1250 under service conditions, while grain size is additional to the effect of MX precipitation in solution and is of secondary importance. The obtained results can be implemented into other creep alloy design, helping to meet the challenge of developing high temperature alloy systems for greater sustainability.
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Barlow, Lilian D. "The effect of austenitising and tempering parameters on the microstructure and hardness of martensitic stainless steel AISI 420." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11262009-182934/.
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Failla, David Michael II. "Friction Stir Welding and Microstructure Simulation of HSLA-65 and Austenitic Stainless Steel." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1243969697.
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Günther, Johannes [Verfasser]. "Electron beam melting of metastable austenitic stainless steel : processing – microstructure – mechanical properties / Johannes Günther." Kassel : kassel university press c/o Universität Kassel - Universitätsbibliothek, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1228485488/34.
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Angella, Giuliano. "Strain path, flow stress and microstructure evolution of an austenitic stainless steel at high temperature." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251254.
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Clitheroe, Linda Suzanne. "The physical and microstructural properties of peened austenitic stainless steel." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-physical-and-microstructural-properties-of-peened-austenitic-stainless-steel(2576543d-5d47-4a41-9490-09eb1caf7204).html.
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Surface treatments used to improve the life of a material known as peening are already extensively used in industry. The main aim of peening is to introduce compressive resiudal stress to the surface and subsurface of a metallic material, however literature also includes a number of microstructural and mechanical effects that peening introduces to a material when the compressive residual stress is established. The aim of this dissertation is compare and contrast the mechanical and microstructural effects of a current industrial peening method called shot peening, with three new increasingly competitive surface treatments. These are laser shock peening, ultrasonic impact treatment and water jet cavitation peening. The surface finish, and changes in microstructure, hardness depth profile, residual stress depth profile and plastic work depth profile of the four surface treatments are analysed. The effect of the peening parameters on the material is also determined, such as length of time of treatment, shot size, step size, direction of treatment, and irradiance per centimetre squared. The effect of peening on the residual stress depth profile of a gas tungsten eight pass grooved weld is also determined. Welding is a known region of early failure of material, with one of the factors affecting this being the introduction of tensile residual stress to the surface and near surface of the weld. An analysis to determine if peening the welded region alters the residual stress was carried out. In all experiments in this dissertation, the material that was used was austenitic stainless steel, as this material is highly used, especially within the nuclear industry. The results of this dissertation show that different peening types and peenign parameters produce a variety of surface, microstructural and mechanical effects to austenitic stainless steel. Peening of an aaustenitic stainless steel welded region results in teh near surface tensile residual stress to alter to ccompressive residual stress.
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Sofyan, Nofrijon Bin Imam Gale W. F. "Microstructure and mechanical properties of 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 aluminum alloys and austenitic stainless steel 304 after being exposed to hydrogen peroxide." Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/SUMMER/Materials_Engineering/Dissertation/Sofyan_Nofrijon_36.pdf.
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Sterling, Colin J. "Effects of Friction Stir Processing on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Fusion Welded 304L Stainless Steel." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2004. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd440.pdf.
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Clark, Tad Dee. "An Analysis of Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance in Underwater Friction Stir Welded 304L Stainless Steel." Diss., BYU ScholarsArchive, 2005. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd872.pdf.
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Tavares, Caio Fazzioli. "Influência da composição química e da espessura da peça fundida na quantidade e distribuição de ferrita delta em aços inoxidáveis austeníticos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3133/tde-10102008-061334/.
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Os aços inoxidáveis possuem numerosas aplicações devido à boa combinação de propriedades tais como resistência à corrosão e oxidação, ductilidade, tenacidade, soldabilidade e resistência mecânica em temperaturas elevadas. No entanto suas propriedades e desempenho estão fortemente relacionados com a microestrutura que por sua vez, no caso de peças fundidas, dependem principalmente da composição química e da velocidade de solidificação. No presente trabalho o efeito destas duas variáveis foram estudados e os resultados experimentais comparados com as previsões teóricas e modelos disponíveis na literatura. Dezesseis corridas de diferentes aços inoxidáveis austeníticos foram fundidas e suas composições químicas completas (16 elementos analisados) foram determinadas. A maioria das corridas analisadas apresentou modo de solidificação do tipo C. Foram encontrados teores de ferrita (medidos com auxílio de ferritoscopia) na faixa de 0 a 11%. A influência da composição química do aço na quantidade de ferrita delta formada foi marcante, enquanto a influência da espessura foi pouco acentuada. Dentre as numerosas fórmulas testadas para a previsão da quantidade de ferrita delta, as duas que apresentaram melhor resultado foram as fórmulas de Schneider e de Schoefer, sendo que esta última é recomendada pela norma ASTM A800. A amostra contendo cerca de 10% de ferrita apresentou uma rede quase contínua, o que pode comprometer a tenacidade da peça, caso esta ferrita venha a sofrer fragilização. Nas amostras contendo por volta de 5% de ferrita, a rede de ferrita é semi-contínua, enquanto para teores baixos (por volta de 2%), a ferrita apresenta-se como ilhas isoladas. As morfologias encontradas foram classificadas como sendo todas do tipo vermicular. Os estudos de micro-análise química dos elementos Si, Mo, Cr, Fe e Ni, efetuados na ferrita e na austenita revelaram coeficientes de partição de acordo com o previsto pela literatura. O efeito da espessura nas variações de composição foi pequeno e não conclusivo.Stainless steel has numerous applications due to a good combination of properties such as corrosion and oxidation resistance, toughness, weldability and mechanical strength at high temperatures. However these properties and performance are strongly related to the microstructure and in the case of castings are mainly dependent of chemical composition and cooling rate. In this work the effect of these two factors were studied and the experimental results compared with theoretical models available in the literature. Sixteen heats of different austenitic stainless steel were cast and their complete chemical compositions (16 elements) were determined. Most of analyzed heats showed the solidification mode type C. Ferrite values (measured with ferritoscope) were found in the range from 0 to 11%. The influence of chemical composition on delta ferrite was strong while the influence of thickness was less accentuated. Among numerous tested formulas to estimate the quantity of delta ferrite two that demonstrated better results were the ones of Schneider and Schoefer, where the last one is recommended by ASTM A800 standard. The sample with approximately 10% of ferrite showed an almost continuous ferrite network microstructure that may deteriorate component part toughness if this ferrite comes to suffer embrittlement. On the samples with content ferrite around 5% the ferrite network is semi-continuous while for low values (around 2%) the ferrite showed isolated cores. The morphologies were classified as vermicular. The study of micro chemical analysis of Si, Mo, Cr, Fe and Ni on ferrite and austenite showed partition coefficient in accordance with values defined in literature. The thickness effect on chemical composition was small and not conclusive.
