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1
Cox, Noel Stanley Bertie. "The evolution of the New Zealand monarchy: The recognition of an autochthonous polity." Thesis, University of Auckland, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3002348.
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The aims of this thesis are to determine to what extent the Crown remains important as a source of legitimacy for the constitutional order and as a focus of sovereignty; how the Crown has developed as a distinct institution; and what the prospects are for the adoption of a republican form of government in New Zealand. The imperial Crown has evolved into the New Zealand Crown, yet the implications of this change are as yet only slowly being understood. Largely this is because that evolution came about as a result of gradual political development, as part of an extended process of independence, rather than by deliberate and conscious decision. The continuing evolution of political independence does not necessarily mean that New Zealand will become a republic in the short-to-medium term. This is for various reasons. The concept of the Crown has often been, in New Zealand, of greater importance than the person of the Sovereign, or that of the Governor-General. The existence of the Crown has also contributed to, rather than impeded, the independence of New Zealand, through the division of imperial prerogative powers. In particular, while the future constitutional status of the Treaty of Waitangi remains uncertain, the Crown appears to have acquired greater legitimacy through being a party to the Treaty. The expression of national identity does not necessarily require the removal of the Crown. The very physical absence of the Sovereign, and the all-pervading nature of the legal concept of the Crown, have also contributed to that institution's development as a truly national organ of government. The concept of the Crown has now, to a large extent, been separated from its historical, British, roots. This has been encouraged by conceptual confusion over the symbolism and identity of the Crown. But this merely illustrates the extent to which the Crown has become an autochthonous polity, grounded in our own unique settlement and evolution since 1840. Whether that conceptual strength is sufficient to counterbalance symbolic and other challenges in the twenty-first century remains uncertain. But it is certain that the Crown has had a profound affect upon the style and structure of government in New Zealand.
2
Thénot, Elsa. "La création in situ en Océanie : géo-esthétique et territoires urbains." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BOR30010/document.
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Le travail de cette thèse s’articule autour des pratiques artistiques et urbaines à travers quatre métropoles situées en Australie et en Nouvelle-Zélande. Sydney, Melbourne, Auckland et Wellington, territoires artistiques majeurs dans ce continent, sont ici le socle d’une étude empirique et théorique. L’enjeu premier sera de situer chronologiquement et de comprendre, à partir de l’art occidental et de son évolution, quelles sont les problématiques artistiques inhérentes à l’in situ. Nous verrons comment un art produit extra-muros, tel que formulé aux Etats-Unis et en Europe (1960-1970), a mis en avant une prise en compte multiple du lieu par les artistes, mettant à contribution différentes données : spatiales, géomorphologiques, historiques, humaines et bien sûr contextuelles. Les appréhender nous amènera à mettre en valeur le premier tournant spatial, voire géospatial de l’art, soit sa propension, à un moment donné, de sortir de ses cadres traditionnels – dont le musée – pour conquérir de nouveaux territoires d’inscription. Pour mieux aborder ces villes postcoloniales océaniennes et les espaces qu’elles consacrent à la création artistique, nous verrons comment ces deux jeunes nations ont bâti et continuent à construire leur identité. Au regard du biculturalisme néo-zélandais, de la culture maorie et de la place de ce peuple, nous nous sommes attaché à saisir comment l’art extra muros existe à Wellington et dans des zones plus rurales autour d’Auckland. En Australie, les faits historiques sont venus renforcer un sentiment identitaire au travers de certaines formes de création urbaines tandis que d’autres restent à l’écart de ces problématiques locales – c’est le cas de l’évènement Sculpture by the Sea. Dans quelle mesure un territoire, au travers de ses quatre premières villes, peut-il par le biais de l’in situ dégager une géo-esthétique? Cette étude fondée sur l’observation et le croisement pluridisciplinaire des approches théoriques a montré et argumenté la tendance des villes-mondes à se réinventer, se régénérer par l’art jusqu’à devenir, à certains égards, un véritable outil territorial. J’ai proposé différentes clés de lecture pour faire comprendre comment se dégage des formes d’esthétique singulières dans le cadre d’un urbanisme volontariste quant à redessiner le visage de la ville (Sydney, Opera House). Puis, il s’agira de montrer à travers les démarches exemplaires, comment l’art, dans les villes océaniennes, évolue spatialement, souligne l’histoire et s’en détache. Le corpus d’œuvres, pertinent au vu de la priorité identitaire, multiculturelle et spatiale fera jour sur l’expression d’une géo-esthétique urbaine spécifique. Les connexions interculturelles entre indices vernaculaires (motifs, gestes, formes) et médiums contemporains attestent d’une géographicité de l’art, entre interprétation narrative des lieux, symbole et émancipationThe work of this thesis revolves around the artistic and urban practices in four cities, in Australia and New Zealand. Those cities, Sydney, Melbourne, Auckland and Wellington are major artistic hubs in Oceania, and form the basis of a theoretical and empirical study. The first challenge is to locate and understand chronologically, through a Western artistic lens and its evolution, what are the inherent nuances of the in situ art. We will see how art produced extramurally, as represented in the United States and Europe (1960-1970), and noted on multiple accounts by artists, relied on various data: spatial, geomorphological, historical, human and contextual course. This understanding will lead us to the first example of space turning or geospatial art or propensity, which can be viewed as out of its traditional frameworks – which is to the museum, to conquer new territories of registration. To address these postcolonial Pacific cities and the culture they devote to artistic creation, we will see how these two young nations have built and continue to build their identity. In light of the New Zealand biculturalism, the value of Maori culture and the place of the people, we are committed to see how extramural art is represented in Wellington and in more rural areas around Auckland. In Australia, in some examples, the historical facts have reinforced a sense of identity through specific examples of urban creation while in other areas the historical contexts lead to politically charged issues; such is the case of the event Sculpture by the Sea. To what extent can a region, through its first four cities, lead us to rethink the in situ expression and geo-aesthetic that emerges? This study based on observation and cross disciplinary theoretical approaches and argues that the tendency of cities to reinvent worlds, regenerate through art until, is in some respects, a true territorial tool. I propose different readings to further understand how singular forms of aesthetics emerge as part of a proactive planning on redesigning the face of the city. Then it will show through best practices, how art, in the Pacific cities, changes space and emphasizes history and can become detached of context. This body of work is pertinent given the historical identity priority of Pacific cultures, and the contemporary multiculturalism and use of space will shed light on the expression of a specific urban geo-aesthetics. Intercultural connections between vernacular indices (patterns, gestures, shapes) and contemporary mediums attest to a geographicity art between narrative interpretation of places, symbol and emancipation
3
Matheson, Troy. "Why does Australia grow faster than New Zealand?" Thesis, University of Canterbury. Department of Economics, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4312.
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We analyse the divergence in productivity between Australia and New Zealand, with
a special emphasis on quantifying the industry-level contributors to the divergence
and on whether the countries have comparable growth processes. The Convergence
Hypothesis is tested between industries and across countries. We find that two
industries satisfy our definition of Conditional Convergence (Agriculture, Forestry
and Fishing and Cultural and Recreational Services). Cointegration tests reveal more
stochastic trends governing Australian productivity than in New Zealand.
Decompositions of the divergence to the industry-level suggest large contributions
from differences in labour growth across the two countries, and significant
contributions from cross-country structural differences. Most of the industries add to
the divergence, with particularly large contributions from differences across the
Mining and Wholesale Trade industries. The evidence suggests that the growth
processes of the two economies are fundamentally different, thereby questioning the
relevance of comparisons between them.
4
Ryan, Greg. ""The Originals" : the 1888-89 New Zealand native football team in Britain, Australia and New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Department of History, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4666.
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This thesis operates on two levels. Firstly, it is an account
of the ongInS, composition and experiences of the
predominantly Maori New Zealand Native football team in
Britain, Australia and New Zealand during 1888-89. Secondly,
it uses the main themes and incidents of the tour as a basis to
examine some aspects of the interaction between race, class,
imperialism and sport during the late nineteenth century -
both within Britain and in her colonies. Patterns emerge which
question existing interpretations as to the diffusion and
strength of an elite British ethos which linked sport to higher
social and political ideals and to the maintenance of imperial
objectives.
The thesis IS divided into SIX chapters. The first two trace
the composition of the team, motives for the tour and initial
responses to it in New Zealand. The wider focus is on a set of
colonial aspirations which saw the tour as having an important
bearing, positive or otherwise, on British perception of the
fledgling New Zealand colony. Points are also raised
concermng the relationship between Maori and European in this
process. Chapters three, four and five, covering the tour of
Britain, are primarily based around a dichotomy between elite
and working class interests which is revealed in contrasting responses to a predominantly Maori team and to its behaviour
both on and off the sports field. An assessment is made of the
suspect motives of those who controlled and financed the tour,
and comparisons are also made with the 1868 Aboriginal
cricket team to Britain. The final chapter and Conclusion
challenge standard interpretations of the Native team and
consider its wider value as an indicator of new perspectives
on the study of sports history.
