Journal articles on the topic 'Austin Motor Company, ltd'

Purpose – This paper aims to examine the issues of knowledge transfer in international strategic alliance within Hero Moto Corp. Ltd., an Indian multinational company. International Strategic alliances have been increasing in numbers in the past decades and transfer of knowledge and its transfer in multinational companies is wider debate. The case explores the complex issues involved in cross-organization and cross-country transfer of knowledge. The company has forged a strategic alliance with the US-based Erik Buell Racing for accessing technology and design inputs. Design/methodology/approach – It presents a structured case study that examines a wide range of knowledge transfer issues of international strategic alliance. Findings – It reveals that a major influencing factor is the national culture of the parents and that of the host country which provides the context with in which alliances are operate. It is also explored the ways in which the multi-parentage of strategic alliances influences their Human Resource Management (HRM) policies and practices. Originality/value – It provides plenty of useful information on an issue that affects virtually every employee and organization.

Title – Customer retention at Hyundai Motor India Ltd. Subject area – Marketing management, services marketing, customer relationship management and strategic marketing management. Study level/applicability – This case can be taught effectively to MBA/MS students. Case overview – Hyundai Motor India Ltd (HMIL) commenced operations in India in 1996 and launched its first car in India – the Hyundai Santro – in 1998. Since then, there has been no looking back for the company. Its domestic and export sales figures have risen manifold each year and the car maker has gone on to become the second largest manufacturer in the Indian car market with a market share of 18.10 percent as of 2010-2011. By 2009-2010, most of the major international car makers were setting up production facilities in India. The market was set to become highly competitive and it became imperative for manufacturers like Maruti Suzuki India Ltd (MSIL) and HMIL to retain their customers in order to maintain their market share. Nalin Kapoor, General Manager (Sales & Marketing) was contemplating the marketing strategies he could use to counter the stiff competition. Customer retention was one of the major problems in the automobile industry as the purchase time span varied between three and five years and the cost of brand switching was nil. HMIL had been pursuing customer relationship management activities but its customer retention ratio was declining. Kapoor and his team decided to study the loyalty programs of some companies in the automobile industry to ascertain whether launching a loyalty card could solve their problem of retention. The marketing strategy department with the help of a management intern extensively studied the existing loyalty program of Hero Honda, MSIL, and Ford to identify how those programs were designed and promoted to the customer. The reports also indicated the shortcomings of each program and the features which were highly accepted by the customer. The loyalty program also had cost implications as there was a need for a strong technical support team to run it successfully. With the reports in hand, Kapoor was in a dilemma on whether launching a loyalty card would be feasible or not. If yes, then how should it be structured to motivate the customers to stay loyal to the company? Also, how could the cost in terms of promotion, training, and technical support be justified? If not a loyalty program, then what marketing strategies should the company pursue to retain customers effectively? The problem demanded immediate attention and action and Kapoor was well aware of the implications that a delay in decision making would have for the market share of the company in the growing and dynamic automobile industry in India. Expected learning outcomes – These include: the concept of customer relationship management; relationship marketing; customer retention; customer loyalty; customer profitability segments; relationship bonds; and designing loyalty programs. Supplementary materials – Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email: support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.

In 2005, in Ringrow Pty Ltd v BP Australia Pty Ltd,[1] the High Court (Gleeson CJ, Gummow, Kirby, Hayne, Callinan and Heydon JJ) observed that Lord Dunedin’s formulation in Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v New Garage & Motor Co Ltd,[2] of the principles governing the identification, proof and consequences of penalties in contractual stipulations had endured for 90 years and had been applied countless times in the High Court and other courts. (The Court cited, as examples, O’Dea v Allstates Leasing System (WA) Pty Ltd,[3] Acron Pacific Ltd v Offshore Oil NL,[4] AMEV-UDC Finance Ltd v Austin,[5] Stern v McArthur,[6] and Esanda Finance Corporation Ltd v Plessnig.[7]) The Court proceeded on the basis that Dunlop continued to express the law applicable in Australia, leaving any more substantial reconsideration for a future case where reconsideration or reformulation might be in issue. [1] (2005) 224 CLR 656 [12]. [2] [1915] AC 79, 86–8. [3] (1983) 152 CLR 359, 368, 378, 399, 400. [4] (1985) 157 CLR 514, 520. [5] (1986) 162 CLR 170, 190. [6] (1988) 165 CLR 489, 540. [7] (1989) 166 CLR 131, 139, 143, 145.

1. History of Nidec Servo Co. Ltd. Nidec Servo Co. Ltd. is originated from Turumaki Clock Store founded in Tokyo in 1906, whose clock manufacturing division then developed into Eikosha Co. Ltd. in 1926. Photo 1 shows a wall clock manufactured in Eikosha Co. Ltd. Eikosha Co. Ltd. evacuated from Tokyo to Kiryu City, Gunma Prefecture in 1943 and got shut down in 1949. But forty-eight employees of Eikosha Co. Ltd. voluntarily established a joint venture company, Kiryu Eikosha Co. Ltd., to manufacture industrial equipment in the same year of closure. In 1951 Kiryu Eikosha Co. Ltd. made the best use of the technologies relating to clock gear mechanism in successfully manufacturing servo motors and synchronous motors in Japan, which led to firm establishment of the Company's foundation as a motor maker.

According to the current actual situation of informatization in Commercial Vehicle Company of DF Motor Co., Ltd. , there exists such a problem as the incomplete parts data of S-BOM, which fails to provide complete parts data of the department of procurement and sales. In order to solve the problem, this paper designs and develops the parts of DF Motor Co., Ltd. Data Management System. The system uses Delphi 7.0 as the development tools and Oracle 9i as the back-end database，which implements the function of centralized management, maintenance and query of S-BOM parts data by means of parts state management, structured data management, parts data query and other function modules. The system meets Commercial Vehicle Company's requirements of centralized procurement by addressing some of the key issues in the original parts management. Fund Project: Key Projects of Science and Technology Research of Hubei Department of Education (No. D200723003 ); Projects of National Natural Science Foundation, 2010(No. 51006132)

Modifikasi sistem pendingin mesin diesel merk dongfeng menggunakan heat exchanger untuk kapal motor nelayan bertujuan untuk menjaga temperatur air pendingin pada range 60°C-90°C serta menggantikan metode sistem pendingin terbuka yang dinilai kurang efesien dan banyak menimbulkan dampak negatif bagi mesin seperti korosi dan temperatur air pendingin pada water jacket dibawah standar yang ditentukan. Modifikasi yang penulis lakukan dirancang menggunakan heat exchanger sebagai alat penukar kalor air tawar ke air laut. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian terhadap alat yang dirancang didapatkan hasil nilai kalor yang dilepas oleh sistem berbanding lurus terhadap putaran mesin serta didapatkan efesiensi sistem yang tertinggi pada putaran 1900 Rpm sebesar 37% .Kata Kunci: Heat exchanger, Tube, Water jacket, Overal heat transfer.Cengel, Yunus A, Boles, Michael A. 2007. Thermodynamics, An Engineering Approach. New York, McGraw-Hill Ltd D.Kern.1968. TEMA (Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association). Ekadewi, Rahardjo, Pengaruh Temperatur Air Pendingin Terhadap Konsumsi Bahan Bakar-Motor Diesel Stasioner di sebuah Huller,Universitas Kristen Petra, JURNAL TEKNIK MESIN Vol. 1, No. 1, April 1999: 8-1.Keith Escoe A. 1986. Mechanical Design of Process Systems, vol.2. Gulf Pub Company, Houston Texas. P. Holman Jack, Jasjfi E. 1986. Heat Transfer, Sixth Edition. McGraw-Hill, Ltd. Wood D Bernard, Harahap Zulkifli. 1985. Applications of Thermodynamics, Second Edition. Addison-Wesley Publishing, Syracuse, New York.

In the present 5-year national project since 2003, the development of YBCO coated conductors (CC) has advanced rapidly. The high performance processing group of SRL-ISTEC and Fujikura Ltd. has been working on the long tape of the PLD-YBCO superconductor on the IBAD-Gd2Zr2O7 buffered substrate tape. Very recently the SRL group achieved the highest value on the product of Ic x L in the world, 51,940 Am (212 m x 245 A). Fujikura Ltd. also realized the longest buffered substrate tape of 500m long IBAD tape and obtained a 200 m long coated conductor with Ic value of 88 A. In the low cost processing group using MOD, CVD and so on, the high Ic value of 525 A was obtained by SRL using the TFA-MOD method on the IBAD substrate. The 45m long TFA-MOD tape was also obtained with the Ic value of 155 A by Showa Electric Wire and Cable Company. Similarly 100- 200 m class long tapes were also obtained by the MOCVD (Chubu Power Electric Company) and PLD-HoBCO processes (Sumitomo Electric Industry Ltd.). Both groups above are further developing for the final goal of 500 m long tapes with the Ic of 300 A/cm-w at the production rate of 5 m/h. Furthermore, the feasibility study for the application has started due to the above success of long tape production. Several kinds of preliminary experiments using long coated conductors are now in progress for the power applications such as (1) Power Cable, (2) Transformer, (3) Motor and so on.

Daihatsu Motor Co., Ltd. is the oldest Japanese car company known for its small car products or more agreed. The number of Daihatsu car consumers is quite a lot, in making purchases. This study aims to analyze the effect of brand identity and brand image on customer loyalty. This type of research uses a quantitative approach. Data collection uses interviews, observation, and questionnaire distribution. Using the nonprobability method with a purposive sampling approach. The population of this research is Daihatsu car consumers with a sample of 60 respondents. The analytical method used is SPSS v.20. Based on the results of this study concluded that brand identity and brand image have a significant effect on customer loyalty.