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Ribeiro, Rosinei Batista. "Análise morfológica de pites em aços inoxidáveis austeníticos ABNT 304 e 310S submetido à nèvoa salina /." Guaratinguetá : [s.n.], 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105375.
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Resumo: Este projeto de pesquisa teve como objetivo estudar toda evolução que governa o crescimento, distribuição e classificação dos pites em aços inoxidáveis austeníticos ABNT 304 e 310S obtidos no estado como recebido e tratados, submetidos a diferentes tempos de exposição em névoa salina. A originalidade deste trabalho baseou-se no desenvolvimento de uma técnica para caracterização morfológica e da corrosão localizada associando com os aspectos de descrição de formas, tamanho, parâmetros específicos e populacionais. O aço inoxidável 304 apresentou morfologia irregulares > região de transição A> cônicos >hemisféricos > região de transição B, sendo que irregulares e região de transição A em maiores quantidades no sistema. Na liga tratada a cada tempo de exposição, a quantidade de pites é da mesma ordem, ou seja, região de transição A, irregulares, cônicos, hemisféricos, região de transição B, sendo que os pites na região de transição A e irregulares estão presentes em maior quantidades no sistema. O aço inoxidável 310S, como recebido, exibiu a seguinte morfologia: pites hemisféricos > região de transição A > região de transição B > irregulares > cônicos, sendo que os pites estão presentes em maiores quantidades em: hemisféricos e região de transição A. A quantidade de pites na liga tratada a cada tempo de exposição é da mesma ordem: região de transição B > hemisféricos > região de transição A > cônicos >irregulares. O aço inoxidável 304 apresentou maior resistência à corrosão por pite do que o aço inoxidável 310S, e também diferenças na distribuição, classificação e mediana dos tamanhos dos pites, conforme os resultados obtidos na avaliação estatística da superfície e perfis dos mesmos.Abstract: This research project has had as objective to study all evolution that governs the growth, distribution and classification of pits in ABNT 304 and 310S austenitic stainless steels obtained in the state as receveid and treated, submitted to different times of exposition in saline mist. The originality of this work has been based on the development of a technique for morphologic characterization and of located corrosion associating with the shape description, size specific and population parameters. The 304 stainless steel has presented the following morphology: irregular > transition region A > conic > hemispherical > transition region B, in which irregular and transition region A > are in larger amounts in the system. In the treated alloy at each exposition time, the pits amount is at the same order, in other words, transition region A, irregular, conic, hemispherical, transition region B, in which the pits in the transtion region A and irregular are present in larger amounts in the system. The 310S stainless steel, as receveid, has exhibited the following morphology: hemispherical pits > transition region A > transtion region B > irregular > conic, in which the pits are present in large amounts in: hemispherical pits and transition region A. The pits amount in the treated alloy at each time of exposition has the same order: transition region B > hemispherical > transition region A > conic> irregular. The 304 stainless steel has presented pit corrosion resistance larger than the 310S stainless steel, and also differences in the distribution, classification and pits sizes medium, according to the results obtained in the statistical evaluation of their surface and profiles.
Orientador: Eduardo Norberto Codaro
Coorientador: Luis Rogério de Oliveira Hein
Banca: Roberto Zenhei Nakazato
Banca: Hamilton de Felipe
Banca: Gilberto Luis Jardim Pinto da Silva
Banca: Koshun Iha
Doutor
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Komarasamy, Mageshwari. "Deformation Micro-mechanisms of Simple and Complex Concentrated FCC Alloys." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc822829/.
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The principal objective of this work was to elucidate the effect of microstructural features on the intrinsic dislocation mechanisms in two FCC alloys. First alloy Al0.1CoCrFeNi was from a new class of material known as complex concentrated alloys, particularly high entropy alloys (HEA). The second was a conventional Al-Mg-Sc alloy in ultrafine-grained (UFG) condition. In the case of HEA, the lattice possess significant lattice strain due to the atomic size variation and cohesive energy differences. Moreover, both the lattice friction stress and the Peierls barrier height are significantly larger than the conventional FCC metals and alloys. The experimental evidences, so far, provide a distinctive identity to the nature and motion of dislocations in FCC HEA as compared to the conventional FCC metals and alloys. Hence, the thermally activated dislocation mechanisms and kinetics in HEA has been studied in detail. To achieve the aim of examining the dislocation kinetics, transient tests, both strain rate jump tests and stress relaxation tests, were conducted. Anomalous behavior in dislocation kinetics was observed. Surprisingly, a large rate sensitivity of the flow stress and low activation volume of dislocations were observed, which are unparalleled as compared to conventional CG FCC metals and alloys. The observed trend has been explained in terms of the lattice distortion and dislocation energy framework. As opposed to the constant dislocation line energy and Peierls potential energy (amplitude, ΔE) in conventional metals and alloys, both line energy and Peierls potential undergo continuous variation in the case of HEA. These energy fluctuations have greatly affected the dislocation mobility and can be distinctly noted from the activation volume of dislocations. The proposed hypothesis was tested by varying the grain size and also the test temperature. Activation volume of dislocations was a strong function of temperature and increased with temperature. And the reduction in grain size did not affect the dislocation mechanisms and kinetics. This further bolstered the hypothesis. The second part deals with deformation characteristics of Al-Mg-Sc alloy. The microstructure obtained from the severe plastic deformation (SPD) techniques differ in dislocation density, grain/cell size, and in the grain boundary character distribution. Therefore, it is vital to understand the deformation behavior of the UFG materials produced by various SPD techniques, as the microstructural features basically control the deformation mechanisms. In this study, a detailed analysis was made to understand the deformation mechanisms operative in various regimes of a stress-strain in UFG Al-Mg-Sc alloy produced via friction stir processing. The stress-strain curves exhibited serrations from the onset of yielding to the point of sample failure. The serration amplitude and frequency was higher in UFG material as compared to CG material. Furthermore, the microstructural features that result in the serrated flow were investigated along with the avalanche characteristics. The presence of both ultrafine grains and Al3Sc precipitates were the necessary conditions to reach the critical stress required to push the grain boundary into a critical state to set off an avalanche. The microstructural conditions that did not satisfy both the requirements did not exhibit deep serrations.
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Ribeiro, Rosinei Batista [UNESP]. "Análise morfológica de pites em aços inoxidáveis austeníticos ABNT 304 e 310S submetido à nèvoa salina." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105375.