Research is based very largely on newspaper sources. More
than seventy publications, both metropolitan and provincial,
have been consulted in Britain, Australia and New Zealand.
5
Martin, Allan. "Older adulthood, education and social change (Australia, New Zealand)." Thesis, University of Auckland, 2006. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3205817.
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The outcome of demographics which point to a rapid increase in the number of older adults in the population has been widely debated in the literature. However, it has been examined primarily from the perspective of an unrealistically optimistic or unduly pessimistic view of the future, with few attempts to provide other alternatives. This thesis is structured in three sections. The first backgrounds the context of the research question, the relevant literature, the prospect of gender bias in that literature and the historical development of government policy towards ageing. The second section presents a theoretical perspective for social change, examines the development of social movements and puts a case for a new social movement arising out of the increasing number of older adults and supporting educative processes. The third section reports on empirical research based on interviews in Australia and New Zealand with leaders of organisations involved with older adults and focuses on drawing conclusions from the research in relation to the research question. The theory proposed in this thesis is based on the premise that an opportune time in history exists for older adults to contribute to social and political change. However, for senior members of society to undertake this role will require education in some form, to act as an agency or catalyst to initiate an organised social movement. Findings of this research support the view that the majority of older adults remain fit and healthy and do not conform to the medicalisation approach to ageing on which government policy and, to a large extent, public attitudes, have been formed. While there would be problems of organisation in the formation of a new social movement there are no insurmountable obstacles to overcome. The greatest difficulty would seem to lie in overcoming inertia, sectional interests, generating the leadership and developing innovative and imaginative educative processes.Subscription resource available via Digital Dissertations only.
6
Leithner, Christian. "The Economic Voting Hypothesis : Australia, Canada and New Zealand." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362145.
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O'Donnell, David O'Donnell, and n/a. "Re-staging history : historiographic drama from New Zealand and Australia." University of Otago. Department of English, 1999. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070523.151011.
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Since the 1980s, there has been an increasing emphasis on drama, in live theatre and on film, which re-addresses the ways in which the post-colonial histories of Australia and New Zealand have been written. Why is there such a focus on �historical� drama in these countries at the end of the twentieth century and what does this drama contribute to wider debates about post-colonial history? This thesis aims both to explore the connections between drama and history, and to analyse the interface between live and recorded drama.
In order to discuss these issues, I have used the work of theatre and film critics and historians, supplemented by reference to writers working in the field of post-colonial and performance theory. In particular, I have utilised the methods of Helen Gilbert and Joanne Tompkins in Post-Colonial Drama: Theory, Practice, Politics, beginning with their claim that in the post-colonial situation history has been seen to determine reality itself. I have also drawn on theorists such as Michel Foucault, Linda Hutcheon and Guy Debord who question the �truth� value of official history-writing and emphasize the role of representation in determining popular perceptions of the past. This discussion is developed through reference to contemporary performance theory, particularly the work of Richard Schechner and Marvin Carlson, in order to suggest that there is no clear separation between performance and reality, and that access to history is only possible through re-enactments of it, whether in written or performative forms.
Chapter One is a survey of the development of �historical� drama in theatre and film from New Zealand and Australia. This includes discussion of the diverse cultural and performative traditions which influence this drama, and establishment of the critical methodologies to be used in the thesis. Chapter Two examines four plays which are intercultural re-writings of canonical texts from the European dramatic tradition. In this chapter I analyse the formal and thematic strategies in each of these plays in relation to the source texts, and ask to what extent they function as canonical counter-discourse by offering a critique of the assumptions of the earlier play from a post-colonial perspective. The potential of dramatic representation in forming perceptions of reality has made it an attractive forum for Maori and Aboriginal artists, who are creating theatre which has both a political and a pedagogical function. This discussion demonstrates that much of the impetus towards historiographic drama in both countries has come from Maori and Aboriginal writers and directors working in collaboration with white practitioners. Such collaborations not only advance the project of historiographic drama, but also may form the basis of future theatre practice which departs from the Western tradition and is unique to each of New Zealand and Australia. In Chapter Three I explore the interface between live and recorded performance by comparing plays and films which dramatise similar historical material. I consider the relative effectiveness of theatre and film as media for historiographic critique. I suggest that although film often has a greater cultural impact than theatre, to date live theatre has been a more accessible form of expression for Maori and Aboriginal writers and directors. Furthermore, following theorists such as Brecht and Brook, I argue that such aspects as the presence of the live performer and the design of the physical space shared by actors and audience give theatre considerable potential for creating an immediate engagement with historiographic themes. In Chapter Four, I discuss two contrasting examples of recorded drama in order to highlight the potential of film and television as media for historiographic critique. I question the divisions between the documentary and dramatic genres, and use Derrida�s notion of play to suggest that there is a constant slippage between the dramatic and the real, between the past and the present. In Chapter Five, I summarize the arguments advanced in previous chapters, using the example of the national museum of New Zealand, Te Papa Tongarewa, to illustrate that the �performance� of history has become part of popular culture. Like the interactive displays at Te Papa, the texts studied in this thesis demonstrate that dramatic representation has the potential to re-define perceptions of historical �reality�. With its superior capacity for creating illusion, film is a dynamic medium for exploring the imaginative process of history is that in the live performance the spectator symbolically comes into the presence of the past.
8
Cox, Emma. "Shakespeare and indigeneity : performative encounters in Australia and Aotearoa-New Zealand /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18639.pdf.
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Nagao, Yasuo. "Language contact: The case of Japanese in Australia and New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Asian Languages, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4847.
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This thesis attempts to examine language contact phenomena in the speech of first-generation Japanese adults in Australia and New Zealand through the analysis of interview and other spoken data. The main objectives of the thesis are: (i) to describe and analyse the types of transference and integration phenomena identified in the corpus; (ii) to identify and analyse the types of strategies employed by first-generation Japanese speakers in Japanese-Australian/New Zealand English contact; (iii) to investigate the types of lexical transfers (i.e., loanwords) peculiar to the Australian/New Zealand environment; (iv) to investigate the factors affecting lexical transference. The basic assumption underlying the thesis is that there are principles
which we may call strategies at work behind language contact phenomena
and that these strategies (i.e., processing, monitoring, and social) affect contact
processes such as transference and integration. These three types of strategies
op~rate concurrently and generate rules for transference and integration under
the influence of certain more general principles (i.e., maxims and determinants)
prevailing in a given contact setting. In this thesis evidence is presented to
show that interdialectal differences in the types of lexical transfers are
attributable to differences in rules, strategies, maxims, and determinants
operating in different bilingual communities.
Various factors are involved in transference. It is observed that according
to length of stay and type of stay, Japanese speakers employ different contact
strategies. In the interview situation with a newcomer from Japan, migrants
tend to suppress lexical transference while sojourners are likely to adopt it.
The choice of contact strategies depends primarily on whether the speaker and
the interlocutor share the same communicative norm. In a dynamic type of
bilingual situation such as that found in the Japanese communities in Australia!
New Zealand, the communicative norm is in a state of flux, and therefore the
Japanese speakers in these communities employ a set of contact strategies which
allow them to explore an ad hoc norm for communication with respect to lexical
transference.
10
Ayres, Russell, and n/a. "Policy markets in Australia." University of Canberra. Management and Policy, 2001. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20050418.124214.
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Are there policy markets in Australia, and if so, how do they operate? This is the core question for this dissertation. Beginning with a focus on this simple formulation of the problem, the thesis explores the idea of policy markets, breaking it down into its constituent parts��policy� and �markets��and develops four different ways in which policy markets (i.e. markets for policy analysis, research and advice) might be modeled: 1. the dimensions of knowledge, values and competition in policy development systems and processes; 2. a hierarchy of policy markets according to strategic, programmatic and operational concerns; 3. policy markets in the context of cyclical process models of policy-making, especially the variant posited by Bridgman and Davis (1998); and 4. a typology of policy markets ranging from �pseudo� forms through to a form of full (or �pure�) policy market. Against the background of this theory-building, the empirical evidence�which was gathered through a combination of documentary investigation and some 77 interviews with senior public servants, consultants and ministers�is addressed through three interrelated approaches: an analysis of the (relatively limited) government-wide data; a comparison of this material with experience in New Zealand; and a set of three extended case studies. The three case studies address the idea and experience of policy markets from the point of view of: � the supplier�in this case, the economic forecasting and analysis firm, Access Economics; � ministers-as-buyers�through a study of the Coalition Government�s 1998 efforts to reform the waterfront; and � the bureaucracy as implementers of an extensive program of outsourcing�through a detailed examination of the outsourcing of corporate services (especially human resource management) by the Department of Finance and Administration. Several conclusions are drawn as to the character, extent and theoretical and practical significance of policy markets in Australia. While various elements of actual markets (e.g. contracts, price and service competition, multiple sources of supply, etc.) can be detected in the Australian approach to
policy-making, policy markets are not as prevalent or as consistent as the rhetoric might suggest. In particular, while the language of the market is a common feature throughout the Australian policy-making system, it tends to mask a complex, �mixed economy�, whereby there is a continued preference for many of the mechanisms of bureaucratic ways of organising for policy analysis, combined with a growing challenge from various forms of networks, which are sometimes �dressed� as markets but retain the essential elements of policy (or, perhaps more particularly, political) networks. Nevertheless, the growing use of the language and some of the forms of the market in Australia�s policy-making system suggests that practitioners and researchers need to take this form into account when considering ways of organising (in the case of practitioners) or ways of studying (for researchers) policy development in Australia.