Daihatsu Motor Co., Ltd. is the oldest Japanese car company known for its small car products or more agreed. The number of Daihatsu car consumers is quite a lot, in making purchases. This study aims to analyze the effect of brand identity and brand image on customer loyalty. This type of research uses a quantitative approach. Data collection uses interviews, observation, and questionnaire distribution. Using the nonprobability method with a purposive sampling approach. The population of this research is Daihatsu car consumers with a sample of 60 respondents. The analytical method used is SPSS v.20. Based on the results of this study concluded that brand identity and brand image have a significant effect on customer loyalty.

Maruti Udyog Ltd. (MUL) was set up in 1980 by the government to produce automobiles. By collaborating with Suzuki Motor Company in 1982, it was hoped that the famed Japanese style of management would catalyze the small and backward car industry and some of the others to which it was linked. Maruti got off to an excellent start by public sector standards. However, by 1985, fiscal, balance of payments, and technology transfer problems began to surface. With current order books winding down by 1990, questions arise as to MUL's mission, its product-market strategies, its pricing policy, and the value of Japanese participation. Questions also arise regarding the coherence, long term stability, and developmental aims of government's policy towards the automobile industry.

Abstract A motorbike manufacturer which struggles to market their products is Honda Motor Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred as Honda Motor). This article investigated origin of Honda Motor’s logos and tried to describe the logos as superimposed advertisement displayed in a television program. The study applied a qualitative descriptive method. Data were taken from a commedy situation Overa van Java relayed on Trans7 television channel. The data are the Honda Motor’s logos displayed as superimposed advertisement. The results showed that Honda has denotation and connotation meanings. The company name was originated from the family name of the founder Soichiro Honda. However, there is also another meaning ‘Japanese rice’ due to marketing strategy which delivers cultural values due to promote Japanese products. The Honda Motor’s logos are a red-colored wing on a white background and a white-colored wing on a red background. The logos are discovered as the signified while the products of Honda Motors become the signifier. The logos slid with approximately 11 seconds of duration which depicted brand awareness. This study concludes that the superimposed advertisement employed mini images on the left corner of a television screen. The advertisement strategy is valuable to cause intention of the television audiences through the signifier and signified. Keywords: Logo, meaning, sign, signifier, signified, superimposed advertisement Abstrak Pabrikan sepeda motor yang berjuang untuk tetap memasarkan produknya adalah Honda Motor Co., Ltd. (selanjutnya disebut Honda Motor). Artikel ini menginvestigasi logo Honda Motor dan mendeskripsikan logo tersebut sebagai iklan superimposed yang ditayangkan dalam program televisi. Penelitian ini disusun dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif. Data diperoleh dari situasi komedi Overa van Java yang ditayangkan pada saluran televisi Trans7. Data yang diperoleh berupa logo Honda Motor yang ditampilkan sebagai iklan superimposed. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Honda memiliki makna denotasi dan konotasi. Nama perusahaan berasal dari nama keluarga pendirinya, yaitu Soichiro Honda. Akan tetapi, terdapat makna lain 'beras Jepang' sebagai upaya strategi pemasaran yang memiliki nilai budaya untuk mempromosikan produk dari Jepang. Logo Honda Motor adalah sayap berwarna merah dengan latar belakang putih dan sayap berwarna putih dengan latar belakang merah. Logo-logo tersebut dinyatakan sebagai penanda sementara produk-produk Honda Motor menjadi petanda. Logo-logo ditampilkan saling berganti dengan durasi sekitar 11 detik untuk menyampaikan brand awareness. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa iklan superimposed menampilkan gambar berukuran kecil di sudut kiri layar televisi. Strategi iklan ini berupaya untuk meningkatkan pemahaman dari penonton televisi melalui penanda dan petanda. Kata Kunci: Logo, makna, tanda, penanda, petanda, iklan superimposed

Abstract One of the most important parameters affecting traction properties as well as driving safety, especially with regard to vehicles with special purpose, is the distribution of wheel and axle loads on the ground. This issue should be taken into account during the process of creating new vehicles as well as during the modernization process. In the first case, it is quite simple because the mass distribution is shaped already in the design phase. In the second case, the problem is more complex, because with modernization solutions we enter an already existing structure. Modernization basically assumes improving the performance and capabilities of the vehicle with possibly small changes in its base structure. Thus, it imposes important boundary conditions. The article presents the methodology of measurement and selected results of measurements of mass distribution as well as wheel and axle loads of selected motor vehicles during their advanced modernization (STAR 266 cars to the version STAR 266M2 and Honker 2000 to the version Honker M-AX). Modernizations carried out by Autobox Innovations Ltd. Lim. Par are mainly focused on increasing the traction of vehicles, traffic safety, and driving comfort. Measurements were made at the above-mentioned company.

-Brenda Plummer, Carol S. Holzberg, Minorities and power in a black society: the Jewish community of Jamaica. Maryland: The North-South Publishing Company, Inc., 1987. xxx + 259 pp.-Scott Guggenheim, Nina S. de Friedemann ,De sol a sol: genesis, transformacion, y presencia de los negros en Colombia. Bogota: Planeta Columbiana Editorial, 1986. 47 1pp., Jaime Arocha (eds)-Brian L. Moore, Mary Noel Menezes, Scenes from the history of the Portuguese in Guyana. London: Sister M.N. Menezes, RSM, 1986. vii + 175 PP.-Charles Rutheiser, Brian L. Moore, Race, power, and social segmentation in colonial society: Guyana after slavery 1838-1891. New York; Gordon and Breach, 1987. 310 pp.-Thomas Fiehrer, Virginia R. Dominguez, White by definition: social classification in Creole Louisiana. Rutgers, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1986. xviii + 325 pp.-Kenneth Lunn, Brian D. Jacobs, Black politics and urban crisis in Britain. Cambridge, London, New Rochelle, Melbourne and Sydney: Cambridge University Press, 1986. vii + 227 pp.-Brian D. Jacobs, Kenneth Lunn, Race and labour in twentieth-cenruty Britain, London: Frank Cass and Co. Ltd., 1985. 186 pp.-Kenneth M. Bilby, Dick Hebdige, Cut 'n' mix: culture, identity and Caribbean Music. New York: Metheun and Co. Ltd, 1987. 177 pp.-Riva Berleant-Schiller, Robert Dirks, The black saturnalia: conflict and its ritual expression on British West Indian slave plantations. Gainesville, Fl.: University of Florida Press, Monographs in Social Sciences No. 72. xvii + 228.-Marilyn Silverman, James Howe, The Kuna gathering: contemporary village politics in Panama. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, 1986. xvi + 326 pp.-Paget Henry, Evelyne Huber Stephens ,Democratic socialism in Jamaica: the political movement and social transformation in dependent capitalism. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1985. xx + 423 pp., John D. Stephens (eds)-Bridget Brereton, Scott B. Macdonald, Trinidad and Tobago: democracy and development in the Caribbean. New York, Connecticut, London: Praeger Publishers, 1986. ix + 213 pp.-Brian L. Moore, Kempe Ronald Hope, Guyana: politics and development in an emergent socialist state. Oakville, New York, London: Mosaic Press, 1985, 136 pp.-Roland I. Perusse, Richard J. Bloomfield, Puerto Rico: the search for a national policy. Boulder and London: Westview Press, Westview Special Studies on Latin America and the Caribbean, 1985. x + 192 pp.-Charles Gilman, Manfred Gorlach ,Focus on the Caribbean. 1986. Amsterdam/Philadelphia, John Benjamins., John A. Holm (eds)-Viranjini Munasinghe, EPICA, The Caribbean: survival, struggle and sovereignty. Washington, EPICA (Ecumenical Program for Interamerican Communication and Action), 1985.-B.W. Higman, Sidney W. Mintz, Sweetness and power: the place of sugar in modern history. New York: Elisabeth Sifton Books, Viking Penguin Inc., 1985. xxx + 274 pp.

Plaintiff Sheets sought sanctions under Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure against defendants, the Yamaha Motor Co. Ltd. (Yamaha Japan) and its wholly owned American subsidiary, Yamaha Motors Corp., U.S.A. (Yamaha U.S.A.), for misconduct in discovery and frivolous insistence that service on the foreign parent be made in conformity with the Convention on Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents in Civil or Commercial Matters, better known as the Hague Service Convention. Plaintiff had effected service under the Louisiana long-arm statute, which permitted service on the subsidiary as involuntary agent for the defendant parent company in an action arising out of business transacted or tortious conduct occurring in the state. The U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana initially awarded $25,000 in sanctions to the plaintiff. On appeal, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit remanded the decision for further findings by the district court on the grounds for imposing sanctions. The district court held (per Schwartz, J.): in light of the decision of the Supreme Court in Volkswagenwerk Aktiengesellschaft v. Schlunk, involving a state service statute virtually identical to that of Louisiana, the defendants’ failure to waive service under the Hague Convention needlessly increased the cost of litigation and was properly the subject of Rule 11 sanctions.

