Journal articles: 'Austenitization'

1

Yuan, Lian Jie, Qing Suo Liu, and Bin Gao. "Effect of Austenitization Temperature on Formation of Low Temperature Bainite." Advanced Materials Research 912-914 (April 2014): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.912-914.103.

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The influence of austenitization temperature on the incubation period and bainitic transformation behaviours of the high-carbon silicon steel has been investigated. It was found that the nose temperature of bainite transformation and incubation period decreases with increasing austenitization temperature. The microstructure characteristics of the bainitic transformation products have been also observed. After isothermal heat treatment at 230°C for 20 mins, all samples austenitized at different temperatures produced a bainitic structure, which consists of packets of parallel ferrite laths. The major difference lies in the edge boundary morphology. Bainitic laths formed in low-temperature austenitization conditions has sharp saw-tooth edge boundaries, whereas bainite transformed from high-temperature austenitization conditions, have smooth wedge boundaries. Key Words: austenitization temperature; low-temperature bainite; incubation period;edge boundary

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Lutsenko, V. A., T. N. Golubenko, O. V. Lutsenko, and N. A. Glazunova. "EFFECTS OF AUSTENITIZATION ON STRUCTURE FORMATION СHROMO-MOLYBDENUM-VANADIUM STEEL AFTER HIGH TEMPERING." Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), no. 1 (March 14, 2017): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2017-1-69-72.

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Influence of austenitization temperature of chrome-molybdenum-vanadium steel on structure formation at the softening heat treatment is studied. It is shown that the decline of the austenitization temperature promotes to reduce the micro-hardness values due to the intensification of spheroidizing of pearlite after the overcooling and high tempering. Increasing the austenitization temperature leads to formation of an uneven structure after tempering.

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3

Krzyńska, A., and A. Kochański. "Austenitization of FerriticDuctile Iron." Archives of Foundry Engineering 14, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afe-2014-0085.

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Abstract Austenitization is the first step of heat treatment preceding the isothermal quenching of ductile iron in austempered ductile iron (ADI) manufacturing. Usually, the starting material for the ADI production is ductile iron with more convenient pearlitic matrix. In this paper we present the results of research concerning the austenitizing of ductile iron with ferritic matrix, where all carbon dissolved in austenite must come from graphite nodules. The scope of research includedcarrying out the process of austenitization at 900° Cusing a variable times ranging from 5 to 240minutes,and then observations of the microstructure of the samples after different austenitizing times. These were supplemented with micro-hardness testing. The research showed that the process of saturating austenite with carbon is limited by the rate of dissolution of carbon from nodular graphite precipitates

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Kostoj, Valérie, Jean Denis Mithieux, and Thomas Fröhlich. "Influence of Chromium Carbide Size on the Austenitization Kinetics of a Martensitic Stainless Steel Measured by Dilatometry." Solid State Phenomena 172-174 (June 2011): 426–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.172-174.426.

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The use of martensitic stainless steels is commonly due to high mechanical properties requirements. To obtain these high values from the industrial material (whose microstructure consists in ferrite and M23C6carbides), a suitable heat treatment, consisting in an austenitization of the steel at a temperature higher than A3 point, followed by a fast quenching, is necessary. For economic reasons, the shortest the heat treatment time, the better it will be. Therefore, one essential point, to reduce austenitization time, is to obtain a final product made of ferrite and carbides, with the lowest carbides size as possible: the lowest they will be, the shortest time the transformation ferrite + carbides --> austenite will take. The formation of these carbides occurs during the batch annealing of the steel, at low temperature. To study the influence of carbides size on the austenitization kinetics of a 1.4006 grade martensitic stainless steel, several batch annealings were made at different temperatures. Carbides sizes were measured by electronic microscopy and austenitization kinetics were measured by dilatometry. Small carbides size logically induces fastest austenitization kinetics. The austenization occurs in three stages: a fast one which corresponds to the dissolution of the smallest carbides leading to a homogeneous repartition of carbon, a chromium gradient into ferrite and thus an austenitization until reaching Cr-rich ferrite. The second one is limited by the diffusion of chromium, inducing a slower transformation. The apparent third stage is an artefact of the second one, as it corresponds to an expansion of the austenite due to the diffusion of carbide, and an apparent increase of the transformation kinetics.

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5

Li, Zhiqiang, Shengyang Zhang, Yang He, Guangjie Xiong, Yude Liu, and Fuyong Su. "Prediction of the Non-Isothermal Austenitization Kinetics of Fe-C-Cr Low Alloy Steels with Lamellar Pearlite Microstructure." Materials 15, no. 6 (March 14, 2022): 2131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15062131.

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The austenitization of low alloy steels during rapid heating processes was involved in many kinds of advanced heat treatment technologies. Most of the previous research on the austenitization kinetics was focused on the spherical pearlite microstructures, which were different from the lamellar pearlite microstructures. In the present research, to predict the non-isothermal austenitization process of an Fe-C-Cr steel with lamellar pearlite, a novel 3-dimensional (3D) cellular automata model, which considered the influences of the coupling diffusion of Cr and C, and the interfacial diffusion between pearlite lamellae and the pearlite lamellar orientation, was established based on the thermodynamic equilibrium data obtained from the Thermo-Calc software and the simulation results of the DICTRA module. To clarify the influences of the heating rate on the austenitization kinetics and validate the simulation results, the austenitization processes of a Fe-1C-1.41Cr steel for different heating rates were studied with a series of dilatometric experiments. The good agreements between the cellular automata simulation results and the experimental results showed that the newly proposed cellular automata model is reasonable. The experimental results show an obvious change of the transition activity energies from the low to high heating rates. The transition from partitioning local equilibrium (PLE) to non-partitioning local equilibrium (NPLE) mechanisms was proved with DICTRA simulations. Basing on the simulation results, the influences of the pearlite lamellae orientation on the austenitization kinetics and the topological aspects of austenite grains were evaluated. In addition, the topological aspects of the rapidly austenitized grains were also compared to the normal grains.

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6

Zhao, Guanghui, Ruifeng Zhang, Juan Li, Cuirong Liu, Huaying Li, and Yugui Li. "Study on Microstructure and Properties of NM500/Q345 Clad Plates at Different Austenitization Temperatures." Crystals 12, no. 10 (October 1, 2022): 1395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12101395.

