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Journal articles on the topic 'Australia. Department of Defence'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Foreman, Peter. "The transfer of accounting technology: a study of the Commonwealth of Australia government factories, 1910-1916." Accounting History 6, no. 1 (May 2001): 31–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103237320100600104.

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The establishment of government factories by the Commonwealth of Australia, 1910-1916, required, inter alia, the development of an accounting system to suit the commercial activities carried on by government. All these factories were suppliers to the defence forces. Their primary aim was not profit generation, but the maintenance of facilities that could be expanded rapidly in time of need. Some of these factories were in direct competition with private industry and it was important that their costs and prices compared favourably with the nongovernment sector. The Australian government introduced a system of accounting that was developed by John Jensen, a Defence Department public servant. Jensen espoused scientific management techniques observed during a visit to the USA and Canada in 1910. This study explores the origins of, and influences on, the accounting system as established by Jensen. It does so through the use of the technology transfer construct advanced by Jeremy (1991). The conclusion reached is that Taylorist precepts were significantly modified to meet the particular control requirements and the environmental factors faced by Australian governments.

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Beck, Douglas, and John Lord. "Design and Production of ANZAC Frigates for the RAN and RNZN: Progress Towards International Competitiveness." Journal of Ship Production 14, no. 02 (May 1, 1998): 85–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsp.1998.14.2.85.

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ANZAC, the acronym of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, is the name given to a new class often frigates under construction for the Royal Australian and Royal New Zealand Navies. The prime contract was awarded in November 1989, and a separate design sub-contract was awarded concurrently. HMAS ANZAC, the first of eight ships for the Royal Australian Navy (RAN), was delivered in March 1996. HMNZS Te Kaha, the first of two ships for the Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN), was delivered in May 1997. The paper describes the collaborative process, involving the Australian Department of Defence, the New Zealand Ministry of Defence, and Defence Industry in Australia, New Zealand and overseas, for the design and production of the ships. The need to maximise the level of Australian and New Zealand industrial involvement, led to a process of international competition between prospective suppliers, and significant configuration changes from the contract design baseline. Delivery of the first ship was extended to accommodate the revised approach, and in the event only five months additional time proved necessary. Although formal acceptance of HMAS ANZAC is not due until the completion of operational test and evaluation, the contractor's sea trials have successfully demonstrated the performance exceeding the requirements and the expectations of the RAN. The paper also describes the growing maturity of Australia's naval shipbuilding industry. It suggests some lessons learned from the project, and identifies issues important for the further development and sustainability of the industry. It advocates the need for agreed methodologies to evaluate the productivity of the various elements of the shipbuilding process, and to help ensure the establishment and maintenance of world competitive costs and quality.

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3

Soldani, David. "On Australia’s Cyber and Critical Technology International Engagement Strategy Towards 6G." Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 8, no. 4 (December 18, 2020): 127–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v8n4.340.

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In response to the call by the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade for submissions on the development of Australia’s Cyber and Critical Technology International Engagement Strategy, this paper reviews the most critical technologies; related risks and opportunities; best practices, policies and security frameworks in other countries; relevant government, industry, civil society and academia cooperation initiatives; and proposes how Australia may became a leader in the global Cyberspace. To realise this vision, Australia should play a major role among selected international organizations; support the continuous evolution of critical technologies; adopt a proper technology security assurance scheme; and enforce a certification and accreditation process – against a predetermined set of appropriate security standards and policies – for security authorisation in Australia. This could be achieved with the formulation and implementation of an Australia’s defence-in-depth strategy, augmented by a Zero-Trust model, which enhances security for untrusted domains, and within trusted domains, and meets the baseline requirements of cyber security for the Internet of Things.

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Daly, Liz. "The Effects of Current Cold Chain Management Equipment in Controlling the Temperature of Pharmaceutical Stores in an Australian Defence Force Exercise Environment." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (May 2019): s124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x1900267x.

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Aim:The purpose of this pilot study was to analyze the current cold chain storage methods of Class 8 stores, specifically thermolabile medications and temperature sensitive diagnostics, dressings, and fluids, for the Australian Army in a training area within Australia. This research was designed to identify deficiencies in current storage methods, including the inability to maintain the recommended storage temperature of pharmaceutical stores in accordance with the Therapeutic Goods Administration, as well as foster communication between key stakeholders, including the Royal Australian Army Medical Corps and the Department of Defence Joint Health Command, and to develop a cold chain protocol specific for the Australian Defence Force.Methods:This pilot study identified the common occurrence of breaches in a specific climate and recommends that current mission essential equipment be replaced. It also discusses the need for clearly defined guidelines with accountability of the stakeholders to ensure that the provision of health support to all Australian Defence Force personnel is in accordance with civilian standards.Results:This pilot study identified that the carried thermolabile medications and temperature sensitive diagnostics, dressings, and fluids were commonly exposed to temperatures outside the range recommended by the manufacturers. These findings related mainly to the storage equipment for Class 8 stores used by the Army. As a result, it is recommended that such equipment is replaced so that the cold chain storage meets the Therapeutic Goods Administration Guidelines to ensure that health support to Australian Defence Force Personnel in the field is in accordance with the standard of care expected at a civilian health facility.Discussion:This pilot study has enabled the Australian Defence Force to qualify and quantify the temperature exposure of the medications and stores and engage with key stakeholders to trial and apply new technologies and processes for the management of the cold chain.