Siam Suspension Innovation Co. Ltd. (SSI) in 2004 manufactured the first local brand of shock absorber for motor cycles (GAZI brand) in Thailand. This case documents how several entrepreneurs with a passion for motorcycles grasped an opportunity to invent, manufacture and successfully brand a decorative shock absorber for the ubiquitous motorcycle riders of Thailand. Prior to the development of the GAZI brand, shock absorbers were simply just another OEM (original equipment manufacturer) component on a motor bike that was typically only replaced when it was worn out. Shock absorbers were differentiated on their performance characteristics of smoothness of ride. Siam Suspension Company (SSI) changed all that with their decorative GAZI brand that had a mass appeal to consumers under 25 years who possessed a 125–150cc motorcycle (by far the largest segment) who simply wanted their motorcycles to look attractive. Rather than compete in the high volume, low margin standard shock absorber segment, SSI positioned GAZI as a decorative shock absorber. However, because GAZI used a new innovative gas filled technology (all other brands used oil filled cylinders) it also gave a much smoother ride on the rough roads of Thailand. GAZI's management initially created a “first-mover” advantage by targeting Gen Y consumers and convincing them to use shock absorbers to decorate their motorcycles. Hence a replacement market was born for decorative shock absorbers, with many riders replacing the OEM shocks as soon as they purchased a new motorcycle. Sales grew at a rapid pace until other manufacturers of standard shocks saw the success of GAZI. At this time the barriers to entry were quite low. As a SME (small to medium size enterprise) with limited capital, the challenge for SSI in 2012 is how to regroup and stay one step ahead of the competition and protect its market share from further erosion.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to focus on how the concept design stage of a powertrain system can be improved by using a purely objective driven approach in selecting a final concept design to progress further. This research investigation will examine the development of a novel test-bed to assist in the selection of powertrain technologies during the concept design phase at Ford Motor Company Ltd, serving as the main contribution to knowledge. Design/methodology/approach – The objectives of this research were achieved by carrying out a literature review of external published work related to concept design evaluation methods within product development and value engineering techniques. Empirical studies were conducted with a supporting case study used to test the application of a new test-bed to improve the concept design decision process. Findings – A quantitative new tool “Product Optimisation Value Engineering” (PROVEN) is presented to critically assess new and evolving powertrain technologies at the concept design phase. Research limitations/implications – This research improves the concept design selection process, hence increasing the product value to the customer. Practical implications – The new test-bed “PROVEN” incorporates a data-driven objective approach to assist in assessing concept design alternatives in providing the net value in terms of function and cost as perceived by the customer. Originality/value – A mathematical new test-bed that incorporates a highly adaptable, data-driven and multi-attribute value approach to product specification and conceptual design is developed, novel to the automotive concept design process. This will create a substantially optimised product offering to the market, reducing overall development costs while achieving customer satisfaction. The new tool has the ability to define a technology value map to assess multiple technical options as a function of its attributes, whose precise values can be determined at a given cost.

-Sidney W. Mintz, Mats Lundahl, The Haitian economy: man, land and markets. New York: St. Martins Press, 1983. 290 pp.-Regine Altagrace Latortue, Léon-Francois Hoffmann, Essays on Haitian Literature. Washington D.C.: Three Continents Press, 1984. 184 pp.-Robert Forster, Lieutenant Howard, The Haitian journal of lieutenant Howard, York Hussars, 1796-1798. Edited with an introduction by Roger Norman Buckley. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1985. liv + 194.-David Bray, Bernardo Vega, Los Estados Unidos y Trujillo, año 1930. Santo Domingo: Fundación Cultural Dominicano, 1986. 2 vols. xi + 1120 pp.-David Bray, Bernardo Vega, Los Estados Unidos y Trujillo, año 1947. Santo Domingo: Fundación Cultural Dominicana, 1984. 2 vols. xi + 1018 pp.-David Bray, Bernardo Vega, Nazismo, fascismo y falangismo en la Republica Dominicana. Santo Domingo: Fundación Cultural Dominicana, 1985. 415 pp.-Tony Thorndike, Bruce J. Calder, The impact of intervention: The Dominican Republic during the US occupation of 1916-1924. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1984. 358 pp.-Marcella M. Little, Jacques Barbier ,The North American role in the Spanish imperial economy 1760-1819. Manchester, England, 1984: Manchester University Press. pp. 232., Allan J. Kuethe (eds)-Janette Forte, Peter Riviere, Individual and society in Guiana: a comparative study of Amerindian social organisation. Cambridge, London, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984. 127 pp.-Stephen D. Glazier, Jay D. Dobbin, The Jombee dance of Montserrat: a study of trance ritual in the West Indies. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1986. 202 pp.-Robert J. Stewart, Stephen D. Glazier, Marchin' the Pilgrims home: leadership and decision-making in an Afro-Caribbean faith. Connecticut and London: Greenwood Press, 1983. xv + 165 pp.-Sidney M. Greenfield, Karen Fog Olwig, Cultural adaptation and resistance on St. John: three centuries of Afro-Caribbean life. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1985. xii + 226 pp.-Adam Kendon, William Washabaugh, Five fingers for survival. Ann Arbor: Karoma Publishers, Inc., 1986. xiv + 198 pp.-Evelyne T. Menard, Carnot (F. Moloen), Alors ma chére...Propos d'un musicien guadeloupéen recueillis et traduits par Marie-Céline Lafontaine. Paris: Editions Caribéennes, 1986. 159 pp.-Sally Price, Suzanne Slesin ,Caribbean style. Authors include Daniel Rozensztroch. Photographs by Gilles de Chabaneix. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, 1985. 290 pp., Stafford Cliff, Jack Berthelot (eds)-Allison Blakely, Gert Oostindie ,In het land van de overheerser. Deel II. Antillianen en Surinamers in Nederland, 1634/1667-1954. Dordrecht (Holland) and Providence RI (U.S.A.): Foris Publications, 1986. xi + 255 pp., Emy Maduro (eds)-Rosemarijn Hoefte, E. van de Boogaart ,Overzee: Nederlandse koloniale geschiedenis, 1590-1975. Haarlem: Fibula-van Dishoek, 1982. 291 pp., P.J. Drooglever et al (eds)-Frederick J. Conway, P.I. Gomes, Rural development in the Caribbean. London: C. Hurst and Company. New York: St. Martins Press, 1985. xxi + 246 pp.-Steve M. Slaby, Charles Edquist, Capitalism, socialism and technology: a comparative study of Cuba and Jamaica. London: Zed Books Ltd., 1985. xiii + 182 pp.-Joan D. Mandle, June Nash ,Women and social change in Latin America. South Hadley, Mass.: Bergin and Garvey Publishers, 1986. 372 pp., Helen Safa (eds)-Bonham C. Richardson, Michael L. Conniff, Black labor on a white canal: Panama, 1904-1981. Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1985. xv + 221 pp.-Brackette F. Williams, Stephen Glazier, Caribbean ethnicity revisited. A special edition of Ethnic Groups, International periodical of ethnic studies. New York, London, Paris, Montreaux, Tokyo: Gordon Breach Science Publishers, 1985. 164 pp.-Gert J. Oostindie, Frauke Gewecke, Die Karibik; zur Geschichte, Politik und Kultur einer Region. Frankfurt/M: Verlag Klaus Dieter Vervuert 1984. 165 pp.