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In this paper, the change in the mechanical properties of a composite plate was studied using the heat treatment method, and it was found that the performance of the composite plate was greatly improved under the process of quenching at 900 °C and tempering at 200 °C. The hot-rolled NM500/Q345 clad plates were subjected to heat treatment tests of 860 °C, 900 °C, and 940 °C austenitization + 200 tempering. With the help of an optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, EBSD, and transmission electron microscope, the microstructure, interface element distribution, and defect composition at the composite bonding interface of hot rolling and heat treatment were analyzed. An analysis and friction and wear tests were carried out on the wear resistance of the clad NM500. It was found that the microstructure of the NM500/Q345 clad plate before austenitization was mainly pearlite and ferrite, and both were transformed into lath martensite after austenitization. As the austenitization temperature increased, the size of the martensitic lath bundle also became coarse. After austenitization at 900 °C and tempering at 200 °C, the lath-like martensite structure of NM500 contained high-density dislocations between the laths. With the increase in the austenitization temperature, the surface Rockwell hardness showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. The wear was the worst when the material was not quenched. When the clad plate was quenched at 900 °C and tempered at 200 °C, the wear of NM500 was the lightest; the maximum depth of the wear scar was 14 μm; the width was the narrowest, 0.73 mm; and the wear volume was the smallest, 0.0305 mm3.

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7

Rejeesh, Ravindran, Rakesh Kumar Barik, Rahul Mitra, Andrii Kostryzhev, Chitta R. Das, Shaju K. Albert, and Debalay Chakrabarti. "Effect of B and N Content and Austenitization Temperature on the Tensile and Impact Properties of Modified 9Cr-1Mo Steels." Metals 13, no. 6 (June 15, 2023): 1124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13061124.

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The present study investigates the relative effect of B and N concentrations and the austenitization temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties (tensile and Charpy impact) of modified 9Cr-1Mo (P91) steels. Initially, a B-free P91 steel (with 500 ppm N) and four different B-containing steels (25–100 ppm) with varying N concentrations (20–108 ppm) were hot-rolled, normalized from different austenitization temperatures (1000–1100 °C/1 h) and finally tempered at 760 °C for 1 h. A Charpy impact test shows that the ductile–brittle transition temperature (DBTT) of all the B-added steels decreases with an increase in the austenitization temperature, where the 100 ppm B steel offers the lowest DBTT (−85 °C). Similarly, the strength increases with the increase in the austenitization temperature (1100 °C), with a slight drop in ductility. The influence of precipitates on the microstructure and mechanical properties is explained considering the B enrichment at the precipitates and the thermodynamic stability of the precipitates. The 100 ppm B steel (containing the maximum B and minimum N), normalized from 1100 °C austenitization, shows the best combination of tensile and Charpy impact properties, owing to the effective dissolution of coarse M23C6 and MX precipitates during the normalization treatment and the formation of fine B-rich (Fe,Cr)23(B,C)6 precipitates during the subsequent tempering.

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8

Grigorieva, Raisa, Pascal Drillet, Jean Michel Mataigne, and Abdelkrim Redjaïmia. "Phase Transformations in the Al-Si Coating during the Austenitization Step." Solid State Phenomena 172-174 (June 2011): 784–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.172-174.784.

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Nowadays more and more hot stamped steel sheets dedicated for the automotive body-in-white structure are pre-coated to prevent the steel surface against iron oxidation and decarburization during the austenitization step. For these applications, the coating is deposited by continuous hot-dipping the steel in an Al-Si bath. The Al-Si coating, at the delivery state, contains Al-grains, Al-Fe-Si ternary phases, Al-Fe binary phases. During the austenitization, the Al-Si coating transforms completely by inter-diffusion and solidification reactions. The mechanisms of Al-Fe-Si phase transformations at high temperature are almost unknown. The phase transformations occurring during austenitization define the final coating microstructure responsible for the in use properties of the product like spot welding, painting adherence or corrosion behavior. It is the aim of this paper to propose a new way of understanding the mechanisms of phase transformation in the Al-Si coating during the austenitization step (between 900 and 930°C) before the transfer into the hot-stamping press.

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9

Silva, Cosme Roberto Moreira, Tiago F. O. Melo, José A. Araújo, J. L. A. Ferreira, and S. J. Gobbi. "Evaluation of Deep Criogenic Treatment at Microabrasive Wear of Aisi D2 Steel." Advanced Materials Research 1120-1121 (July 2015): 1257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1120-1121.1257.

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Wear resistance of tool steels can be increased with deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) application. Mechanisms related to DCT are still not completely understood. Microabrasive wear resistance of cryogenically treated samples of AISI D2 steel was evaluated in terms of austenitization temperature at heat treatment cycle and quenching steps related to DCT. X-ray difractometry, scanning and optical microscopy and quantitative evaluation of carbides with image analysis were carried out aiming material characterization. For samples subjected to higher austenitization temperatures, the DCT treatment does not increase abrasive wear resistance. For samples treated at lower austenitization temperature, the DCT treatment results on 44% increase at abrasive resistance. This effect is correlated to the increase of the amount of fine carbides distributed at samples matrices cryogenically treated.

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10

Mandal, Siddhartha Sankar, Dipak Kumar Mondal, and Karuna Sindhu Ghosh. "Cyclic annealing versus continuous annealing of 20 wt.% chromium white cast iron." Metallurgical Research & Technology 118, no. 4 (2021): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2021044.

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To destabilize as-cast microstructure of 20 wt.% chromium white iron, cyclic annealing involving repeated austenitization for short duration of 0.6 h at 900, 950, 1000, 1050 and 1100 °C followed by forced air cooling is conducted as an alternative to continuous annealing requiring austenitization for longer period of 4–6 h at the said temperatures followed by furnace cooling. Continuous austenitization destabilizes the austenite matrix through precipitation of secondary carbides and transforms the alloy depleted austenite to pearlite on furnace cooling, thereby reducing the as-cast hardness from HV 669 to HV466. In contrast, repeated austenitization not only destabilizes the austenite matrix through precipitation of secondary carbides followed by its transformation to martensite on forced air cooling, but also causes disintegration of longer eutectic carbides to shorter segments with subsequent increase in hardness to as high as HV 890. Notched impact toughness after both continuous and cyclic annealing remains uniformly at 12.0 J as compared to as-cast value of 6.0 J. Besides, an unexpected rise in abrasive wear resistance after cyclic annealing treatment makes the alloy superior than that obtained by continuous annealing treatment as practiced in industries.

