Academic literature on the topic 'Australia – Economic policy – 1990-'
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Journal articles on the topic "Australia – Economic policy – 1990-"
1
Liu, Junxiao, and Kerry London. "MODELLING HOUSING SUPPLY AND MONETARY POLICY WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL ECONOMIC TURBULENCE." International Journal of Strategic Property Management 17, no. 1 (April 3, 2013): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648715x.2012.735273.
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Housing supply is an essential component of the property sector. Compared with an increasingly strong housing demand, the growth rates of total housing stock in Australia have exhibited a downward trend since the end of the 1990s. Over the same period, the significant adjustments in the Australian monetary policy were being implemented under a turbulent global economic climate. This research aims to identify the relationship between housing supply and monetary policy within the context of global economic turbulence by a vector error correction model with a dummy variable. The empirical evidence indicates that the monetary policy changes and global economic turmoil can significantly affect the supply side of the housing sector in Australia. The models developed in this study assist policy makers in estimating the political impacts in the global context.
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Pusey, Michael. "Economic rationalism in Canberra 25 years on?" Journal of Sociology 54, no. 1 (February 23, 2018): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783318759086.
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This article, based on an edited transcript of a speech at The Australian Sociological Association (TASA) conference in Melbourne in December 2016, summarises the criticisms of ‘economic rationalism’, cum neoliberalism, that emerged from the ‘economic rationalism debate’ in Australia of the early 1990s to the present. Economic rationalism reversed Australia’s historic nation-building legacy. Free market neoliberal doctrines have captured the central Canberra policy-making apparatus and radically reduced the coordinating role of the state in most areas of public policy. Economic ‘reform’ is seen primarily as a political project led by international and domestic corporate interest groupings and aimed at the transformation of Australia’s institutions. The neoliberal orthodoxy continues to distort the policy process as it has become functionally indispensable for the process of policy making and government, despite its failing intellectual legitimacy.
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KASHINA, Evgenia V. "AUSTRALIA–CHINA RELATIONS: 1930-1937." Southeast Asia: Actual Problems of Development, no. 2(55) (2022): 291–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2072-8271-2022-2-2-55-291-306.
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The article is devoted to the development of relations between the Australian Union and China in the period from 1930 to 1937. The author analyzes changes in migration and economic policy towards China and explores the views of the Australian public on the Japanese expansion in China since 1931, as well as the position of the official authorities on this issue are revealed. The growth of international contradictions in the 30s of the XX century and the degree of independence in making Australian foreign policy from the former metropolis could affect Australian-Chinese relations.
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Harcourt, G. C. "Macroeconomic Policy for Australia in the 1990s." Economic and Labour Relations Review 4, no. 2 (December 1993): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530469300400201.
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The size of the deficit has little if any significance as an indicator of short-run macroeconomic policy. Government expenditure should be determined by longer term aspirations. Taxation (and other revenue measures) must be used, along with monetary policy, for short-term economic management, but whether revenue should be at a level that results in a deficit or not depends on many things including the composition of government expenditure and the state of the economy. At present, our economy requires a brake on total consumption expenditure and this may require a rise in taxation levels despite the high current level of unemployment. A high rate of capital accumulation is essential to change the structure of production and to increase output and productivity, but the brake on consumption must be eventually relaxed. Without an expectation of healthy consumption growth there will not be an ongoing high rate of accumulation in the private sector.
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Yiftachel, O., and I. Alexander. "The State of Metropolitan Planning: Decline or Restructuring?" Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 13, no. 3 (September 1995): 273–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c130273.
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In this paper the dynamic relations between the state, society, and metropolitan planning are explored. The changing role and function of the state in the context of rapid restructuring of economic and social relations in Australia during the past decade are discussed, along with the impact of processes such as globalisation, cyclic recessions, and the growing assertion of local communities on the state. The influence of these processes on metropolitan planning, as an arm of the state which mediates between development interests and local communities, is then assessed from a theoretical perspective. Given the identified processes and changes, it is argued that metropolitan planning has become increasingly constrained in its ability to influence the nature and location of urban development in 1990s Australia. The validity of this argument is examined against the case of metropolitan planning in Perth during the past decade. Three key aspects of the changing nature of planning in Perth are studied in detail: A 1987 proposal for a new metropolitan strategy; a 1990 adopted metropolitan plan which derived from the 1987 proposal; and several redevelopment initiatives currently under consideration. It is concluded that the Western Australian state—and subsequently metropolitan planning—have experienced significant challenges to their ability to influence urban change. The constraints imposed on metropolitan planning are simultaneously due to economic pressures ‘from above’ and community pressures ‘from below’. Finally, it is observed that this process possesses a regresive potential, and that metropolitan planning should restructure in order to respond effectively and equitably to recent economic and social changes.
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Stent, William R. "L’Australie : Le déclin relatif de l’agriculture depuis 1970." Études internationales 12, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/701156ar.
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The present article begins by describing the institutionnal framework of Australian agriculture, recent aspects of evolution in agricultural production, exports, costs and in comes. Ii shows how since 1967 agricultural policy is becoming more and more selective, while at the same time its influence on economic policy is decreasing. This change is attributed to industrialization of the country and to the growing participation of agriculture in the international market. This new form of growth, even less than the old one, cannot solve the issue of rural poverty in Australia nor that of hunger in the world.
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Hartley, Robyn, and Jackie Horne. "Researching Literacy and Numeracy Costs and Benefits: What is possible." Literacy and Numeracy Studies 15, no. 1 (April 1, 2011): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/lns.v15i1.2024.
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Assessing the social and economic benefits of investing in adult literacy and numeracy and the costs of poor adult literacy and numeracy, is largely uncharted territory in Australia. Some interest was evident in the late 1980s leading up to International Literacy Year, 1990 (for example, Miltenyi 1989, Singh 1989, Hartley 1989); however, there has been little work done in the area since then, with the exception of recent studies concerned with financial literacy costs and benefits (Commonwealth Bank Foundation 2005). Assessing the benefits (returns) of workplace training in general has received some attention (for example Moy and McDonald 2000), although the role of literacy and numeracy is often implied rather than explored in any detail. In contrast, there is a considerable body of relevant research emanating from the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom and some European countries. The release of data from the International Adult Literacy Survey (IALS) in the 1990s contributed to some of this research, as did policy developments for example, in the United Kingdom. The much greater use of IALS data in some other countries compared with Australia, seems to be related to a combination of factors in the overall policy and research environment for adult literacy and numeracy in each country.
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Koleth, Elsa. "Unsettling the Settler State: The State and Social Outcomes of Temporary Migration in Australia." Migration, Mobility, & Displacement 3, no. 1 (August 24, 2017): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/mmd31201717072.