Paixão mundial seja nas pistas de corrida, seja nos carros de luxo ou mesmo em pequenos acessórios de consumo, a Scuderia Ferrari é uma das empresas mais tradicionais do esporte automotor e da indústria de carros com o seu vermelho vibrante de corrida (rosso corsa) e sua logomarca inconfundível de um cavalo rampante negro em um escudo de amarelo vibrante (cavallino rampante). O presente artigo deseja identificar a lógica de ação social que permite a empresa italiana, sediada em Maranello, tanto lucrar dentro do mecanismo econômico do capitalismo, bem como criar um fandom expressivo, cuja paixão não distingue classe social. Utilizando a lógica de racionalidade social posta por Jürgen Habermas, dividida em Mundo da Vida (ação comunicativa) e Sistema (ação instrumental), vamos esquematizar a ação ferrarista em quatro posições típica-ideais, mostrando a importância da gestão e do marketing esportivo e de bens de luxo para as empresas vinculadas ao automobilismo.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Automobilismo, Marketing Esportivo, Mundo da Vida, Sistema, Scuderia Ferrari. ABSTRACTWorld passion whether on track, in luxury cars or even small accessories consumption, Scuderia Ferrari is one of the traditional businesses of motor sport and car industry with its vibrant red race (rosso corsa) and his unmistakable imprint of a black prancing horse on a vibrant yellow shield (cavallino rampant). This article want to identify social action logic that allows the Italian company, based in Maranello, both profit within the capitalist economic mechanism, as well as create a significant fandom, whose passion does not distinguish social class. Using social rationality logic brought by Jürgen Habermas, divided into World of Life (communicative action) and System (instrumental action), we lay out the Ferrari action in four typical-ideal positions, showing the importance of management and sports marketing and luxury goods for businesses linked to motoring.KEYWORDS: Auto Racing, Sports Marketing, World of Life System, Scuderia Ferrari. RESUMEN Pasión Mundial sea en automovilismo, en coches de lujo o en pequeño consumo de los accesorios, la Scuderia Ferrari es uno de los negocios tradicionales del deporte del motor y la industria del automóvil con su vibrante raza roja (rosso corsa) y su huella inconfundible de un caballo encabritado negro en un vibrante escudo amarillo (cavallino rampante). En este artículo se quiere identificar la lógica de la acción social que permite a la empresa italiana, con sede en Maranello, tanto el beneficio en el mecanismo económico capitalista, así como crear un fandom significativa, cuya pasión no distingue clases sociales. Utilizando la lógica racionalidad social presentada por Jürgen Habermas, dividido en Mundial de la Vida (acción comunicativa) y Sistema (acción instrumental), ponemos a cabo la acción de Ferrari en cuatro posiciones típicas ideales, que muestra la importancia de la gestión y el marketing deportivo y artículos de lujo para las empresas vinculadas al automovilismo.PALABRAS CLAVE: Automovilismo, marketing deportivo, Mundial de vida del sistema, la Scuderia Ferrari. ReferênciasADORNO, Theodor W. & HORKHEIMER, Max. Dialética do Esclarecimento (trad. Guido Antonio de Almeida). Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar Editor, 1985.AUSTIN, J. L. How to do Things with Words. Cambridge: HUP, 1975.BUCCI, Eugênio & VENANCIO, Rafael. D. O. "OValor de Gozo: um conceito para a crítica da indústria do imaginário". Matrizes. Ano 8. Nº 1. São Paulo: PPGCOM-ECA-USP, 2014.HABERMAS, Jürgen. Mudança Estrutural da Esfera Pública (trad. Flávio R. Kothe). Rio de Janeiro: Tempo Brasileiro, 1984.HABERMAS, Jürgen. The Theory of Communicative Action (dois vol.). Boston: Beacon, 1989.HABERMAS, Jürgen. "Progresso técnico e mundo social da vida". In: HABERMAS, Jürgen. Técnica e ciência como "ideologia" (trad. Artur Morão). Lisboa: Ed. 70, 2001a.HABERMAS, Jürgen. "Técnica e ciência como ‘ideologia'". In: HABERMAS, Jürgen. Técnica e ciência como "ideologia" (trad. Artur Morão). Lisboa: Ed. 70, 2001b.HABERMAS, Jürgen. A Ética da Discussão e a Questão da Verdade (trad. Marcelo B. Cipolla). São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2004.HORKHEIMER, Max. "Teoria Tradicional e Teoria Crítica". In: HORKHEIMER, Max et alli. Os pensadores. São Paulo: Abril Cultural, 1980.KINGSTON, Lewis. "Ferrari is ‘world's most powerful brand'". Autocar.co.uk., 2013. Disponível em: http://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/industry/ferrari-world-s-most-powerful-brand.LOVEJOY, Arthur O. A Grande Cadeia do Ser. São Paulo: Palíndromo, 2005.MAINGUENEAU, Dominique. Termos-chave da Análise do Discurso. Belo Horizonte: Ed. UFMG, 2006.MANTON, David. Enzo Ferrari's Secret War. Bridgehampton: BPL, 2011.MORIN, Edgar. Cultura de Massas no Século XX - O Espírito do Tempo. R. J.: Forense, 1967.MORIN, Edgar. Cultura de Massas no Século XX - O Espírito do Tempo: volume II (Necrose). Rio de Janeiro: Forense, 1977.NOBRE, Marcos. Lukács e os limites da reificação. São Paulo: Ed. 34, 2001.NOBRE, Marcos. A Teoria Crítica. Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar Editor, 2004.SANTOS, Francisco (ed.) Grand Prix. Lisboa: Público, 2003.SKINNER, Quentin. "Meaning and Understanding in the History of Ideas". History and Theory. Vol. 8, nº 1. Middleton: Wesleyan University, 1969.SKINNER, Quentin. "Conventions and the Undestanding of Speech Acts". The Philosophical Quaterly. Vol. 20, nº79. Saint Andrews: St. Andrews, 1970.SKINNER, Quentin. "On Performing and Explaing Linguistic Actions". The Philosophical Quaterly. Vol. 21, nº82. Saint Andrews: St. Andrews, 1971.SKINNER, Quentin. "Motives, Intentions and the Interpretation of Texts". New Literary History. Vol. 3, nº 2. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1972.SKINNER, Quentin."Hermeneutics and the Role of History". New Literary History. Vol. 7, nº 1. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1975.SKINNER, Quentin. Razão e Retórica na Filosofia de Hobbes. São Paulo: Unesp, 1999.SKINNER, Quentin. Visions of Politics: Regarding Method. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.VENANCIO, Rafael D. O. "Radiojornalismo ativista: um modelo de ação para o jornalismo alternativo". Revista Alterjor. Vol. 2, nº 6. São Paulo: ALTERJOR-ECA-USP, 2012.WRIGHT MILLS, C. A Elite do Poder. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 1981. Disponível em:Url: http://opendepot.org/2707/ Abrir em (para melhor visualização em dispositivos móveis - Formato Flipbooks):Issuu / Calameo

Introduction: Novel approaches to treating patients (pts) with relapsed or refractory (R/R) classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) have improved outcomes but some pts do not respond or, despite initial response, develop progressive disease and have limited treatment options. Camidanlumab tesirine (ADCT-301; Cami) is an antibody-drug conjugate composed of a human IgG1 anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody stochastically conjugated to a potent pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) dimer warhead, which triggers cell death via formation of highly cytotoxic interstrand cross-links. Data from a Phase (Ph) 1 dose-escalation, dose-expansion trial demonstrated an overall response rate (ORR) in pts with cHL of 86.5% (48.6% complete response [CR] rate) at the 45 μg/kg dose. Cami had a generally acceptable safety profile at Ph 1 but there were 5/77 cases (6.5%) of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)/polyradiculopathy (Preferred Terms: 4 GBS and 1 radiculopathy) (Collins et al, ICML June 18-22, 2019, Lugano, Switzerland, Abstract 055). Here, we present preliminary efficacy and safety results of a Ph 2 trial of single-agent Cami in pts with R/R cHL (NCT04052997). Methods: A single-arm, multi-center, open-label, Ph 2 trial is currently enrolling pts ≥16 yrs (US) and ≥18 yrs (outside US) with R/R cHL following ≥3 prior treatment lines (or ≥2 lines in pts ineligible for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation). Eligible pts had prior treatment with brentuximab vedotin and PD-1 blockade, measurable disease per 2014 Lugano Classification, and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0-2. The primary objective is to evaluate efficacy of single-agent Cami by ORR as determined by central review. Secondary objectives include further characterization of additional efficacy endpoints and safety. Pts receive 30-min IV infusions of Cami on Day 1 of each 3-week cycle at a dose of 45 μg/kg for 2 cycles, followed by 30 μg/kg for subsequent cycles for up to 1 yr or until discontinuation due to disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, or other reasons. Pts deriving clinical benefit at 1 yr may be able to continue treatment on a case-by-case basis. Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were defined as AEs occurring/worsening from time of first dose to either 30 days post last dose or to start of new anticancer therapy/procedure, whichever occurs first. This analysis was conducted after meeting a protocol-specified criterion for pausing enrollment (≥2 cases of GBS or other relevant severe neurologic toxicity). Results: As of June 15, 2020, 47 pts with R/R cHL were enrolled and are included in this analysis. Median age was 36 (range 23-74) yrs and pts had received a median of 7 (range 3-20) lines of prior therapy, including transplant (Table 1). Pts received a median of 5 (range 2-10; mean 4.9 [SD 1.86]) cycles of Cami. ORR was 80.9% (38/47 pts), with 18 (38.3%) and 20 (42.6%) pts attaining CR and partial response, respectively; 6 pts (12.8%) had stable disease (Figure 1). TEAEs were experienced by all 47 pts; the most common (≥20% of pts) were fatigue (22, 46.8%); nausea, pyrexia, and maculopapular rash (18, 38.3% each); anemia and headache (12, 25.5% each); pruritus (11, 23.4%); arthralgia, constipation, diarrhea, hypophosphatemia, and rash (10, 21.3% each). TEAEs thought to be PBD-associated included skin reactions and nail disorders (36, 76.6%), liver function test abnormalities (14, 29.8%), and edema or effusion (7, 14.9%). There were 3 (6.4%) pts with GBS/polyradiculopathy (Preferred Terms: grade 4 subacute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, grade 2 radiculopathy, and grade 2 peripheral motor and sensory neuropathy updated to GBS after data cut-off date). In total, 27 (57.4%) pts had grade ≥3 TEAEs; the most common (≥5% of pts) were hypophosphatemia (6, 12.8%) and gamma-glutamyltransferase increased (3, 6.4%). Overall, 3 (6.4%) pts had TEAEs leading to dose reduction/delay and 6 (12.8%) pts had TEAEs leading to treatment discontinuation. Conclusions: Current data show that therapy with Cami has encouraging anti-tumor activity in heavily pretreated pts with R/R cHL. Safety was consistent with that reported at Ph 1, with no new safety concerns identified and similar incidence of GBS/polyradiculopathy. Following a positive risk-benefit assessment, the enrollment pause was lifted, and pts continue to be enrolled. Updated efficacy and safety results will be presented at the meeting. Funding: Study funded by ADC Therapeutics SA. Disclosures Herrera: Pharmacyclics: Research Funding; Bristol Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Other: Travel, Accomodations, Expenses, Research Funding; Merck: Consultancy, Research Funding; Gilead Sciences: Consultancy, Research Funding; Genentech, Inc./F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd: Consultancy, Research Funding; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Research Funding; Karyopharm: Consultancy; AstraZeneca: Research Funding; Immune Design: Research Funding. Carlo-Stella:Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Janssen Oncology, AstraZeneca: Honoraria; ADC Therapeutics and Rhizen Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; Boehringer Ingelheim and Sanofi: Consultancy; Servier, Novartis, Genenta Science srl, ADC Therapeutics, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Karyopharm, Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Collins:Taekda: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: travel, accommodations, expenses, Speakers Bureau; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Pfizer: Honoraria; Gilead: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; ADC Therapeutics: Consultancy, Honoraria; BMS: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; MSD: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Celleron: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Celgene: Research Funding; Amgen: Research Funding; BeiGene: Consultancy; Roche: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: travel, accommodations, expenses , Speakers Bureau. Maddocks:Morphosys: Consultancy, Honoraria; BMS: Consultancy, Research Funding; Karyopharm: Consultancy; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Honoraria; ADC Therapeutics, AstraZeneca: Consultancy; Pharmacyclics: Consultancy, Honoraria; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria. Bartlett:Autolus: Research Funding; BMS/Celgene: Research Funding; Forty Seven: Research Funding; Immune Design: Research Funding; Seattle Genetics: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Janssen: Research Funding; Kite, a Gilead Company: Research Funding; Merck: Research Funding; Millennium: Research Funding; Pfizer: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Pharmacyclics: Research Funding; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Research Funding; Roche/Genentech: Consultancy, Research Funding; ADC Therapeutics: Consultancy; BTG: Consultancy; Acerta: Consultancy; Affimed Therapeutics: Research Funding. Savage:BeiGene: Other: Steering Committee; Roche (institutional): Research Funding; Merck, BMS, Seattle Genetics, Gilead, AstraZeneca, AbbVie: Honoraria; Merck, BMS, Seattle Genetics, Gilead, AstraZeneca, AbbVie, Servier: Consultancy. Caimi:ADCT, Kite Therapeutics, Genentech, Amgen, Verastem, TG Therapeutics, Bayer: Consultancy; ADC Therapeutics: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Genentech, ADC Therapeutics: Research Funding; Celgene: Speakers Bureau. Hess:ADC Therapeutics: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; BMS, AstraZeneca: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau. Zinzani:ADC Therapeutics: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Sanofi: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Sandoz: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; EUSA Pharma: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Celltrion: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Verastem: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Janssen-Cilag: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Kirin Kyowa: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Merck: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Celgene: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Portola: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Servier: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Roche: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; TG Therapeutics, Inc.: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; BMS: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Incyte: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Takeda: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Gilead: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; AbbVie: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; MSD: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Eusapharma: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Kyowa Kirin: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Immune Design: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Immune Design: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau. Cruz:ADC Therapeutics SA: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Wang:ADC Therapeutics America, inc: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Feingold:ADC Therapeutics: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Wuerthner:ADC Therapeutics SA: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Ansell:Takeda: Research Funding; Bristol Myers Squibb: Research Funding; Seattle Genetics: Research Funding; Regeneron: Research Funding; Trillium: Research Funding; ADC Therapeutics: Research Funding; Affimed: Research Funding; AI Therapeutics: Research Funding.