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11

Kaldor, Mihaly, and Janos Dobranszky. "Austenitization of Spheroidal Eutectoid Steel." International Journal of Materials Research 86, no. 5 (May 1, 1995): 359–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-1995-860512.

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12

Gao, Qiu Zhi, Yong Chang Liu, Xin Jie Di, and Li Ming Yu. "Effect of Austenitization Temperature on Phase Transition Features of High Cr Ferritic Heat-Resistant Steel." Advanced Materials Research 557-559 (July 2012): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.557-559.175.

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The phase transformation of high Cr ferritic heat-resistant steel has been investigated by using differential scanning calorimeter and predicted by Thermo-calc calculation. The steel specimens were hot rolled and followed by air cooling, and then heated from room temperature up to different austenitization temperature as 800°C, 900°C, 1000°C and 1100°C. The DSC curves during heating process showed that the magnetic transition temperature and the Ac1 temperature are 744.9°C and 850.9°C, respectively. The austenitization range was about 58°C. The onset and offset temperature of martensite transformation both increase with the increase of austenitization temperature. The experimental results and the Thermo-calc calculated results both displayed that M23C6 carbides precipitated at around 950°C, and δ-ferrite started to form at about 1020°C.

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13

Nachazelova, Daniela, Jaromir Dlouhy, Petr Motycka, and Jakub Kotous. "Aspects of Austenitization for the Bearing Steel Induction Quenching Design." Materials 16, no. 9 (May 4, 2023): 3523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16093523.

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The dissolution of carbides during the heating to the quenching temperature has a significant effect on the martensite oversaturation and the resulting mechanical properties. The kinetics of dissolution can be influenced by various external factors. This work deals with monitoring the carbide dissolution utilizing dilatometer analysis. The austenitization of 100CrMnSi6-4 bearing steel in two initial states was compared—after accelerated spheroidization annealing and conventional soft annealing. The main objective was to determine the amount of undissolved cementite during austenitization in the temperature range where only austenite and cementite are present in the structure. The austenitization temperature determines the degree of cementite dissolution and, consequently, the carbon content in austenite and thus the final properties after quenching. The cementite dissolution was quantified from dilatometric curves and image analysis.

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14

Feng, Xue, Xianlei Hu, and Xianghua Liu. "Effects of Cold Rolling Reduction on Microstructure, Thickness, Adhesive Force of Al-Si Coating and on Bending Toughness of Al-Si Coated Press-Hardened Steel." Materials 16, no. 1 (December 20, 2022): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16010004.

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Al-Si coated press-hardened steel (PHS) is widely used along with the development of light-weight vehicles, and the tailor-rolled blank parts based on Al-Si coated PHS have attracted much attention. The preparation process includes cold rolling, austenitization, hot-stamping, and quenching. The most widely used AS60/60 coating will change after cold rolling and austenitization, which has been little-studied. Herein, the effects of cold rolling reduction on the microstructure, thickness, adhesive force of AS60/60 coating and on bending toughness of AS60/60 coated PHS were studied. As the cold rolling reduction ratio increased from 0% to 50%, the coatings were gradually thinned, but the overall continuity was unchanged. When the reduction ratio was 40% or above, rapid diffusion channels were formed. The adhesive force of coatings was 21.50–22.15 MPa. After austenitization, the coating thickness gradually decreased as the cold rolling reduction ratio rose from 0% to 50%, but the structure and overall continuity were both unchanged, and the adhesive force was 21.60–22.40 MPa. The rapid diffusion channels promoted the transition from brittle Fe2Al5 to tough FeAl during austenitization, leading to a rapid increment in bending toughness after Al-Si coated PHS was quenched. When the reduction ratio was 50%, the bending angle was improved by 23%.

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15

Sakamoto, Tatsuaki, Sanae Konishi, Yuta Nakanishi, Kiyomichi Nakai, and Sengo Kobayashi. "Effects of Coarsening of Cementite in Pearlite before Austenitization on Formation of BWING and Mechanical Property in a Steel." Materials Science Forum 783-786 (May 2014): 992–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.992.

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Effect of pre-treatment before austenitization on mechanical property in a steel has been investigated. Pre-treatment was done at 500°C for 600, 1200 and 1800s before austenitization at 1440°C for 120s. This pre-treatment was performed in order to introduce dislocation network into austenite, which acts as nucleation site for “bainite laths within austenite grain (BWING)”. BWING was formed with isothermal holding at 500°C for 10s after austenitization. Micro-Vickers hardness is measured in a steel with and without pre-treatment. The steel with appropriate pre-treatment exhibits high hardness, because large amounts of BWINGs are formed. In the case of cementites in pearlite being coarsened and the distance between cementites becoming large, dislocation network is apt to be introduced into γ. The dislocation network acts as nucleation site for BWING, resulting in the suppression of formation of intergranular bainite. BWINGs strengthen the steel.

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16

Wang, Kai, Zhi Bin Wang, Pei Xing Liu, and Yi Sheng Zhang. "Influences of Austenitization Parameters on Properties of Martensitic Stainless Steel in Hot Stamping." Advanced Materials Research 1063 (December 2014): 194–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1063.194.

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Due to high temperature and inevitable contact with air, strong oxidation and decarburization of the bare steel exist in hot stamping of ultra-high strength steels. Martensitic stainless steel could be a potential solution with its corrosion resistance and high strength. In this paper, the influences of austenitization temperature (850 to 1000 °C) and time (3 to 10 min) on final properties of 410 martensitic stainless steel were investigated, to obtain an ultra-high strength up to 1500MPa. The hot stamping of 410 steel is simulated by compression tests with a flat die. Mechanical properties of blanks after hot stamping process were detected by tensile tests. Results show that the final strength of 410 steel increases and the plasticity decreases, with the increase of austenitization temperature and time. After austenitization at 1000 °C for 5-10 min, an ultimate tensile strength up to 1500MPa is obtained with a martensite dominated microstructure.

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17

Nakashima, Koichi, K. Imakawa, Y. Futamura, Toshihiro Tsuchiyama, and Setsuo Takaki. "Effect of Copper Addition on Grain Growth Behavior of Austenite in Low Carbon Steels." Materials Science Forum 467-470 (October 2004): 905–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.467-470.905.

