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Journal articles on the topic 'Austronesian language'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

McWilliam, Andrew. "Austronesians in linguistic disguise: Fataluku cultural fusion in East Timor." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 38, no. 2 (May 25, 2007): 355–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463407000082.

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AbstractThis paper explores the relationship between language and cultural practice in the Fataluku language community of East Timor. A Papuan language and member of what is referred to as the Trans New Guinea Phylum (TNGP) of languages, Fataluku society nevertheless exhibits many cultural ideas and practices suggesting a long period of engagement and accommodation to Austronesian cosmopolitanism. The idea that Fataluku speakers are ‘Austronesians in disguise’ points to the significance of cultural hybridity on the Austronesian boundary.

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2

Sagart, Laurent, Tze-Fu Hsu, Yuan-Ching Tsai, and Yue-Ie C. Hsing. "Austronesian and Chinese words for the millets." Language Dynamics and Change 7, no. 2 (2017): 187–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105832-00702002.

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After reviewing recent evidence from related disciplines arguing for an origin of the Austronesian peoples in northeastern China, this paper discusses the Proto-Austronesian and Old Chinese names of the millets, Setaria italica and Panicum miliaceum. Partly based on linguistic data collected in Taiwan by the authors, proposed Proto-Austronesian cognate sets for millet terms are re-evaluated and the Proto-Austronesian sets are identified. The reasons for the earlier confusion among Old Chinese terms for the millets are explained: the Austronesian term for Panicum miliaceum and one of the Chinese terms for the same plant are shown to obey the sound correspondences between Proto-Austronesian and Chinese, earlier described, under a particular resolution of the phonological ambiguities in the OC reconstruction. Possession of the two kinds of millets (not just Setaria, as previously thought) places the pre-Austronesians in northeastern China, adjacent to the probable Sino-Tibetan homeland.

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3

Polili, Andi Wete, Tengku Silvana Sinar, Dwi Widayati, and Abdurrahman Adisahputra. "The Status of Nias Language." Journal of Arts and Humanities 7, no. 1 (January 30, 2018): 08. http://dx.doi.org/10.18533/journal.v7i1.1123.

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<p>Nias language is one of the local languages used in Indonesia. This Nias language speakers are on the island of Nias in North Sumatra Province. Nias language is part of the proto-Austronesian languages. The use of Nias language is spoken in the area of North Nias, West Nias, and South Nias. The use of this language in the three districts of Nias certainly has a kinship relationship either of similar or different. Definitely the derivation of this Austronesian language, Nias language, is reflected lexically in Nias language which is bequeathed either linearly or innovatively. The lexicostatistics and glotochronology methods were utilized to investigate the kinship relationship of three languages spoken in North Nias, West Nias and South Nias based on Swadesh 200 words. The data collection of the three languages in North, West and South of Nias is obtained from the informant interviews, observation and native informant speech recorded.</p><p> </p><p>Key words: <strong>Nias language</strong><strong>, Proto Austronesia, le</strong><strong>xico</strong><strong>statisti</strong><strong>c</strong><strong>, k</strong><strong>inship.</strong></p>

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4

Suroto, Hari. "BUDAYA AUSTRONESIA Dl KAWASAN DANAU SENTANI (Austroneslan Culture In the Sentani Lake Area)." Jurnal Penelitian Arkeologi Papua dan Papua Barat 8, no. 2 (July 31, 2017): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/papua.v8i2.182.

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Pottery artifacts distribution and language show that Austroneslan speakers mostly settle, do activity, and interact with indigenous Papua In the coastal. Sentani Lake area is located in north part of Papua, in which Sentani language belongs to the non-Austronesian (phylum Trans New Guinea). This study is aimed to reveal the influence of Austroneslan culture in Sentani Lake area through descriptive and qualitative methods. The data is gathered by conducting surface survey, environmental observation, and ethnoarchaeological approach. The influence of Austroneslan culture in Sentani Lake area is brought through the coastal communities in Vanimo, Altape, and East Sepik Papua New Guinea. Artifacts as the evidences showing the influence of Austroneslan culture am in the form of pottery, glass bracelet, glass beads, and bronze artifacts. It is also shown through a pottery making tradition, tattoo, alcoholic drink, leadership system, and the breeding of dog, pig, and chicken. AbstrakPersebaran artefak gerabah dan bahasa menunjukan penutur Austronesia lebih banyak bermukim, beraktivitas, dan berinteraksi dengan penduduk asli Papua di pesisir. Kawasan Danau Sentani terletak di pesisir utara Papua, bahasa Sentani tergoiong dalam bahasa non-Austronesia (phylum Trans New Guinea). Tuiisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh budaya Austronesia di Kawasan Danau Sentani. Tulisan ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Metode pengumpuian data dilakukan dengan survei permukaan tanah serta pengamatan lingkungan, serta perdekatan etnoarkeologi. Pengaruh budaya Austronesia di Kawasan Danau Sentani melaiui masyarakat pesisir di Vanimo, Aitape, dan Sepik Timur Papua Nugini. Aftefek yang menjadi bukti pengaruh budaya Austronesia yaitu gerabah, geiang kaca, manik-manik kaca, artefak pemnggu, Pengaruh iainnya yaitu tradlsi pembuatan gerabah, tradlsi tato, pembuatan minuman beralkohol, sistem kepemimpinan serta pemeiiharaan anjing, babi dan ayam.

