Academic literature on the topic 'Austenitic stainless steels ; Acetic Acid ; Pitting Corrosion'
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Journal articles on the topic "Austenitic stainless steels ; Acetic Acid ; Pitting Corrosion"
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Elaya Perumal, K. "Potential for Application of Special Stainless Steels for Chemical Process Equipments." Advanced Materials Research 794 (September 2013): 691–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.794.691.
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The most predominant material of construction (MOC) for process equipments in chemical process industries (CPI) is plain carbon steel only. This is because of its lowest cost, easy availability, adequate thermal and mechanical properties, ease of fabrication etc. The only limitation is its low corrosion resistance. When corrosion resistance becomes the deciding factor, for overall resistance to general uniform corrosion, the common austenitic stainless steel Type 304(L) SS, 18/8(L) SS, is used. This has limitation with respect to uniform corrosion in reducing acids and to pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion and stress corrosion cracking in chloride containing media. In such situations, Type 316(L) SS, 18/8/2.5Mo/(L), shows somewhat better performance. These are called Standard Austenitic Stainless Steels. Even 316(L) SS shows unsatisfactory corrosion behavior in strong reducing acids, in concentrated chloride solutions at elevated temperatures and in fluids flowing with high velocities. In such cases, if the process conditions cannot be made milder with respect to corrosion phenomena, then there is a strong potential for upgrading the MOCs to Special Stainless Steels. These special stainless steels are either high nickel high molybdenum (~25 % Ni and ~6 % Mo) Super Austenitic Stainless Steels or low nickel (4 to 7 %) Duplex Stainless Steels. With respect to cost, the former are highly expensive than 316(L) SS because of widely varying amounts of nickel and of the presence of high molybdenum and the latter are marginally comparable with 316L SS. It is a common experience in industry that the usage of such special stainless steels is felt necessary only after facing severe corrosion problems in equipments made of standard stainless steels. The purpose of this paper is to present a few case studies of severe corrosion problems analyzed by the author resulting in recommendation of special stainless steel as the corrosion preventive step. The following case studies would be presented. Fertilizer Industry, Ammonia plant, Synthesis Gas Coolers Petrochemical Plant, Proprietary Amine manufacturing Reactor in the presence of Orthophosphoric Acid Petrochemical Plant, Proprietary Amine manufacturing process, Ammonia recovery column. Petrochemical Plant, Reboiler Tubes processing concentrated acetic acid.
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Wang, Jin Gang, and Ying Gao. "Study on Corrosion Behaviors of the PTA Plant in Halogen." Applied Mechanics and Materials 217-219 (November 2012): 496–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.217-219.496.
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In the acetic acid solution containing bromine ions, Br- has strong penetration ability, which cause PTA production device serious pitting corrosion, and even perforation failure. This paper use the immersion method and the electrochemical experiment, to study the corrosion behaviors of austenitic stainless steel which is commonly used in equipment 316L and 1Cr18Ni9Ti in the acetic acid solution containing bromide ions. The results show that: In a certain temperature range, as the temperature rising, 316L and 1Cr18Ni9Ti's annual average corrosion depth shows the changing law of type curve. At the start, the annual average corrosion depth increases rapidly, and after the passivation film formation, the rate of increase slows. With the increase of the Br- concentration, 316L and 1Cr18Ni9Ti's corrosion rate increases, but apparently the 316L than 1Cr18Ni9Ti slow growth of many.
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Ha, Heon-Young, Tae-Ho Lee, Jee-Hwan Bae, and Dong Chun. "Molybdenum Effects on Pitting Corrosion Resistance of FeCrMnMoNC Austenitic Stainless Steels." Metals 8, no. 8 (August 20, 2018): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8080653.
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For Fe-based 18Cr10Mn0.4N0.5C(0–2.17)Mo (in wt %) austenitic stainless steels, effects of Mo on pitting corrosion resistance and the improvement mechanism were investigated. Alloying Mo increased pitting and repassivation potentials and enhanced the passive film resistance by decreasing number of point defects in the film. In addition, Mo reduced critical dissolution rate of the alloys in acidified chloride solutions, and the alloy with higher Mo content could remain in the passive state in stronger acid. Thus, it was concluded that the alloying Mo enhanced pitting corrosion resistance of the alloys through increasing protectiveness of passive film and lowering pit growth rate.
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Kappes, Mariano A. "Localized corrosion and stress corrosion cracking of stainless steels in halides other than chlorides solutions: a review." Corrosion Reviews 38, no. 1 (February 25, 2020): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2019-0061.