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Creammer, Mark, and Bruce Singh. "An Integrated Approach to Veteran and Military Mental Health: An Overview of the Australian Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health." Australasian Psychiatry 11, no. 2 (June 2003): 225–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1039-8562.2003.00514.x.

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Objective: To provide an overview of the development of mental health services for veterans and currently serving military personnel in Australia, with reference to the role of the Australian Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health (ACPMH). Conclusions: Recent years have seen significant changes in attitudes to the mental health sequelae of military service. The ACPMH, working in collaboration with the Department of Veterans’ Affairs (DVA) and the Australian Defence Force (ADF), as well as with clinicians, researchers, and consumers around Australia, acts as a focus for an integrated approach to veteran and military mental health. The active involvement of both the ADF and DVA in the challenge of mental health provides new opportunities to address psychiatric morbidity at every stage, from recruitment, through deployments and discharge, to veteran status. The ACPMH is in a unique position to facilitate an integrated approach to prevention, intervention, policy development, training, research, and evaluation in order to ensure that Australia remains at the forefront of world's best practice in veteran and military psychiatry. The Centre is also uniquely placed to offer those same services in the field of traumatic stress to the broader community.

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6

Pollard, Rebecca, and Claire Ferguson. "Intimate partner violence within Australian Defence Force families: an exploratory study." Journal of Gender-Based Violence 4, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 191–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/239868020x15850130841880.

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International studies indicate a growing problem of intimate partner violence within military families. Despite this, there has been little research into intimate partner violence perpetrated by Australian Defence Force personnel or veterans. A thematic analysis of secondary data was conducted to explore the organisational and social drivers that influence intimate partner violence occurrences by Australian Defence Force personnel, and how the Australian Defence Force enforces its zero-tolerance policy on domestic violence perpetration. Results revealed that the Australian Defence Force and Department of Veteran Affairs made no statements regarding intimate partner violence as a problem for military personnel, despite this study indicating that this population are at a greater risk of perpetration. The Australian Defence Force attributed intimate partner violence causation to ‘abnormal’ individuals or situations. This ignores the culture of hypermasculinity and emphasis on operational effectiveness that was enforced during Australian Defence Force training, and that emerged as a continuous theme throughout the results.

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Beven, Peter W., Luke Brown, and Jo Dawson. "A competency model in systems engineering for the Australian Department of Defence." Australian Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Engineering 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14488388.2019.1661337.

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8

Chirillo, Louis. "Product Work Breakdown: The Challenge to Production and Design Engineers." Journal of Ship Production 5, no. 02 (May 1, 1989): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsp.1989.5.2.110.

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In response to a request from the Australian Department of Defense (Navy), a product work breakdown (zone logic) was reintroduced into Australia in the Spring of 1988 for the benefit of the consortiums which are competing for the $5(A) dollar ANZAC Frigate Program. At the same time, this brief paper advised Australian naval architects and shipyard managers at large of the improved quality that is inherent in the application of zone logic, particularly for warships, and of what is required of designers. Special note is made of the need for professional and decentralized production engineering upon which product-oriented designers are absolutely dependent throughout all phases of the design process. A surprise for most readers, including some in Australia, is reference to the technical cooperation agreement which resulted in product-oriented shipbuilding in an Australian shipyard "a decade before" the same logic revolution started in North American shipyards.

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McKernan, Michael. "The Australian Army, and: The Royal Australian Air Force, and: The Royal Australian Navy, and: Making the Australian Defence Force, and: The Department of Defence, and: Australian Defence: Sources and Statistics, and: An Atlas of Australia's Wars (review)." Journal of Military History 68, no. 1 (2004): 312–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jmh.2003.0396.

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10

Ward, Warren. "Psychiatric Morbidity in Australian Veterans of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Somalia." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 31, no. 2 (April 1997): 184–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679709073819.

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Objective: Since World War II, an increasing number of soldiers have been deployed in United Nations (UN) peacekeeping forces. However, little is known about the psychiatric impact of such deployments. The present study investigated the nature, prevalence, aetiology and natural history of psychiatric morbidity in Australian veterans of the United Nations peacekeeping force in Somalia. Method: Fifteen months after their return from Somalia, 117 Somalian veterans completed the 28-item version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), the Impact of Events Scale (IES), the Combat Exposure Scale (CES), and a checklist of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, completed by veterans 12 months previously as part of an evaluation by the Department of Defence. Seventy-seven non-veteran controls also completed the GHQ-28. Results: Veterans scored significantly higher on the GHQ-28 than controls. Twenty-four-point-eight per cent (24.8%) of veterans were GHQ cases (using 4/5 as a cut-off point) compared to 13.0% of controls. Psychiatric morbidity in veterans was associated with combat exposure and a past psychiatric history. Levels of morbidity reduced over time, although they remained substantial at 15 months following soldiers' return to Australia, with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms being reported by approximately 20% of veterans. Conclusions: At least one-fifth of Australian soldiers who served in Somalia had significant levels of psychiatric morbidity 15 months following their return. This was almost twice that of their non-veteran peers. Risk factors for the development of psychiatric morbidity included combat exposure and past psychiatric history. Levels of psychiatric morbidity were much higher than those reported in previous studies on UN soldiers.