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ribeiro_rb_dr_guara.pdf: 6899626 bytes, checksum: 243c390b34b8f55eaccd7334a877efe4 (MD5)Este projeto de pesquisa teve como objetivo estudar toda evolução que governa o crescimento, distribuição e classificação dos pites em aços inoxidáveis austeníticos ABNT 304 e 310S obtidos no estado como recebido e tratados, submetidos a diferentes tempos de exposição em névoa salina. A originalidade deste trabalho baseou-se no desenvolvimento de uma técnica para caracterização morfológica e da corrosão localizada associando com os aspectos de descrição de formas, tamanho, parâmetros específicos e populacionais. O aço inoxidável 304 apresentou morfologia irregulares > região de transição A> cônicos >hemisféricos > região de transição B, sendo que irregulares e região de transição A em maiores quantidades no sistema. Na liga tratada a cada tempo de exposição, a quantidade de pites é da mesma ordem, ou seja, região de transição A, irregulares, cônicos, hemisféricos, região de transição B, sendo que os pites na região de transição A e irregulares estão presentes em maior quantidades no sistema. O aço inoxidável 310S, como recebido, exibiu a seguinte morfologia: pites hemisféricos > região de transição A > região de transição B > irregulares > cônicos, sendo que os pites estão presentes em maiores quantidades em: hemisféricos e região de transição A. A quantidade de pites na liga tratada a cada tempo de exposição é da mesma ordem: região de transição B > hemisféricos > região de transição A > cônicos >irregulares. O aço inoxidável 304 apresentou maior resistência à corrosão por pite do que o aço inoxidável 310S, e também diferenças na distribuição, classificação e mediana dos tamanhos dos pites, conforme os resultados obtidos na avaliação estatística da superfície e perfis dos mesmos.
This research project has had as objective to study all evolution that governs the growth, distribution and classification of pits in ABNT 304 and 310S austenitic stainless steels obtained in the state as receveid and treated, submitted to different times of exposition in saline mist. The originality of this work has been based on the development of a technique for morphologic characterization and of located corrosion associating with the shape description, size specific and population parameters. The 304 stainless steel has presented the following morphology: irregular > transition region A > conic > hemispherical > transition region B, in which irregular and transition region A > are in larger amounts in the system. In the treated alloy at each exposition time, the pits amount is at the same order, in other words, transition region A, irregular, conic, hemispherical, transition region B, in which the pits in the transtion region A and irregular are present in larger amounts in the system. The 310S stainless steel, as receveid, has exhibited the following morphology: hemispherical pits > transition region A > transtion region B > irregular > conic, in which the pits are present in large amounts in: hemispherical pits and transition region A. The pits amount in the treated alloy at each time of exposition has the same order: transition region B > hemispherical > transition region A > conic> irregular. The 304 stainless steel has presented pit corrosion resistance larger than the 310S stainless steel, and also differences in the distribution, classification and pits sizes medium, according to the results obtained in the statistical evaluation of their surface and profiles.
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Verhaeghe, Bénédicte. "Étude microstructurale des modes de déformation et de rupture d'un acier austénoferritique vieilli thermiquement." Grenoble INPG, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPG0191.
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Cette etude concerne les micromecanismes de deformation et de rupture d'un acier inoxydable austenoferritique moule de type z 3 cnd 22-10 m (33% de ferrite). Il a ete etudie dans deux etats de vieillissement: 8000 h a 350c et 1000 h a 400c que nous avons compares a l'etat de reception. Lors de ces vieillissements thermiques, la ferrite est le siege de transformations microstructurales qui la fragilisent. Les deux traitements thermiques conduisent a des etats de fragilisation a peu pres equivalents. Nous avons d'abord degage les principales caracteristiques microstructurales: les deux phases sont percolees et liees par des relations d'orientation de type kurdjumov-sachs. Nous avons ensuite caracterise les proprietes mecaniques de l'alliage des differents etats a la temperature ambiante et a 320c. Au niveau plasticite, nous avons identifie le role de l'interphase (par des essais bauschinger et en microscopie electronique en transmission in situ). Elle est particulierement solide et permet le transfert de charge de l'austenite vers la ferrite meme quand celle-ci est clivee. De plus, elle n'est pas un obstacle a la transmission du glissement qui est en fait controlee par la resistance au glissement dans la ferrite. Quand les systemes de glissement actives dans l'austenite sont communs a ceux de la ferrite, le glissement se transmet de l'austenite vers la ferrite en traversant l'interphase. Dans le cas contraire, du glissement devie se produit dans l'austenite. A chaud, le glissement devie se produit dans l'austenite bien avant que les dislocations n'aient atteint l'interphase. En rupture, le dommage apparait par germination dans la ferrite de fissures qui se propagent ensuite en contournant l'austenite. L'extension de la fissure est controlee par l'etirement des ligaments d'austenite. Quand les fissures se rejoignent, le materiau rompt par dechirement de l'austenite ductile. Un modele simple prenant en compte l'etirement de l'austenite permet de predire correctement la ductilite de l'acier
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Saker, Abdelhamid. "Étude des produits de pulvérisation cathodique magnétron et de nitruration a basse température des aciers inoxydables austénitiques dans des plasmas réactifs contenant de l'azote." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993INPL017N.
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Afin d'améliorer les propriétés mécaniques et maintenir la résistance en corrosion des aciers austénitiques du type aisi 310, 316l et 304, des couches sont réalisées par nitruration ionique a basse température (<700k) dans des plasmas h#2-n#2. Elles sont exemptes de nitrures; leur concentration en azote présente un profil de concavité inverse de celui habituellement obtenu a des températures de nitruration conventionnelles. La microstructure et la stabilité thermique des phases métastables formées sont comparées à celles de dépôts d'aciers inoxydables enrichis en azote, obtenus par pulvérisation cathodique magnétron en mode réactif. L'avantage de ces dépôts est leur homogénéité chimique dans toute l'épaisseur. Ils sont microcristallins et leur structure est une solution solide d'austénite sursaturée en azote qui contient un peu de ferrite métastable pour les concentrations en azote les plus faibles. Ils deviennent amorphes pour des concentrations en azote élevées. Leur décomposition survient lors d'un traitement ultérieur à des températures supérieures à 700 k. Les produits de décomposition dépendent de la composition initiale de l'acier. La morphologie de ces dépôts est d'aspect peu colonnaire. Leur dureté est comprise entre 8000 et 13000 mpa; elle peut atteindre 20000 mpa pour les dépôts décomposés. Ils sont soumis a des contraintes de compression essentiellement dues a la polarisation négative du substrat. Leur résistance à l'usure en abrasion est meilleure que celle de l'acier de référence xc65 trempé et revenu. Leur grande compacité et leur homogénéité chimique leur confèrent une meilleure résistance a la corrosion par piquration que celle de l'acier massif. Les couches nitrurées à basse température sont une solution solide austénitique sursaturée en azote qui présente donc une analogie structurale par rapport aux dépôts microcristallins enrichis en azote. Leur concentration superficielle en azote peut être abaissée au profit de leur épaisseur lors d'un traitement thermique ultérieur. Elles présentent une dureté moyenne de 10000-11000 mpa et sont soumises a des contraintes de compression plus intenses au voisinage de la surface. L'addition de l'azote dans ces couches préserve le caractère inoxydable des aciers austénitiques étudiés tout en augmentant leur résistance à l'usure par abrasion
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Cheng, Hui. "Développement des microstructures et microségrégations lors de la solidification des aciers inoxydables : influence de la vitesse de solidification et du carbone." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INPL112N.