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The exponential growth of temporary migration to Australia since the late 1990s has unsettled the model of permanent migration, state supported settlement and multicultural citizenship on which Australia has been built. This article draws attention to the emergence of a gulf between Australia’s immigration policies and social policy frameworks for migrant integration in the course of Australia’s transition from a permanent to a temporary migration paradigm. It does so through an analysis of interviews with migrants, government officials at federal and local levels, and migrant service providers. It argues that the system by which temporary migration has been governed in Australia has enabled the Australian state to strategically divest itself of responsibility for the social welfare of temporary migrants and the long-term outcomes of temporary migration policies. Specifically, this has been achieved through the construction of temporary migrants as disposable, risk-bearing subjects, the exclusion of temporary migrants from social policy frameworks for migrant integration, and the elision of long-term social outcomes of migration policies through a focus on short-term economic outcomes. It concludes by pointing to changes required for instituting a temporal re-orientation of government policies from short-term economic outcomes towards the long-term social outcomes of migration.
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Gómez, Mario, and Lisset Cándano. "Economic growth, tourism, and economic policy uncertainty in the main tourist destinations (1998-2018)." econoquantum 21, no. 1 (December 31, 2023): 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.18381/eq.v21i1.7315.
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Objective: to study the relationship among tourism demand and economic growth, real exchange rate, and economic policy uncertainty (EPU) in Australia, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Methodology: cross-section dependence, unit root, and cointegration tests were applied. The long-term model was estimated according to the Panel-Corrected Standard Error (PCSE), Feasible Generalised Least Squares (FGLS), and Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS). Results: the results show a positive relationship between economic growth and the real exchange rate concerning tourism demand. In the long term, the causality relationship is from uncertainty, exchange rate, and GDP to tourism. The feedback hypothesis is validated. Limitations: availability of data.Originality: it studies the joint influence of economic growth and the EPU on demand for tourism in the countries of the world’s leading destinations for international tourism according to international tourist income. Conclusions: tourism will drive general economic growth and, correspondingly, investment in other sectors of the economy will also influence an increase in tourism.
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Bano, Sayeeda. "Intra-Industry Trade and Determinant: Evidence for ASEAN-Australia and New Zealand in the Context of AANZFTA." International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting 8, no. 4 (October 11, 2018): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijafr.v8i4.13778.
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This study examines the changing patterns and direction of trade between Association of South- East Asian Nations (ASEAN), Australia and New Zealand in the context of the ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Area/Agreement (AANZFTA) signed in 2010. It investigates the extent of ASEAN’s intra-industry trade with Australia and New Zealand at the 3-digit disaggregated SITC level for the period 1990 to 2014. The study includes an analysis of intra-industry trade indices of trade intensities, the marginal intra-industry trade and the econometric model to identify the determinants of intra-industry trade. The results show that trade in general has increased and intra-industry trade between ASEAN-Australia increased specifically in manufacturing. New Zealand has developed intra-industry trade in both the manufacturing and agriculture sectors. Marginal intra- industry results suggest that some industries transforming from inter-industry trade patterns to intra-industry trade. The results of regression analysis provide some support to the thesis that increase in IIT comes naturally with high average incomes of trade partners and large average market size. As a country’s level of income goes up and its standard of living rise, its citizens tend demand and consume more high quality differentiated products, leading to higher levels of intra-industry trade. This study differs from the existing literature in terms of its scope, methods and policy perspectives. The findings have policy relevance for the ongoing negotiations for a regional comprehensive economic partnership with ASEAN 10, India, China, Japan, Australia and New Zealand. It is reasonable to suggest that intra-industry trade be given due consideration in ongoing regional and bilateral trade negotiations for potential mutual gains from trade for a sustainable regional economic growth.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Australia – Economic policy – 1990-"
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Sweeny, Kim. "Accounting for growth in the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme." full-text, 2008. http://eprints.vu.edu.au/1960/1/sweeny.pdf.
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This thesis investigates the contribution to the growth in expenditure on medicines listed on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) from three inter-related sources: (i) the addition of new medicines offering an expanding range of treatments for disease, (ii) PBS processes for determining the prices of medicines and their conditions of listing and (iii) the demand by patients for PBS medicines. In doing so it uses trend analysis presented in both tabular and graphic form, expenditure decomposition techniques based on index and indicator numbers, and econometric analysis. Using novel techniques and interpretations, it addresses some key aspects of decomposition analysis including the treatment of new and disappearing goods and the potential bias arising from changing market shares among substitutable medicines. The analysis is undertaken for the period from 1991-92 to 2005-06. An important consequence of the cost-effectiveness and reference pricing techniques used by the PBS, is that the quantity index calculated within the decomposition of PBS expenditure can be interpreted as a measure of the quality-adjusted amount of medicines consumed by patients. This is virtually equivalent to the growth in expenditure of about 12% per annum. On average prices of medicines fell over time, modestly in nominal terms and to a greater extent in real terms. Based on the results of econometric analysis, new evidence is presented on the relative influences of copayments, safety net limits, the number of PBS medicines listed and their conditions of listing on the demand for PBS medicines by different categories of patients. Elasticities with respect to patient price are in the range -1.1 to -1.4 for General Non-Safety Net patients and in the range -0.5 to -0.9 for Concessional Non-Safety Net patients.
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Sweeny, Kim. "Accounting for growth in the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme." Thesis, full-text, 2008. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/1960/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis investigates the contribution to the growth in expenditure on medicines listed on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) from three inter-related sources: (i) the addition of new medicines offering an expanding range of treatments for disease, (ii) PBS processes for determining the prices of medicines and their conditions of listing and (iii) the demand by patients for PBS medicines. In doing so it uses trend analysis presented in both tabular and graphic form, expenditure decomposition techniques based on index and indicator numbers, and econometric analysis. Using novel techniques and interpretations, it addresses some key aspects of decomposition analysis including the treatment of new and disappearing goods and the potential bias arising from changing market shares among substitutable medicines. The analysis is undertaken for the period from 1991-92 to 2005-06.
An important consequence of the cost-effectiveness and reference pricing techniques used by the PBS, is that the quantity index calculated within the decomposition of PBS expenditure can be interpreted as a measure of the quality-adjusted amount of medicines consumed by patients. This is virtually equivalent to the growth in expenditure of about 12% per annum. On average prices of medicines fell over time, modestly in nominal terms and to a greater extent in real terms. Based on the results of econometric analysis, new evidence is presented on the relative influences of copayments, safety net limits, the number of PBS medicines listed and their conditions of listing on the demand for PBS medicines by different categories of patients. Elasticities with respect to patient price are in the range -1.1 to -1.4 for General Non-Safety Net patients and in the range -0.5 to -0.9 for Concessional Non-Safety Net patients.