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Salt, David, Rob Cox, Marty Cramer, and Dave Davidson. "Oil Spill Preparedness Response Capability and Capacity: Do we know what we want and how do we get what we need?" International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 1869–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.1869.

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ABSTRACT The oil industry has relied on the tiered response structure for over forty years to meet its oil spill response and preparedness needs. Over this time there have been significant changes in the oil spill threat potential and the expectations of stakeholders and regulators in respect of what represents acceptable levels of response preparedness and planning. Many of the existing Tier 2 and Tier 3 response equipment bases were developed based on the perceived threat from oil tanker spills, however the following decade saw rapid expansion of offshore exploration and production and the advent of using FPSOs and FSOs to enable rapid development of oil production facilities with limited shore support & infrastructure. The recent offshore incidents in Australia, UK and United States have altered perspectives on spill response and preparedness requirements, in particular in response to offshore operations. Many OSROs have changed little since their inception and the response arrangements have remained fixed to the original design criteria, in spite of changes in their operating and risk environment. Through the OGP-IPIECA Joint Industry Project on Oil Spill Response, an OSRO capability assessment tool has been developed based on the assessment protocols commonly used in military and defence operations, known as “Capability Management” frameworks. In a Capability Management framework, the interlinking functions and activities of an enterprise may be defined under several best-practice paradigms or frameworks, such as the Balanced Scorecard (BSC), the US Department of Defence Architecture Framework (DoDAF), the Ministry of Defence Architecture Framework (MODAF), and many other similar systems. The UK Ministry of Defence uses a similar breakdown of Defence Lines of Development (DLoDs) encompassing Training, Equipment, Personnel, Information, Concepts and Doctrine, Organisation, Infrastructure, and Logistics, known by the acronym “Tepidoil”. The assessment protocol described in this paper uses the “Tepidoil” methodology, modified for use in an oil spill response context with the addition of a safety component to enable assessment of Tier 2 (and possibly Tier 3) facilities. The purpose of this work was to develop a comprehensive and objective tool that can be used by industry members to ensure that OSRO facilities have the resources and infrastructure to address their current risk profile. In addition, it can potentially be modified for use as an OSRO “self-assessment” tool. The assessment criteria include:TrainingEquipmentPersonnelInfrastructureDoctrine – translates into Response PhilosophyOrganizationInformationLogisticsSafety

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12

Hyland, A. R., R. G. Smith, and G. Robinson. "The Laboratory Astrophysics Facility at University College." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 10, no. 1 (1992): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323358000019317.

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AbstractA laboratory astrophysics facility for the study of the terrestrial analogues of interstellar dust grains is being developed in the Physics Department, University College, Australian Defence Force Academy. The facility consists of a gas handling system for the preparation of samples, a closed-cycle cooler and specimen chamber, and a Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectrometer capable of high resolution (0.3 cm−1) and high sensitivity measurements, currently from 1-25 μm. The layout and construction of the laboratory are described, and the proposed initial experimental program aimed at determining the optical constants of ices over a wide wavelength range for comparison with astronomical observations is discussed.

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Baškarada, Saša, and Brian Hanlon. "Strategic management of multi-business portfolios in the public sector." Journal of Advances in Management Research 14, no. 4 (October 2, 2017): 466–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jamr-03-2017-0032.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to adapt the traditional corporate portfolio management approach to the strategic management of multi-business portfolios in the public sector. Design/methodology/approach The approach presented in this paper is based on a research project conducted within the Defence Science and Technology Group, Australian Department of Defence. It was developed iteratively and incrementally over the course of one year with a reference group comprising 15 middle management representatives and several members of the senior management team. Findings The approach developed comprises a multi-stage process and an assessment framework designed to capture the complexity of the problem space, build a strategic narrative, and facilitate senior leadership decision-making. The process is aimed at eliciting the required information, promoting contestability of the results, ensuring appropriate consultation, and ultimately achieving senior leadership consensus on priorities. The assessment framework is used to assess and visualize the balance of organizational capabilities. Originality/value By synthesizing and visualizing information on past performance and future potential, the approach presented in this paper may be used to facilitate strategic decision-making by senior management in the public sector.

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Orr, Robin, Ben Schram, and Rodney Pope. "Sports Injuries in the Australian Regular Army." Safety 6, no. 2 (May 11, 2020): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety6020023.