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The effect of copper (Cu) addition on the grain growth behavior of austenite was investigated in a low carbon steel and a Cu bearing low carbon steel. Cu addition to the steel does not affect the nucleation rate of reversed austenite on heating in the martensitic structure but markedly retards the grain growth of the austenite during holding at 1173K (austenitization). As a result, the grain size of austenite in the Cu bearing steel becomes about one-third times smaller than that in the base steel after austenitization for 14.4ks. TEM observations in the Cu bearing steel revealed that Cu particles precipitated during aging treatment had completely dissolved in 1.2ks of austenitization. Therefore, the retardation of grain growth of austenite can not be explained by the grain boundary pinning effect of Cu particles but by the dragging effect of Cu atoms in the austenitic solid solution.

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18

Hauserova, D., J. Dlouhy, and M. Kover. "Pearlitic Lamellae Spheroidisation During Austenitization and Subsequent Temperature Hold." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 62, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0028.

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Abstract Typical processing routes for bearing steels include a soft annealing stage. The purpose of this procedure is to obtain a microstructure containing globular carbides in ferritic matrix. A newly developed process called ASR (Accelerated Spheroidisation and Refinement) cuts the carbide spheroidisation times several fold, producing considerably finer globular carbides than conventional soft annealing. Finer microstructure also leads to more homogeneous and finer structure after final hardening process. The present paper explores process of the accelerated spheroidisation (ASR) in steel 100CrMnSi6-4 with initial pearlitic structure. Cementite lamellae morphology was observed in different stages of austenitization. The heat treatment was performed using induction heating in quenching dilatometer. There was analysed influence of austenitization temperature and austenitization time on spheroidisation. Hardness and carbide morphology was observed. Deep etching was used to reveal evolution of cementitic lamellae fragmentation. It is favourable process especially in induction treatment of small parts.

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19

Mohapatra, J. N., D. Satish Kumar, and G. Balachandran. "Microstructure Evolution in Medium Carbon Bainitic Steel." Innovation in Science and Technology 2, no. 4 (July 2023): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.56397/ist.2023.07.02.

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A 0.38C steel with 1.97Mn, 1.34Si, 0.8Cr and 0.29Mo (wt. %) bainitic steel melted in a lab scale induction furnace was hot forged and subjected to annealing, austenitizing above Ac3 temperature and in the inter critical temperature range were normalized or austempered in the temperature between 350 to 500 oC to get a versatile range of microstructure with bainite as a major phase. In the annealed condition the steel showed acicular ferrite with pearlite and in the normalized condition from above Ac3 temperature, bainitic ferrite with 7% retained austenite. When the steel is continuously cooled post intercritical austenitization treatment, the microstructure showed ferrite, bainite and pearlite. Austenitization above Ac3, followed by austempering at different temperatures resulted in carbide free bainitic microstructure consisting of bainitic ferrite and austenite between 7 and 16%. Austenitization in the inter critical temperature followed by austempering at different temperatures showed ferrite, banitic carbide and pearlite.

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Long, Xiaoyan, Zhao Dai, Wanshuai Wang, Zhinan Yang, Fucheng Zhang, and Yanguo Li. "Carbon Atom Distribution and Impact Toughness of High-Carbon Bainitic Steel." Coatings 14, no. 4 (April 10, 2024): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings14040457.

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High-carbon nano bainitic steel is currently a hot research topic. The effect of the matrix’s carbon content and carbon atom distribution on the toughness of high-silicon, high-carbon bainitic steel is studied. The microstructure under an incomplete austenitization process consists of undissolved carbides, bainitic ferrite, and retained austenite. Using this process, the carbon content in bainitic ferrite is relatively low. Under the complete austenitization process, the carbon content in the bainite ferrite in the sample is high, and there is more retained austenite in the blocky type. The sample exhibits high impact toughness under an incomplete austenitization process, which is mainly affected by the low carbon content of bainite ferrite, high coordination ability of retained austenite, and high interface density of microstructure. The EBSD results show that the crack easily propagates between parallel bainite laths with low interface density compared with the high interface density perpendicular to the laths.

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Stamenković, Uroš, Ivana Marković, Srba Mladenović, and Milena Stajić. "A study on the influence of austenitization temperature on the mechanical, thermal, and structural properties of 51CrV4 steel." Tehnika 79, no. 1 (2024): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/tehnika2401055s.

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In this paper, emphasis is placed on studying the influence of quenching temperature (austenitization) on the mechanical, thermal, and structural properties of 51CrV4 chrome-vanadium steel. Generally, 51CrV4 steel is often categorized as spring steel; however, in recent years, it has been increasingly used in the production of different types of tools, so it can also be categorized as tool steel. To obtain better-quality tools, this steel is subjected to various types of heat treatment, which usually include normalizing, quenching, and medium-temperature tempering. In this investigation, the samples were austenitized at different temperatures, ranging from 780 °C to 920 °C, and subsequently quenched in oil. After quenching, the samples were tempered at a temperature of 350 °C for 2 hours. The goal was to monitor the influence of austenitizing temperature on hardness, thermal conductivity, and microstructure by subjecting the samples to characterization after the applied heat treatment. The results showed that with an increase in the austenitization temperature, the hardness values gradually increase, reach a maximum, and then decrease, regardless of the type of heat treatment. On the other hand, thermal conductivity values show the opposite trend. After the characterization, it was concluded that by choosing a low austenitization temperature (770 °C), samples would be cooled from the two-phase region (a+g), which produces lower hardness values. However, choosing a high austenitization temperature (920 °C) would lead to austenite grain growth and surface decarburization, again lowering hardness values.

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Geiger, Manfred, Marion Merklein, and Cornelia Hoff. "Basic Investigations on the Hot Stamping Steel 22MnB5." Advanced Materials Research 6-8 (May 2005): 795–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.6-8.795.

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Basic research concerning the material properties of the hot stamping steel 22MnB5 has been carried out. A survey is given about the as-delivered conditions with hardness tests, micrographs and flow curves. The process window of the austenitization time, before hot stamping can take place, is defined by austenitization tests. Also a new experimental set-up to detect the cooling rate in dependency on the contact pressure is presented. In addition to that the cooling experiments were simulated with ABAQUS and the heat transfer coefficient for each contact pressure is determined by inverse modeling.

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23

Nießen, Frank, Matteo Villa, Daniel Apel, Olaf Keßler, Michael Reich, John Hald, and Marcel A. J. Somers. "In Situ Techniques for the Investigation of the Kinetics of Austenitization of Supermartensitic Stainless Steel." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 1381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.1381.