3
Cloney, Mark. "Australia's economic integration with Asia: Government policy 1983-1996." Thesis, Cloney, Mark (1998) Australia's economic integration with Asia: Government policy 1983-1996. Masters by Research thesis, Murdoch University, 1998. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/51197/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis identifies and evaluates the policies of the Hawke/Keating Governments that were intended to accelerate Australia's economic integration with Asia (1983-96). A series of influential reports were produced during this period indicating Australia's increasing economic linkages with Asia were guided by an orthodox neo-classical economics view which emphasises the positive effects of market competition and cautions against government 'intervention'. Moreover, these reports were informed by understandings of how the emerging economies of Asia achieved rapid economic growth and offer domestic policy prescriptions derived from such understandings. The Garnaut Report (1989), the most influential of these. concluded that Labor policy-makers would best serve their cause by removing high levels of tariff protection and adopting policies to 'liberalise' the Australian economy.
Labor policy between 1983-96, which reflected this thinking, included the deregulation of the Australian financial system, the privatisation agenda, tariff reduction and aii emphasis on multilateral trade negotiations. This, according to Garnaut and others. was the only policy approach to ensure a more internationally competitive, outward-looking economy best able to capture the markets of Asia in an era of increased globalisation/internationalisation. Central to Garnaut's argument is that once protection is removed from the domestic economy, exports would increase as local firms, subject to greater international competition, are forced to compete in the global market. Liberalisation of the Australian economy is offered by Garnaut et al. as the cure to Australia's perennial balance of payments (BoPs) problems.
An important political point is that such policy prescriptions appeal to various audiences, not all of which are principally interested in Australia's economic relations with Asia.
The thesis critically evaluates this dominant view at three levels, firstly by demonstrating that the assumption of Garnaut et al. of a causal link between domestic policies of 'liberalisation' and increased exports, and therefore an improved BoP, remains highly problematic. Second, it challenges the prevailing 'liberal' conception of Asian development. and the portrayal of the state in that process. Third, arid this is the greater emphasis of the study, it points to the various structural and political factors complicating Australian policymakers' attempts to increase economic links with Asia that are down-played or not even recognised because of the theoretical limitations underlying the neo-classical policy approach.
For example, Chapter 5 presents a case study of Australia's agri-food sector that demonstrates that Australia's high value-added food industry, and its exports to the Asia- Pacific region, are being shaped by factors such as regional tariff and non-tariff barriers. increasing competition from intra-Asian food trade, and by constraints imposed on the structure of the Australian industry by the production and investment decisions of powerful transnational food companies (TFCs), to mention a few. These factors also have a significant impact on Australia's BoPs performance, particularly through their impact on the current account deficit (CAD), and are not easily accounted for by neo-classical free-trade theory argued by Gamaut et al.
As the current Asian financial crisis highlights, Australia's economic integration with Asia, and its economic performance in general, continues to be shaped by political and structural issues far more complex than the simple polar view of tariffs versus free trade led industrialisation that was the cornerstone of economic policy for much of the Hawke/Keating era.
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Kazi, Mazharul Haque, of Western Sydney Nepean University, and Faculty of Commerce. "Economic development in regional perspective: policy implications for Australia." THESIS_FCOM_XXX_Kazi_M.xml, 1997. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/693.
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This thesis aims to ascertain the pivotal issues that are of most significance for economic development in regional Australia. To understand these issues, it is necessary to understand prevailing economic development theories which have been traditionally considered in a nation’s policymaking. A review of a wide range of theories revealed that no single theory or set of theories provides desired outcomes from the perspective of long-term economic development of a nation given its existing structure. Researchers and policymakers throughout the world are engaged in searching for suitable options, and the ‘regional economic development with local planning’ approach for regional policymaking has been identified as a suitable option for a developed nation. The tested hypothesis of this thesis indicates that to help accelerate a smooth long-term development process of regional Australia, a suitably designed local planning approach is necessary. Simultaneously, providing an improved coordination mechanism is vital. Establishing an independent regional institutional setup throughout regional Australia should be given greater consideration as a priority issueMaster of Commerce (Hons)
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Simpson, Ralph Arthur. "Government intervention in the Malaysian economy, 1970-1990: lessons for South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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This study examined the role the Malaysian government played in developing the Malaysian economy as a means to eliminating poverty and inequality and explored the lessons South Africa can learn from Malaysia's development experience. Under British colonial rule Malaysia developed a divided multi-ethnic society characterised by gross inequality and high levels of poverty. Jolted by the 1969 race riots and in a major departure from the laissez-faire economic policy, the government embarked on the New Economic Policy in 1970. This ambitious twenty-year social engineering plan ushered in greater state intervention in the economy. It greatly reduced poverty among indigenous Malays and made substantial progress towards achieving inter-ethnic economic parity.
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Doshi, Amar. "Economic analyses of microalgae biofuels and policy implications in Australia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2017. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/103532/1/Amar_Doshi_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis presents an economic assessment of microalgae biofuels as a substitute in the Australian transport fuel market. The studies systematically reviewed the current state of microalgae biofuels among its predecessors, analysed a novel production pathway integrated with existing industries, and estimated the economic value of its external benefits over agricultural-based biofuels. These findings informed a discussion on how a long-term, policy-led transition away from fossil fuels can be achieved through support for the development of integrated microalgae industries and more importantly, capturing the economic value of biofuels that will lead to a more diversified and socially-efficient transport fuel market.
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Westerway, Peter. "A THOUSAND THOUSAND CAMPFIRES: Policy change and Aboriginal broadcasting in Australia 1967-1990." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2005. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/24718.
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Between 1967 and 1990 Ministers directed a succession of Commonwealth
interdepartmental Committees (IDCs) to make recommendations for an Aboriginal
broadcasting policy.
Part A: Context establishes historical context and nominates the starting
point for development of an Aboriginal broadcasting policy. I suggest that since the
activities of IDCs are confidential, the bulk of the policy cycle is effectively hidden
from public view. Reviewing the literature on major policy change, I suggest that
work based upon Thomas Kuhn’s seminal notion of paradigms provides an heuristic
basis for analysing developments in the area. In particular, subsequent speculation
by Peter Hall about policy paradigms, by Baumgartner and Jones on punctuated
equilibrium (PE) theory and the multiple streams approach developed by Kingdon,
Mintrom and others, provide a strong theoretical basis for analysis.
Part B: Case Studies provides a detailed historical account of what actually
happened on the Other side of the Moon — inside the black boxes that are the venues
for policy work in the Australian Public Service (APS). It records that in our
Westminster-based system the official experts of the Australian Public Service (APS)
normally wield substantial influence. However, in this area they experienced
significant policy failure.
Cultural myopia — an inability to see that Aboriginal cultures worked
differently and that Aboriginal peoples had to be consulted — was the root cause of
failure, fatally undermining successive attempts to devise a policy. The First Working
Party (1976-1979) objected to ministerial directions not to consult and concluded that
the parameters set by Ministers were faulty. When it provided contrary advice its recommendations were ignored. By 1980 the Second Working Party (1980-1981)
was facing an Australian Broadcasting Commission determined to run its own race,
pressure from a number of Aboriginal communities now seeking to establish
community controlled public broadcasting (including television) and Ministers who
still wanted neither. Its attempt to straddle all schools of thought resulted in a
confusing interim report that was again ignored. The Third Working Party (1982)
was a futile rump formed after Ministers had refused to act and soon disappeared into
oblivion.