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AbstractFluorides, bromides, and iodides, despite being less common than chlorides, are present in various environments of industrial relevance. Stainless steels suffer pitting corrosion in solutions of all halides except fluorides, which can be understood considering that fluoride is the anion of a weak acid. The aggressiveness of the rest of the halides for pitting corrosion is on the order Cl− > Br− > I− for stainless steels with Mo content below 3 wt.%. Mo is not as effective in inhibiting Br− pitting corrosion as it is for inhibiting Cl− pitting corrosion. Most of those observations were rationalized based on the effect of anions on pit growth kinetics. Sensitized austenitic stainless steel suffers stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in solutions of all halides, albeit chlorides seem to be the most aggressive. Fluoride SCC is relevant for SCC under insulation of stainless steels, and standards and regulations developed to mitigate this problem consider this ion as aggressive as chloride. For the solubilized stainless steels, aggressiveness toward SCC is in the order Cl− > Br−. The SCC of solubilized stainless steels was not observed in solutions of F− and I−, and the possible reasons for this fact are discussed.
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Zatkalíková, Viera, and Lenka Markovičová. "Corrosion Resistance of Nitric Acid Passivated Cr-Ni-Mo Stainless Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 858 (November 2016): 196–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.858.196.
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Austenitic stainless steels are considered materials with excellent corrosion resistance, and with acceptable mechanical properties. Therefore they are recommended for various constructional, industrial and biomedical applications. However they are prone to the pitting corrosion in aggressive chloride environments. The aim of this study is to evaluate the corrosion resistance of AISI 316Ti stainless steel with nitric acid passivated surface at the temperature range 22 – 80 °C in 1M acidic chloride solution. Evaluation of the corrosion resistance is based on the results of exposition immersion tests (visual and microscopic observation of attacked surfaces, mass losses of specimens) and the results of the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests.
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Mulimbayan, Francis M., and Manolo G. Mena. "Cyclic Voltammetric Study of the Pitting Corrosion Behavior of Low-Nickel Austenitic Stainless Steels in Citric Acid." Materials Science Forum 866 (August 2016): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.866.191.
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The pitting corrosion behavior of AISI 202 stainless steel (SS) – a low-nickel, austenitic SS grade, was investigated by means of cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique complemented by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). From the starting potential, the current density decreases and changes its sign at the corrosion potential (Ecorr). The anodic response exhibits a well-defined anodic peak followed by a passive region. A noticeable increase in the anodic current density was observed after reaching the breakdown potential (Eb). The second anodic peak which may be attributed to onset of oxygen evolution was also observed. Moreover, the cyclic voltammograms revealed that hysteresis loop is absent for all the studied concentrations, indicating that AISI 202 SS in citric acid is highly resistant to pitting corrosion as also supported by the results of SEM. It was found out that the critical current density (icrit) increases with increasing citric acid concentration.
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ADEGBENRO, OMOTOSO, PETER O. AIYEDUN, OLAYIDE R. ADETUNJI, TOYIN A. AROWOLO, and FEMI T. OWOEYE. "CORROSION PERFORMANCE OF 1014 MILD AND 304 STAINLESS STEELS IN ACIDIC MEDIA." Journal of Natural Sciences Engineering and Technology 16, no. 1 (May 18, 2017): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.51406/jnset.v16i1.1805.
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Corrosion is a degradation of metallic materials under the action of the environment which requires oxygen and moisture to occur. This research work determined the corrosion performance of 1014 low carbon and 304 austenitic stainless steels in different concentration of acidic media. Corrosion tests were carried out using gravimetric technique. One hundred and eighty samples of the metals were prepared and immersed in containers of sulphuric acid (H2SO4), hydrochloric acid (HCl) and nitric acid (HNO3) at 1, 2 & 3 M. The samples were then removed every three days for a period of 15 days to measure the weight loss. These were used to calculate the corrosion rates. The chemical analysis was determined using an Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX). Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to determine the texture of the samples. The results showed that the corroded samples had pitting corrosion damage and cracks propagated generally on the sample surfaces. The corrosion rates of the samples increased with increase in molarities of the reagents, Stainless steel samples had the least corroded surfaces. The study concluded that the higher the level of concentration of acidic media (1 to 3 M), the higher the corrosion rates of samples in increasing order of HNO3, HCl and H2SO4 especially for mild steel sample (4.35 to 17.90, 0.21 to 2.90 and 10.37 to 0.64 mm/y) after 360 hours of immersion respectively.
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Dulmaine, Bradford A. "Corrosion, Wear, and Galling Tests of IC218, a Chromium-Bearing Alloy of Ni3Al." MRS Proceedings 133 (1988). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-133-597.