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The austenitization and inter-critical annealing of X4CrNiMo16-5-1 (1.4418) supermartensitic stainless steel were investigated in-situ with synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD), dilatometry and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) under isochronal heating conditions. Austenitization occurred in two stages: the austenitization started at approx. 600 °C, decelerated at approx. 700 °C at 60 to 75 v.% of transformed austenite, and first resumed after heating for approx. 100 °C. This plateau in the transformation curve was more dominant for faster heating rates. Inter-critical annealing at 675 and 700 °C revealed, that austenite can to a certain extent be stabilized to room-temperature. There was good agreement for the transformation curves yielded by dilatometry and XRD. Some deviation occurred due to the different applied heating principles, different temperature monitoring and the impact of surface martensite formation on the XRD measurement. The applicable temperature range for DSC as well as the close proximity of the Ac1- and the Curie-temperature limited the usage of the technique in the present case.

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Barbosa, Ronaldo, Dagoberto Brandão Santos, Marcelo A. C. Ferreira, and R. N. Nolasco. "Ferrite Grain Refinement during Hot Rolling of Seamless Tubes." Materials Science Forum 558-559 (October 2007): 689–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.558-559.689.

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Hot rolling of seamless tubes is performed in two stages: one at high temperature, ie, above 1000oC and a second part at low temperature range, namely below 900oC. Above 1000oC, dynamic, metadynamic and static recrystallization may happen leading to full softening and grain refinement. Below 900oC, however, some pancaking may occur and ferrite is thus refined during transformation. Nonetheless, in order to refine ferrite grains further, cooling to room temperature and re-austenitization at an intermediate reheating furnace can be a viable alternative to be explored. The present paper examines the implications of re-austenitization followed by phase transformation plus low temperature deformation on ferrite grain refinement. Phase transformation on re-heating and cooling as well as recrystallization play important roles in the process of ferrite grain refinement. These mechanisms are analyzed and discussed. Results indicate that ferrite grain refinement is most effective in the case of processing using a re-austenitization cycle in the intermediate furnace followed by rapid cooling after deformation in the stretch reducing mill.

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Prislupcak, Peter, Tibor Kvackaj, Jana Bidulska, Pavol Zahumensky, Viera Homolova, Lubos Juhar, Pavol Zubko, Peter Zimovcak, Roman Gburik, and Ivo Demjan. "Effect of Austenitization Temperature on Hot Ductility of C-Mn-Al HSLA Steel." Materials 15, no. 3 (January 25, 2022): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15030922.

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The article aims to investigate the effect of different austenitization temperatures on the hot ductility of C-Mn-Al High-Strength Low-Alloy (HSLA) steel. The thermo-mechanical simulator of physical processes Gleeble 1500D was used for steel hot ductility study. Hot ductility was estimated by measuring the reduction of area after static tensile testing carried out at temperatures in the range 600 °C to 1200 °C with the step of 50 °C. Evaluation of fracture surfaces after austenitization at 1250 °C and 1350 °C with a holding time of the 30 s showed significant differences in the character of the fracture as well as in the ductility. The fracture surfaces and the microstructure near the fracture surfaces of samples at a test temperature of 1000 °C for both austenitization temperatures were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Light Optical Microscopy (LOM), and AZtec Feature analysis (particle analysis of SEM). AlN and AlN-MnS precipitates at grain boundaries detected by the detailed metallographic analysis were identified as the main causes of plasticity trough in the evaluated steel. Moreover, using Thermo-Calc software, it was found that AlN particles precipitate from solid solution below the temperature of 1425 °C.

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Kong, Jung Hyun, Jang Hyun Sung, Sang Gweon Kim, and Sung Wan Kim. "Microstructural Changes of SKD11 Steel during Carbide Dispersion Carburizing and Subzero Treatment." Solid State Phenomena 118 (December 2006): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.118.115.

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Microstructural changes and hardness variations in SKD11 steel have been investigated during the processes of carbide dispersion (CD) carburizing, austenitization, subzero treatment and tempering. The carbon content of the surface region increased up to 3.0% after CD carburizing, and the surface phases consisted of two predominant types of M7C3 carbides (large primary eutectic M7C3 carbide and secondary M7C3 carbide), retained austenite and martensite. After austenitization, the carbon content of the surface region decreased to 2.4%. At the same time, surface hardness was reduced from 900Hv for the CD carburizing condition to 830Hv after austenitization. On the other hand, the hardness at the interior region of the austenitized steel displayed a 100Hv higher value than that of the CD carburizing steel. In spite of removal of the retained austenite, subzero treatment (at -100) of the austenitized steel resulted in a decrease in hardness, probably due to the softening of the martensite matrix. However, tempering (at 200 for 4 hours) of the subzero treated steel raised its hardness up about 70Hv compared to steel tempered without the subzero condition, due to precipitation of fine nano size carbides below 50nm.

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Blaoui, M. M., M. Zemri, and A. Brahami. "Effect of Heat Treatment Parameters on Mechanical Properties of Medium Carbon Steel." Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering 22, no. 4 (September 2, 2020): 909–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mme-2018-0071.

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AbstractEngineering materials, mostly steel, are heat treated under controlled sequence of heating and cooling to alter their physical and mechanical properties to meet desired engineering applications. This paper presents a study of the influence of austenitization temperature, cooling rate, holding time and heating rate during the heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties (tensile strength, yield strength, elongation and hardness) of the C45 steel. Specimens undergoing different heat treatment lead to various mechanical properties which were determined using standard methods. Microstructural evolution was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results revealed that microstructure and hardenability of the C45 steel depends on cooling rate, austenitization temperature, holding time and heating rate.

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Olejarczyk-Wożeńska, I., H. Adrian, and B. Mrzygłód. "Mathematical Model of the Processoof Pearlite Austenitization." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 59, no. 3 (October 28, 2014): 981–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2014-0165.

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Abstract The paper presents a mathematical model of the pearlite - austenite transformation. The description of this process uses the diffusion mechanism which takes place between the plates of ferrite and cementite (pearlite) as well as austenite. The process of austenite growth was described by means of a system of differential equations solved with the use of the finite difference method. The developed model was implemented in the environment of Delphi 4. The proprietary program allows for the calculation of the rate and time of the transformation at an assumed temperature as well as to determine the TTT diagram for the assigned temperature range.