In 1984 a resurgent Labor Government reiterated its support for selfdetermination
and invited strong Aboriginal participation in a Task Force on
Aboriginal and Islander Broadcasting and Communications (TFAIBC). The TFAIBC
provided a comprehensive description of developments to that point and nominated a
series of policy options. Its recommendations were fully adopted. Nevertheless, its
report (¿2/// o f the Si/ent Land) was flawed. The TFAIBC consulted widely and
attempted to support almost any suggestion but it also avoided prioritisation, cost
estimates and recommendations regarding migratory paths. Significantly, it then left
implementation in the hands of settler bureaucrats in the Department of Aboriginal
Affairs, whose notion of consultation with Aboriginal broadcasters and communities
proved to be quite manipulative. Some valuable developments, such as the
Broadcasting for Remote Aboriginal Communities Scheme (BRACS), resulted from
Out o f the St/ent Land. Yet the flaws in its recommendations did little to dispel
conceptual confusion and eventually led to significant under funding, particularly in
supporting Aboriginal communities for operations and maintenance as well as
training.Part C: Conclusions analyses the case studies. In each succeeding case there is
a consistent theme — the difficulties experienced by settler policymakers in coming
to terms with Aboriginal community control. The two interlocking and overlapping
policy paradigms: statutory regulation (broadcasting) and assimi/ation (Aboriginal
affairs) were both under strong pressure. In the case of broadcasting there was rapid
and major policy change. The prevailing paradigm was swiftly replaced by diversity
of c/ioice. Yet in Aboriginal affairs the prevailing paradigm proved highly resistant
and the proffered alternative — seif-determination — was consistently rejected in
favour of re-badged versions of assimilation. I call this very different path ‘the
boomerang trajectory’.
Most case studies cover situations in which paradigm change has already
occurred and consequently provide only limited insights into causation. Noting that
experienced practitioners seek to calculate resistance to change utilising a rough
calculus based upon the notion of policy inertia, I suggest that in order to make the PE
framework more effective it is necessary more consciously to focus upon this concept.
Finally I suggest that a better understanding of causation depends upon deployment of
Multiple Streams theory with its related notion of policy entrepreneurs.
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Yu, Serena. "Retiree welfare in Australia." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/14564.
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This thesis investigates individual retiree welfare in Australia. It is motivated by the question of how the traditional utilitarian framework for individual welfare, dominated by a preference satisfaction account of well-being, can be complemented by developments in the predominantly empirical field of subjective well-being. The hypothesis that utility can be directly proxied by subjective indicators is developed within a theoretical framework and applied to three empirical research questions. The first evaluates the welfare effects of the large, once-off increase in the Age Pension benefit rate in 2009. Taking advantage of a rich longitudinal dataset comprising objective and subjective measures of individual welfare, the research finds significant increases in consumption expenditure, falls in objective and subjective poverty, but no changes in financial and life satisfaction. The second investigates the impact of the global financial crisis on older Australians, and considers three dimensions of the crisis: the wealth shock, the liquidity shock, and the labour market shock. The research finds that there were significant declines in consumption expenditure amongst wealthy retirees, preceded by large falls in financial satisfaction, but no change in life satisfaction. However, the dominant effect amongst older individuals was a significant withdrawal from the labour market. The final research question uses novel econometric methods to better understand life satisfaction responses, and found that life satisfaction – far from being a proxy for material welfare – is driven primarily by health well-being, with financial and social well-being equally but less important. Moreover, significant interaction between health and social well-being was found. The thesis concludes that subjective well-being measures can fruitfully be used in complement to objective measures, but need to be appropriate to the specific research question, with an appreciation of the limitations of the subjective measures.
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Barry, Sean. "Hard Labor: The Political Economy of Economics Policy Reform in Australia." Thesis, Griffith University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/378091.
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In the closing decades of the twentieth century, a growing consensus emerged about the tailored economic principles that might promote economic growth. There has been less understanding, however, and no consensus, about the political processes conducive to achieving successful economic reform. The obstacles on the path to successful reform are numerous. Consequently, factors conducive to policy success are vital for understanding the process, and enhancing social learning for policy actors.
This dissertation compares instances of economic reform by federal Labor governments in Australia since 1972, to determine factors that contributed to the success or failure of those reforms. To do so, it uses, and assesses the robustness of a multi-hypothesis framework. The research situates itself within a political economy theoretical framework. This framework recognises the inseparability and interdependence of political and economic factors.
The study draws on economic data and political evidence to examine the actions, circumstances and background of governments and leaders in the relevant periods, using a comparative historical approach and a framework derived from the political economy of reform theory. It utilises a framework encompassing a number of hypotheses about reform, condensed into five ‘clusters’ of: economic conditions, political conditions, role of ideas, economic team, and reform program. This framework is a modified version of one developed by John Williamson and Stephan Haggard in The Political Economy of Policy Reform. This study applies the framework for analysis qualitatively to the three representative case studies of economic reforms.
The first case study examines the 25 per cent across-the-board tariff cut by the Whitlam Government in 1973. Australia had lived behind a ‘tariff wall’ for most of the century, and this reform sought to promote efficiency and innovation by encouraging competition, as well as reducing consumer prices. The second case study explores the Hawke government’s float of the Australian dollar in December 1983. Australia’s approach to its fixed exchange rate had undergone various modifications over the years, but none had allowed the economic flexibility necessary for a country with such a high rate of resource and primary industry exports. The last case analyses the minority Gillard government’s decision to implement the Clean Energy Future Package. It was a significant economic and environmental policy initiative encompassing multiple purposes, including reducing greenhouse gas emissions, decreasing reliance on fossil fuels, and promoting new industries.
The research challenges presumptions that economic reform is driven solely or primarily by ‘economic imperatives’ (such as economic crisis), at least in the Australian context. It finds the landscape of the political economy of policy reform is far more complex. Instead, the political conditions, role of ideas and economic team all influenced the subject reforms to varying degrees. All governments used favourable aspects of the political conditions to pursue reform, exploiting opportunities in their political honeymoons, building social consensus ex post to enhance durability and visionary leadership to support change along the path to reform. These aspects were notable in the earlier two reforms, but largely absent in the third case study and this contributed to the failure of that policy program. All three reforms reflected evolving ideas about the policy prescriptions necessary in the circumstances. The Hawke government’s float of the dollar was a paradigm shift as defined by Peter Hall, which assisted with the durability of the change. The Gillard government’s reform was technically a paradigm shift, but lacked the durability necessary to be a true shift. The governments introduced the reforms during windows of policy opportunity and the most successful program (Hawke) held valence (emotional appeal) within the community, the Gillard reform lacked that support and Whitlam’s valence weakened as economic conditions turned against the government. Of vital importance in all reforms was the role of the economic team. Coherent economic teams supported the executive and the governments, and that assisted the development and introduction of the reforms, and improved the prospects their durability.