11
Gore, James Michael. "Representations of history and nation in museums in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand : the National Museum of Australia and the Museum of New Zealand, Te Papa Tongarewa /." [Australia] : J. Gore, 2002. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00000320.
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Lowe, John. "Developing a framework for researching ethnicity and multiculturalism in New Zealand." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/609/.
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This thesis examines a variety of theoretical issues relating to ethnicity, multiculturalism and racism in New Zealand. It is argued that whilst the country’s history has been replete with anti-Asiatic racisms, it is necessary to transcend the timeless notion of racism as colour discrimination and to instead, situate past and present anti-Asiatic racisms within the nation’s temporally specific positions in modernity. Through an orientation to time and diachrony, the research considers if a liberal policy of multiculturalism is conducive for contemporary New Zealand society. In view of academic debates suggesting that a ‘practical’ version of multiculturalism exists alongside the country’s constitutional biculturalism, it is argued that the de facto version of multiculturalism exhibits the characteristics of commercial and conservative multiculturalisms which fail to address the problem of racism. A liberal form of multiculturalism, it is maintained, will not produce the best outcome for New Zealand because it is insensitive to indigenous rights and will remain mutually exclusive from biculturalism. This research then concludes with a discussion on the likely future of cosmopolitanism in New Zealand, both as a theory and how it might possibly work in practice without immolating the hegemony of biculturalism.
13
Pritchard, Stephen (Stephen John) 1970. "Contested titles : postcolonialism, representation and indigeneity in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand." Monash University, Centre for Comparative Literature and Cultural Studies, 2000. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/7831.
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Leusch, F. D. L. "Estrogenic and androgenic potential of municipal sewage in Australia and New Zealand." Lincoln University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1983.
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Studies in Europe, Japan, and North America have reported that wild fish exposed to treated sewage effluents can exhibit significant physiological and reproductive abnormalities consistent with exposure to hormonally active chemicals. The main objective of this research project was to examine the estrogenic and androgenic activity in treated sewage to determine the risk associated with treated sewage discharges in Australia and New Zealand. Several bioassays, including a sheep estrogen receptor and a rainbow trout androgen receptor binding assay, were set up and validated with model compounds. The assays were then used to measure the estrogenic and androgenic activity in sewage samples from 15 municipal sewage treatment plants (STP) utilizing a variety of treatment technologies. Raw sewage samples contained high levels of both estrogenic and androgenic activity, up to 185 ng/L estradiol equivalents (EEq) and up to 9330 ng/L testosterone equivalents (TEq), respectively. Secondary treatment processes such as activated sludge had the greatest impact on removal of biological activity from the wastewater. The estrogenic and androgenic activity in final treated effluents were <1 to 4.2 ng/L EEq and <6.5 to 736 ng/L TEq, respectively. Based on lowest observable effective concentrations reported in the literature, these levels are unlikely to induce biological effects in exposed fish in the short term. To examine potential long-term effects, resident mosquitofish chronically exposed to undiluted treated sewage were sampled. Several morphological biomarkers indicative of endocrine disruption were measured and compared with mosquitofish captured at a reference site. Mosquitofish captured in a constructed wetland for tertiary treatment of secondary treated sewage exhibited morphological differences such as elongated anal fins consistent with exposure to androgenic chemicals, although this effect was not measurable in fish collected at sites further downstream or at any of the other sites. Based on these results, it is unlikely that mosquitofish populations would be significantly affected by exposure to final treated sewage. A reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method to measure the production of a female-specific protein (vitellogenin) mRNA in adult male mosquitofish was developed, and this could be used as a rapid test to detect early changes in individuals exposed to estrogenic activity.
15
Suominen, T. (Terhi). "Host perceptions of sharing-based volunteer tourism:experiences from Australia and New Zealand." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2017. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201705181938.
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Volunteer tourism is an increasingly popular way of travelling, which combines getting a deeper contact with local people and contributing to the development of poor communities or the state of the environment. Volunteering tourists pay to an intermediary company to participate in organised projects mostly in global South. This kind of volunteer tourism is referred in this thesis as traditional volunteer tourism. Another form of volunteer tourism is based on non-monetary exchange and is mutually negotiated between hosts and volunteers. Features of sharing economy are present in this form of volunteer tourism. Organisations representing this sharing-based volunteer tourism include WWOOF, Workaway and HelpX, which is in the focus of this thesis.
This thesis focuses on the perceptions of HelpX hosts in Australia and New Zealand. The aim is to examine how volunteer tourism based on sharing differs from the traditional volunteer tourism, especially from the viewpoint of the host. I interviewed people who participate HelpX as hosts and invite volunteers to their (non-organic) farms. Seven interviews with a total of nine people were made, three in New Zealand and four in Australia. Hosts were asked about their motivations to participate HelpX, their experiences with the volunteers and their thoughts about the HelpX system. The data were analysed with qualitative methods using content analysis. The results were compared with existing research done on WWOOFing and combined under a definition of sharing-based volunteer tourism. This was then compared with traditional volunteer tourism.
Experiences of HelpX hosts were similar to those of WWOOF hosts. Hosts appreciate the help, company and life enrichment the volunteers bring. Relations that were found vary from employer-employee, host-guest, teacher-student, family member to friends. Power relations are more equal and the position of the host stronger than in traditional volunteer tourism. The set-up enables the hosts to be more active and decide on the terms of the exchange.
In sharing-based volunteer tourism, there is a direct contact between the host and the volunteer without any intermediaries and both parties are in relatively equal positions. There can be seen a distinction between organised, development-oriented, official volunteer tourism and informal, sharing-based volunteer tourism meeting the egocentric needs of both hosts and volunteers. The findings of this thesis frame sharing-based volunteer tourism as a form of travelling that combines features of volunteer tourism and sharing economy and is fulfilling the motives of both the volunteering tourists and the hosts.
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Hartrick, Elizabeth. "Consuming illusions : the magic lantern in Australia and Aotearoa/New Zealand 1850-1910 /." Connect to thesis, 2003. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00002203.
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Green, Alison E. "New Zealand migrants to Australia: social construction of migrant identity/Alison E. Green." Gold Coast, Australia : Bond University, 2006. http://epublications.bond.edu.au/theses/green.
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Thesis (PhD) -- Bond University, 2006."This thesis submitted to Bond University in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy". Bibliography: pages 258-284. Also available via the World Wide Web.
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Wailes, Nick. "The Importance Of Small Differences: Globalisation And Industrial Relations In Australia And New Zealand." University of Sydney. Work and Organisational Studies, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/641.
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Recent debates in comparative industrial relations scholarship have raised significant questions about the impact of changes in the international economy on national patterns of industrial relations. Globalisation, it has been argued, creates pressures for convergence that will increasingly undermine national diversity in industrial relations institutions and outcomes. At its most extreme, the globalisation thesis predicts �a universal race to the bottom� of labour standards. This globalisation thesis has been broadly criticised in the comparative industrial relations literature. Rather, a growing body of comparative industrial relations literature has pointed to evidence of continued diversity, despite the common pressures associated with changes in the international economy. This literature has focussed on the importance national level institutional variables play in explaining diversity and suggested that differences in national level institutional variables are likely to produce cross-national divergence rather than convergence. While the institutionalist approach represents an important corrective to the globalisation thesis, it has difficulty explaining similarities in patterns of industrial relations changes, despite institutional differences across countries, and is largely unable to explain changes in the institutions themselves. This thesis argues that these limitations of the institutionalist approach reflect its intellectual origins in comparative politics. The major contribution of this thesis is the development of an interaction approach the relationship between international economic change and the domestic institutions of industrial relations. This alternative theoretical approach, which is drawn from concepts in the political economy tradition in industrial relations and the international political economy literature, identifies four key variables the shape the relationship between international economic change and the domestic institutions of industrial relations: namely, the international economic regime; the national production profile; the accumulation strategy of the state; and the role of institutional effects. The thesis tests the explanatory power of the interaction approach by focussing on the comparison between two closely matched countries- Australia and New Zealand- during three periods of significant economic change in the international economy: the end of the nineteenth century; the immediate post world war two period; and, in the late 1960s. It shows that each of these periods a focus on changes in the international economy and how they impact the interests of employers, workers and the state helps explain both similarities and differences in industrial relations developments in the two countries. In doing so it demonstrates the importance of what appear to be small differences between the cases. The ability of the interaction approach to account for similarities and differences across three time periods in two most similar countries suggests that it may have broader application in cross-national comparison and that may provide the basis for a more general reassessment of the relationship between the contemporary wave of globalisation and industrial relations institutions and outcomes.