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Batra, Uma, Pankaj Tandon, and Kulbir Kaur. "A study of austenitization of SG iron." Bulletin of Materials Science 23, no. 5 (October 2000): 393–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02708389.

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Reitz, A., O. Grydin, and M. Schaper. "Characterization of Phase Transformations During Graded Thermo-Mechanical Processing of Press-Hardening Sheet Steel 22MnB5." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 51, no. 11 (September 18, 2020): 5628–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-020-05976-x.

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Abstract Safety-relevant components in automobiles require materials that combine high strength with sufficient residual ductility and high-energy absorption. A graded thermo-mechanical treatment of the press-hardening steel 22MnB5 with graded microstructure can provide a material with such properties. Different austenitization temperatures, cooling and forming conditions within a sheet part lead to the development of microstructures with mixed phase compositions. To determine the resulting phase contents in such graded processed parts, a large number of dilatometric tests are usually required. With a non-contact characterization method, it is possible to detect local phase transformations on an inhomogeneously treated flat steel specimen. For press-hardening steel after heat treatment and thermo-mechanical processing, correlations between austenitization temperature, hot deformation strain, microstructure, and hardness are established.

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Konishi, Sanae, Kiyomichi Nakai, Tatsuaki Sakamoto, Keisuke Nakai, and Sengo Kobayashi. "Effect of Cold Rolling and Isothermal Holding before Austenitization on Mechanical Properties in Steels." Materials Science Forum 783-786 (May 2014): 932–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.932.

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Effect of pre-treatments before austenitization on mechanical properties in steels has been investigated. Pre-treatments are cold rolling and isothermal holding below A1 before austenitization. Pre-treatments were performed in order to introduce dislocation network in austenite (γ), which acts as nucleation site for “bainite laths within γ grain (BWING)”. During the pre-treatment of isothermal holding below A1, carbon segregation and/or carbide formation might occur at grain boundary of ferrite (α). Thin γ layer might be formed around the region where carbon segregation and/or carbide formation occurred in the beginning of austenitization. Transformation strain due to α → γ would be effectively relaxed by the deformation of thin γ film, because α had been already hardened by the cold rolling. Dislocations might be introduced dominantly into the thin γ film, and stable dislocation network even in the high temperature region of γ might be formed. BWING nucleates around the dislocation network to relax the strain field around dislocation network. BWING would nucleate also at ( BWING / γ ) interface cooperatively to relax the strain around the interface, resulting in the formation of “aggregate of bainite laths with nearly parallel slip systems between neighboring bainite laths (ALPS)”. Larger ALPS containing a lot of BWINGs might be formed in the pre-treated steel, and improves tensile strength and toughness.

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Vakulenko, I. O., B. I. Kindratskyi, S. O. Yakovliev, I. E. Kramar, and O. I. Shaptala. "Influence of structural state of carbon steel in the process of austenite appearing during reheating double-phase (a+y) field." Science and Transport Progress, no. 36 (March 25, 2011): 218–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15802/stp2011/9335.

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Based on the analysis of research results for the kinetics of austenitization process the order of the original structures in the direction of increasing the rate of austenite formation is determined.

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Su, Fuyong, Wenli Liu, and Zhi Wen. "Three-Dimensional Cellular Automata Simulation of the Austenitizing Process in GCr15 Bearing Steel." Materials 12, no. 18 (September 18, 2019): 3022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12183022.

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On the basis of the two-dimensional cellular automaton model, a three-dimensional cellular automaton model of austenitizing process was established. By considering the orientation of pearlite layer and the direction of austenite grain growth, the velocity of the interface was calculated during the austenitizing process. The austenitizing process of GCr15 steel was simulated, and the anisotropy of grain growth rate during austenitization was demonstrated by simulation results. By comparing the simulation results with the experimental data, it was found that the calculated results of the three-dimensional cellular automaton model established in this paper were in good agreement with the experimental results. By using this model, the three-dimensional austenitizing process of GCr15 steel at different temperatures and under different processing times can be analyzed, and the degree of austenitization can be predicted.

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34

Wang, Chao, Xin Wang, Jian Kang, Guo Yuan, and Guodong Wang. "Effect of Austenitization Conditions on the Transformation Behavior of Low Carbon Steel Containing Ti–Ca Oxide Particles." Materials 12, no. 7 (April 1, 2019): 1070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12071070.

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Inclusion-induced acicular ferrite (AF) nucleation has been used for microstructure refinement in steel. Austenitization conditions have a significant influence on AF nucleation ability. In this paper, the effects of austenitization temperature and holding time on the transformation behaviors of low carbon steel containing Ti–Ca oxide particles were studied. A thermal treatment experiment, high temperature in situ observation, and calculation of Mn diffusion were carried out. The results indicate that small austenite grain size under low austenitizing temperature promoted grain boundary reaction products. With an increase in austenitizing temperature, the nucleation sites transferred to intragranular particles and AF transformation was improved. The inclusion particles in the Ti–Ca deoxidized steel were featured by an oxide core rich in Ti and a lesser amount of Ca and with MnS precipitation on the local surface, which showed a strong ability to promote AF nucleation. At a low austenitizing temperature, Mn diffusion was limited and the development of Mn-depleted zones (MDZs) around inclusions was not sufficient. The higher diffusion capacity of Mn at a high austenitizing temperature promoted the formation of MDZs to a larger degree and increased the AF nucleation ability. Boron segregation at large-sized austenite grain boundaries played an important role in AF transformation. Austenite grain size, Mn-depleted zone development, and boron segregation at grain boundaries were the decisive factors influencing the transformation behaviors under different austenitization conditions for the test steel.

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35

Kaijalainen, Antti, Oskari Haiko, Saeed Sadeghpour, Vahid Javaheri, and Jukka Kömi. "The Influence of Rapid Tempering on the Mechanical and Microstructural Characteristics of 51CrV4 Steel." Metals 14, no. 1 (January 3, 2024): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met14010060.