Introduction: The standard therapy for early stage, unfavorable risk Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) with disease bulk is combined modality therapy, typically 4-6 cycles of ABVD followed by 30Gy involved-site radiotherapy (ISRT) (Eich JCO 2010). In this pilot study with four sequential cohorts, we studied whether consolidative radiotherapy could be reduced or eliminated in early stage, unfavorable risk HL patients treated with brentuximab vedotin (BV) and AVD chemotherapy. In the first cohort, we demonstrated that BV+AVD and 30Gy ISRT had an acceptable safety profile without significant pulmonary toxicity and promising efficacy (Kumar Blood 2016). In subsequent cohorts, we tested whether the ISRT dose could be reduced to 20Gy (cohort 2), the RT field could be reduced with consolidation volume radiation (CVRT; cohort 3), and whether radiation therapy could be eliminated (cohort 4). Methods: Patients received 4 cycles of BV 1.2 mg/kg with AVD chemotherapy every 2 weeks, followed by 30 Gy ISRT in cohort 1, 20Gy ISRT in cohort 2, 30 Gy CVRT in cohort 3, and no radiotherapy in cohort 4. CVRT targets PET-negative residual masses greater than 1.5cm on post-chemotherapy CT imaging. Eligible patients in cohorts 1-2 included untreated stage I/II, classical HL with any one of the following unfavorable risk factors: bulky disease (MSK criteria: maximal transverse or coronal diameter >7 cm on CT), elevated ESR, extranodal involvement, >2 lymph node sites, or infradiaphragmatic disease. In cohort 3-4, early stage patients with bulky disease by MSK criteria were eligible. PET/CT after 2 and 4 cycles and after ISRT were interpreted with the 5-point Deauville scale (negative=1-3). The primary endpoint of cohort 1 was to evaluate safety and tolerability of the treatment combination, with special attention to pulmonary toxicity; the primary endpoint of cohorts 2-4 was to evaluate preliminary efficacy with the rate of complete responses (CRs) at end of treatment (EOT). Results: In June 2019, the study was fully accrued with 117 patients enrolled across four cohorts. Patients had a median age of 32 (range 18-59), 98% stage II, 86% with MSK-defined disease bulk (>7cm in transverse or coronal dimension), 27% with traditionally defined bulk (>10cm in transverse dimension), 50% elevated ESR, 38% B-symptoms, 21% extranodal involvement, 56% >2 involved lymph node sites, and 3.4% infradiaphragmatic disease. 26 patients (22%) had advanced stage disease by German Hodgkin Study Group criteria: IIBX (n=16), IIBE (n=5), and IIBXE (n=6). Of the patients enrolled in cohorts 1-3 with interim PET imaging, 85% and 91% achieved a negative PET scan after 2 and 4 cycles of therapy, respectively, and 95% achieved a CR at EOT. In cohort 4, 24 of the 29 enrolled patients have completed 4 cycles of therapy. Thus far, 93% of patients achieved a negative PET-2 scan (25 of 27 patients), 77% of patients achieved a negative PET-4 scan (17 of 22 patients), and 91% achieved a CR at EOT (20 of 22 patients). The remaining two patients with equivocal PET-4 results will have repeat short-interval scans to clarify EOT response. The overall median follow-up of survivors is 29 months: 56 months for cohort 1, 38 months for cohort 2, 24 months for cohort 3, and 5 months for cohort 4. Seven events have occurred in the study thus far. In cohort 1, two patients had primary refractory disease after chemotherapy and were treated off study. In cohort 2, one patient in remission died in a motor vehicle accident and one late relapse occurred at 34 months. In cohort 3, two patients had primary refractory HL after CVRT and one relapse occurred at 9 months. Overall, the 2-year PFS is 94% (95% CI 0.90, 0.99), see Figure. Across all 4 cohorts, the BV+AVD treatment was well-tolerated; the most common toxicities were peripheral neuropathy, abdominal pain, and neutropenia that were generally mild-moderate in severity, reversible, and manageable. Conclusion: BV+AVD x 4 cycles is an active treatment program for early stage, unfavorable risk HL, including patients with bulky disease. The efficacy of BV+AVD in this setting has facilitated a safe reduction in radiation dose and field evidenced by excellent and similar outcomes across the first 3 cohorts. With substantial follow-up, 20Gy ISRT appears equivalent to 30Gy ISRT following BV+AVD. The preliminary outcomes from the final cohort with chemotherapy alone are also promising, however, follow-up is short. Updated response data will be presented at the meeting. Disclosures Kumar: Seattle Genetics: Research Funding. Casulo:Gilead: Honoraria, Other: Travel, accommodation, expenses; Roche: Other: Travel, accommodation, expenses; Celgene: Research Funding. Advani:Kyowa Kirin Pharmaceutical Developments, Inc.: Consultancy; Cell Medica, Ltd: Consultancy; Kura: Research Funding; Merck: Research Funding; Takeda: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Pharmacyclics: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Stanford University: Employment, Equity Ownership; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Research Funding; Agensys: Research Funding; AstraZeneca: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Autolus: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Bayer: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Celgene: Research Funding; Infinity Pharma: Research Funding; Forty-Seven: Research Funding; Gilead Sciences, Inc./Kite Pharma, Inc.: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Regeneron: Research Funding; Janssen: Research Funding; Millennium: Research Funding; Roche/Genentech: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Celmed: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Budde:F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd: Consultancy. Barr:Janssen: Consultancy; Astra Zeneca: Consultancy, Research Funding; Verastem: Consultancy; Gilead: Consultancy; AbbVie: Consultancy; Pharmacyclics LLC, an AbbVie company: Consultancy, Research Funding; TG Therapeutics: Consultancy, Research Funding; Celgene: Consultancy; Merck: Consultancy; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy; Genentech: Consultancy. Batlevi:Juno Therapeutics: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Friedberg:Acerta: Other: Data & Safety Monitoring Committee; Bayer: Honoraria, Other: Data & Safety Monitoring Committee. Horwitz:Corvus Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Mundipharma: Consultancy; Mundipharma: Consultancy; Aileron: Research Funding; Infinity/Verastem: Consultancy, Research Funding; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Research Funding; Innate Pharma: Consultancy; Innate Pharma: Consultancy; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Research Funding; Millennium/Takeda: Consultancy, Research Funding; Astex: Consultancy; Infinity/Verastem: Consultancy, Research Funding; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Research Funding; Trillium: Research Funding; Celgene: Consultancy, Research Funding; Astex: Consultancy; Kyowa Hakko Kirin: Consultancy; Trillium: Research Funding; Affimed: Consultancy; Innate Pharma: Consultancy; Affimed: Consultancy; Corvus Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Miragen: Consultancy; Corvus Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Astex: Consultancy; Celgene: Consultancy, Research Funding; Infinity/Verastem: Consultancy, Research Funding; Infinity/Verastem: Consultancy, Research Funding; Innate Pharma: Consultancy; Kura: Consultancy; Kyowa Hakko Kirin: Consultancy; Kyowa Hakko Kirin: Consultancy; Millennium/Takeda: Consultancy, Research Funding; Millennium/Takeda: Consultancy, Research Funding; Affimed: Consultancy; Miragen: Consultancy; Miragen: Consultancy; Portola: Consultancy; Trillium: Research Funding; Mundipharma: Consultancy; Portola: Consultancy; Astex: Consultancy; Aileron: Research Funding; Aileron: Research Funding; Celgene: Consultancy, Research Funding; Forty-Seven: Research Funding; Trillium: Research Funding; Forty-Seven: Research Funding; Forty-Seven: Research Funding; Aileron: Research Funding; Portola: Consultancy; ADCT Therapeutics: Research Funding; Affimed: Consultancy; Mundipharma: Consultancy; ADCT Therapeutics: Research Funding; ADCT Therapeutics: Research Funding; ADCT Therapeutics: Research Funding; Portola: Consultancy; Forty-Seven: Research Funding; Miragen: Consultancy; Kura: Consultancy; Kura: Consultancy; Kura: Consultancy; Kyowa Hakko Kirin: Consultancy; Millennium/Takeda: Consultancy, Research Funding; Corvus Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Celgene: Consultancy, Research Funding; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Research Funding. Matasar:Genentech, Inc.: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Travel, accommodation, expenses , Research Funding; Bayer: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other; Roche: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Travel, accommodation, expenses , Research Funding; Merck: Consultancy, Equity Ownership; Juno Therapeutics: Consultancy; Teva: Consultancy; Rocket Medical: Consultancy, Research Funding; Bayer: Other: Travel, accommodation, expenses; Janssen: Honoraria, Research Funding; Pharmacyclics: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; GlaxoSmithKline: Honoraria, Research Funding; Daiichi Sankyo: Consultancy; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Travel, accomodation, expenses, Research Funding. Moskowitz:Erytech Pharma: Consultancy; Erytech Pharma: Consultancy; Cell Medica: Consultancy; Cell Medica: Consultancy; Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma: Consultancy, Research Funding; Takeda Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; ADC Therapeutics: Consultancy; ADC Therapeutics: Consultancy; Merck: Research Funding; Takeda Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Erytech Pharma: Consultancy; ADC Therapeutics: Consultancy; Takeda Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Takeda Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma: Consultancy, Research Funding; Merck: Research Funding; ADC Therapeutics: Consultancy; ADC Therapeutics: Consultancy; Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma: Consultancy, Research Funding; Merck: Research Funding; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Research Funding; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Research Funding; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Research Funding; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Research Funding; Merck: Research Funding; Merck: Research Funding; Merck: Research Funding; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Merck: Research Funding; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Research Funding; Erytech Pharma: Consultancy; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Research Funding; Incyte: Research Funding; miRagen Therapeutics Inc: Consultancy, Research Funding; miRagen Therapeutics Inc: Consultancy, Research Funding; Incyte: Research Funding; miRagen Therapeutics Inc: Consultancy, Research Funding; Incyte: Research Funding; Incyte: Research Funding; Incyte: Research Funding; Incyte: Research Funding; Incyte: Research Funding; Incyte: Research Funding; miRagen Therapeutics Inc: Consultancy, Research Funding; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma: Consultancy, Research Funding; Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma: Consultancy, Research Funding; Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma: Consultancy, Research Funding; Merck: Research Funding; Merck: Research Funding; Erytech Pharma: Consultancy; ADC Therapeutics: Consultancy; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Merck: Research Funding; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Research Funding; ADC Therapeutics: Consultancy; Takeda Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Incyte: Research Funding; Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma: Consultancy, Research Funding; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Research Funding; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Research Funding; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Research Funding; miRagen Therapeutics Inc: Consultancy, Research Funding; miRagen Therapeutics Inc: Consultancy, Research Funding; miRagen Therapeutics Inc: Consultancy, Research Funding; miRagen Therapeutics Inc: Consultancy, Research Funding; miRagen Therapeutics Inc: Consultancy, Research Funding; ADC Therapeutics: Consultancy; Takeda Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Takeda Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Takeda Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Takeda Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Takeda Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Takeda Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Takeda Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma: Consultancy, Research Funding; Erytech Pharma: Consultancy; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Research Funding; Erytech Pharma: Consultancy; Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma: Consultancy, Research Funding; Cell Medica: Consultancy; miRagen Therapeutics Inc: Consultancy, Research Funding; Cell Medica: Consultancy; Cell Medica: Consultancy; miRagen Therapeutics Inc: Consultancy, Research Funding; ADC Therapeutics: Consultancy; ADC Therapeutics: Consultancy; Cell Medica: Consultancy; Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma: Consultancy, Research Funding; Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma: Consultancy, Research Funding; Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma: Consultancy, Research Funding; Takeda Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Cell Medica: Consultancy; Cell Medica: Consultancy; ADC Therapeutics: Consultancy; ADC Therapeutics: Consultancy; Merck: Research Funding; Erytech Pharma: Consultancy; Erytech Pharma: Consultancy; Erytech Pharma: Consultancy; Erytech Pharma: Consultancy; Cell Medica: Consultancy; Cell Medica: Consultancy; Cell Medica: Consultancy; Cell Medica: Consultancy; Cell Medica: Consultancy; Cell Medica: Consultancy; Incyte: Research Funding; Incyte: Research Funding; Incyte: Research Funding; Incyte: Research Funding; Takeda Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Cell Medica: Consultancy; Merck: Research Funding; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma: Consultancy, Research Funding; Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma: Consultancy, Research Funding; Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma: Consultancy, Research Funding; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Takeda Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; miRagen Therapeutics Inc: Consultancy, Research Funding; miRagen Therapeutics Inc: Consultancy, Research Funding; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Research Funding; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Research Funding; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Research Funding; Merck: Research Funding; Erytech Pharma: Consultancy; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Research Funding; miRagen Therapeutics Inc: Consultancy, Research Funding; Incyte: Research Funding; Incyte: Research Funding; miRagen Therapeutics Inc: Consultancy, Research Funding; Erytech Pharma: Consultancy; ADC Therapeutics: Consultancy; Merck: Research Funding; Merck: Research Funding; Erytech Pharma: Consultancy; Erytech Pharma: Consultancy; ADC Therapeutics: Consultancy; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; ADC Therapeutics: Consultancy. Noy:Prime Oncology: Honoraria; NIH: Research Funding; Medscape: Honoraria; Janssen: Consultancy; Pharamcyclics: Research Funding; Raphael Pharma: Research Funding. Palomba:Pharmacyclics: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; STRAXIMM: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Kite Pharmaceuticals: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Evelo: Equity Ownership; MSK (IP for Juno and Seres): Patents & Royalties; Noble Insights: Consultancy; Merck & Co Inc.: Consultancy; Seres Therapeutics: Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Hemedicus: Speakers Bureau. Straus:Elsevier (PracticeUpdate): Consultancy, Honoraria; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Honoraria; Hope Funds for Cancer Research: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Younes:Roche: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Janssen: Honoraria, Research Funding; Curis: Honoraria, Research Funding; Merck: Honoraria, Research Funding; Abbvie: Honoraria; Takeda: Honoraria; Pharmacyclics: Research Funding; AstraZeneca: Research Funding; Genentech: Research Funding; Biopath: Consultancy; Xynomics: Consultancy; Epizyme: Consultancy, Honoraria; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria; HCM: Consultancy; BMS: Research Funding; Syndax: Research Funding. Zelenetz:Beigene: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Genentech/Roche: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; MEI Pharma: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Pharmacyclics/AbbVie: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Pfizer: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Karyopharm: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novartis: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Pfizer: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Verastem: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Gilead: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Amgen: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Gilead: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Morphosys: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Astra-Zeneca: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Karyopharm: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novartis: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Janssen: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Pharmacyclics/AbbVie: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Verastem: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Amgen: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Astra-Zeneca: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; DAVA Oncology: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Bayer: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Genentech/Roche: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Beigene: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Bayer: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; MEI Pharma: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Morphosys: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Janssen: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; DAVA Oncology: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Moskowitz:ADC Therapeutics: Research Funding; Merck: Consultancy, Research Funding; Seattle Genetics, Inc.: Consultancy, Research Funding; Genentech: Consultancy, Research Funding; Celgene: Consultancy; Pharmacyclics: Research Funding.