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au, gswensen@westnet com, and Greg Swensen. "Reform of Minor Cannabis Laws in Western Australia, the United Kingdom and New Zealand." Murdoch University, 2006. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20070507.150143.
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The past three decades has been a period of intense and sustained debate in a number of major Western countries about the wisdom of police continuing to apply legislation which can severely punish offenders by fines and even imprisonment because of laws and policies that prohibit the use, possession and cultivation of cannabis.
The large and growing number of young adults who have been exposed to the drug, some of whom have been charged and received criminal convictions with attendant deleterious effects on their employment and wellbeing, has forced policy makers to re-evaluate the justification for continuing to criminalise cannabis.
This thesis examines in detail the law reforms that occurred in early 2004 with respect to cannabis offenders in Western Australia (WA) and the United Kingdom (UK) and what lessons these reforms may hold for other jurisdictions interested in decriminalisation of minor cannabis offences.
A study was undertaken to compare the shortcomings and advantages of the different approaches to reform followed in WA and the UK. Reference to the reform in the UK, will be confined to meaning England, Wales and Northern Ireland as the necessary administrative guidelines have not so far been issued for Scotland.
In WA the reforms required a substantial legislative effort to establish a complex framework that outlined in detail the circumstances when police may issue cannabis infringement notices (CINs), whereas in the UK the approach involved limited legislative activity by the reclassification of the legal status of cannabis and by providing police with administrative guidelines issued by the Association of Chief Police Commissioners as to how to exercise their discretion in issuing formal warnings for a minor cannabis offence.
A comparison is made with New Zealand (NZ), where in spite of there being a similar process of deliberation and consultation as in WA and the UK, the government refused to implement formal reform because of a perception it was unable to decriminalise minor cannabis offences because of the restrictions imposed of agreement between the Clarke Labour Government and a minor political party.
The example of the failure of government in NZ to achieve reform illustrates the importance that in some jurisdictions there will be a significant role for non parliamentary advisory bodies and lobby groups to argue for reform and to garner public support when reform has stalled or been frustrated.
The thesis also includes a preliminary exploratory study using a number of indicators, such as prevalence and conviction data, to determine if the reforms implemented by the CIN scheme have resulted in or are likely to create unanticipated harms and to explore some of the issues in being to determine whether changes in law enforcement practices and priorities have impacted on the cannabis market or are likely to change the way cannabis may be transacted in WA.
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Swensen, Greg. "Reform of minor cannabis laws in Western Australia, the United Kingdom and New Zealand." Swensen, Greg (2006) Reform of minor cannabis laws in Western Australia, the United Kingdom and New Zealand. Masters by Research thesis, Murdoch University, 2006. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/328/.
Full textAbstract:
The past three decades has been a period of intense and sustained debate in a number of major Western countries about the wisdom of police continuing to apply legislation which can severely punish offenders by fines and even imprisonment because of laws and policies that prohibit the use, possession and cultivation of cannabis.
The large and growing number of young adults who have been exposed to the drug, some of whom have been charged and received criminal convictions with attendant deleterious effects on their employment and wellbeing, has forced policy makers to re-evaluate the justification for continuing to criminalise cannabis.
This thesis examines in detail the law reforms that occurred in early 2004 with respect to cannabis offenders in Western Australia (WA) and the United Kingdom (UK) and what lessons these reforms may hold for other jurisdictions interested in decriminalisation of minor cannabis offences.
A study was undertaken to compare the shortcomings and advantages of the different approaches to reform followed in WA and the UK. Reference to the reform in the UK, will be confined to meaning England, Wales and Northern Ireland as the necessary administrative guidelines have not so far been issued for Scotland.
In WA the reforms required a substantial legislative effort to establish a complex framework that outlined in detail the circumstances when police may issue cannabis infringement notices (CINs), whereas in the UK the approach involved limited legislative activity by the reclassification of the legal status of cannabis and by providing police with administrative guidelines issued by the Association of Chief Police Commissioners as to how to exercise their discretion in issuing formal warnings for a minor cannabis offence.
A comparison is made with New Zealand (NZ), where in spite of there being a similar process of deliberation and consultation as in WA and the UK, the government refused to implement formal reform because of a perception it was unable to decriminalise minor cannabis offences because of the restrictions imposed of agreement between the Clarke Labour Government and a minor political party.
The example of the failure of government in NZ to achieve reform illustrates the importance that in some jurisdictions there will be a significant role for non parliamentary advisory bodies and lobby groups to argue for reform and to garner public support when reform has stalled or been frustrated.
The thesis also includes a preliminary exploratory study using a number of indicators, such as prevalence and conviction data, to determine if the reforms implemented by the CIN scheme have resulted in or are likely to create unanticipated harms and to explore some of the issues in being to determine whether changes in law enforcement practices and priorities have impacted on the cannabis market or are likely to change the way cannabis may be transacted in WA.
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Taylor, Georgina. "Comparing the use of land cession treaties British Columbia, New Zealand and South Australia /." Title page, table of contents and introduction only, 2004. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09art2381.pdf.
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Baird, Rosemary Anne. "Across the Tasman: Narratives of New Zealand Migrants to and from Australia, 1965–95." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Humanities, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6732.
Full textAbstract:
New Zealanders are the second biggest migrant group in Australia. During the latter half of the twentieth century growing numbers of Kiwis crossed the Tasman in search of happiness, love, financial success, adventure, and new beginnings. And yet historians have not yet made a qualitative study of this significant migratory trend. Kiwis in Australia are in many ways invisible migrants. This thesis fills the historiographical gap by investigating the personal experiences of New Zealanders who chose to move to Australia from 1965 to 1995. Written and oral narratives provide the sources for studying Kiwi migrants‘ personal motives, experiences and reflections.
Migrants‘ narratives reveal what it was like for New Zealanders to decide to leave New Zealand, arrive in Australia, and settle in to their new country. Migration is an ongoing experience; accordingly Kiwis‘ long-term experiences of staying in touch with New Zealand, making Australia home, and returning to New Zealand are also investigated. This thesis argues that New Zealanders in Australia had a migrant experience, even if it was milder than that of other Australian migrant groups.
In particular, New Zealand migrants‘ relationships affected, and were affected by migration. Personal narratives highlight that the decision to move country always impacted on migrants‘ connections with family and friends. Migration motives were often based in individuals‘ personal relational situations, and concerns for loved ones. Once in Australia, trans-Tasman networks sustained migrants emotionally but also caused feelings of homesickness. Creating networks with others in Australia was vital in helping migrants find companionship, practical support, and a sense of belonging. For some migrants, the strain of sustaining relationships across the Tasman led them to return to New Zealand.
Oral history methodology and narrative analysis are key components of this thesis. Personal narratives not only illuminate migrants‘ private experiences of migration; they also demonstrate that migration is a key decision which influences migrants into the present. This thesis argues that analysing the memories, narrative structure, reflections, and regrets in Kiwi migrants‘ oral histories uncovers how migrants compose life stories which validate their migration decisions and give meaning to their current situation.
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Subritzky, John Anton. "Britain, the United States, Australia, New Zealand and the Malaysian-Indonesian confrontation, 1961-1965." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/265418.
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This thesis analyses an international crisis in the mid-1960s known as the Malaysian-Indonesian Confrontation (Konfrontasi). It began in January 1963 and effectively ended with the establishment of military rule in Jakarta during late 1965. The focus of the thesis is to examine how the four western powers most involved in the crisis - Britain, the United States, Australia and New Zealand - responded to Confrontation and, as a consequence, how they intended to protect their respective strategic interests in Southeast Asia. In particular, the thesis seeks to place both the crisis, and the reactions of these allies, within the regional and international context of the period under review. Accordingly, issues such as Britain's continued military presence east of Suez, the escalation by the US of the war in Vietnam, the West's containment of an increasingly assertive communist China and the role of the Australasian dominions in British and American policies regarding Southeast Asia, are all examined in detail. Finally, the thesis is developed chronologically. It begins in 1961 when Britain finalised its plans for decolonisation in the region by establishing a greater Malaysia federation. It ends with the 'coup' in Jakarta and the latter months of 1965, when the Wilson government commenced preparations for a British withdrawal east of Suez. Extensive research was carried out in the archives of the four western powers. In Britain this mostly consisted of viewing recently declassified documents at the PRO. In the United States materials were gathered from the JFK and LBJ presidential libraries, the US national archives and the State Department's Foreign Relations of the United States series. In Australasia, research was primarily conducted at Australian Archives, Canberra and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Wellington.