It is not possible to unequivocally isolate factors sufficient or necessary for reform to take place in all circumstances. As scholars have recognised, however, there is still considerable value in identifying and exploring a range of contributing factors, even if not all are decisive. This research provides new insights into the political conditions that have been conducive for the pursuit of successful economic reform in Australian conditions. It also demonstrates that the use of a conceptual framework encompassing multiple reform hypotheses provides a richer, more nuanced understanding of reform decisions. This is a viable and useful approach for research in this area of interest, particularly when comparing multiple cases.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Govt & Int Relations
Griffith Business School
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Pigman, Geoffrey Allen. "Hegemony and free trade policy : Britain 1846-1944 and U.S.A. 1944-1990." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.335695.
Full textBooks on the topic "Australia – Economic policy – 1990-"
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1947-, Kelly Paul, and Waldren Murray, eds. Future tense: Australia beyond election 1998. St. Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 1999.
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Painter, Martin. Collaborative federalism: Economic reform in Australia in the 1990s. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
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Renton, N. E. Understanding the Australian economic debate: A lucid and opinionated primer to the key economic issues facing Australia in the 1990's. Including explanation and commentary on tax, wages, interest rates, housing, social securities, inflation, exchange rates, privatisation etc. Melbourne: Australian Investment Library, 1990.
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Australia. Economic Planning Advisory Council., ed. Australia's inflation problem: Office of EPAC seminar held in Canberra on 6 December 1990. Canberra: Australian Govt. Pub. Service, 1991.
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1953-, Considine Mark, and Costar Brian J, eds. Trials in power: Cain, Kirner, and Victoria, 1982-1992. Carlton, Vic: Melbourne University Press, 1992.
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Internationalising Australia's Economy (1990 Australian Graduate School of Management). Internationalising Australia's Economy: Public Policy Forum on the Garnaut and A.M.C. reports at the Australian Graduate School of Management, July 20-21, 1990. Sydney: Australian Graduate School of Management, 1991.
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Argy, Fred. Short-termism in Australia: Is it a problem? : background issues paper for CEDA conference "Planning Australia's future : looking beyond the short term", Melbourne, 11 December 1995. [Australia]: Committee for Economic Development of Australia, 1995.
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Chinese Economic Association (Australia). (5th 1992 University of Adelaide). Chinese economy in transition: Papers presented at the 5th Annual Conference of the Chinese Economic Association, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia, 12-13 November 1992. [Canberra: National Centre for Development Studies, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, 1992.
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Lj, Vlačić, Nguyen Duc-Tho, Ćećez-Kecmanović D, International Federation of Automatic Control., and IFAC Symposium on Modelling and Control of National and Regional Economies (1995 : Gold Coast, Qld.), eds. Modelling and control of national and regional economies 1995: A postprint volume from the IFAC/IFIP/IFORS/SEDC symposium, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, 2-5 July 1995. Oxford, UK: Published for the International Federation of Automatic Control by Pergamon, 1996.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Australia – Economic policy – 1990-"
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Harcourt, G. C. "Macroeconomic Policy for Australia in the 1990s." In Selected Essays on Economic Policy, 247–54. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230510562_17.
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Lynch, Gordon. "‘If We Were Untrammelled by Precedent…’: Pursuing Gradual Reform in Child Migration, 1954–1961." In UK Child Migration to Australia, 1945-1970, 243–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69728-0_7.
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AbstractThis chapter examines how British child migration policy became caught up in the political sensitivities of post-war assisted migration. By 1950, officials in the Commonwealth Relations Office were becoming increasingly doubtful about the strategic and economic value of assisted migration, but also concerned about adverse political reaction in Australia to any scaling back of this work. An agreement was reached between the Commonwealth Relations and Home Office in 1954 to continue child migration on the basis of encouraging gradual reform of standards in Australia. In 1956, a UK Government Fact-Finding Mission in 1956 recommended more urgent controls over child migration, but this was rejected by an inter-departmental review in view of these wider political sensitivities. Despite introducing more limited monitoring, British policy-makers struggled to reconcile their knowledge of failings in some Australian institutions with the political challenge of trying to address these in the absence of co-operation from the Australian Government.
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Minenna, Marcello. "Australia." In G20 Economic Policy, 129–38. London: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003499039-15.
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Harcourt, G. C. "Policy and Responses for Australia." In Selected Essays on Economic Policy, 200–210. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230510562_14.
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Nygaard, Christian A. "Economic Policy, Migration and the Australian City." In Migration and Urban Transitions in Australia, 45–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91331-1_3.
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Ancev, Tiho, and M. A. Samad Azad. "Evaluation of Salinity Offset Programs in Australia." In Use of Economic Instruments in Water Policy, 235–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18287-2_17.
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Matera, Margherita, Laura Allison-Reumann, and Philomena Murray. "Australia and the EU: From Trade Tensions to FTA Negotiations." In A Geo-Economic Turn in Trade Policy?, 247–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81281-2_11.
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Markovic Khaze, Nina, and Adam Khaze. "‘Fleeing Communism’: Yugoslav and Vietnamese Post-war Migration to Australia and Changes to Immigration Policy." In Palgrave Studies in Economic History, 405–25. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0317-7_17.
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Nepal, Rabindra, Rohan Best, Thanh Le, Amir Arjomandi, and Nirash Paija. "Wholesale Electricity Price, Carbon Emissions and Economic Output in Australia: The Role of Carbon Pricing." In The Handbook of Energy Policy, 1–27. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9680-0_33-1.
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Nepal, Rabindra, Rohan Best, Thanh Le, Amir Arjomandi, and Nirash Paija. "Wholesale Electricity Price, Carbon Emissions, and Economic Output in Australia: The Role of Carbon Pricing." In The Handbook of Energy Policy, 789–815. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6778-8_33.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Australia – Economic policy – 1990-"
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Ayyıldız, Fatih Volkan. "The Relationship Between Economic Freedoms and Growth: The Case of MIKTA Countries." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c15.02765.
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The economic freedom index measures whether the factors that enable the realization of economic activities prevent or help the realization of these activities. In the literature, there is a dominant view that countries that are less exposed to restrictions in economic activities will have higher economic growth tendencies. Despite this, discussions about the direction of the relationship between economic freedoms and economic growth variables continue. In this study, it is aimed to measure whether there is a relationship between economic freedoms and growth in the sample of countries in the period of 1995-2021 and to measure the direction of a possible causality between the variables. In the study, data on economic growth were obtained from UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development), and data on economic freedoms were obtained from the Heritage Foundation website. For the purpose, cross-section dependency test, unit root tests, homogeneity test, panel cointegration test, long-term coefficient estimation test and causality tests were performed respectively. As a result of the estimation of the long-term coefficients with the random coefficients model (RCM), it was found that a 1% increase in economic freedoms increased economic growth by 0.6% in MIKTA (Mexico, Indonesia, South Korea, Türkiye and Australia) countries. According to the results of the Dumitrescu-Hurlin (2012) panel causality test, it was found that there is bidirectional causality between economic freedom and growth variables. Therefore, it is recommended that policy makers include policies that expand and encourage property rights, judiciary, government integrity, financial health, government expenditures, business, labor, trade, investment and financial freedoms.