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Sports participation in the military is important for physical fitness and building morale and camaraderie. However, injuries caused by sports are detrimental to military capability. The purpose of this study was to investigate patterns of injury from sports participation in Australian Regular Army personnel. Injury data spanning a two-year period were obtained from the Department of Defence Workplace Health, Safety, Compensation, and Reporting (WHSCAR) database. Data were extracted for the top five sporting activities causing injuries. The most common body sites, natures, and mechanisms of injuries across these five sports were then determined. Sports participation accounted for 11% (n = 1092) of reported injuries (n = 9828). Soccer presented with the greatest number of injuries (23.3%), followed by rugby union/league (22.9%), touch football (18.6%), Australian rules football (12.0%), and basketball/netball (11.9%). The ankle, knee, and shoulder were the most injured body sites (21.9%; 17.2%; 11.6% respectively) across these five sports, with soft tissue injury, dislocation, and fractures being the most common natures of injury (55.1%; 12.7%; 11.9% respectively). The most common mechanisms of injuries were contact with objects (35.1%) and falls (27.4%). The current injury rates, locations, and mechanisms are similar to historical rates suggesting little impact by injury mitigation strategies.

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Roles, Cameron, Michael O’Donnell, and Peter Fairbrother. "The Aftermath of the Global Financial Crisis and Union Strategies in the Australian Public Service." Articles 67, no. 4 (December 5, 2012): 633–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1013198ar.

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Summary The Australian Labor government’s recognition of collective bargaining under its Fair Work Act 2009, and its efficiency drive from late 2011 across the Australian Public Service (APS), presented the Community and Public Sector Union (CPSU) with an opportunity to explore means of union renewal following a decade of conservative governments focused on union exclusion. An expanding budget deficit in 2011 placed considerable financial constraints on Australian government revenue. The Labor government increased the annual “efficiency dividend”, or across the board cuts in funding, from 1.5 per cent in May 2011 to 4 per cent in November 2011 as it attempted to achieve a budget surplus. This placed considerable pressure on agency management to remain within tight constraints on wage increases and to find budget savings, resulting in growing job losses from 2011. There was also considerable central oversight over bargaining outcomes throughout this bargaining round, with the Australian Public Service Commission (APSC) involved at all stages of the agreement-making process, to the frustration of many agencies and the CPSU. Nevertheless, throughout the 2011-12 bargaining round, the CPSU worked with its members to develop creative forms of industrial action, such as one minute stoppages in the Defence department. The union also mobilized an overwhelming majority of APS employees to vote “no” in response to initial offers put by agency managements. In addition, the CPSU focused on winning bargaining concessions in politically sensitive government agencies and then flowing these concessions to other agencies. Typical of this approach were the agreements reached in the Immigration department and Customs agency. Union recruitment activities over 2011 resulted in a substantial rise in membership and enhanced communications with members through workplace meetings, telephone and internet communications, and emails. Such union initiatives highlight the potential for enhanced union capacities and mobilization during a time of growing austerity.

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LaMonica, Haley M., Tracey A. Davenport, Jane Burns, Shane Cross, Stephanie Hodson, Jennifer Veitch, and Ian B. Hickie. "Technology-Enabled Mental Health Service Reform for Open Arms – Veterans and Families Counselling: Participatory Design Study." JMIR Formative Research 3, no. 3 (September 19, 2019): e13662. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/13662.

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Background The impact of mental ill-health on every aspect of the lives of a large number of Australian Defence Force (ADF) personnel, their partners, and their families is widely recognized. Recent Senate inquiries have highlighted gaps in service delivery as well as the need for service reform to ensure appropriate care options for individuals who are currently engaged with mental health and support services as well as for those who, for a variety of reasons, have not sought help. To that end, successive Australian governments generally and the Department of Veterans’ Affairs specifically have prioritized veteran-centric reform. Open Arms is an Australia-wide service that provides counseling and support to current and former ADF personnel, and their family members, for mental health conditions. Objective The aim of this study was to develop and configure a prototypic Web-based platform for Open Arms – Veterans & Families Counselling (formerly Veterans and Veterans Families Counselling Service) with the Open Arms community to enhance the quality of mental health services provided by Open Arms. Methods The study aimed to recruit up to 100 people from the Open Arms community (current and former ADF personnel and their families, health professionals, service managers, and administrators) in regions of New South Wales, including Sydney, Canberra, Maitland, Singleton, and Port Stephens. Participants were invited to participate in 4-hour participatory design workshops. A variety of methods were used within the workshops, including prompted discussion, review of working prototypes, creation of descriptive artifacts, and group-based development of user journeys. Results Seven participatory design workshops were held, including a total of 49 participants. Participants highlighted that the prototype has the potential to (1) provide the opportunity for greater and better-informed personal choice in relation to options for care based on the level of need and personal preferences; (2) ensure transparency in care by providing the individual with access to all of their personal health information; and (3) improve collaborative care and care continuity by allowing information to be shared securely with current and future providers. Conclusions Our findings highlight the value of actively engaging stakeholders in participatory design processes for the development and configuration of new technologies.