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Luo, Yinan. "Ideas in Practice: the Political Economy of Chinese State Intervention During the New Policies Period (1068-1085)." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:14226107.
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I take the New Policies period (1068-1085) to be a critical juncture in Chinese history during which, for the first time, the Chinese state initiated systematic intervention into the market. This period witnessed the failure of plans to shape the collective action of bureaucrats and coordinate market actors through a host of organizing mechanisms. I explain why the policy makers in this historical process failed to incorporate and organize the ideas and interests of social actors, political elites and relevant bureaucracies into the state’s authoritative action.
I argue that this failure was an outcome of the interaction between the political philosophy of the drafters of the New Policies and their historical context. In particular, it was a result of the incapacity of the drafters’ worldview to correctly explain and resolve unexpected problems in the policy environment, including the influence of political philosophies that were in fundamental conflict with the ideas of Wang Anshi, as well as the reaction of political elites to the New Policies, the rationales and behavioral modes of bureaucrats in financial markets and state monopolies, and unpredictable changes in the marketplace that bedeviled bureaucrats.
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Merrin, Kelly Leeann. "New Zealand and south-east Australian ilyarachninae (isopoda: asellota: munnopsidae) and their worldwide relationships." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Biological Sciences, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1355.
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The diversity of New Zealand and Australian asellote isopods remains largely unknown. Even less is known about how this fauna is related to the rest of the world. This study focuses on the munnopsid subfamily Ilyarachninae Hansen, 1916, to explore the phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships of the local fauna to others from this group worldwide. To analyse the relationships within the Ilyarachninae, a suitable outgroup, in this case, the sister group, was needed to be determined. To do this, a cladistic analysis of the Munnopsidae was undertaken. In addition to determining a suitable outgroup, the family level analysis also served to test the monphyly of the nine subfamilies and to resolve the placement of the three genera, Munneurycope Stephensen, 1913, Munnicope Menzies and George, 1972 and Munnopsurus Richardson, 1912b which were not placed in any exsiting subfamily. The cladistic analysis of the Munnopsidae included 72 species representing all munnopsid genera, including where possible, the type species and was based on 122 morphological characters. A well resolved strict consensus tree was found. The results show Munnopsurus to be the sister group of the Ilyarachninae and the Munnopsinae to be the most ancestral group of the Munnopsidae. Of all the subfamilies, the Betamorphinae is not a monophyletic. The results show that although some subfamily names are upheld, others show no congruence to the topology of the results, and therefore the use of subfamily names are abandoned. Four families are instead recognized, the Munnopsidae (restricted to the former Munnopsinae), Acanthocopidae Wolff, 1962, the Syneurycopidae Wolff, 1962 and the Lipomeridae Tattersall, 1905a, with the latter including the former Ilyarachninae ('Ilyarachna-group'). Within the Ilyarachna-group, two new genera and 28 species were described, including 25 species new to science. Two genera, Notopais and Epikopais n. gen. are found exclusively in the southern hemisphere. Of the more cosmopolitan genera, some New Zealand and south-east Australian species display close affinities to each other and with Antarctic species. These relationships were tested using cladistic phylogenetic methods, and in addition to this, the analysis also served to test the monophyly of the genera. The analysis used 59 species, representing all genera and 61 morphological characters. The strict consensus tree was well resolved, however Aspidarachna Sars, 1897b, Ilyarachna Sars, 1870 and Echinozone Sars, 1897b were not monophyletic. The results also showed that the Ilyarachna-group fauna of New Zealand and south-east Australia are closely related to each other and to species from Antarctica.
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Rudd, Alison. "'Demons from the deep' : postcolonial Gothic fictions from the Caribbean, Canada, Australia and New Zealand." Thesis, University of Northampton, 2006. http://nectar.northampton.ac.uk/2962/.
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This thesis explores the field of Postcolonial Gothic, initially through an examination of theories of the Gothic and the postcolonial and their points of intersection. Homi Bhabha’s notion of the ‘unhomely’ as the paradigm for postcolonial experience, particularly with regard to migrancy and Julia Kristeva’s concept of the abject are identified as particularly productive for a Postcolonial Gothic framework, which is then applied to a survey of the way the Gothic is figured on the individual and the Local, regional or national levels in the context of Caribbean, Canadian, Australian and New Zealand postcolonial writing and demonstrates how the Gothic as a mode of writing furnishes postcolonial authors with a narrative strategy to express the traumas of colonialism and their postcolonial legacies. In coming to terms with the past, historical temporality and authority are rendered problematic by postcolonial writers because the physical and psychic violence of colonialism and its effects on the individual and on society are compounded by the repression of past trauma. The effects of such trauma threaten to resurface despite resistance. These experiences underpin the images of postcolonial revenants as hybrid, distorted and monstrous figures, which arise out of cultural contact between colonised and coloniser. The ghost, the phantom, the revenant, gain new meanings in the service of the postcolonial, where the duppy, and the soucouyant, from the Caribbean; the Bunyip from Australia and the shape- shifting figure of Coyote from Canada are hybrid manifestations created from European, indigenous and cross-cultural remains and they speak of culturally specific histories, traumas and locations. The thesis is arranged into four chapters: Caribbean gothic, Canadian Gothic, Australian Gothic and New Zealand Gothic. Each chapter provides an overview of the Gothic in the national or regional context, placing the emphasis on the postcolonial and then focuses on the way the Gothic is utilised by both dominant and marginal cultures: by white settlers and indigenous peoples in Canada, Australia and New Zealand, by the descendents of people forcibly mobilised through slavery in the Caribbean, and by other more recent migrants to, or between these locations. The writers discussed have different tales to tell about the effects of colonialism on the individual and on their society, but they have chosen the Gothic as means of expression for some of the most violent and unspeakable acts of colonialism and their legacy in the postcolonial
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Jenkins, Brian C. C. "Nuclear age church a study of recent trends in Australia & New Zealand in the light of world models and scriptural beginnings with a view to designing a contextualized model for a cell group church /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1990. http://www.tren.com.
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Stranks, Lena. "Physiognomic and taphonomic studies in New Zealand and Australia : implications for the use of palaeobotany as a tool for palaeoclimate estimation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:478a83e2-5954-4c4f-b1ce-a8f7b6933011.
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Measurements of surface uplift rate potentially hold the key to understanding the tectonics of mountain belts and areas of uplift. Wolfe (1993) compiled a multicharacter data set (CLAMP) of the physiognomy of woody dicotyledon leaves with a view to using it to extract climatic information from fossil floras. The limited extent of this data set, along with the anomalous behaviour of some outliers cause me to question the global relationship between physiognomy and climate which has been implicitly assumed in all analyses of the data conducted to date. Additional data collected from native vegetation in New Zealand and Australia are compared to the CLAMP data set. These data include samples along altitudinal transects and from different forest types growing in the same climatic regime. In addition taphonomic samples were collected from lake bottom sediments and their physiognomic signals compared to those of the adjacent living vegetation. The possibility that the relationship between climate and physiognomy is sufficiently non-linear that only local relationships should be sought is investigated. To estimate the climate at a certain flora, resemblance functions are used to select physiognomically similar sites. Estimations of climate are formed using only these sites. The power of this approach to estimate mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, mean growing season precipitation, and moist enthalpy is investigated using the modern sites, and varying the number of nearest neighbours and dimensions used as well as the type of ordination. The collection of altitudinal transects has allowed the study of physiognomic change with altitude. Because these transects were collected over a very restricted area it was possible to observe this change without the superimposed effects of changing continentality and variation in latitude. In addition studies made of adjacent floras in similar climatic regimes and taphonomic studies of leaves in lacustrine sediments has allowed the beginning of a realistic assessment of possible errors in climate estimation for fossil sites. Fossil sites examined using CLAMP and related methods are re-examined using the nearest neighbour approach.
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Ruth, Margaret Brown. "The antipodean sublime and the appropriations of history : Patrick White's Australia and Janet Frame's New Zealand." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332271.
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Boyanoski, Christine. "Decolonising visual culture : Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa and the Imperial Exhibitions 1919-1939." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271816.
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Orders, Paul. "Britain, Australia, New Zealand and the expansion of American power in south-west Pacific, 1941-46." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266244.