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Ce travail concerne le développement des microstructures et des microségrégations lors de la solidification des aciers inoxydables. On s'est intéressé à l'influence de la vitesse de solidification et de la teneur en carbone de l'alliage. Les alliages étudiés sont des alliages Fe-Ni-Cr, avec et sans carbone, dont la teneur en éléments mineurs tels que le mn et si a été maintenue à un niveau constant assez bas. La technique de solidification dirigée avec trempe a été retenue pour réaliser des échantillons dans des conditions de solidification parfaitement contrôlables. Sur ces échantillons ont été effectuées des analyses métallographiques et chimiques. Les phases précipitées et la redistribution des solutés dans les phases solide et liquide en cours de solidification ont été analysées quantitativement à la microsonde électronique de CASTAING. L'analyse d'image a été employée pour évaluer la cinétique de solidification. L'étude des équilibres de phases entre solidus et liquidus par analyse thermique différentielle a permis de préciser les températures de liquidus et les domaines de composition chimique pour lesquels le solide stable au liquidus est la ferrite ou l'austénite. Certains alliages, correspondant a une précipitation primaire de ferrite, et dont la composition est proche de la ligne eutectique, présentent une solidification en austénite primaire en solidification dirigée lorsque la vitesse de solidification est importante. Cette modification de la nature du premier solide dépose à partir du liquide (changement de en ) a été étudiée en termes de compétition de croissance entre les phases et suivant les conditions de solidification
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Kisko, A. (Anna). "Microstructure and properties of reversion treated low-Ni high-Mn austenitic stainless steels." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2016. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526212159.
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Abstract In this thesis, the influence of reversion and recrystallization annealing on microstructure and mechanical properties was studied in metastable austenitic low-Ni high-Mn stainless steels, some alloyed with up to 0.45 wt.% Nb. Further, the effect of the various microstructures created by reversion and recrystallization on strain-induced martensite transformation in tensile testing was investigated. The aim was to achieve excellent combinations of strength and ductility in the steels and to improve understanding of the behaviour of ultrafine-grained austenitic stainless steels during deformation. All the steels were cold-rolled up to 60% thickness reduction producing up to 60% strain-induced α’-martensite in the austenitic structure. Annealing was carried out using a Gleeble thermomechanical simulator between 450–1100 °C for durations of 0.1–1000 s. The resultant microstructures were examined using different research equipment and methods. Regardless of the amount of Nb alloying, shear- and diffusion-controlled reversion could be completed by annealing at 700 °C, although at this temperature no recrystallization of the untransformed cold-rolled austenite occurred. At 800 °C, however, the cold-rolled austenite recrystallized, producing a non-uniform grain structure comprising ultrafine-grained areas formed via reversion and coarser ones formed by recrystallization of the retained austenite. At 900 °C, a uniform fine austenite grain size of about 2 μm was obtained. At higher annealing temperatures of 1000–1100 °C, normal grain growth of fine grains took place during prolonged annealing in steel with no Nb. However, grain growth was effectively retarded by alloying with 0.28 wt.% Nb. The non-uniform structures consisting of reverted and retained austenite exhibited excellent combinations of yield strength and uniform elongation. The results also showed that tensile strain-induced martensite nucleation sites and α’-martensite formation vary in a complex way depending on grain sizeTiivistelmä Väitöstyössä tutkittiin reversiohehkutuksen vaikutusta metastabiilin 1% nikkeliä ja 9% mangaania sisältävien austeniittisten ruostumattomien terästen mikrorakenteeseen ja mekaanisiin ominaisuuksiin sekä austeniitin raekoon ja mikrorakenteen vaikutusta muokkausmartensiitin syntyyn vetokokeessa. Koeteräksistä osa oli lisäksi niobiseostettuja. Tavoitteena oli nostaa teräksien lujuutta ja ymmärtää ultrahienorakeisen austeniittisten ruostumattomien terästen käyttäytymistä muokkauksessa. Teräkset kylmämuokattiin 60% valssausreduktiolla, jolloin austeniittiseen rakenteeseen muodostui muokkausmartensiittia enimmillään 60%. Reversiohehkutukset tehtiin Gleeble termomekaanisella simulaattorilla lämpötiloissa 450–1100 °C ja 0.1–1000 s pitoajoilla. Saatuja mikrorakenteita tutkittiin eri tutkimuslaitteistoilla ja -menetelmillä. 700 °C hehkutuksessa leikkautumalla ja diffuusion välityksellä tapahtuva reversio oli nopea myös niobi-seostetuilla teräksillä, mutta rekristallisaatiota ei tapahtunut. 800 °C hehkutuksessa muokkauksessa teräksiin jäänyt austeniitti rekristallisoitui, mutta raerakenne muodostui epätasaiseksi koostuen reversion tuottamasta ultrahienoista rakeista ja jäännösausteniitin rekristallisaation tuottamista karkeammista rakeista. Sitä vastoin hehkutus 900 °C:ssa tuotti tasainen 2 μm austeniitin raekoon. Pitkissä hehkutuksissa korkeammissa lämpötiloissa 1000–1100 °C niobi-seostamattomissa teräksissä tapahtui hienojen rakeiden normaalia rakeenkasvua. Kuitenkin 0.28p-% niobi-seostuksen havaittiin oleva riittävä estämään rakeenkasvu. Reversion ja osittaisen rekristallisaation tuottamilla raerakenteilla saatiin erinomaiset myötölujuus-tasavenymäyhdistelmät. Vetokokeissa martensiitin ydintymispaikat ja -nopeus vaihtelivat monimutkaisella tavalla raekoosta riippuen
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Bourlet, Clément. "Développement de la fabrication additive par procédé arc-fil pour les aciers : caractérisation microstructurale et mécanique des dépôts en nuances ER100 et 316L pour la validation des propriétés d'emploi de pièces industrielles." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ENAM0058.