1. A.E, Fitzgerald, SC.D. Basic Electrical Engineering. Erlangga, Jakarta: 19842. Coughlin, Robert F. Dan Frederik F. Driscoll. Penguat Operasi dan Rangkaian Terpadu.3. Gray, Paul E. Dan Campbell L. Searle. Electronic Principles Physics, Models, and Circuits. John Wiley & Sons, Inc:New York : 19694. Jackson, KG. Kamus Teknik Listrik. Elex Media Komputindo. Jakarta5. Jones, Thomas H. Electronics Components Handbook. Reston Publishing Company, Inc. Virginia:19796. Malvino, Albert Paul. Prinsip-prinsip Elektronik. Erlangga, Jakarta:1995.7. Mehta, V.K. Principles of Electronics. S. Chan & Company Ltd. New Delhi:1997.8. Motorola CMOS Application-Spesific Digital-Analog Integrated Circuit.9. Poerwadarminta, WJS. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. PN Balai Pustaka. Jakarta : 1976.10. Rizkiawan, Rizal. Tutorial Perancangan Hardware I, Elex Media Komputindo, Jakarta:11. Wasito. Kamus Ensiklopedia Elektronika Inggris-Indonesia. Karya Utama. Jakarta :12. Theraja, BL. Electrical Principles. New Delhi :

This study examined the relative effects of investing in technology and its financial impact on the company. The analysis was based on primary data collected from the auditor of Motor Manufacturers (T) LTD which included the cash flow statement and income statements for the years 2015 to 2017. The review also included secondary data from previous researches in order to support the results and findings obtained. The findings of study show that companies investing in technology would bring a positive financial impact for the company. The results indicate that the company can bring higher returns and better liquidity through new technology however needs to maintain it throughout the years in order to bring constant improvement. In order to analyze the impact of investment in technology, the financial analysis would include the ratio analysis, budgeting, benchmarking, risk management and investment appraisal. The constantly changing environment increases the need of investing in technology however the negative financial impact becomes a concern for a company’s management. This therefore causes the management in neglecting the idea of investing in technology which does not bring any positive impact that it could have brought to the company if the management would have forecasted its’ financial and investment appraisal.