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Brady, Tony James. "“Raw, free”, and “almost rude”: educating warders’ children on St Helena Penal Establishment." History of Education Review 45, no. 1 (June 6, 2016): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/her-03-2014-0021.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the education of children at St Helena Penal Establishment in Queensland and the trials faced by the educators that delivered their formal schooling. The paper will add to the growing research into the prison island and will provide an insight into a unique facet of education in the newly established Australian State of Queensland. Design/methodology/approach – The historical analysis draws on original documents and published works to chronicle the provision of education to the children of warders at the St Helena Penal Establishment. Findings – The establishment of the Department of Public Instruction and the introduction of the State Education Act of 1875 were intended to provide Queensland children from 6 to 12 years of age with free, compulsory, and secular primary education. The full implementation of the Act took until 1900, and in the process, initiatives like St Helena State School No. 12, through issues of administrative control, saw teachers excluded from the Department of Public Instruction in order to include schoolchildren under the auspices of the same department. Research limitations/implications – The research paper is an initial investigation into the subject and limited by the paucity of primary data available on the topic. Originality/value – The case study adds to the growing literature on other aspects of the prison at St Helena, Queensland and adds to knowledge of life on the island. Furthermore, the aspects of control over staff on the island and the requirement for the teachers to double as guards, ready to take up arms in defence of the prison, provides new insights into the obligations placed on some early educators.

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Schram, Ben, Robin Orr, and Rodney Pope. "A Profile of Knee Injuries Suffered by Australian Army Reserve Soldiers." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 1 (December 20, 2018): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010012.

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Despite having to perform the same occupational tasks as full-time soldiers, part-time soldiers may have lower levels of physical conditioning and report higher rates of injury per unit exposure to active service. The purpose of this study was to profile the leading body site of injury occurring in part-time soldiers to inform injury prevention strategies. Injury data from the Australian Army Reserve (ARES) spanning a two-year period were obtained from the Department of Defence Workplace Health, Safety, Compensation and Reporting database pertaining to locations, nature, mechanisms, and the activity being performed at the time of injury. Among the 1434 injuries reported by ARES personnel, the knee was the most common injury site (n = 228, 16%). Soft tissue injury due to trauma or unknown causes was the most common nature of knee injury (n = 177, 78%). Combat training was the most common activity being performed when soft tissue injuries occurred at the knee (n = 73, 42%), with physical training the second most common (n = 51, 30%), due to muscular stress (n = 36, 71%) and falls (n = 8, 16%). Targeted intrinsic and extrinsic approaches to injury minimization strategies for soft tissue knee injuries during combat and physical training should be designed.

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Yusof, Ismail bin, and Abd Rahman Abdul Rahim. "Aircraft Acquisition Conceptual Framework." Asian Social Science 13, no. 4 (March 24, 2017): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v13n4p37.

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The Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF) has faced difficulties in achieving and sustaining at least 70% of its aircraft availability (Av) in order to support its operational requirements. The head start for this research is to discuss with a focus group (FG) which comprise of eight officers and one moderator and supported by observation on the field. The FG highlighted that the low Av was due to the ineffectiveness and inefficiency of the through life cycle support (TLCS) as a result of weaknesses in the acquisition conceptual framework (ACF). Three research questions were put forward; Q1: Why has the RMAF not achieved its aircraft Av as its desired objectives? Q2: How do the RMAF’s present acquisition practices given a significant impact to Av? And Q3: What is the recommended ACF to be used to ensure higher aircraft Av? The mix mode method (quantitative and qualitative) data collection was used. The literature review focused on critical success factors (CSFs) in terms of acquisition, terms and definition, and present practices in the Royal Malaysian Army (RMA), the Royal Malaysian Navy (RMN), the Malaysian public sector, the Department of Defence of the United States of America (DoD USA), the Ministry of Defence of United Kingdom (MoD UK) and the Australian Defence Force (ADF). Based on the CSFs from the literature review, a preliminary ACF I was developed. The RMAF case study had focused on Type A, Type B, Type C and Type D aircraft. Data on aircraft status for FY 2011 to 2015 was gathered from the Air Support Command Headquarters (ASHQ). The survey was achieved through 16 self-administered structured questionnaires which are close-ended involving 120 out of 150 respondents from the Worker Group (WG). The interviewer collected qualitative data using 21 semi-structured questionnaires with open-ended answers on 20 respondents from the Management Group (MG). The survey and interview results were presented in a matrix table and categorized in accordance with themes and their relationships. Based on the results of the case study, the preliminary ACF I was modified to ACF II. Then, ACF II was validated by four experts who comprise of two senior officers and two senior managers from the aviation industry. After validation, the ACF II was modified to ACF III (final) and was proposed for implementation. Three project objectives were put forward. Objective 1: To identify the cause of low Av.

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Manjuladevi K, Rajashanmugam B, Sukhdev R, Subhash Krishnan R, and Rahini P. "A Review on the role of BCG Vaccine in type-1diabetes." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, no. 2 (April 14, 2019): 1103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.389.