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L'arc-fil est un nouveau procédé de fabrication additive utilisant une cellule desoudage robotisée pour la fabrication, couche par couche, de pièces de grandes dimensions. Ilpermet de réaliser des ébauches de pièces unitaires ou de petites séries avec des coûts et desdélais de fabrication réduits. Les premiers développements se sont principalement orientés sur laréalisation de pièces à forte valeur ajoutée en alliage de titane et d’aluminium pour le secteuraéronautique et aérospatial, et intéressent maintenant d’autres secteurs tels que les industriesnavales, pétrolières, ferroviaires et mécaniques utilisant des aciers. Ce travail propose uneméthodologie de sélection des paramètres et des stratégies de dépôts, avec le contrôle final despièces fabriquées. Il porte sur deux matériaux : un acier C-Mn à haute limite d’élasticité(ER100) et un acier inoxydable austénitique (316LSi). Le résultat des caractérisations permetd’établir le lien entre les conditions de fabrication, les dimensions géométriques et les propriétésmicrostructurales et mécaniques des pièces obtenues, ce qui conduit au final à une démarchepermettant de faire évoluer le procédé vers l’industrialisationWire-arc additive manufacturing is a new process using a common weldingrobotic cell to build large parts layer by layer. It allows building rough single pieces orsmall series parts with a low cost and a short delay. First developments were done ontitanium and aluminum parts for aeronautic and space applications, but more industriessuch as maritime, oil and gas, railway…are now interested into it. In this work, amethodology is proposed to define suitable process parameters and deposit’s strategies,with the final control of the elaborated parts. Developments are done on both highstrength steel ER100 and austenitic stainless steel 316LSi. The results of theexperimental characterisation enable to show the relations between the manufacturingconditions, the dimensions, the microstructure and the mechanicals properties of theparts, and finally lead to guidelines to evolve the wire-arc additive manufacturingtowards industrialisation
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Rakotoarison, Sylvain. "Effets du champ magnétique sur la solidification d'alliages : texturation, blocage de la convection de Marangoni et séparation par force magnétique." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE10205.
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L'utilisation du champ magnetique lors de la solidification d'alliages est un procede d'elaboration developpe au sein de notre laboratoire afin d'obtenir une meilleure microstructure. Le champ homogene oriente le nickel selon sa direction de facile aimantation grace a son anisotropie magnetocristalline. Le champ renforce l'effet d'orientation du gradient thermique et reduit la convection, ce qui ameliore la qualite cristalline et permet une elaboration plus rapide et mieux controlee de monocristaux textures. Nous comparons les effets lies au gradient thermique avec ceux provenant du champ, en etudiant differentes configurations geometriques (champ parallele ou perpendiculaire au gradient thermique). L'effet du champ sur l'orientation dendritique domine l'effet thermique jusqu'a un gradient thermique seuil. Les trempes en creuset froid inductif simulent les soudures lorsqu'une force magnetique est appliquee vers la paroi froide. A partir d'un champ de 1,5 tesla, l'agitation thermique du metal liquide est considerablement attenuee en le stabilisant dans le creuset. En outre, la reduction de la convection s'applique dans tout le lingot, ce qui encourage la formation de grains plus gros. Le champ magnetique bloque aussi la convection de marangoni ; il modifie de facon remarquable la structure cristalline de la zone de derniere solidification. De plus, en elaborant des aciers inoxydables austenitiques (fer-chrome-nickel) et des inconels (nickel-chrome), nous montrons que la force magnetique permet une structure de grains plus fine, plus allongee et plus homogene par un renforcement des echanges thermiques avec le creuset froid. Enfin, il est possible d'agir sur la repartition des impuretes. Nous accelerons la decantation des particules de tin contenues dans l'inox grace a la force magnetique. L'influence de celle-ci est egalement constatee sur le mouvement des particules de cr#2o#3 dans l'inconel fondu. Le champ magnetique permet aussi la floculation d'inclusions de sulfure de manganese dans l'inox.
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Flipon, Baptiste. "Alliages à grains ultrafins et bimodaux : approche couplée expérience-modélisation basée sur la microstructure." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMIR06/document.
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Ce travail porte sur l'élaboration et l'analyse du comportement mécanique d'alliages à distribution bimodale de taille de grains. Les applications concernent les aciers inoxydables austénitiques 304L et 316L. Une approche couplée expérience-modélisation est menée pour comprendre les réponses mécaniques macroscopiques et locales de ces nouveaux alliages en se basant notamment sur l'étude des mécanismes de déformation associés. L'utilisation de deux voies d'élaboration et l'optimisation de leurs paramètres a conduit à l'obtention d'un large choix d'échantillons avec différentes distributions bimodales et différentes proportions de chaque famille de taille de grains. L'influence de ces caractéristiques microstructurales sur le comportement a été analysée sur la base d'essais en traction simple sous chargement monotone ou en charges-décharges alternées. Une base de données étendue de propriétés a ainsi été constituée et des éléments de réponse concernant les mécanismes de déformation propres aux alliages bimodaux ont pu être apportés. La présence de grains de taille conventionnelle (Coarse Grain -CG) au sein d'une matrice à grains ultrafins (UltraFine Grain - UFG) semble favoriser la relaxation d'une partie des contraintes internes de la matrice et tend ainsi à retarder l'endommagement des alliages bimodaux en comparaison aux alliages unimodaux à grains ultrafins. Une modélisation à champs complets selon deux lois de plasticité cristalline tenant compte explicitement d'une longueur interne a été proposée. Sa première motivation est de fournir un outil de prédiction du comportement effectif des alliages bimodaux en fonction de leurs caractéristiques microstructurales. Elle donne par ailleurs accès aux champs locaux et permet d'appuyer les analyses expérimentales en partition des contraintes en montrant à la fois une relaxation partielle des contraintes dans la matrice UFG mais aussi des concentrations de contrainte aux interfaces CG/UFGThis work is focused on the elaboration and the mechanical behaviour of 304L and 316L austenitic stainless steel alloys with bimodal grain size distribution. The complementary approach between experiments and modelling enables a better understanding of both macroscopic and local mechanical responses and also of the associated deformation mechanisms.The use of two elaboration routes and optimized process parameters results in a wide range of samples with different bimodal grain size distributions. Grain sizes and fractions of each population are modified in order to study the influence of these microstructural characteristics on mechanical behavior. Uniaxial tensile tests are used to realize a database of mechanical properties of bimodal alloys and loading-unloading tests provides valuable informations about deformation mechanisms in these materials. With coarse grains (CG) embedded in an ultrafine grained (UFG) matrix, a relaxation of a part of the internal stresses seems to take place and leads to a delayed embrittlement of bimodal alloys as compared to their unimodal counterparts. Full-field modelling, based on two crystal plasticity laws with an explicit account of an internal length, is proposed. It constitutes a valuable prediction tool of effective properties of bimodal alloys in order, in particular, to study the effect of several microstructural characteristics. An access to local fields is also possible and tend, so far, to show similar results compared to experimental ones : stress relaxation is observed in the UFG matrix as well as stress concentrations at the CG/UFG interfaces
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Meinhardt, Cristian Pohl. "Caracterização microestrutural de solda por fricção em aço inoxidável austenitico (UNS S31673) e aço inoxidável dúplex (UNS S31803)." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/87337.