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Sabyrbekov, Rahat. "Software Development in Kyrgyzstan: Potential Source of Economic Growth." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c02.00256.
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In recent years, software development in the Kyrgyz Republic demonstrated 60-70% growth rate. Kyrgyz software products are exported to Central Asian neighbors and to the Western countries such as Italy, Australia and Holland. With the highest Internet penetration in the region and pool of qualified staff Kyrgyzstan has real chances to sustain the growth rate of the industry. Moreover, the cheap labor creates comparative advantage for local software producers. The break-up the Soviet Union lead to bankruptcies of traditional industries in the Kyrgyz Republic and thousands of highly qualified engineers were left unemployed. Simultaneously since independence Kyrgyz government implemented number of reforms to encourage development of Information and Communication Technologies which lead to the establishment of ICT infrastructure in the region.
The paper analyzes the development trend of the software production industry in the Kyrgyz Republic. We will also overview international experience as in the leading software producers as well as in neighboring countries. The study also builds projections for the next decade and draw on certain policy implications. In addition the paper will provide policy recommendations. The data used is from by the Association on IT companies, questionnaires, National Statistics Committee, Word Bank and Asian Development Bank.
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Shen, Shi. "The Contradiction and Balance Between Cultural Value and Economic Value in Cultural Policy: Taking the “Creative State” of Victoria, Australia as an Example." In 2021 International Conference on Public Art and Human Development ( ICPAHD 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220110.062.
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Taşar, M. Okan, and Savaş Çevik. "Eurasia Economies in Context of Competition Policy." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c01.00118.
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Global economy, especially after 1990 have had a liberal approach to structural transformation and reveal the effectiveness of "liberalization" is defined as the process. Together with the global financial crisis started to be discussed this process with a more intense competition and the growing importance of the concept of expanding the size of the country in terms of a systematic policy of competition policy with all the other words are required.
Within the general framework of the so-called Eurasia in the Turkic World in this transformation to create new institutional structures and market mechanisms are working. Decades of an ongoing economic system and a complex new system into the market place, this transformation is absolutely raises a number of structural problems. Yet even liberal economies have experienced economic crises at the regional and global environment is taken into account, and ideally a fully functioning market institutions does not occur.
In this context, competition policy and sub-elements should be defined. Rationalized in terms of market economy should be set to the required qualifications. As for this purpose, work on the first section describes the conceptual background and will be shaped. In the following section, Turkic World Economies mainly as provided in the development process of market reforms and competition policies are introduced, which arise in the functioning of a market economy, or "market failures" will be discussed.
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Bo, Z., S. Hurter, S. Hoerning, J. Underschultz, and A. Garnett. "Accounting Green and Blue Hydrogen in a Net Cash Flow Model for Techno-Economic Assessment on Underground Hydrogen Storage in Australia." In Asia Pacific Unconventional Resources Symposium. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/217336-ms.
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Abstract Hydrogen is expected to play a significant role in the process of decarbonizing the global energy sector where Underground Hydrogen Storage (UHS) may be the only option for large-scale seasonal energy storage. Studies conducted so far to investigate the economic feasibility of UHS in porous reservoirs focus on the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) while the other economic indicators are left unattended. To better assess the techno-economic feasibility of UHS, we built a knowledge-based net cash flow model to estimate the net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) of UHS projects under different hydrogen price assumptions. Specifically, we incorporate expected green and blue hydrogen prices by 2030 in Australia into our model to evaluate the resulting project economic performance. Our model calculated net cash flows illustrate the inherent technical and economic disadvantages of UHS in Australia compared to alternative technologies such as underground gas storage (UGS). Under current expectations, both the storage of hydrogen-methane mixtures and pure hydrogen cannot make considerable economic profits without policy support in the near future. The commercialization of UHS is in need of support measures such as an Australian carbon credit unit (ACCS) of at least $18.17 AUD.
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Karluk, S. Rıdvan, and Ayşen Hiç Gencer. "Turkey and Uzbekistan Relations within the Scope of Economic and Political Integration of Central Asia." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01466.
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After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Uzbekistan declared her sovereignty on June 20th, 1990 and her independence on September 1st, 1991. Turkey was the first country to recognize the Republic of Uzbekistan on December 16th, 1991. On March 4th, 1992, diplomatic relations between Turkey and Uzbekistan were established and more than 90 bilateral agreements and protocols were signed. Among the Central Asian countries, Uzbekistan has an important geopolitical location and has the largest Turkish population. Turkish and Uzbek people share the same culture and language (Uzbek-Chagatai Turkish). Prime Minister Erdoğan and President Kerimov emphasized the necessity of improving the Turkish-Uzbek relations at the opening ceremony of Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics. Turkish Foreign Minister Davutoğlu's visit on July 10th, 2014 started improving bilateral relations that had come to a halt in 2003. This paper analyzes Turkish-Uzbek relations in the framework of integration in Central Asia and with respect to the structural economic changes in Uzbekistan and her foreign trade policy.
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Gültekin, Ömer Faruk. "The Impact of Environmental Policy, per Capita Income, Inflation and Urbanization on Life Expectancy at Birth: Examples from the BRICS and MIST Countries." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c15.02786.
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The development of environmental policies is of great importance for the continuation of the concept of sustainable development. Societies that strive for economic development should aim to leave a cleaner world for future generations. Therefore, as an output of the economic development process, the relationship between life expectancy at birth and environmental policies and welfare increase is a test of the expectation for a clean world. In the study, the effects of economic development components and environmental policies on life expectancy at birth, which is a health indicator in the development process, were investigated for the period 1990-2020, in a model created on the basis of BRICS and MIST countries, which are among the developing country groups. Test such as multicollinearity, varying variance, autocorrelation, and cross-section dependence were applied to the model, and the model was estimated using Generalized Least Squares and Driscoll-Kraay tests. According to the findings, while strict environmental policies and higher per capita income have a positive effect on life expectancy at birth, the effects of urbanization and inflation on life expectancy at birth are not statistically significant. Accordingly, it can be said that societies that care about increasing welfare together with environmental policies will have a longer life expectancy.
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Bal, Harun, and Berk Palandökenlier. "Is the Resource Curse Thesis Affect Only Least Developed Countries? Examples from Resource-Rich Developed Countries." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c13.02514.