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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is outlined by mistreatment of continual hyperglycemia and proteins, weakened sugars, and lipids digestion as a result of overall or incomplete inadequacy of hypoglycemic agent discharge or doubtlessly hypoglycemic agent hobby. Two types of Diabetes mellitus less common "INSULIN DEPENDENT" and most common "NON-INSULIN DEPENDENT". Vaccines constitute a useful contribution to the branch of biotechnology as they supply protection in opposition to numerous sicknesses. All organisms are liable to one or greater styles of infectious and noninfectious sicknesses throughout their lifestyles. To save you those infection researchers discovered plant-primarily based vaccine which is an immune-biological substance, used for particular protection in opposition to each infectious and noninfectious illnesses. Use of vaccines for the diabetic patient will reduce the inflectional disease caused by diabetes, but it not prevents diabetes. Because the polygenic disease is of unconventional immune mechanisms, and vaccines act with the help of making a defence to numerous pathogens and some vaccines (in specific BCG) had been studied to seem if they supply safety in opposing to polygenic disease. In animal experiments, BCG will appear to be protecting con to polygenic disorder, but researchers have not been able to translate this profit to humans. The establishment of an Institution was initiated by the Australian Government Department of the diabetes institution.

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Evans, Michael. "Australia and Defence Transformation." Defence Studies 6, no. 2 (June 2006): 133–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14702430601056055.

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Horák, Roman, and Blanka Adámková. "Controlling Implementation in Defence Department." Vojenské rozhledy 22 (November 21, 2013): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3849/2336-2995.22.2013.04.091-104.

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Sellar, Jeffrey. "US defence facilities in Australia." Nature 314, no. 6006 (March 1985): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/314004b0.

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Schram, Ben, Rodney Pope, Adam Norman, and Robin Orr. "A Detailed Analysis of Serious Personal Injuries Suffered by Full Time and Part Time Soldiers of the Australian Army." Military Medicine 185, no. 3-4 (October 28, 2019): e364-e369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz370.

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Abstract Introduction The intense training and occupational demands of military personnel place the individual at risk of serious injury. When they do occur, serious personal injuries (SPIs) can lead to medical discharge, mission compromise, and ongoing recurrence of problems. Prior to the implementation of any minimization strategies, an understanding of the causes of SPIs requires development. The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence rates and patterns of SPIs within the Australian Regular Army (ARA) and Australian Army Reserve (ARES). Methods Data for a 2-year period were obtained through the Work Health, Safety, Compensation, and Reporting database of the Australian Department of Defence. Records of SPIs were extracted, with details including: (a) the activity being performed when the injury was suffered; (b) the body location of injury; (c) the nature of injury; and (d) the mechanism of injury. Results were reported as number of SPIs and converted to SPIs/100 full-time equivalent (FTE) years of service. Results In total, 507 SPIs were reported over the two-year period (ARA = 466; ARES = 41). SPIs most commonly: occurred during combat training (n = 80; 0.13 SPIs/100 FTE years) and physical training (n = 66; 0.10 SPIs/100 FTE years); affected the head (n = 63; 0.10 SPIs/100 FTE years) and shoulders (n = 57; 0.09 SPIs/100 FTE years); and comprised fractures (n = 199; 0.19 SPIs/100 FTE years) and soft-tissue injuries (n = 103; 0.16 SPIs/100 FTE years). The most common mechanism of injury was falls (n = 132; 0.21 SPIs/100 FTE years) or contact with objects (n = 114; 0.18 SPIs/100 FTE years). When adjusted for service time, ARES personnel were found to report SPIs more frequently than ARA personnel (0.87 vs. 0.79/100 FTE years, respectively) giving an injury risk ratio (ARA:ARES) of 0.91 [95% CI = 0.66–1.25]. Conclusions Despite higher absolute numbers of SPIs occurring in ARA, ARES in fact report similar rates of SPIs when adjusted for service time. The natures and mechanisms of SPIs are also similar for both service types and therefore should be the focus of targeted programs to reduce such injuries.

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Feix, Miroslav, and Salibor Procházka. "Recent Objectives of Cyber Defence in the Department of Defence." Vojenské rozhledy 26, no. 3 (September 4, 2017): 31–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3849/2336-2995.26.2017.03.031-050.

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Kelsall, Helen, Miranda Van Hooff, Ellie Lawrence-Wood, Alexander McFarlane, Stephanie Hodson, Nicole Sadler, Helen Benassi, Craig Hansen, and Malcolm Sim. "P.1.16 Physical health of transitioned adf and regular adf members in 2015: findings from the transition and wellbeing research programme." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A81.2—A81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.219.