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Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar microestruturalmente a solda em chapa espessa utilizando a técnica de soldagem por fricção FHPP (Friction Hydro Pillar Processing). Para o estudo em questão foi escolhido soldar uma chapa base de aço inoxidável dúplex UNS S31803 com pino consumível de mesmo material e de aço inoxidável austenítico UNS S31673. O estudo foi realizado através de análise da seção longitudinal das soldas. Foram realizadas análises da macroestrutura e da microestrutura, assim como perfis de microdureza e quantificação de fases. Verificou-se significativa diferença na quantidade de material escoado, microestrutura formada e no equilíbrio quantitativo de fases entre as amostras soldadas.This study aimed to characterize the microstructural welding thick plate using the technique of friction welding called Friction Hydro Pillar Processing (FHPP). For the study in question was chosen weld a base plate UNS S31803 duplex stainless steel with pin even consumable material and austenitic stainless steel UNS S31673. The study was conducted through analysis of the longitudinal section of the welds. Analyses of the macrostructure and microstructure, as well as microhardness profiles and quantification of phases. There was a significant difference in the amount of material disposed of, microstructure formed and balance of quantitative phase.
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Westin, Elin M. "Microstructure and properties of welds in the lean duplex stainless steel LDX 2101." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Metallografi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-27387.
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Duplex stainless steels can be very attractive alternatives to austenitic grades due to their almost double strength at equal pitting corrosion resistance. When welding, the duplex alloys normally require addition of filler metal, while the commodity austenitic grades can often be welded autogenously. Over-alloyed consumables are used to counteract segregation of important alloying elements and to balance the two phases, ferrite and austenite, in the duplex weld metal. This work focuses on the weldability of the recently-developed lean duplex stainless steel LDX 2101® (EN 1.4162, UNS S32101). The pitting corrosion resistance of this grade is better than that of austenitic AISI 304 (EN 1.4307) and can reach the level of AISI 316L (EN 1.4404). The austenite formation is rapid in LDX 2101 compared to older duplex grades. Pitting resistance tests performed show that 1-2.5 mm thick laser and gas tungsten arc (GTA) welded LDX 2101 can have good corrosion properties even when welding autogenously. Additions of filler metal, nitrogen in the shielding gas, nitrogen-based backing gas and use of laser hybrid welding methods, however, increase the austenite formation. The pitting resistance may also be increased by suppressing formation of chromium nitrides in the weld metal and heat affected zone (HAZ). After thorough post-weld cleaning (pickling), pitting primarily occurred 1-3 mm from the fusion line, in the parent metal rather than in the HAZ. Neither the chromium nitride precipitates found in the HAZ, nor the element depletion along the fusion line that was revealed by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) were found to locally decrease the pitting resistance. The preferential pitting location is suggested to be controlled by the residual weld oxide composition that varies over the surface. The composition and thickness of weld oxide formed on LDX 2101 and 2304 (EN 1.4362, UNS S32304) were determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The heat tint on these lean duplex grades proved to contain significantly more manganese than what has been reported for standard austenitic stainless steels in the AISI 300 series. A new approach to heat tint formation is presented; whereby evaporation of material from the weld metal and subsequent deposition on the already-formed weld oxide are suggested to contribute to weld oxide formation. This is consistent with manganese loss from the weld metal, and nitrogen additions to the GTA shielding gas enhance the evaporation. The segregation of all elements apart from nitrogen is low in autogenously welded LDX 2101. This means that filler wire additions may not be required as for other duplex grades assuming that there is no large nitrogen loss that could cause excessive ferrite contents. As the nitrogen appears to be controlling the austenite formation, it becomes essential to avoid losing nitrogen during welding by choosing nitrogen-containing shielding and backing gas.QC 20101213
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Ait, Saadi Bachir. "Configuration des dislocations dans l'acier z3 cnd 17-12 apres fatigue : correlation au comportement mecanique." Poitiers, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988POIT2259.
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Etude du comportement en fatigue plastique de l'acier inoxydable austenitique 316l fatigue sous vide a 20, 300 et 600c dans une gamme de deformations plastiques imposees. Analyse par microscopie electronique en transmission des sous-structures a20 et 600c, les microstructures sont constituees de bandes de glissement persistantes, de murs-canaux des labyrinthes et des structures en echelle evoluant vers la structure cellulaire. A300c, une structure de contraste en cotes de velours est observee. Cette structure est fonction de la deformation plastique et provoque un durcissement cyclique secondaire. Presentation de modeles de formation et d'evolution de microstructures de fatigue
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Huguenin, Denis. "Effets induits par irradiation électronique dans les alliages austénitiques Fe-Ni-Cr." Grenoble 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989GRE10034.
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Westin, Elin M. "Welds in the lean duplex stainless steel LDX 2101 : effect of microstructure and weld oxide on corrosion properties." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Materials Science and Engineering, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-9299.
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Duplex stainless steels are a very attractive alternative to austenitic grades due to their higher strength and good corrosion performance. The austenitic grades can often be welded autogenously, while the duplex grades normally require addition of filler metal. This is to counteract segregation of important alloying elements and to give sufficient austenite formation to prevent precipitation of chromium nitrides that could have a negative effect on impact toughness and pitting resistance. The corrosion performance of the recently-developed lean duplex stainless steel LDX 2101 is higher than that of 304 and can reach the level of 316. This thesis summarises pitting resistance tests performed on laser and gas tungsten arc (GTA) welded LDX 2101. It is shown here that this material can be autogenously welded, but additions of filler metal, nitrogen in the shielding gas and use of hybrid methods increases the austenite formation and the pitting resistance by further suppressing formation of chromium nitride precipitates in the weld metal. If the weld metal austenite formation is sufficient, the chromium nitride precipitates in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) could cause local pitting, however, this was not seen in this work. Instead, pitting occurred 1–3 mm from the fusion line, in the parent metal rather than in the high temperature HAZ (HTHAZ). This is suggested here to be controlled by the heat tint, and the effect of residual weld oxides on the pitting resistance is studied. The composition and the thickness of weld oxide formed on LDX 2101 and 2304 were determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The heat tint on these lean duplex grades proved to contain significantly more manganese than what has been reported for standard austenitic stainless steels in the 300 series. A new approach on heat tint formation is consequently presented. Evaporation of material from the weld metal and subsequent deposition on the weld oxide are suggested to contribute to weld oxide formation. This is supported by element loss in LDX 2101 weld metal, and nitrogen additions to the GTA shielding gas further increase the evaporation.