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Thelin, Julia. "Environmental migration in the South Pacific : A frame analysis of policies in Australia and New Zealand." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-416190.
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Cotton, John, and n/a. "The privilege against self-incrimination in civil proceedings between private parties in Australia and New Zealand : is derivative use immunity the answer?" University of Otago. Faculty of Law, 2007. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070815.094307.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis addresses the problem of the privilege against self-incrimination ("the privilege") in civil proceedings between private parties in Australia and New Zealand. This problem has been recognised by judges, law reform bodies and legislators in both countries for twenty years. However, the legislative response has been inadequate.
The privilege is easily confused with other related concepts, particularly the right to silence in criminal proceedings. The reasons for the privilege in civil proceedings are not necessarily the same as for the right to silence. Care is therefore taken to define the terminology and scope of the thesis. It sets out the modern law on the privilege in civil proceedings between private parties. It describes how the privilege causes particular problems in those proceedings. It surveys the literature, finding that most of it concerns the right to silence.
The thesis draws heavily on the history of the privilege. It argues that, although witness privilege came from the common law, the privilege in interlocutory civil proceedings had its origins in the discretionary remedies devised by the courts of equity. They were sensitive to abuse of their remedies. For the same reason, modern prosecutors should not be encouraged to rely excessively upon evidence acquired through compulsory powers.
Derivative use immunity is one of several substitutes suggested for the privilege. The thesis looks at the various substitutes. It concludes that derivative use immunity is the only satisfactory substitute for the privilege in civil proceedings.
Derivative use immunity originated in the United States. The thesis looks closely at the American experience. The history and scope of the Fifth Amendment are discussed in detail, particularly the supposed removal of its protection from documents. This will show that the removal of the privilege from documents is not as simple as law reform bodies in Australia and New Zealand suggest.
Exaggerated claims have been made by Australian prosecutors about the problems caused by derivative use immunity. The claims are examined in the light of American case-law. This shows that an impossible burden is not imposed on prosecutors. The same point emerges when the thesis examines the operation of derivative use immunity under Australian certification procedures since 1995.
Particular procedural and legislative difficulties need to be addressed, particularly when derivative use immunity replaces the privilege in interlocutory proceedings. However, certification by the court has an important advantage. The court�s exercise of its discretion provides the flexibility which automatic statutory immunity lacks.
The question in the title is therefore answered in the affirmative. Derivative use immunity under a statutory certification procedure can provide the answer. Cooperation between the Commonwealth and States may be needed to overcome constitutional difficulties, but most other problems can be overcome if derivative use immunity is given a sound statutory basis.
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Potter, Simon James. "Nationalism, imperialism and the press in Britain and the Dominions c.1898-1914." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365621.
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Quinn, Carolyn J., and n/a. "Stable isotopes and diet : indications of the marine and terrestrial component in the diets of prehistoric populations from New Zealand and the Pacific." University of Otago. Department of Anthropology, 1990. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070601.115004.
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The importance of marine versus terrestrial foods in prehistoric Pacific and New Zealand diets, and the adaptation of the Polynesian diet to new enviroments, is examined through the analysis of the ratios in human bone of the stable isotopes of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur. In particular, this study seeks to obtain quantitative information which could provide answers to five main questions, relating to the subsistence focus of the early Lapita colonists in the Pacific, the significance of suger cane in the diets of early Pacific populations, the proportions of reef versus open ocean and terrestrial versus marine foods in these diets, and the identification of populations with pronounced marine or pronounced terrestrial diets.
One hundred and nineteen samples of human bone from 13 sites throughtout the Pacific and New Zealand were processed. Nitrogen values were obtained directly from bone powder, while carbon values were determined from collagen produced by digesting bone powder in phosphoric acid. Sulphur evaluations were determined from a BaSo⁴ precipitate, produced after combustion of the collagen samples in a Parr bomb.
Interpretation of results is approached from a comparative point of view, which enables the proportions of marine and terrestrial foods in the diets of each study group to be assessed in relation to the diets of all the other groups. Additional information on the composition of the diets is gained by comparing the stable isotope values obtained in this study with published values of other human populations, and of marine and terrrestrial plants and animals.
The potential of stable isotope analysis to identify the composition of prehistoric New Zealand and Pacific diets is confirmed. A unique marine adaptation is revealed from the analysis of the Chatham Islands Moriori who appear to have focused almost exclusively on marine resources. In contrast, a highly terrestrial diet is suggested for groups from Nebira in Papua New Guinea and Lake Rotoiti in New Zealand.
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McKenzie, Jane, and janemckenzie@malpage com. "Population demographics of New Zealand fur seals (Arctocephalus forsteri)." La Trobe University. Zoology Department, School of Life Sciences, 2006. http://www.lib.latrobe.edu.au./thesis/public/adt-LTU20080509.121141.
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Assessment of trophic interactions between increasing populations of New Zealand fur seals (Arctocephalus forsteri) and fisheries in southern Australia is limited due to a lack of species specific demographic data and an understanding of the factors influencing population growth. To establish species specific demographic parameters a cross-sectional sample of New Zealand fur seal females (330) and males (100) were caught and individually-marked on Kangaroo Island, South Australia between 2000 and 2003. The seals were aged through examination of a postcanine tooth, which was removed from each animal to investigate age-specific life-history parameters. Annual formation of cementum layers was confirmed and accuracy in age estimation was determined by examination of teeth removed from individuals of known-age. Indirect methods of assessing reproductive maturity based on mammary teat characteristics indicated that females first gave birth between 4-8 years of age, with an average age at reproductive maturity of 5 years. Among reproductively mature females, age-specific reproductive rates increased rapidly between 4-7 years of age, reaching maximum rates of 70-81% between 8-13 years, and gradually decreased in older females. No females older than 22 years were recorded to pup. Age of first territory tenure in males ranged from 8-10 years. The oldest female and male were 25 and 19 years old, respectively. Post-weaning growth in females was monophasic, characterised by high growth rates in length and mass during the juvenile growth stage, followed by a gradual decline in growth rates after reproductive maturity. In contrast, growth in males was biphasic and displayed a secondary growth spurt in both length and mass, which coincided with sexual and social maturation, followed by a rapid decline in growth rates. Age-specific survival rates were high (0.823-0.953) among prime-age females (8-13 yrs of age) and declined in older females. Relative change in annual pup production was strongly correlated with reproductive rates of prime-age females and adult female survival between breeding seasons.
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Edwards, Catherine Patrice Optometry & Vision Science Faculty of Science UNSW. "The incidence of and risk factors for contact lens related microbial keratitis in Australia and New Zealand." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Optometry & Vision Science, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41406.
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Microbial keratitis is the most serious, and only potentially blinding complication of contact lens wear. To further understand and reduce the risk of this disease, incidence rates and risk factors have been estimated in numerous studies. Since these studies were conducted, new lens types have been introduced designed to reduce the risk of infection. It was hypothesised that the issues of contact lens related hypoxia and poor lens hygiene could be addressed by the introduction of silicone hydrogel and daily disposable lenses respectively. This thesis describes the incidence of and risk factors for contact lens related microbial keratitis in Australia and New Zealand. The incidence of infection was determined by capturing all cases of contact lens related presumed microbial keratitis in a 12-month surveillance study, and by estimating the number of lens wearers using a population-based phone survey. Characteristics of the cases and controls were compared to estimate risk factors. In Australia, rates of infection with daily and overnight wear of hydrogel lenses were similar to previously published reports (1.9 [95%CI]:1.8-2.0] and 19.5 [95%CI:14.6-29.5] per 10,000 wearers respectively). Compared to the incidence of infection with hydrogel lenses, silicone hydrogel lenses had a higher rate in daily wear (11.9 [95%CI: 10.0-14.6]), and a similar rate in extended wear (19.5 [95%CI:14.6-29.5]). Daily disposable lenses had a similar rate of infection to daily wear of hydrogel lenses (2.0 [95%CI:1.7-2.4]), but appeared to reduce the incidence of severe or vision loss keratitis (0.5 [95%CI: 0.5-0.6] and 0.0 [95%CI: 0.0-0.0] respectively). Conducting the study in New Zealand confirmed the increase in incidence for overnight use of lenses, irrespective of lens type. Comparison of the incidence rates in New Zealand and Australia show that the rates in the two countries are comparable, bar an unexplained lower rate of infection for extended wear of soft hydrogel lenses in New Zealand. Risk factors for infection were overnight use of lenses, from occasional overnight to extended wear use, poor lens case hygiene, smoking, high socio-economic status and less than 6 months experience in current lens type. Amongst daily wearers, Internet or mail order purchasing of lenses was also associated with a higher risk of infection. This study is unique in terms of the study design and sample size, and the wide scope of risk factors considered. The determination of these incidence rates of infection and identification of risk factors is of extreme value to lens wearers and lens care practitioners around the world, particularly as the strongest and most prevalent risk factors are modifiable.