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The microstructure and mechanical properties of a low-alloy medium carbon steel (Fe-0.5C-0.9Mn-1Cr-0.16V, in wt.%) were investigated after rapid tempering and compared with a conventionally tempered counterpart. The conventional thermal cycle was performed in a laboratory-scale box furnace while rapid heat treatments were carried out using the Gleeble 3800 thermomechanical simulator machine. In the rapid heat treatments, the heating rate was 50 °C/s for austenitizing and 60 °C/s for the tempering process, with a cooling rate of 60 °C/s for both treatments. Austenitization was performed at 900 °C for 3 s and tempering was conducted at 300 °C and 500 °C for 2 s. For conventional routes, the heating rate for both austenitization and tempering was 5 °C/s. Likewise, the austenitization was carried out at 900 °C for 45 min and tempering was carried out at 300 °C and 500 °C for 30 min. The results revealed that rapid tempering resulted in a significantly increased impact toughness compared to conventional tempering, while maintaining a consistent high strength level. The quenched samples showed the highest hardness and tensile strength but obtained the lowest toughness values. The optimum combination of strength and toughness was achieved with the sample rapidly tempered at 300 °C, resulting in a tensile strength of 2050 MPa and impact energy of 14 J for sub-sized CVN samples. These desirable mechanical properties were achieved throughout the tempered martensitic microstructure with a minor fraction of pearlitic strings.

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Vasyukova, E. S., K. Yu Okishev, A. S. Sozykina, A. M. Karlikov, and D. A. Mirzaev. "Kinetic Description of (Cr, Fe)₇C₃ Carbide Precipitation from Austenite in High-Carbon Fe-Cr-C Ternary Alloys." Solid State Phenomena 265 (September 2017): 1005–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.265.1005.

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The paper develops a model of precipitation of secondary (Cr, Fe)7C3 carbides from austenite in high-carbon chromium white cast irons of the ternary system Fe–Cr–C. Description of isothermal kinetics is based on traditional approaches to diffusionally controlled growth of particles, and approximation of the shape of isothermal TTT curve by a parabola permitted to apply the Scheil–Steinberg integral for transition to continuous cooling conditions. Model parameters were determined from literature experimental data on the change of Ms temperature after continuous cooling with different rates. Dependences of these parameters on alloy composition were then also defined. Results of the work, combined with the previously proposed model of carbide dissolution in the gamma phase during austenitization, permit to calculate isothermal (TTT) and continuous cooling (CCT) precipitation curves for an arbitrary ternary Fe–Cr–C alloy after given austenitization mode.

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Okishev, K. Yu, E. S. Vasyukova, A. G. Grebenshchikova, A. S. Sozykina, and D. A. Mirzaev. "Isothermal Pearlite Formation Kinetics in High-Chromium Cast Irons without Additional Alloying." Solid State Phenomena 265 (September 2017): 884–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.265.884.

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A model of isothermal pearlite reaction kinetics in high-carbon ternary Fe–Cr–C alloys (cast irons) containing (Cr, Fe)7C3 carbide phase is presented. The model is based on traditional Avrami approach completed with a simple type temperature dependence of K coefficient. The model parameters for individual alloys were determined from F. Maratray and R. Usseglio-Nanot’s experimental data covering composition range from 2.1 to 4.3 %C and from 12 to 26 %Cr. The dependence of parameters (Avrami exponent n, activation energy U and time-scale constant C) on gamma phase composition by the end of austenitization (calculated with account for kinetics of carbide dissolution) is determined. The model thus permits to calculate the isothermal pearlite Ccurve (TTT diagram) for an alloy of arbitrary composition after given austenitization regime. The comparison of calculation results to experimental data shows their sufficient correlation.

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38

Li, Hui, Zhenli Mi, Xiaolei Zhang, Di Tang, and Yide Wang. "Carbide dissolution during intercritical austenitization in bearing steel." Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed. 29, no. 6 (December 2014): 1242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11595-014-1075-4.

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39

Batra, Uma, S. Ray, and S. R. Prabhakar. "Mathematical Model for Austenitization Kinetics of Ductile Iron." Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 14, no. 5 (October 1, 2005): 574–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1361/105994905x64512.

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40

Dupont, Pierre. "Preventing Rolling-Element Bearing Failures Through Heat Treatment." AM&P Technical Articles 181, no. 6 (September 1, 2023): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.amp.2023-06.p046.

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Abstract An examination of a bearing failure due to mismatched and incomplete flame hardening shows the need to work with heat treaters for proper selection and application. The article includes a case study of a large bearing raceway that failed due to incomplete austenitization.

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41

Kobayashi, Junya, Yuji Nakajima, and Koh Ichi Sugimoto. "Effects of Cooling Rate on Impact Toughness of an Ultrahigh-Strength TRIP-Aided Martensitic Steel." Advanced Materials Research 922 (May 2014): 366–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.922.366.

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The effects of variations in the rate of post-austenitization cooling of a 0.2%C-1.5%Si-1.5%Mn-1.0%Cr-0.2%Mo-1.5%Ni-0.05%Nb (mass%) transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP)-aided steel with a lath martensite structure matrix on the Charpy impact toughness were investigated, with the aim of improving the material properties for automotive body applications. When cooled at 1.2°C/s after austenitization, the TRIP-aided steel showed a higher upper-shelf Charpy impact absorbed value (90 J/cm2) and a lower ductile-brittle fracture appearance transition temperature (−126°C), compared with the values determined (82 J/cm2, −98°C) for steel cooled at 53.5°C/s. The lower cooling rate yielded a higher volume fraction and carbon concentration of metastable retained austenite, finer martensite-austenite constituents, and a lower carbide fraction in the wide lath martensite structure in the TRIP-aided steel. These improved microstructural characteristics resulted in superior impact toughness.

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42

Lopes, Maximiano Maicon Batista, and André Barros Cota. "A study of isochronal austenitization kinetics in a low carbon steel." Rem: Revista Escola de Minas 67, no. 1 (March 2014): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0370-44672014000100009.

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The austenite formation under isochronal conditions in Nb microalloyed low carbon steel was studied by means of dilatometric analysis and the data was adjusted to the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov (JMAK) equation, for different heating rates and for three initial microstructures. It was shown that the kinetics of austenitization of a pearlite+ferrite structure is faster than that of martensite (tempered martensite) at a heating rate of 0.1ºC/s. For heating rates higher than 0.1ºC/s, the kinetics of austenitization of a martensite structure is faster than of pearlite+ferrite one. The K parameter of the JMAK equation increases with the heating rate for the three previous microstructures and it is greater for the initial microstructure composed of ferrite+pearlite. At lower heating rates, the formation of austenite in this steel is controlled by carbon diffusion, independently of the initial microstructure. At higher heating rates, the formation of austenite from an initial microstructure composed of pearlite and ferrite is controlled by interface-controlled transformation.