Daihatsu Motor Co., Ltd. is the oldest Japanese car company known for its small car products or more agreed. The number of Daihatsu car consumers is quite a lot, in making purchases. This study aims to analyze the effect of brand identity and brand image on customer loyalty. This type of research uses a quantitative approach. Data collection uses interviews, observation, and questionnaire distribution. Using the nonprobability method with a purposive sampling approach. The population of this research is Daihatsu car consumers with a sample of 60 respondents. The analytical method used is SPSS v.20. Based on the results of this study concluded that brand identity and brand image have a significant effect on customer loyalty.

The Leichhardt Highway is a six hundred-kilometre stretch of sealed inland road that joins the Australian Queensland border town of Goondiwindi with the Capricorn Highway, just south of the Tropic of Capricorn. Named after the young Prussian naturalist Ludwig Leichhardt, part of this roadway follows the route his party took as they crossed northern Australia from Morton Bay (Brisbane) to Port Essington (near Darwin). Ignoring the usual colonial practice of honouring the powerful and aristocratic, Leichhardt named the noteworthy features along this route after his supporters and fellow expeditioners. Many of these names are still in use and a series of public monuments have also been erected in the intervening century and a half to commemorate this journey. Unlike Leichhardt, who survived his epic trip, some contemporary travellers who navigate the remote roadway named in his honour do not arrive at their final destinations. Memorials to these violently interrupted lives line the highway, many enigmatically located in places where there is no obvious explanation for the lethal violence that occurred there. This examination profiles the memorials along Leichhardt’s highway as Gothic practice, in order to illuminate some of the uncanny paradoxes around public memorials, as well as the loaded emotional terrain such commemorative practices may inhabit. All humans know that death awaits them (Morell). Yet, despite this, and the unprecedented torrent of images of death and dying saturating news, television, and social media (Duwe; Sumiala; Bisceglio), Gorer’s mid-century ideas about the denial of death and Becker’s 1973 Pulitzer prize-winning description of the purpose of human civilization as a defence against this knowledge remains current in the contemporary trope that individuals (at least in the West) deny their mortality. Contributing to this enigmatic situation is how many deny the realities of aging and bodily decay—the promise of the “life extension” industries (Hall)—and are shielded from death by hospitals, palliative care providers, and the multimillion dollar funeral industry (Kiernan). Drawing on Piatti-Farnell’s concept of popular culture artefacts as “haunted/haunting” texts, the below describes how memorials to the dead can powerfully reconnect those who experience them with death’s reality, by providing an “encrypted passageway through which the dead re-join the living in a responsive cycle of exchange and experience” (Piatti-Farnell). While certainly very different to the “sublime” iconic Gothic structure, the Gothic ruin that Summers argued could be seen as “a sacred relic, a memorial, a symbol of infinite sadness, of tenderest sensibility and regret” (407), these memorials do function in both this way as melancholy/regret-inducing relics as well as in Piatti-Farnell’s sense of bringing the dead into everyday consciousness. Such memorialising activity also evokes one of Spooner’s features of the Gothic, by acknowledging “the legacies of the past and its burdens on the present” (8).Ludwig Leichhardt and His HighwayWhen Leichhardt returned to Sydney in 1846 from his 18-month journey across northern Australia, he was greeted with surprise and then acclaim. Having mounted his expedition without any backing from influential figures in the colony, his party was presumed lost only weeks after its departure. Yet, once Leichhardt and almost all his expedition returned, he was hailed “Prince of Explorers” (Erdos). When awarding him a significant purse raised by public subscription, then Speaker of the Legislative Council voiced what he believed would be the explorer’s lasting memorial —the public memory of his achievement: “the undying glory of having your name enrolled amongst those of the great men whose genius and enterprise have impelled them to seek for fame in the prosecution of geographical science” (ctd. Leichhardt 539). Despite this acclaim, Leichhardt was a controversial figure in his day; his future prestige not enhanced by his Prussian/Germanic background or his disappearance two years later attempting to cross the continent. What troubled the colonial political class, however, was his transgressive act of naming features along his route after commoners rather than the colony’s aristocrats. Today, the Leichhardt Highway closely follows Leichhardt’s 1844-45 route for some 130 kilometres from Miles, north through Wandoan to Taroom. In the first weeks of his journey, Leichhardt named 16 features in this area: 6 of the more major of these after the men in his party—including the Aboriginal man ‘Charley’ and boy John Murphy—4 more after the tradesmen and other non-aristocratic sponsors of his venture, and the remainder either in memory of the journey’s quotidian events or natural features there found. What we now accept as traditional memorialising practice could in this case be termed as Gothic, in that it upset the rational, normal order of its day, and by honouring humble shopkeepers, blacksmiths and Indigenous individuals, revealed the “disturbance and ambivalence” (Botting 4) that underlay colonial class relations (Macintyre). On 1 December 1844, Leichhardt also memorialised his own past, referencing the Gothic in naming a watercourse The Creek of the Ruined Castles due to the “high sandstone rocks, fissured and broken like pillars and walls and the high gates of the ruined castles of Germany” (57). Leichhardt also disturbed and disfigured the nature he so admired, famously carving his initials deep into trees along his route—a number of which still exist, including the so-called Leichhardt Tree, a large coolibah in Taroom’s main street. Leichhardt also wrote his own memorial, keeping detailed records of his experiences—both good and more regretful—in the form of field books, notebooks and letters, with his major volume about this expedition published in London in 1847. Leichhardt’s journey has since been memorialised in various ways along the route. The Leichhardt Tree has been further defaced with numerous plaques nailed into its ancient bark, and the town’s federal government-funded Bicentennial project raised a formal memorial—a large sandstone slab laid with three bronze plaques—in the newly-named Ludwig Leichhardt Park. Leichhardt’s name also adorns many sites both along, and outside, the routes of his expeditions. While these fittingly include natural features such as the Leichhardt River in north-west Queensland (named in 1856 by Augustus Gregory who crossed it by searching for traces of the explorer’s ill-fated 1848 expedition), there are also many businesses across Queensland and the Northern Territory less appropriately carrying his name. More somber monuments to Leichhardt’s legacy also resulted from this journey. The first of these was the white settlement that followed his declaration that the countryside he moved through was well endowed with fertile soils. With squatters and settlers moving in and land taken up before Leichhardt had even arrived back in Sydney, the local Yeeman people were displaced, mistreated and completely eradicated within a decade (Elder). Mid-twentieth century, Patrick White’s literary reincarnation, Voss of the eponymous novel, and paintings by Sidney Nolan and Albert Tucker have enshrined in popular memory not only the difficult (and often described as Gothic) nature of the landscape through which Leichhardt travelled (Adams; Mollinson, and Bonham), but also the distinctive and contrary blend of intelligence, spiritual mysticism, recklessness, and stoicism Leichhardt brought to his task. Roadside Memorials Today, the Leichhardt Highway is also lined with a series of roadside shrines to those who have died much more recently. While, like centotaphs, tombstones, and cemeteries, these memorialise the dead, they differ in usually marking the exact location that death occurred. In 43 BC, Cicero articulated the idea of the dead living in memory, “The life of the dead consists in the recollection cherished of them by the living” (93), yet Nelson is one of very few contemporary writers to link roadside memorials to elements of Gothic sensibility. Such constructions can, however, be described as Gothic, in that they make the roadway unfamiliar by inscribing onto it the memory of corporeal trauma and, in the process, re-creating their locations as vivid sites of pain and suffering. These are also enigmatic sites. Traffic levels are generally low along the flat or gently undulating terrain and many of these memorials are located in locations where there is no obvious explanation for the violence that occurred there. They are loci of contradictions, in that they are both more private than other memorials, in being designed, and often made and erected, by family and friends of the deceased, and yet more public, visible to all who pass by (Campbell). Cemeteries are set apart from their surroundings; the roadside memorial is, in contrast, usually in open view along a thoroughfare. In further contrast to cemeteries, which contain many relatively standardised gravesites, individual roadside memorials encapsulate and express not only the vivid grief of family and friends but also—when they include vehicle wreckage or personal artefacts from the fatal incident—provide concrete evidence of the trauma that occurred. While the majority of individuals interned in cemeteries are long dead, roadside memorials mark relatively contemporary deaths, some so recent that there may still be tyre marks, debris and bloodstains marking the scene. In 2008, when I was regularly travelling this roadway, I documented, and researched, the six then extant memorial sites that marked the locations of ten fatalities from 1999 to 2006. (These were all still in place in mid-2014.) The fatal incidents are very diverse. While half involved trucks and/or road trains, at least three were single vehicle incidents, and the deceased ranged from 13 to 84 years of age. Excell argues that scholarship on roadside memorials should focus on “addressing the diversity of the material culture” (‘Contemporary Deathscapes’) and, in these terms, the Leichhardt Highway memorials vary from simple crosses to complex installations. All include crosses (mostly, but not exclusively, white), and almost all are inscribed with the name and birth/death dates of the deceased. Most include flowers or other plants (sometimes fresh but more often plastic), but sometimes also a range of relics from the crash and/or personal artefacts. These are, thus, unsettling sights, not