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King, Michael R. "Distributional politics and central bank independence : monetary reform in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2001. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2275/.
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Why do politicians change the legislation governing the central bank to give this institution operational independence in the setting of monetary policy. This thesis examines the political debates over central bank independence in New Zealand, Canada, Australia and New Zealand during the 1980s and 1990s. These cases were selected due to the variation in their levels of central bank independence, while holding key institutional variables constant. Four hypotheses are suggested by the political economy literature to explain the timing of this legislative change: the need to signal creditworthiness to international financial markets, in response to lobbying by domestic interest groups opposed to inflation, in response to proposals from an epistemic community of monetary experts or based on the self-interest of politicians concerned with re-election. The case studies find that politicians delegate to the central bank when this reform has the consensus support of an epistemic community of monetary experts, and a key politician is willing to champion the legislation through parliament. This epistemic community has increased influence during periods of economic uncertainty, such as following a financial crisis. A key politician is motivated to support this reform due to ideological or electoral reasons. This reform was facilitated by political institutions characterised by few checks and balances that concentrated power in the hands of the executive and offered few obstacles to changing the central bank's statute. Central bank independence was rejected in the cases where the epistemic community did not hold a consensus on the need for reform, and politicians saw only electoral risks from changing the central bank's statute. This study finds that politicians retain room to manoeuvre despite the rise of financial globalisation.
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Ng, Mei Lin, and n/a. "In Search of the 'Golden Thread': Common Law Interactions With Indigenous Law in Canada, Australia and New Zealand." Griffith University. Griffith Law School, 2006. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20070314.163150.
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The thesis explores the interactions of the common law with indigenous law in three jurisdictions: Australia, New Zealand and Canada. Case law involving family, criminal and land law is examined in detail, to establish how the common law has interacted with indigenous law. Two aspects of common law interactions are explored: judicial approaches to the recognition of indigenous law; and, judicial perceptions about the relationship between the common law and indigenous law. Courts faced with indigenous law have taken one of three approaches to recognising it. These are respectively referred to in the thesis as the non-recognition approach, the accommodation approach and the recognition approach. With regard to judicial perceptions about the relationship between the common law and indigenous law, the case law reveals seven different perceptions. They are: no relationship; mere acknowledgement; separate but capable of recognition; adjustment; assimilation/domination; assimilation/search for partnership; and absorption. Where a relationship is acknowledged, although perceptions may vary, essentially they can be placed in one of three categories. Courts may regard the relationship as one between two separate bodies of law, with points of intersection. They may regard it as one of convergence, perhaps even partial integration, between separate legal traditions. Finally, they may regard indigenous law as having been absorbed into the dominant legal system. Courts with this latter perception regard indigenous law as analogous to English local customs. Having identified more than one approach to the recognition of indigenous law, consideration is given to the circumstances in which the approaches are used, exploring differences arising out of the subject area in question and the jurisdiction in which the case is considered. The thesis also demonstrates that some correlation exists between the judicial approach to recognition of indigenous law and judicial perceptions about the relationship of the common law with indigenous law, though this correlation cannot be demonstrated in all cases. Lastly, the capacity of the common law to recognise changes to indigenous law is considered, where the case law reveals that both the judicial approach to recognition of indigenous law, and judicial perceptions about the relationship between the common law and indigenous law have a bearing on the capacity of the courts to recognise change. The thesis demonstrates that both the judicial approach to recognition of indigenous law and judicial perceptions about the relationship between the common law and indigenous law affect common law interactions with indigenous law.
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Karsono, Sony. "Setting History Straight? Indonesian Historiography in the new Order." Ohio : Ohio University, 2005. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1127249724.
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Adam, Ian Peter Stewart, and mikewood@deakin edu au. "An investigation of educator adoption of knowledge media." Deakin University, 1998. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20051201.152331.
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Human development has occurred against a timeline that has seen the creation of and diffusion of one innovation after another. These innovations range from language to complex computing and information technologies. The latter are assisting with the distribution of information, and extend to the distribution of the human species beyond the planet Earth. From early times, information has been published and mostly for a fee to the publisher. The absorption and use of information has had a high priority in most societies from early times, and has become institutionalised in universities and institutes of technical learning. For most in Western societies, education is now a matter of lifelong learning.
Today, we see higher education institutions, worldwide, adapting their organisational structures and operating procedures and forming strategic alliances with communications content providers and carriers as well as with information technology companies. Modern educational institutes seek productivity and efficiency. Many also seek to differentiate themselves from competitors. Technological convergence is often seen by management to be a saviour in many educational organisations. It is hoped that lower capital and recurrent costs can be achieved, and that competitors in an increasingly globalised industry can be held at bay by strategic use of knowledge media (Eisenstadt, 1995) commonly associated with distance education in the campus setting. Knowledge media set up costs, intellectual property costs and training costs for staff and students are often so high as to make their use not viable for Australian institutes of higher education. Against this backdrop, one might expect greater educator and student use of publisher produced textbooks and digital enhancements to the textbook, particularly those involved in distance education.
A major issue is whether or not the timing of instructor adoption of converging information technology and communications technologies aligns with the wishes of both higher education management and government, and with those who seek commercial gain from the diffusion and adoption of such technologies. Also at issue is whether or not it is possible to explain variance in stated intentions to recommend adoption of new learning technologies in higher education and implementation. Will there occur educator recommendation for adoption of individual knowledge media such as World Wide Web access to study materials by students? And what will be the form of this tool and others used in higher education?
This thesis reports on more recent changes in the technological environment and seeks to contribute to an understanding of the factors that lead to a willingness, or unwillingness, on the part of higher education instructors, as influencers and content providers, to utilise these technologies. As such, it is a diffusion study which seeks to fill a gap in the literature. Diffusion studies typically focus on predicting adoption based on characteristics of the potential adopter. Few studies examine the relationship between characteristics of the innovation and adoption. Nearly all diffusion studies involve what is termed discontinuous innovation (Robertson, 1971). That is, the innovation involves adoptees in a major departure from previous practice. This study seeks to examine the relationship between previous experience of related technologies and adoption or rejection of dynamically continuous innovation. Continuous and dynamically continuous innovations are the most numerous in the real world, yet they are numerically the least scrutinised by way of academic research. Moreover, the three-year longitudinal study of educators in Australian and New Zealand meets important criteria laid down by researchers Tornatzky and Klein (1982) and Rogers (1995), that are often not met by similar studies. In particular the study examines diffusion as it is unfolding, rather than selectively examining a single innovation and after the fact, thus avoiding a possible pro-innovation bias.
The study examines the situation for both all educators and marketing / management educators alone in seeking to meet the following aim:
Establish if intended adopters of specific knowledge media have had more experience of other computer-based technologies than have those not intending to adopt said knowledge media.
The analytical phase entails use of factor analysis and discriminant analysis to conclude that it is possible to discriminate adopters of selected knowledge media based on previous use of related technologies. The study does not find any generalised factor that enables such discrimination among educators. Thus the study supports the literature in part, but fails to find generalised factors that enable unambiguous prediction of knowledge media adoption or otherwise among each grouping of educators examined. The implications are that even in the case of related products and services (continuous or dynamically continuous innovation), there is not statistical certainty that prior usage of related products or technologies is related to intentions to use knowledge media in the future. In this regard, the present study might be said to confirm the view that Rogers and Shoemaker's (1971) conceptualisation of perceived innovation characteristics may only apply to discontinuous innovations (Stratton, Lumpkin & Vitell, 1997).
The implications for stakeholders such as higher education management is that when seeking to appoint new educators or existing staff to knowledge media project teams, there is some support for the notion that those who already use World Wide Web based technologies are likely to take these technologies into teaching situations. The same claim cannot be made for computer software use in general, nor Internet use in general.
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Harris, Magdalena National Centre in HIV Social Research Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences UNSW. "Negotiating the pull of the normal: embodied narratives of living with hepatitis C in New Zealand and Australia." Awarded By:University of New South Wales. National Centre in HIV Social Research, 2010. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/44602.