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IntroductionMilitary service can involve exposure to physical and psychological stressors. There has been little systematic research into the health and wellbeing of military personnel after they leave the services.Methods4326 Transitioned ADF (transitioned from regular Australian Defence Force service between Jan 2010–Dec 2014) (18% response) and 8480 Regular 2015 ADF (42%) completed a questionnaire including symptoms, doctor-diagnosed medical conditions, respiratory health, injuries, pain, sleep problems, lifestyle factors, self-perceived health and quality of life and health service use.ResultsTransitioned ADF reported a higher mean number of symptoms (16.4 vs 11.8), similar mean number of medical conditions (1.9 vs 1.5), were more likely to report some medical conditions (a circulatory, musculoskeletal/connective tissue or nervous system condition, high blood pressure, chronic low back pain, and hearing loss), a slightly higher mean number of service-related injury types (1.11 vs 0.96), and poorer self-perceived health and quality of life compared to 2015 Regular ADF. Service-related injuries were more likely to have been sustained during training than on deployment in both groups. The majority of Transitioned ADF and 2015 Regular ADF reported experiencing some pain intensity and disability.In Transitioned ADF, poorer physical health outcomes overall were reported in Department of Veterans’ Affairs (DVA) clients compared with non-DVA clients, in Ex-Serving compared with Active Reservists or Inactive Reservists, and in those who had been medically discharged compared with those discharged for other reasons.ConclusionThis was one of the first studies internationally to investigate a comprehensive range of physical health indicators in recently transitioned military personnel. Overall Transitioned ADF were more likely to report poorer physical health across domains, some subgroups appeared particularly at risk. Findings in DVA clients were consistent with DVA being the conduit for care in veterans who have a service-related injury or mental health condition.

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Young, Thomas‑Durell. "Problems in Australia´s “Defence Revolution”." Contemporary Southeast Asia 11, no. 3 (December 1989): 237–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1355/cs11-3a.

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Gary, Brown. "The Dilemmas Facing Australia´s Defence Policy." Contemporary Southeast Asia 15, no. 3 (December 1993): 309–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1355/cs15-3e.

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Toole, Kellie. "South Australia and the Defence of Provocation." Alternative Law Journal 38, no. 4 (December 2013): 270–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1037969x1303800414.

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30

Muhlen-Schulte, Minna. "'in defence of liberty'?" Public History Review 26 (December 19, 2019): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/phrj.v26i0.6823.

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After the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe in September 1939, emergency internment legislation passed by the Australian Federal Parliament created a network of camp sites across Australia. What do these historic landscapes mean in Australia today and how can we interpret them? Some feature government-installed interpretation signs; others remain silent concrete ruins concealed within private farmland, unmoored from any context and living memory. These sites are connected to other Allied internment sites globally, and the journeys between these sites vividly rendered in artworks, diaries and letters left behind by internees as well as the isolated cemeteries where they were buried adrift between continents.

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31

Greenstock, Jeremy. "Reorienting Foreign Policy." National Institute Economic Review 250 (November 2019): R34—R39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795011925000115.

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Executive SummaryAfter Brexit, the UK must show that it has a voice. It will need to re-earn international respect, and in particular establish the concept of a ‘global Britain’ on the basis of performance, not rhetoric. That means re-establishing a strong network of relationships around the world in support of its security and economic health, but also continuing to play a leading role in support of the international rules-based order. For example, it should make the most of its continuing status as a Permanent Member of the UN Security Council to act as a problem-solver and system-enhancer in the collective interest.An early, first-order priority will be establishing a new, mutually beneficial partnership with the European Union, which continues to form our economic and political neighbourhood. Reconstructing a modern relationship with the United States is not secondary to that, but cannot substitute for it and must be undertaken in recognition of the differing interests and instincts of the two sides. A further challenge is building the right relationship with China based on mutual interest in trade, peace, and international respect and on confronting expansionist or opportunistic practices. With Russia, too, it is possible to design a predictable set of behaviours on either side, and with both countries good communication channels will need to be maintained.Brexit gives the UK the scope to construct a more deliberate diplomatic approach to the rest of the English-speaking world than was explicitly possible as an EU member – notably in working with Canada, Australia and New Zealand to promote the international rules-based order. But this should be complemented by more effective outreach to non-English-speaking countries, notably in support of trade and investment opportunities with emerging nations. But with them as with all the UK's interlocutors, the need to earn its place, and to show that it realises that, will be vital.In defence and security, the UK will continue in its commitment to the strength of NATO as its essential alliance under US leadership, while also liaising carefully with EU Member States as they seek to improve their own capacities to contribute to European security. But it cannot simply rely on old institutional structures. It needs to lead, for example by playing a stronger role in the control of non-military forms of aggression, such as cyber warfare, economic sanctions, rivalry in space, and commercial espionage.A strategy for realising the UK's interests in the international arena will require the Prime Minister's constant attention, but also a specific mandate for a very senior minister to supervise the interlinked policy areas of foreign affairs, international development, and international trade within a single government department.

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32

Barton, Allan. "The Department of Defence - Australia's Most Profitable Business?" Australian Accounting Review 13, no. 31 (November 2003): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1835-2561.2003.tb00271.x.

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Barton, Allan. "The Department of Defence - Australia's Most Profitable Business?" Australian Accounting Review 13, no. 30 (July 2003): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1835-2561.2003.tb00398.x.

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Mol, Nico P. "PERFORMANCE INDICATORS IN THE DUTCH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENCE." Financial Accountability and Management 12, no. 1 (February 1996): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0408.1996.tb00179.x.

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35

Thakur, Ramesh. "Defence Reviews in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand." International Journal 42, no. 4 (1987): 890. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40202499.