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5

Cho, Minsung. "A Review About Family Context and Reconstruction Problems in the Austronesian Languages Family." JURNAL ARBITRER 7, no. 2 (October 25, 2020): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/ar.7.2.210-220.2020.

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Austronesian languages are one of the largest language groups in terms of the number of speakers and also its spread area around the world. The Austronesian languages are assumed to be branched, developed and spread extensively as a result of migration from Taiwan to the south, including the Nusantara archipelago. This literature-based paper attempted to examine the spread and development of the Austronesian languages family as well as the problems in reconstructing the Austronesian languages in the Nusantara archipelago. This writing examined the process and form of words’ reconstruction problems, in Austronesian languages and its relation with its parent form that eventually created the languages that existed in the Malay Archipelago. The results of the reconstruction demonstrated that the inheritance of the language from one generation to the next had created a significant relationship of the current language employed in the Nusantara archipelago with its parent language as well as proved kinship based on elements of similarity as well as innovation or change from its parent, the ancient Austronesian language (proto). The research also discovered that the family relationship of the languages is manifested through the similarity of pronunciation sound form, vocabulary and grammar structure when reconstructed based on the sound similarity found in the languages compared.

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6

Tondo, Fanny Henry. "THE PEOPLE OF KAO AND THEIR LANGUAGE IN THE NORTHERN COAST OF HALMAHERA." Jurnal Masyarakat dan Budaya 22, no. 2 (November 5, 2020): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/jmb.v22i2.1074.

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There are two major language families existing in Indonesia. Those are Austronesian and Papuan languages. Most of Austronesian language speakers live in all over Indonesia. However, the other one, the Non-Austronesian or Papuan language speakers live in some parts of Eastern Indonesia such as North Maluku, Papua, West Papua and East Nusa Tenggara. The focus of this study will lie on one of the language communities in Halmahera island, North Maluku, namely Kao which is on the northern coast of the island. Based on the researches conducted from 2013 up to 2014, it is shown that Kao language which is categorized as Papuan language has been affected by Austronesian feature. It seems that the environment where Kao people live has influenced their life especially their language. One of the influences is on the structure of their language which has changed and shown the domination of the Austronesian characteristic in the case of word order, that is Subject-Verb-Object (SVO). Meanwhile, the existence of lingua franca as an inter-ethnic communication tool such as Ternate Malay which is also Austronesian language has contributed to form the present language of Kao as well. This article aims to explain the Kao people and their language which has started to be influenced by Austronesian feature.

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7

Hagelberg, E., M. Kayser, M. Nagy, L. Roewer, H. Zimdahl, M. Krawczak, P. Lió, and W. Schiefenhöve. "Molecular genetic evidence for the human settlement of the Pacific: analysis of mitochondrial DNA, Y chromosome and HLA markers." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 354, no. 1379 (January 29, 1999): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1999.0367.

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Present–day Pacific islanders are thought to be the descendants of Neolithic agriculturalists who expanded from island South–east Asia several thousand years ago. They speak languages belonging to the Austronesian language family, spoken today in an area spanning half the circumference of the world, from Madagascar to Easter Island, and from Taiwan to New Zealand. To investigate the genetic affinities of the Austronesian–speaking peoples, we analysed mitochondrial DNA, HLA and Y chromosome polymorphisms in individuals from eight geographical locations in Asia and the Pacific (China, Taiwan, Java, New Guinea highlands, New Guinea coast, Trobriand Islands, New Britain and Western Samoa). Our results show that the demographic expansion of the Austronesians has left a genetic footprint. However, there is no simple correlation between languages and genes in the Pacific.

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8

Donohue, Mark. "Bajau: A Symmetrical Austronesian Language." Language 72, no. 4 (December 1996): 782. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/416102.

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9

Chen, Victoria, and Bradley McDonnell. "Western Austronesian Voice." Annual Review of Linguistics 5, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 173–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011718-011731.

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Over the past four decades, the nature of western Austronesian voice—typically subcategorized as Philippine-type and Indonesian-type—has triggered considerable debate in the typological and syntactic literature. Central questions in these debates have been concerned with how voice alternations in western Austronesian languages interact with grammatical relations, transitivity, and syntactic alignment. In this review, we reassess the syntactic properties of voice alternations in western Austronesian languages, in some cases focusing on more controversial alternations, including the putative antipassive and applicative constructions in Philippine-type languages and the passive constructions in Indonesian-type languages. We discuss reasons that favor a valency-neutral approach to western Austronesian voice and evidence against a valency-changing and/or ergative approach to the analysis of these languages.

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10

Blevins, Juliette, Jerold A. Edmondson, and Kenneth J. Gregerson. "Tonality in Austronesian Languages." Oceanic Linguistics 34, no. 1 (June 1995): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3623123.