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Hepatitis C is known as the ??silent epidemic??. Globally 170 million people live with chronic hepatitis C, yet it receives little policy, media or public attention. In developed countries the blood-borne virus is primarily transmitted through illicit drug injecting practices, aiding its silenced and stigmatised status. In this thesis I uncover some of these silences by exploring the narratives of forty people living with hepatitis C in New Zealand and Australia. My status as a person living with hepatitis C informed all aspects of this research project; I therefore also include my own experiences, foregrounding researcher reflexivity and the co-constructed nature of the interview process. My aims are both practical and theoretical. On a practical level I explore the experiences of people living with hepatitis C in order to inform recommendations for policy, research and practice, while also working to elucidate and employ an approach that allows for an analysis of the ill body as a lived experiencing agent, located in a substantive web of connections whereby discourse, corporeality and sociality, inform and mediate one another. To this end I employ a ??political phenomenology?? influenced by phenomenological and poststructuralist theoretical approaches. The central, previously under-researched, issues that arose in participants?? narratives structure the chapter outline, with results chapters focusing on participants?? experiences of diagnosis, living with hepatitis C, stigma, support group membership, alcohol use, and hepatitis C treatment. For many participants, it was found that living with hepatitis C was a liminal experience where distinctions between what it was to be healthy or ill were not clear-cut. Indeed, many of the participants?? narratives exposed the inadequacy of Western binary categorisations to speak to their experiences of living with hepatitis C. Throughout this thesis it can be seen that the meanings that participants ascribed to health, illness, and their hepatitis C were fluid and contextual, informed by the interplay of corporeality and discourse. From this interplay comes the ability to speak into the gaps of dominant discourses, creating the potential for the disruption, or subtle realignment, of normative ways of knowing.
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Pearce, Robert Anthony. "The Great War : manpower, conscription and political machinations: a comparative study of Britain, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia /." Title page, table of contents and introduction only, 2005. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09arp3591.pdf.
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Collins, Shane. "An analysis of public policy toward adult life-long participation in sport in Australia, Finland and New Zealand." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2008. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/12881.
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This thesis explores the development of public policy aimed at achieving adult life-long participation in sport in Australia, Finland and New Zealand. Adult life-long participation has frequently been claimed as an aspiration of sport policy in Australia, Finland and New Zealand. This study identifies the characteristics of the sport systems and sport policy process in each of the three countries and outlines the development of policy concerning participation in sport amongst adults. A case study approach was adopted focusing on each of the three countries in turn. Adopting a qualitative methodology the study utilised document analysis and semi-structured interviews to elicit data regarding the development of, and factors impacting upon, the development of sport for all. Focusing upon the meso-level of analysis, policy networks was found to be a useful lens through which to view Finland, drawing attention to a policy subsystem where there has been a consistent focus on sport for all over the last 40 years. The advocacy coalition framework (ACF) provided the greatest utility for providing insights into Australia and New Zealand. The ACF drew attention to competing coalitions within the New Zealand and Australian sport sub-systems highlighting the tensions that had surfaced between elite and mass sport development. Despite little evidence in Australia, Finland or New Zealand of a policy or strategy that could be 'pulled off the shelf and called adult life long participation the findings indicated that Finland has been able to achieve high levels of adult participation in sport. Over the last 40 years successive Finnish governments have been consistent in their approach with regard to the role of national and local government in promoting Sf A. In contrast the Australian federal government has consistently expressed a desire to increase levels of sport participation amongst all Australians, however, despite consistent exhortations policy implementation has failed to reflect the rhetoric. Recent changes to the New Zealand sport policy landscape have made identifying a clear sport development pathway difficult, however, grassroots sport appears to have remained outside the current public policy focus. This study concludes that despite the existence of broadly similar factors such as rising levels of obesity, declining levels of physical activity and continued aspirations for sporting success, quite different sport policy approaches have been adopted in each of the three countries. This draws attention to the role of domestic factors, such as the distinctive socio-economic political and cultural systems in shaping the direction of, and salience of, sport policy to government.
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Ali, Z. "The application of the Mareva injunction in England, Wales, Malaysia, Singapore, Australia and New Zealand : a legal comparison." Thesis, Swansea University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.635748.
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A Mareva injunction which was, in 1999, renamed as a freezing order, is a type of interlocutory injunction. It was created in 1975 with the purpose of restraining a debtor from dissipating his assets until a judgement is made against him. Since then, Mareva injunction has been progressively developing and adopted to differing degrees by other jurisdictions. This thesis will focus on the development of the Mareva injunction and the main impacts that the development has caused on the scope and fundamental acceptance of this injunction in England and Wales. In comparison, its acceptance and practice in Malaysia, Singapore, Australia and New Zealand, will be discussed in order to identify similarities and differences, whereby the main difference can be seen in the application of the worldwide Mareva injunction.
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Gyves, Clifford Michael 1969. "An English translation of General Qi Jiguang's "Quanjing Jieyao Pian" (Chapter on the Fist Canon and the Essentials of Nimbleness) from the "Jixiao Xinshu" (New Treatise on Disciplined Service)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278273.
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Qi Jiguang is recognized as one of the most successful generals of the Ming dynasty. Noted for his severe discipline and intense training, Qi led an army comprised of uniformed regulars and civilian auxiliaries against Japanese pirates in Zejiang province. His unprecedented victories earned Qi a reputation as a training expert. He composed his first military treatise, the Jixiao Xinshu (New Treatise on Disciplined Service) in 1560 while serving in Zejiang. The text discusses command and control, tactics, and training. Chapter 14, the "Quanjing Jieyao Pian" (Chapter on the Fist Canon and the Essentials of Nimbleness), endorses unarmed combat exercises as physical training for troops. No literary precedent for such a work has been discovered. Historical evidence suggests, however, that pre-Ming armies have used some forms of martial arts in training or demonstrations. Also, similarities between the "Quanjing" and modern taijiquan raise questions about a possible common martial arts heritage.
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Witbrodt, Matthew. "Indigenous rights and state opposition : a case study on the United States of America, Canada, Australia and New Zealand." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.577505.
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The present study considers international law and indigenous peoples in relation to the four States who voted against the adoption of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in September of 2007. The four states -the United States of America, Canada, Australia and New Zealand -share a common bond in voting against the Declaration, as well as a common colonial heritage as all four States are former British colonies. The study considers the means and modes of the British colonial project; the perception of indigenous peoples under both natural and positivist international legal theory during colonization; the subsequent treatment of indigenous peoples within the jurisprudence and legal frameworks of the four emerging States; the resulting treatment of the indigenous peoples within the four States; the subsequent re-engagement of the issue if indigenous peoples in international law; and the provisions of the Declaration in relation to the oppositional stance of the four States, as well as the legal status of the provisions within the text of the Declaration itself. The objective of the study is to consider the resulting legal relationship and progress made in the contemporary international engagement of indigenous rights in relation to Cassese's description of international law shifting from universalism to eurocentricism by the 19th century, only to begin to swing back towards a universal approach to international law contemporarily.
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Reitzig, Andreas, and n/a. "Trans-Tasman defence perceptions in the post-ANZUS era." University of Otago. Department of Political Studies, 2009. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20091105.131723.
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Throughout history, Australia and New Zealand have developed a special relationship due to their close geographic proximity and their similar cultural and colonial backgrounds. Ever since 1986, when New Zealand was suspended from the trilateral Security Treaty Between Australia, New Zealand, and the United States of America (ANZUS), Australia has been New Zealand's closest ally. As a result, the thesis specifically focuses on trans-Tasman defence relations after 1986, with a particular emphasis on attitude trends towards the bilateral defence relationship. Overall, the thesis aims to find out whether there has been a drift in the bilateral defence relationship between Australia and New Zealand since 1986. In this regard, it examines two main questions: first, is the Australian-New Zealand defence relationship is less close today than it was in 1986? The thesis findings show that there has indeed been a visible drift in trans-Tasman defence relations. In both countries, the relationship is much less talked about today than it was in 1986. Second, do Australians and New Zealanders view the bilateral defence relationship any more negatively today than they did in 1986? As the results show, the disagreement over defence spending, New Zealand's decision to restructure the New Zealand Defence Force (NZDF) as well as the ANZUS split were the main factors that have brought about some distance between both countries' defence policies and priorities. However, beside the downs in the bilateral defence relationship, there have also been ups embodied by the sometimes rather elusive Anzac spirit, the optimism that surrounded the creation of Closer Defence Relations (CDR) in the 1990s and, most notably, enhanced trans-Tasman cooperation in peacekeeping, primarily in the immediate regional neighbourhood. Importantly, Australians and New Zealanders do not see the defence relationship any more negatively today than they did in 1986. Indeed, opinion trends at all societal levels have been remarkably constant over the last two decades. Based on these findings, the thesis concludes that the bilateral defence relationship may well become closer again in the future, especially if both countries continue their close cooperation in regional peacekeeping. This appears to be the most promising way ahead for the Anzac defence relationship in the 21st century.
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Lemoine, April J. Williams Stephen L. "Repatriation of cultural property in museums a balance of values and national agendas /." Waco, Tex. : Baylor University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2104/5073.
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Yang, Manuel. "Yoshimoto Taka’aki, Communal Illusion, and the Japanese New Left." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1122656731.
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