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36

Heong Yeo, Stanley Meng. "The Demise of Excessive Self-Defence in Australia." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 37, no. 2 (April 1988): 348–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclqaj/37.2.453.

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Thakur, Ramesh. "Defence Reviews in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand." International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 42, no. 4 (December 1987): 890–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002070208704200410.

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38

Mediansky, F. A. "The Defence of Australia and the American alliance." Australian Outlook 41, no. 3 (December 1987): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10357718708444947.

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39

McCraw, David. "The Defence Debate in Australia and New Zealand." Defence Studies 7, no. 1 (March 2007): 90–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14702430601135636.

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40

Tahitu, Febe Maryona. "PERBEDAAN KEBIJAKAN PERTAHANAN PARTAI BURUH AUSTRALIA ERA PEMERINTAHAN HAWKE-KEATING DAN KEVIN RUDD." Jurnal Academia Praja 2, no. 01 (February 19, 2019): 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.36859/jap.v2i01.83.

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Pasca PD II Australia mencari sandaran negara besar pengganti Inggris dalam politik pertahanannya. Di dalam Defence White Paper 2009 era Kevin Rudd, Australia menyatakan bahwa kebijakan pertahanan yang baru salah satunya adalah Self-Reliance yang intinya adalah kebijakan yang mengarah pada pertahanan kedaulatan dengan berdasarkan prinsip kemandirian. Defence White Paper 2009 ini sangat berbeda dari kebijakan pertahanan Partai Buruh sebelumnya era Pemerintahan Hawke-Keating. Dalam hal ini, arah kebijakan dalam Defence White Paper 1987 dan Defending Australia 1994 adalah memprioritaskan aliansi dengan Amerika Serikat. Sejak Perang Dunia II, setelah �terlepas� dari Inggris. Pandangan strategis dan perencanaan pertahanan Australia dibentuk atas perubahan lingkungan internasional serta distribusi kekuatan global, khususnya keunggulan strategis Amerika Serikat. Amerika Serikat telah memainkan peran stabilitator di seluruh dunia dan khususnya di kawasan Asia-Pasifik. Hubungan pertahanan Australia dan Amerika Serikat yang sudah terjalin lama dan berlangsung harmonis, hal ini memberikan dampak bagi kebijakan pertahanan Australia. Artinya bahwa Amerika Serikat selalu menjadi dasar pilihan dalam setiap kebijakan pertahanan Australia. �Ketergantungan� dengan Negara besar membawa Australia pada citra sebagai �pihak asing� di kawasan Asia.

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41

Braham, Michael. "Health and Safety in the Department of National Defence." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 15, S2 (September 2000): S79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00031897.

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42

Motumi, Ntsiki. "Gender equality: A challenge for the Department of Defence." African Security Review 8, no. 3 (January 1999): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10246029.1999.9627890.

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43

Steinbach, John. "Nuclear Threats and Civil Defence in Australia, 1951–1957." War & Society 20, no. 2 (October 2002): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/war.2002.20.2.91.

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44

Morris, RebeccaL, Elisabeth M. A. Strain, Teresa M. Konlechner, Benedikt J. Fest, David M. Kennedy, Stefan K. Arndt, and Stephen E. Swearer. "Developing a nature-based coastal defence strategy for Australia." Australian Journal of Civil Engineering 17, no. 2 (July 3, 2019): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14488353.2019.1661062.

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45

Babbage, Ross. "Australia and the defence of Papua New Guinea (PNG)." Australian Outlook 41, no. 2 (August 1987): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10357718708444937.

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46

Carr, Andrew, and Daniel Baldino. "An Indo-Pacific norm entrepreneur? Australia and defence diplomacy." Journal of the Indian Ocean Region 11, no. 1 (January 2, 2015): 30–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19480881.2015.1018500.

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47

Lindsey, George. "Analytic approaches to problems of a middle-sized defence department." Omega 13, no. 2 (January 1985): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-0483(85)90004-0.

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Garin, Artyom A. "China's Influence on Australia's Defence Policy in the South Pacific." South East Asia: Actual problems of Development, no. 3 (48) (2020): 202–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2072-8271-2020-3-3-48-202-214.

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Australia is the leading country in the South Pacific and sees it as part of a natural sphere of influence. For most of Australian history, a remote and isolated geographical location has worked to the benefit of the Fifth Continent and has ensured the security of Australia and its Oceania frontiers. Nowadays, the strategic environment in Asia-Pacific has undergone significant changes. Australia is concerned that during the intensive growth of the military power of the People's Liberation Army of China (PLA), Beijing may be more interested in the South Pacific, in particular, in gaining naval bases in Oceania.

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McCARTHY, J. M. "Australia and Imperial Defence: Co-operation and Conflict 1918-1939." Australian Journal of Politics & History 17, no. 1 (April 7, 2008): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8497.1971.tb00818.x.

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Berger, Tyrone. "A first look at the designs repair defence in Australia." Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 14, no. 5 (March 29, 2019): 358–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpz040.

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