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Whether the Dutch Disease thesis, which is one of the best-known economic explanations on this subject, which puts forward the thesis that countries rich in natural resources can have negative effects on long-term economic growth, directly or indirectly, depending on the way they are used, is valid or not. tried to be demonstrated. The Dutch disease thesis is one of the main explanations for resource misfortune, emphasizing the negative effects of resource abundance on the national economy in countries with rich resource endowments and pointing to a paradox that economic conditions will be better in countries that do not have relatively little (or scarce) natural resources. is happening. Therefore, in our study, it is aimed to investigate whether resource richness causes an economic recession or not, especially for developed countries by considering indirect transmission channels. In this context, 11 developed countries such as Netherlands, Norway, Ireland, Germany, New Zealand, the United States of America, Canada, Australia, Poland, the United Kingdom, and Denmark, between 1990 and 2019, are based on the experiences of developed countries, which are especially rich in different sources of Dutch Disease syndrome. The country has been researched with static and dynamic panel analysis methods. As a result of the estimation, findings were found that the Dutch Disease was partially valid in terms of developed country samples throughout the sample period considered.
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Akça, Tacinur. "Foreign Trade Relations Between Turkey and the Eurasian Countries: An Empirical Study." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01793.
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The Eurasian Countries incorporates many economic and cultural wealth. The Eurasian countries have attracted attention all over the world with its rich oil and natural gas reserves and geopolitical situation. Due to the increasing importance of the Eurasian countries, as well as being an alternative to a political foreign policy and it has created an economically viable alternative in terms of foreign trade for Turkey. The importance of exports is increasing for the development of Turkey and Eurasia cannot be neglected as an important issue. History of the republic's foreign policy is focused on establishing good relations with the West. Of the Soviet Union collapsed and the Cold War ended after the opening of the new Turkish foreign policy became inevitable to be based in Central Asia and the Caucasus, Turkey aimed to be active in this region.
The main purpose of our study was that Turkey's foreign trade with The Eurasian Countries is to reveal the relationship. The interest in the region began in the beginning of 1990, the economic policies implemented by Turkey has tried to analyze using relevant data. İn our study, in order to analyze the economic relationship between our countries and Eurasian Countries, Turkey's import and export figures which were explained in the form of tables with the countries concerned. We will concentrate on the major Eurasian countries, especially in our work we focus on Russia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Georgia, Ukraine and Moldova.
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Diril, Funda. "Comparison of Fiscal Reforms in Some South and East European Transition Economies." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.01014.
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The aim of this paper is to compare fiscal reforms of some of the transition economies in Balkans including The Republic of Macedonia. Since 1990’s former planned economies, which are in the process of economic transformation into market economy have carried out several reforms. During this economic transformation process both the effects and the results of these reforms vary according to the difference between the needs of structural change in each country. In this study, some of the selected transition economies in Balkans are analyzed: Some of the recent members of European Community in Balkans and The Republic of Macedonia are examined in comparison. Analysis of fiscal reforms of these transition economies are evaluated in several headings in reference to the macroeconomic statistics created by international organizations such as OECD, EC and IMF and policy suggestions are proposed accordingly. The government deficit, government debts and tax policy are the significant part of these reforms. Several strategies are implemented in developing support systems for competitive environment and private ownership. Economic shrinkage, current account deficit, low foreign capital and government deficit indicate economic weakness in these countries. The Czech Republic, Bulgaria, The Republic of Macedonia, Romania and Hungary face fiscal problems such as economic shrinkage, debt service and government deficit during the transition process. As being the candidate country for European Union accession; The Republic of Macedonia is approaching to the Maastricht Criteria and has better outcomes in public debt compared to the other countries given above.
Reports on the topic "Australia – Economic policy – 1990-"
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Riley, Brad. Scaling up: Renewable energy on Aboriginal lands in north west Australia. Nulungu Research Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32613/nrp/2021.6.
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This paper examines renewable energy developments on Aboriginal lands in North-West Western Australia at three scales. It first examines the literature developing in relation to large scale renewable energy projects and the Native Title Act (1993)Cwlth. It then looks to the history of small community scale standalone systems. Finally, it examines locally adapted approaches to benefit sharing in remote utility owned networks. In doing so this paper foregrounds the importance of Aboriginal agency. It identifies Aboriginal decision making and economic inclusion as being key to policy and project development in the 'scaling up' of a transition to renewable energy resources in the North-West.
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Cavaille, Charlotte, Federica Liberini, Michela Redoano, Anandi Mani, Vera E. Troeger, Helen Miller, Ioana Marinescu, et al. Which Way Now? Economic Policy after a Decade of Upheaval: A CAGE Policy Report. Edited by Vera E. Troeger. The Social Market Foundation, February 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/978-1-910683-41-5.
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Most, if not all advanced economies have suffered gravely from the 2008 global financial crisis. Growth, productivity, real income and consumption have plunged and inequality, and in some cases poverty, spiked. Some countries, like Germany and Australia, were better able to cope with the consequences but austerity has taken its toll even on the strongest economies. The UK is no exception and the more recent period of economic recovery might be halted or even reversed by the political, economic, and policy uncertainty created by the Brexit referendum. This uncertainty related risk to growth could be even greater if the UK leaves the economic and legal framework provided by the EU. This CAGE policy report offers proposals from different perspectives to answer the overarching question: What is the role of a government in a modern economy after the global financial crisis and the Brexit vote? We report on economic and social challenges in the UK and discuss potential policy responses for the government to consider. Foreword by: Lord O’Donnell of Clapham.
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Jenkins, Glenn P., and George G. Poufos. Economic Integration and the Transformation of the Tax Mix: Cyprus 1990-2001. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006639.
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This presentation was commissioned by the Trade and Integration Network of the Regional Policy Dialogue for the Tax Workshop on Fiscal Impact of FTAA celebrated on September 18th and 19th, 2002 in Washington, DC. Proposals for Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) have similar implications for the fiscal systems of the participating countries as now faced by countries preparing to gain entry into the European Union. Involves reducing taxes on international trade and increasing some combination of sales taxes (usually VAT), excise taxes, and income taxes.
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Huang, Tina, and Zachary Arnold. Immigration Policy and the Global Competition for AI Talent. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, June 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/20190024.
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Current immigration policies may undermine the historic strength of the United States in attracting and retaining international AI talent. This report examines the immigration policies of four U.S. economic competitor nations—the United Kingdom, Canada, France, and Australia—to offer best practices for ensuring future AI competitiveness.
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Majeed, Omer, Jonathan Hambur, and Robert Breunig. Do Monetary Policy and Economic Conditions Impact Innovation? Evidence from Australian Administrative Data. Reserve Bank of Australia, February 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rdp2024-01.