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43

Dlouhy, J., D. Hauserova, and P. Motycka. "Bainite austenitization in 51CrV4 spring steel: accelerated cementite spheroidisation." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 179 (February 2017): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/179/1/012016.

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Kaijalainen, A., P. Suikkanen, and D. A. Porter. "Effect of re-austenitization on the transformation texture inheritance." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 82 (April 24, 2015): 012058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/82/1/012058.

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Di Ciano, M., N. Field, M. A. Wells, and K. J. Daun. "Development of an Austenitization Kinetics Model for 22MnB5 Steel." Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 27, no. 4 (March 7, 2018): 1792–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11665-018-3262-5.

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46

Testani, Claudio, Andrea di Schino, Laura Alleva, and Luciano Pilloni. "Austenitization and Tempering Temperatures Effects on EUROFER 97 Steel." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 711–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.711.

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EUROFER 97 is considered as standard steel for the nuclear applications in the case of high radiation density for first wall of a fast breeder reactors. Based on such consideration the microstructural behaviour of EUROFER 97 after thermo-mechanical processing is fundamental, since such materials properties are interesting also for innovative solar plants. In this paper the effect of thermo-mechanical behavior on the mechanical properties of EUROFER 97 has been analyzed by hot rolling followed by heat treatment on laboratory scale.A strong effect of reheating conditions before rolling on the material strength, due to an increase of hardenability following the austenite grain growth is found. A limited effect of the hot reduction and of the following tempering behavior is found in the considered deformation-range investigated. A loss of impact toughness is detected together with the hardness improvement.Mechanical properties are depending on the tempering temperature and an improvement of tensile yield stress (YS) and ultimate stress (UTS) was determined in tensile test carried on at T=550°C and T=650°C, e.g.: YS increase from about 400 MPa for standard EUROFER 97 [1] to about 550 MPa in samples treated by a tempering temperature of 720°C instead of the standard 760°C for EUROFER 97. Same trend has been found for UTS results.

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47

Pandey, Chandan, M. M. Mahapatra, Pradeep Kumar, N. Saini, J. G. Thakre, and Prakash Kumar. "Grain Refinement of P91 Steel Using Double Austenitization Treatment." Materials Performance and Characterization 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 20180094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/mpc20180094.

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48

TAKEDA, Hiroyuki, and Shigenobu NANBA. "Austenitization in laser welded metals and their mechanical properties." Proceedings of the Materials and processing conference 2003.11 (2003): 35–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemp.2003.11.35.

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49

Wang, Gang, Jinzhao Wang, Limeng Yin, Huiqin Hu, and Zongxiang Yao. "Quantitative Correlation between Thermal Cycling and the Microstructures of X100 Pipeline Steel Laser-Welded Joints." Materials 13, no. 1 (December 26, 2019): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13010121.

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Due to the limitations of the energy density and penetration ability of arc welding technology for long-distance pipelines, the deterioration of the microstructures in the coarse-grained heat-affected zone (HAZ) in welded joints in large-diameter, thick-walled pipeline steel leads to insufficient strength and toughness in these joints, which strongly affect the service reliability and durability of oil and gas pipelines. Therefore, high-energy-beam welding is introduced for pipeline steel welding to reduce pipeline construction costs and improve the efficiency and safety of oil and gas transportation. In the present work, two pieces of X100 pipeline steel plates with thicknesses of 12.8 mm were welded by a high-power robot laser-welding platform. The quantitative correlation between thermal cycling and the microstructure of the welded joint was studied using numerical simulation of the welding temperature field, optical microscopy (OM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results show that the heat-source model of a Gaussian-distributed rotating body and the austenitization degree parameters are highly accurate in simulating the welding temperature field and characterizing the austenitization degree. The effects of austenitization are more significant than those of the cooling rate on the final microstructures of the laser-welded joint. The microstructure of the X100 pipeline steel in the HAZ is mainly composed of acicular ferrite (AF), granular bainite (GB), and bainitic ferrite (BF). However, small amounts of lath martensite (LM), upper bainite (UB), and the bulk microstructure are found in the columnar zone of the weld. The aim of this paper is to provide scientific guidance and a reference for the simulation of the temperature field during high-energy-beam laser welding and to study and formulate the laser-welding process for X100 pipeline steel.

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Wahyudi, Haris, Swandya Eka Pratiwi, Adolf Asih Supriyanto, and Daisman Purnomo Bayyu Aji. "The influence of heat rate and austenitization temperature on microstructure and hardness of Hadfield steel." SINERGI 27, no. 2 (April 27, 2023): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/sinergi.2023.2.012.

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The As-Cast condition of Hadfield alloy usually contains (Fe, Mn)3C carbides around the austenitic grains, which promote brittleness, making the steel impractical in industry. Heat treatment is normally applied to reduce carbide content, lower carbides, and improve toughness. However, a complete austenitic structure is not attainable during solution treatment. The dissolution temperature and dissolution time are critical to obtaining complete carbide content. Furthermore, heating must be done slowly, and the quenching speed must be fast enough. This study examines the effect of heat rate and austenitization temperatures in the solution treatment on the microstructure and hardness of Hadfield steel. The heat rate of 3, 6 and 10 oC/min is selected to determine whether there is a change in the microstructure of Hadfield steel. The four austenitization temperatures of 1000, 1100, 1150 and 1200 oC are used to ascertain carbide dissolution into the austenite matrix. Grain boundary, hardness, and phase transformation will confirm the microstructural change and hardness properties. The optical microscope shows carbide content is reduced as the austenitization temperature increases. The consequence of carbide dissolution affects the hardness. Its hardness decreases as temperature increase due to the loss of carbide. The as-Cast specimen has the highest hardness of 227.8 HV30, and the lowest hardness is 176.7 HV30 belongs to a specimen that is heated up to 1200 °C and quenched into water. Grain size is measured by the line intercept method, which shows its increase as temperatures increase. The result of grain measurement is as follows: As-Cast 224.6 mm, T 1000 °C 323.3 mm, T1100 °C 409.2 mm, T1150 °C 1014.4 mm, T1200 °C 881.6 mm. SEM-EDS confirms that the main phase is austenite, and a small amount of carbide is detected in the austenite matrix.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Austenitization'

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