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Westin, Elin M. "Welds in the lean duplex stainless steel LDX 2101 : effect of microstructure and weld oxides on corrosion properties." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Industriell teknik och management, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-9299.
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Stejskal, Marek. "Vliv chemického složení a tepelného zpracování na strukturu a vlastnosti dvoufázových austeniticko-feritických korozivzdorných ocelí." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-382114.
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This thesis focused on austenitic-ferritic (duplex) stainless steels and their mechanical and technological properties. The theoretical part includes introduction to chemical composition, structure, heat treatment and properties of these steels. The practical part focuses on influence of casting temperature on technological properties of ASTM A890 Gr4A stainless duplex steel. Furthermore, there is evaluated influence of chemical composition and heat treatment on structure and mechanical properties of different duplex stainless steels.
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Calcinelli, Luca. "Ottimizzazione del trattamento termico di acciai inossidabili martensitici per stampi." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017.
Find full textAbstract:
L’acciaio inossidabile martensitico AISI 420 viene impiegato per la realizzazione di stampi per la formatura di materie plastiche grazie alle sue elevate proprietà di resistenza all'usura e stabilità dimensionale. Esse sono funzione del trattamento termico che esso subisce e che può compromettere proprietà meccaniche e corrosive tipiche di questo acciaio. Il presente studio prende avvio proprio da queste considerazioni e dagli esiti di alcune failure analysis su stampi per bottiglie in PET, in cui sono state evidenziate rotture per fatica innescate da pitting corrosivo con propagazione intergranulare.
Nell’ambito della sperimentazione riportata si è cercato di ottimizzare il trattamento termico di bonifica in modo da massimizzare resistenza a corrosione, a fatica e resilienza pur garantendo una sufficiente stabilità dimensionale. A seguito di un approfondimento bibliografico, si è definita una microstruttura obiettivo caratterizzata dalla presenza di carburi M23C6 globulizzati ed uniformemente distribuiti nella matrice martensitica e si sono testate differenti condizioni di trattamento termico.
L'esito della sperimentazione, che si è avvalsa di tecniche di microscopia ottica ed elettronica, ha indicato come trattamento ottimale quello costituito da una austenitizzazione di 30 minuti a 1020°C seguito da una tempra in azoto a 10 bar ed un ciclo di tre rinvenimenti a 250°C. La ridotta temperatura di austenitizzazione ha permesso la limitazione dei tenori di austenite residua mentre elevata velocità di raffreddamento impiegata e ridotte temperature di rinvenimento hanno permesso di evitare la precipitazione di carburi fini infragilenti e causa di sensibilizzazione.
Sono state inoltre eseguite numerose analisi che hanno permesso di accertare una certa variabilità microstrutturale del materiale allo stato di fornitura evidenziando come la microstruttura di quest'ultimo sia fondamentale per ottenere l'esito desiderato dal trattamento termico.
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Ornek, Cem. "Performance characterisation of duplex stainless steel in nuclear waste storage environment." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/performance-characterisation-of-duplex-stainless-steel-in-nuclear-waste-storage-environment(4db73e9b-c87c-40a6-9778-0b823b1c499f).html.
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The majority of UK’s intermediate level radioactive waste is currently stored in 316L and 304L austenitic stainless steel containers in interim storage facilities for permanent disposal until a geological disposal facility has become available. The structural integrity of stainless steel canisters is required to persevere against environmental degradation for up to 500 years to assure a safe storage and disposal scheme. Hitherto existing severe localised corrosion observances on real waste storage containers after 10 years of exposure to an ambient atmosphere in an in-land warehouse in Culham at Oxfordshire, however, questioned the likelihood occurrence of stress corrosion cracking that may harm the canister’s functionality during long-term storage. The more corrosion resistant duplex stainless steel grade 2205, therefore, has been started to be manufactured as a replacement for the austenitic grades. Over decades, the threshold stress corrosion cracking temperature of austenitic stainless steels has been believed to be 50-60°C, but lab- and field-based research has shown that 304L and 316L may suffer from atmospheric stress corrosion cracking at ambient temperatures. Such an issue has not been reported to occur for the 2205 duplex steel, and its atmospheric stress corrosion cracking behaviour at low temperatures (40-50°C) has been sparsely studied which requires detailed investigations in this respect. Low temperature atmospheric stress corrosion cracking investigations on 2205 duplex stainless steel formed the framework of this PhD thesis with respect to the waste storage context. Long-term surface magnesium chloride deposition exposures at 50°C and 30% relative humidity for up to 15 months exhibited the occurrence of stress corrosion cracks, showing stress corrosion susceptibility of 2205 duplex stainless steel at 50°C.The amount of cold work increased the cracking susceptibility, with bending deformation being the most critical type of deformation mode among tensile and rolling type of cold work. The orientation of the microstructure deformation direction, i.e. whether the deformation occurred in transverse or rolling direction, played vital role in corrosion and cracking behaviour, as such that bending in transverse direction showed almost 3-times larger corrosion and stress corrosion cracking propensity. Welding simulation treatments by ageing processes at 750°C and 475°C exhibited substantial influences on the corrosion properties. It was shown that sensitisation ageing at 750°C can render the material enhanced susceptible to stress corrosion cracking at even low chloride deposition densities of ≤145 µm/cm². However, it could be shown that short-term heat treatments at 475°C can decrease corrosion and stress corrosion cracking susceptibility which may be used to improve the materials performance. Mechanistic understanding of stress corrosion cracking phenomena in light of a comprehensive microstructure characterisation was the main focus of this thesis.
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Samantaray, Diptimayee. "Effect of Semi-Solid Processing on Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Behavior of Austenitic Stainless Steel." Thesis, 2015. http://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/3733.