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ABSTRACTIC218 contains about 8.4% aluminum and about 7.8% chromium by weight and forms a tenacious alumina scale. In this work the ability of the scale to protect against aqueous corrosion and abrasive and adhesive wear was evaluated. Wrought IC218 was heat treated at 1150°C, yielding a microstructure of ordered FCC islands in a disordered FCC matrix. This material was more resistant to corrosion than common stainless steels in 96% or 98% sulfuric acid and in 5% hydrochloric acid. It was approximately equivalent to stainless steels in 10% sulfuric acid, 50% acetic acid, 50% sodium hydroxide, 5% sodium chloride, and in a sodium chloride + ferric sulfate + hydrochloric acid mixture used to test for pitting resistance. The IC218 performed poorly in 45% sulfuric acid, 20% or 65% nitric acid, 20% phosphoric acid, and in electrolytic 10% oxalic acid. It did not exhibit sensitivity to intergranular corrosion. It resisted stress corrosion cracking at a stress level equal to its yield strength, 645 MPa, in 45% magnesium chloride and in NACE TM0177, a test that simulates an oil well environment. IC218 wore more quickly than austenitic stainless steels do in a dry-sand-rubber-wheel test, but resisted galling as well as or better than most of them do.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Austenitic stainless steels ; Acetic Acid ; Pitting Corrosion"
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Al-Subai, Saud Ghunaim A. "Corrosion resistance of austenitic stainless steel in acetic acid solution containing bromide ions." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/corrosion-resistance-of-austenitic-stainless-steel-in-acetic-acid-solution-containing-bromide-ions(f14e147e-76ac-4162-a934-ffe7e3a00106).html.
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In this research, the corrosion performance of two austenitic stainless steels, namely 316L and 254SMO, in concentrated acetic acid solutions containing bromide ions has been investigated. In this research, the influence of two different electrochemical surface treatments (electropolishing and nitric acid passivation) on the corrosion behaviour of 316L stainless steel immersed in 15.3M HAc with 18.7mM bromide ions at 900°C was examined. Also, attemptswere made to study the performance of three organic inhibitors in the same conditions. Corrosion rates are assessed both by weight loss, and linear polarisation resistance. Interfacial corrosion chemistry is further characterised by open circuit potential and potentiodynamic polarization measurements. Substrate morphology is elucidated with optical microscopy, including 3D surface profiling, and scanning electron microscopy. Also, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is employed to gain further insight into the quite differentcorrosion performances of 316L and 254SMO in 15.3M acetic acid with 18.7mM Br ions.It was found that 316L and 254SMO steels have good corrosion resistance and low corrosion rates in 11.9M-HAc-Br-. Increasing acid concentration to 15.3 M led to a dramatic increase in corrosion rate of 316L with clear evidence of uniform and pitting corrosion proceeding simultaneously. Notably, the step increase in OCP for 316L steel and 254SMO during immersion in 15.3M-HAc-Br- solution indicates sudden changes in corrosion activity of the steels. The step seen for the 254SMO in 15.3M-HAc-Br- is indicative of passivation which is also supported by the XPS results, as a stable passive film was observed on the surface of alloy over the immersion time. However, the step increase in the OCP observed for 316L in 15.3MHAc-Br- is not associated with a significant decrease in corrosion rate. An alternative explanation is that the step coincides with an increase in the importance of pitting due to the evolving surface structure.From the attempts which were made to improve the corrosion resistance of the 316L stainless steel in 15.3M-HAc-Br-, both electropolishing and nitric acid passivation treatments were not sufficient to give any noticeable protection from the aggressive solution. Also, no corrosion inhibition was achieved when the three organic inhibitors, BTA, TU and 2MBI were utilised.
Conference papers on the topic "Austenitic stainless steels ; Acetic Acid ; Pitting Corrosion"
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Liang, Bin, Jianming Gong, Shantung Tu, and Yong Jiang. "Study on Corrosion Behavior of AISI316L and SAF2205 Stainless Steels in Acetic Acid Solution Containing Br-Ion." In ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2006-icpvt-11-94054.
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Petrochemical equipments made of austenitic stainless steel are often used in the environment of acetic acid solution. Premature corrosion failure led by acetic acid solution containing Cl− or Br− occurs in service. In the present paper, corrosion behavior of AISI316L austenitic stainless steel and SAF2205 duplex stainless steel in acetic acid solution containing Br-ion was studied by measuring the corrosion weight loss and Potentiodynamic anodic polarization curve. Effects of temperature and Br− concentration on the corrosion behaviors of AISI316L and SAF2205 material were investigated. The research results show that the corrosion rate markedly increases and pitting potential rapidly decreases with increasing temperature and Br− ion concentration. The pitting resistance of SAF2205 stainless steels is superior to AISI316L. For sensitized AISI316L and SAF2205 stainless steels, the similar rules were founded with increasing Br− concentration; sensitizing treatment will lead to decrease in corrosion resistance. Pitting induced by Br ion preferentially occurred at austenitic boundaries for sensitized AISI316L stainless steels, whereas pitting preferentially occurred at austenitic boundaries, ferrite-austenite boundaries and ferrite boundaries for sensitized SAF2205 duplex stainless steels.