least in the striking contrast they provide with the highway and surrounding road reserve. The specific location is a key component of their ability to re-sensitise viewers to the dangers of the route they are travelling. The first memorial travelling northwards, for instance, is situated at the very point at which the highway begins, some 18 kilometres from Goondiwindi. Two small white crosses decorated with plastic flowers are set poignantly close together. The inscriptions can also function as a means of mobilising connection with these dead strangers—a way of building Secomb’s “haunted community”, whereby community in the post-colonial age can only be built once past “murderous death” (131) is acknowledged. This memorial is inscribed with “Cec Hann 06 / A Good Bloke / A Good hoarseman [sic]” and “Pat Hann / A Good Woman” to tragically commemorate the deaths of an 84-year-old man and his 79-year-old wife from South Australia who died in the early afternoon of 5 June 2006 when their Ford Falcon, towing a caravan, pulled onto the highway and was hit by a prime mover pulling two trailers (Queensland Police, ‘Double Fatality’; Jones, and McColl). Further north along the highway are two memorials marking the most inexplicable of road deaths: the single vehicle fatality (Connolly, Cullen, and McTigue). Darren Ammenhauser, aged 29, is remembered with a single white cross with flowers and plaque attached to a post, inscribed hopefully, “Darren Ammenhauser 1971-2000 At Rest.” Further again, at Billa Billa Creek, a beautifully crafted metal cross attached to a fence is inscribed with the text, “Kenneth J. Forrester / RIP Jack / 21.10.25 – 27.4.05” marking the death of the 79-year-old driver whose vehicle veered off the highway to collide with a culvert on the creek. It was reported that the vehicle rolled over several times before coming to rest on its wheels and that Forrester was dead when the police arrived (Queensland Police, ‘Fatal Traffic Incident’). More complex memorials recollect both single and multiple deaths. One, set on both sides of the road, maps the physical trajectory of the fatal smash. This memorial comprises white crosses on both sides of road, attached to a tree on one side, and a number of ancillary sites including damaged tyres with crosses placed inside them on both sides of the road. Simple inscriptions relay the inability of such words to express real grief: “Gary (Gazza) Stevens / Sadly missed” and “Gary (Gazza) Stevens / Sadly missed / Forever in our hearts.” The oldest and most complex memorial on the route, commemorating the death of four individuals on 18 June 1999, is also situated on both sides of the road, marking the collision of two vehicles travelling in opposite directions. One memorial to a 62-year-old man comprises a cross with flowers, personal and automotive relics, and a plaque set inside a wooden fence and simply inscribed “John Henry Keenan / 23-11-1936–18-06-1999”. The second memorial contains three white crosses set side-by-side, together with flowers and relics, and reveals that members of three generations of the same family died at this location: “Raymond Campbell ‘Butch’ / 26-3-67–18-6-99” (32 years of age), “Lorraine Margaret Campbell ‘Lloydie’ / 29-11-46–18-6-99” (53 years), and “Raymond Jon Campbell RJ / 28-1-86–18-6-99” (13 years). The final memorial on this stretch of highway is dedicated to Jason John Zupp of Toowoomba who died two weeks before Christmas 2005. This consists of a white cross, decorated with flowers and inscribed: “Jason John Zupp / Loved & missed by all”—a phrase echoed in his newspaper obituary. The police media statement noted that, “at 11.24pm a prime mover carrying four empty trailers [stacked two high] has rolled on the Leichhardt Highway 17km north of Taroom” (Queensland Police, ‘Fatal Truck Accident’). The roadside memorial was placed alongside a ditch on a straight stretch of road where the body was found. The coroner’s report adds the following chilling information: “Mr Zupp was thrown out of the cabin and his body was found near the cabin. There is no evidence whatsoever that he had applied the brakes or in any way tried to prevent the crash … Jason was not wearing his seatbelt” (Cornack 5, 6). Cornack also remarked the truck was over length, the brakes had not been properly adjusted, and the trip that Zupp had undertaken could not been lawfully completed according to fatigue management regulations then in place (8). Although poignant and highly visible due to these memorials, these deaths form a small part of Australia’s road toll, and underscore our ambivalent relationship with the automobile, where road death is accepted as a necessary side-effect of the freedom of movement the technology offers (Ladd). These memorials thus animate highways as Gothic landscapes due to the “multifaceted” (Haider 56) nature of the fear, terror and horror their acknowledgement can bring. Since 1981, there have been, for instance, between some 1,600 and 3,300 road deaths each year in Australia and, while there is evidence of a long term downward trend, the number of deaths per annum has not changed markedly since 1991 (DITRDLG 1, 2), and has risen in some years since then. The U.S.A. marked its millionth road death in 1951 (Ladd) along the way to over 3,000,000 during the 20th century (Advocates). These deaths are far reaching, with U.K. research suggesting that each death there leaves an average of 6 people significantly affected, and that there are some 10 to 20 per cent of mourners who experience more complicated grief and longer term negative affects during this difficult time (‘Pathways Through Grief’). As the placing of roadside memorials has become a common occurrence the world over (Klaassens, Groote, and Vanclay; Grider; Cohen), these are now considered, in MacConville’s opinion, not only “an appropriate, but also an expected response to tragedy”. Hockey and Draper have explored the therapeutic value of the maintenance of “‘continuing bonds’ between the living and the dead” (3). This is, however, only one explanation for the reasons that individuals erect roadside memorials with research suggesting roadside memorials perform two main purposes in their linking of the past with the present—as not only sites of grieving and remembrance, but also of warning (Hartig, and Dunn; Everett; Excell, Roadside Memorials; MacConville). Clark adds that by “localis[ing] and personalis[ing] the road dead,” roadside memorials raise the profile of road trauma by connecting the emotionless statistics of road death directly to individual tragedy. They, thus, transform the highway into not only into a site of past horror, but one in which pain and terror could still happen, and happen at any moment. Despite their increasing commonality and their recognition as cultural artefacts, these memorials thus occupy “an uncomfortable place” both in terms of public policy and for some individuals (Lowe). While in some states of the U.S.A. and in Ireland the erection of such memorials is facilitated by local authorities as components of road safety campaigns, in the U.K. there appears to be “a growing official opposition to the erection of memorials” (MacConville). Criticism has focused on the dangers (of distraction and obstruction) these structures pose to passing traffic and pedestrians, while others protest their erection on aesthetic grounds and even claim memorials can lower property values (Everett). While many ascertain a sense of hope and purpose in the physical act of creating such shrines (see, for instance, Grider; Davies), they form an uncanny presence along the highway and can provide dangerous psychological territory for the viewer (Brien). Alongside the townships, tourist sites, motels, and petrol stations vying to attract customers, they stain the roadway with the unmistakable sign that a violent death has happened—bringing death, and the dead, to the fore as a component of these journeys, and destabilising prominent cultural narratives of technological progress and safety (Richter, Barach, Ben-Michael, and Berman).Conclusion This investigation has followed Goddu who proposes that a Gothic text “registers its culture’s contradictions” (3) and, in profiling these memorials as “intimately connected to the culture that produces them” (Goddu 3) has proposed memorials as Gothic artefacts that can both disturb and reveal. Roadside memorials are, indeed, so loaded with emotional content that their close contemplation can be traumatising (Brien), yet they are inescapable while navigating the roadway. Part of their power resides in their ability to re-animate those persons killed in these violent in the minds of those viewing these memorials. In this way, these individuals are reincarnated as ghostly presences along the highway, forming channels via which the traveller can not only make human contact with the dead, but also come to recognise and ponder their own sense of mortality. While roadside memorials are thus like civic war memorials in bringing untimely death to the forefront of public view, roadside memorials provide a much more raw expression of the chaotic, anarchic and traumatic moment that separates the world of the living from that of the dead. While traditional memorials—such as those dedicated by, and to, Leichhardt—moreover, pay homage to the vitality of the lives of those they commemorate, roadside memorials not only acknowledge the alarming circumstances of unexpected death but also stand testament to the power of the paradox of the incontrovertibility of sudden death versus our lack of ability to postpone it. In this way, further research into these and other examples of Gothic memorialising practice has much to offer various areas of cultural study in Australia.ReferencesAdams, Brian. Sidney Nolan: Such Is Life. Hawthorn, Vic.: Hutchinson, 1987. Advocates for Highway and Auto Safety. “Motor Vehicle Traffic Fatalities & Fatality Rate: 1899-2003.” 2004. Becker, Ernest. The Denial of Death. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1973. Bisceglio, Paul. “How Social Media Is Changing the Way We Approach Death.” The Atlantic 20 Aug. 2013. Botting, Fred. Gothic: The New Critical Idiom. 2nd edition. Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2014. Brien, Donna Lee. “Looking at Death with Writers’ Eyes: Developing Protocols for Utilising Roadside Memorials in Creative Writing Classes.” Roadside Memorials. Ed. Jennifer Clark. Armidale, NSW: EMU Press, 2006. 208–216. Campbell, Elaine. “Public Sphere as Assemblage: The Cultural Politics of Roadside Memorialization.” The British Journal of Sociology 64.3 (2013): 526–547. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. The Orations of Marcus Tullius Cicero. 43 BC. Trans. C. D. Yonge. London: George Bell & Sons, 1903. Clark, Jennifer. “But Statistics Don’t Ride Skateboards, They Don’t Have Nicknames Like ‘Champ’: Personalising the Road Dead with Roadside Memorials.” 7th International Conference on the Social Context of Death, Dying and Disposal. Bath, UK: University of Bath, 2005. Cohen, Erik. “Roadside Memorials in Northeastern Thailand.” OMEGA: Journal of Death and Dying 66.4 (2012–13): 343–363. 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