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In view of the significant advantages offered by semi-solid processing, such as reduction in number of intermediate processing steps and energy input, and the potential for improving component complexity, it is of paramount interest to develop indigenous technology for semi-solid forming of steels, especially nuclear grade steels. For adopting semisolid processing as an alternative method of manufacturing of steels, it is essential to study the amenability of the steel for the process, understand the fundamental mechanisms of micro structural evolution and evaluate the mechanical properties of the steel after processing. To achieve this goal, the present work attempts to appraise the amenability of a low-carbon variant of 18%Cr-8%Ni austenitic stainless steel (304L SS) for semi-solid processing.
Among the many requirements of the feedstock in semi-solid processing, a key feature that makes it amenable for semi-solid processing is the unique microstructure containing solid spheroids in a liquid matrix, thereby enabling thixo-tropic behaviour in the alloy. To understand the micro structural evolution in the steel, during major steps of semi-solid processing (partial melting, soaking and solidification), several experiments are carried out by varying the key parameters such as temperature, soaking time and cooling rate. Experimental results are analyzed in details to specify the effects of these parameters on the microstructure of semi-solid processed steel. The analysis indicates different phase transformation sequences during solidification of the steel from its semi-solid state. On the basis of experimental results, mechanism for micro structural evolution during partial melting and subsequent solidification of 304L SS is proposed. The effect of soaking time on the size and shape of the solid globules is analyzed using the theory of anisotropic Ostwald ripening. The semi-solid processing parameters, such as soaking time and temperature, are found to have significant influence on the globule distribution, globule shape, ferrite distribution and dislocation density, which in turn govern the tensile behaviour and mechanical properties of the steel after processing. Semi-solid processed 304L SS exhibits lower yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and higher strain hardening in temperature range 303–873K compared to as-received (rolled and subsequently annealed) 304L SS. However, semi-solid processed steel shows higher uniform elongation and fracture strain compared to the as-received steel. A pronounced effect of semi-solid processing is also found on the high temperature plasticity and dynamic recrystallization pattern.
This work demonstrates the amenability of 300 series austenitic stainless steels for semi-solid processing. The investigation provides the significant insight into the mechanism of micro structural evolution in austenitic stainless steels during semi-solid processing and the important information on the mechanical properties and plastic flow behavior of the semi-solid processed steel. The results give crucial inputs for the optimization of processing parameters for obtaining the desired property in the product, and also for deciding the potential industrial application of the process.
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Samantaray, Diptimayee. "Effect of Semi-Solid Processing on Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Behavior of Austenitic Stainless Steel." Thesis, 2015. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/2005/3733.
Full textAbstract:
In view of the significant advantages offered by semi-solid processing, such as reduction in number of intermediate processing steps and energy input, and the potential for improving component complexity, it is of paramount interest to develop indigenous technology for semi-solid forming of steels, especially nuclear grade steels. For adopting semisolid processing as an alternative method of manufacturing of steels, it is essential to study the amenability of the steel for the process, understand the fundamental mechanisms of micro structural evolution and evaluate the mechanical properties of the steel after processing. To achieve this goal, the present work attempts to appraise the amenability of a low-carbon variant of 18%Cr-8%Ni austenitic stainless steel (304L SS) for semi-solid processing.
Among the many requirements of the feedstock in semi-solid processing, a key feature that makes it amenable for semi-solid processing is the unique microstructure containing solid spheroids in a liquid matrix, thereby enabling thixo-tropic behaviour in the alloy. To understand the micro structural evolution in the steel, during major steps of semi-solid processing (partial melting, soaking and solidification), several experiments are carried out by varying the key parameters such as temperature, soaking time and cooling rate. Experimental results are analyzed in details to specify the effects of these parameters on the microstructure of semi-solid processed steel. The analysis indicates different phase transformation sequences during solidification of the steel from its semi-solid state. On the basis of experimental results, mechanism for micro structural evolution during partial melting and subsequent solidification of 304L SS is proposed. The effect of soaking time on the size and shape of the solid globules is analyzed using the theory of anisotropic Ostwald ripening. The semi-solid processing parameters, such as soaking time and temperature, are found to have significant influence on the globule distribution, globule shape, ferrite distribution and dislocation density, which in turn govern the tensile behaviour and mechanical properties of the steel after processing. Semi-solid processed 304L SS exhibits lower yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and higher strain hardening in temperature range 303–873K compared to as-received (rolled and subsequently annealed) 304L SS. However, semi-solid processed steel shows higher uniform elongation and fracture strain compared to the as-received steel. A pronounced effect of semi-solid processing is also found on the high temperature plasticity and dynamic recrystallization pattern.
This work demonstrates the amenability of 300 series austenitic stainless steels for semi-solid processing. The investigation provides the significant insight into the mechanism of micro structural evolution in austenitic stainless steels during semi-solid processing and the important information on the mechanical properties and plastic flow behavior of the semi-solid processed steel. The results give crucial inputs for the optimization of processing parameters for obtaining the desired property in the product, and also for deciding the potential industrial application of the process.
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Barlow, Lilian Debra. "The effect of austenitising and tempering parameters on the microstructure and hardness of martensitic stainless steel AISI 420." Diss., 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/29839.
Full textAbstract:
The effect of austenitising and tempering practice on the microstructure and mechanical properties of two martensitic stainless steels was examined with the aim of supplying heat treatment guidelines to the consumer or fabricator that, if followed, would result in a martensitic structure with minimal retained austenite, evenly dispersed carbides and a hardness of between 610 HV and 740 HV (hardness on the Vickers scale) after quenching and tempering. The steels examined during the course of this examination conform in composition to medium-carbon AISI type 420 martensitic stainless steel, except for the addition of 0.13% vanadium and 0.62% molybdenum to one of the alloys. The effect of various austenitising and tempering heat treatments was examined. Steel samples were austenitised at temperatures between 1000°C and 1200°C, followed by quenching in oil. The as-quenched microstructures were found to range from almost fully martensitic structures to martensite with up to 35% retained austenite after quenching, with varying amounts of carbide precipitates. The influence of tempering, double tempering, and sub-zero treatment was investigated. Optical and scanning electron microscopy was used to characterise the as-quenched microstructures, and X-ray diffraction analysis was employed to identify the carbide present in the as-quenched structures and to quantify the retained austenite contents. Hardness tests were performed to determine the effect of heat treatment on mechanical properties. As-quenched hardness values ranged from 700 HV to 270 HV, depending on the amount of retained austenite. Thermodynamic predictions (using the CALPHAD™ model) were used to explain these microstructures based on the solubility of the carbide particles in the matrix at various austenitising temperatures. The carbide particles were found to be mainly in the form of M7C3 at elevated temperatures, transforming to M23C6 on cooling.Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering
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