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Recent papers have argued that monetary policy and economic conditions can influence the amount of innovative activity in the economy, and therefore productivity and living standards in the future. This paper examines whether this is the case for Australia, a small open economy that tends to import innovation from overseas. We find that contractionary (expansionary) monetary policy reduces (increases) aggregate research and development (R&D) spending, and that lower (higher) R&D spending reduces (increases) future productivity. However, using firm-level data and a broader survey measure of innovation that also captures adoption, we find heterogeneous responses across different firm types. Small firms decrease innovation in response to contractionary monetary policy shocks whereas large firms increase innovation. This heterogeneity appears to reflect differing exposure to the channels through which monetary policy affects innovation. These channels include affecting demand or affecting financial conditions and constraints. We also find that US monetary policy spills over and affects Australian firms' innovation. Overall, our results suggest that monetary policy and economic conditions have medium-run effects on productivity, though the effects are more heterogeneous than previously documented. While the effects may cancel out over a cycle, this finding highlights the importance of stabilisation policy in preventing medium-run economic scarring.
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Bán, Zoltán. Analysis of Chinese Economic Statecraft and its Methods through Four Case Studies. Külügyi és Külgazdasági Intézet, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47683/kkielemzesek.ke-2022.40.
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In the past decade, China has employed its economic statecraft more frequently, possibly due to its more advanced economic capabilities and its more assertive foreign policy. Four case studies (South Korea, Australia, Canada, and Lithuania) are analysed from the past few years regarding the Chinese economic statecraft methods in order to get a better understanding of the methods used and to derive useful conclusions and recommendations for potential future cases of economic coercion. An analysis of the four cases to identify similarities in the methods utilised by Beijing shows that success rates vary at best, and many adverse effects for China are also found. Countries should be aware of such coercion methods, although building resilience seems to be more successful in easing tensions than does all-out deterrence.
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Gattenhof, Sandra, Donna Hancox, Sasha Mackay, Kathryn Kelly, Te Oti Rakena, and Gabriela Baron. Valuing the Arts in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand. Queensland University of Technology, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.227800.
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The arts do not exist in vacuum and cannot be valued in abstract ways; their value is how they make people feel, what they can empower people to do and how they interact with place to create legacy. This research presents insights across Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand about the value of arts and culture that may be factored into whole of government decision making to enable creative, vibrant, liveable and inclusive communities and nations. The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed a great deal about our societies, our collective wellbeing, and how urgent the choices we make now are for our futures. There has been a great deal of discussion – formally and informally – about the value of the arts in our lives at this time. Rightly, it has been pointed out that during this profound disruption entertainment has been a lifeline for many, and this argument serves to re-enforce what the public (and governments) already know about audience behaviours and the economic value of the arts and entertainment sectors. Wesley Enoch stated in The Saturday Paper, “[m]etrics for success are already skewing from qualitative to quantitative. In coming years, this will continue unabated, with impact measured by numbers of eyeballs engaged in transitory exposure or mass distraction rather than deep connection, community development and risk” (2020, 7). This disconnect between the impact of arts and culture on individuals and communities, and what is measured, will continue without leadership from the sector that involves more diverse voices and perspectives. In undertaking this research for Australia Council for the Arts and Manatū Taonga Ministry for Culture & Heritage, New Zealand, the agreed aims of this research are expressed as: 1. Significantly advance the understanding and approaches to design, development and implementation of assessment frameworks to gauge the value and impact of arts engagement with a focus on redefining evaluative practices to determine wellbeing, public value and social inclusion resulting from arts engagement in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand. 2. Develop comprehensive, contemporary, rigorous new language frameworks to account for a multiplicity of understandings related to the value and impact of arts and culture across diverse communities. 3. Conduct sector analysis around understandings of markers of impact and value of arts engagement to identify success factors for broad government, policy, professional practitioner and community engagement. This research develops innovative conceptual understandings that can be used to assess the value and impact of arts and cultural engagement. The discussion shows how interaction with arts and culture creates, supports and extends factors such as public value, wellbeing, and social inclusion. The intersection of previously published research, and interviews with key informants including artists, peak arts organisations, gallery or museum staff, community cultural development organisations, funders and researchers, illuminates the differing perceptions about public value. The report proffers opportunities to develop a new discourse about what the arts contribute, how the contribution can be described, and what opportunities exist to assist the arts sector to communicate outcomes of arts engagement in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand.
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Solaun, Kepa, Chiquita Resomardono, Katharina Hess, Helena Antich, Gerard Alleng, and Adrián Flores. State of the Climate Report: Suriname: Summary for Policy Makers. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003415.
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Several factors contribute to Surinames particular vulnerability to the effects of climate change. It is dependent on fossil fuels, has forests liable to decay, fragile ecosystems, and its low-lying coastal area accounts for 87% of the population and most of the countrys economic activity. Many sectors are at risk of suffering losses and damage caused by gradual changes and extreme events related to climate change. For Suriname to develop sustainably, it should incorporate climate change and its effects into its decision-making process based on scientific- evidence. The State of the Climate Report analyzes Surinames historical climate (1990-2014) and provides climate projections for three time horizons (2020-2044, 2045-2069, 2070-2094) through two emissions scenarios (intermediate/ SSP2-4.5 and severe/ SSP5-8.5). The analysis focuses on changes in sea level, temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, and winds for the seven subnational locations of Paramaribo, Albina, Bigi Pan MUMA, Brokopondo, Kwamalasamutu, Tafelberg Natural Reserve, and Upper Tapanahony. The Report also analyzes climate risk for the countrys ten districts by examining the factors which increase their exposure and vulnerability on the four most important sectors affected by climate change: infrastructure, agriculture, water, and forestry, as well as examining the effects across the sectors. The State of the Climate provides essential inputs for Suriname to develop and update its climate change policies and targets. These policies and targets should serve as enablers for an adequate mainstreaming of climate change adaptation and resilience enhancement into day-to-day government operations.
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Blackham, Alysia. Addressing Age Discrimination in Employment: a report on the findings of Australian Research Council Project DE170100228. University of Melbourne, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46580/124368.
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This project aimed to research the effectiveness of Australian age discrimination laws. While demographic ageing necessitates extending working lives, few question the effectiveness of Australian age discrimination laws in supporting this ambition. This project drew on mixed methods and comparative UK experiences to offer empirical and theoretical insights into Australian age discrimination law. It sought to create a normative model for legal reform in Australia, to inform public policy and debate and improve responses to demographic ageing, providing economic, health and social benefits.
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Tapia, Carlos, and Nora Sanchez Gassen. What impact do climate change policies have on Nordic economies, industries, and households? Nordregio, September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/r2023:10.1403-2503.
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This report is the first out of four reports of the project “Ensuring inclusive economic growth in the transition to a green economy (EnIGG)”. The EnIGG project is a cross-sectoral project initiated and financed by the Nordic Council of Ministers and coordinated by Nordregio. It aims to increase knowledge on how to strengthen the Nordic economies in a challenging context and accelerate the green transition towards a climate-neutral economy while ensuring that these processes are inclusive. The research for this report was conducted by researchers from Victoria University (Australia), Merit Economics (Finland) and Nordregio, with contributions from the Centre for Regional & Tourism Research (Denmark) and Reykjavik University (Iceland). The report analyses the impact of selected climate policy measures on Nordic economies, industries, and households.