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11

Sagart, Laurent. "Proto-Austronesian and Old Chinese Evidence for Sino-Austronesian." Oceanic Linguistics 33, no. 2 (December 1994): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3623130.

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12

Robbeets, Martine. "Austronesian influence and Transeurasian ancestry in Japanese." Language Dynamics and Change 7, no. 2 (2017): 210–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105832-00702005.

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In this paper, I propose a hypothesis reconciling Austronesian influence and Transeurasian ancestry in the Japanese language, explaining the spread of the Japanic languages through farming dispersal. To this end, I identify the original speech community of the Transeurasian language family as the Neolithic Xinglongwa culture situated in the West Liao River Basin in the sixth millennium BC. I argue that the separation of the Japanic branch from the other Transeurasian languages and its spread to the Japanese Islands can be understood as occurring in connection with the dispersal of millet agriculture and its subsequent integration with rice agriculture. I further suggest that a prehistorical layer of borrowings related to rice agriculture entered Japanic from a sister language of proto-Austronesian, at a time when both language families were still situated in the Shandong-Liaodong interaction sphere.

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13

Dhanawaty, Ni Made. "Kuatnya Jejak Ke-Austronesia-an pada Bahasa Bali Dialek Bali Aga." Jurnal Kajian Bali (Journal of Bali Studies) 11, no. 1 (April 2, 2021): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jkb.2021.v11.i01.p05.

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The Balinese language is spatially divided into the Balinese dialect of Bali Aga (DBA) and the dialect of Bali Dataran (DBD). As a sub-family of Austronesian languages, the Balinese language has many features of being Austronesian. This study at analyzes the trace of the Bali Aga dialect, through four linguistic variables: the realization of the phoneme /a/, the distribution of phonemes /h/, bimonosilabel words, and personal pronouns. Data sources of this research are Balinese in the DBA area, general Balinese language, and Balinese inscriptions and dictionaries which were collected using the scrutinize and interview methods and analyzed by using comparative and distributional approaches. The results showed that the Austronesian traces in the Bali Aga dialect are still strong, indicated by (1) the persistence of [a] as a realization of the phoneme /a/ in the ultima position; (2) the persistence of /h/ in the initial and medial positions; (3) the persistence of penultima syllable coda on bimonosilabis words; (4) the persistence of Proto Austronesian pronouns. These indicate that the archaic data are very important in tracking language change.

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14

Blust, Robert. "Austronesian Etymologies: IV." Oceanic Linguistics 28, no. 2 (1989): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3623057.

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15

Blust, Robert. "Austronesian Etymologies: III." Oceanic Linguistics 25, no. 1/2 (1986): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3623209.

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16

Wolff, John U., and Darrell T. Tryon. "Comparative Austronesian Dictionary." Language 73, no. 1 (March 1997): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/416598.

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17

SAGART, Laurent. "A model of the origin of Kra-Dai tones." Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 48, no. 1 (June 14, 2019): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19606028-04801004.

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Abstract This paper finds origins for the three Kra-Dai tones in the segmental endings of Proto-Southern Austronesian, the parent language of Kra-Dai and Malayo-Polynesian. The Kra-Dai A category originates in sonorant endings (vowels, semi-vowels, nasals, liquids) and in Proto-Austronesian *-H2, reconstructed by Tsuchida (1976); the B category in *-R and in *-X, a hitherto not reconstructed ending reflected as -h in Amis and in the Bisayan language Aklanon; the C category, in Proto-Austronesian *-H1, reconstructed by Tsuchida. The tonal outcomes of *-s and *-S are described. Kra-Dai sonorant endings in tone C are argued to come from hypothetical Austronesian prototypes in which a sonorant ending was followed by *-s, a suffix of unknown function. Although the present model does not require Kra-Dai to be a daughter of Proto-Austronesian, the building blocks for Kra-Dai tones are shown to be in place during the Formosan phase of Austronesian phonological history.

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18

Blust, Robert. "The Austronesian Homeland and Dispersal." Annual Review of Linguistics 5, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 417–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011718-012440.

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The Austronesian language family is the second largest on Earth in number of languages, and was the largest in geographical extent before the European colonial expansions of the past five centuries. This alone makes the determination of its homeland a research question of the first order. There is now near-universal agreement among both linguists and archaeologists that the Austronesian expansion began from Taiwan, somewhat more than a millennium after it was settled by Neolithic rice and millet farmers from Southeast China. The first “long pause,” between the settlement of Taiwan and of the northern Philippines, may have been due to inadequate sailing technology, an obstacle that was overcome by the invention of the outrigger canoe complex. The second “long pause,” between the settlement of Fiji–Western Polynesia and of the rest of Triangle Polynesia, may also have been due to inadequate sailing technology, an obstacle that was overcome by the invention of the double-hulled canoe.

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19

Eades, Domenyk, and John Hajek. "Gayo." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36, no. 1 (May 18, 2006): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100306002416.

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Gayo is an Austronesian language spoken by some 260,000 people in the central highlands of the Indonesian province of Aceh, at the northern tip of the island of Sumatra. Gayo belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian family of languages (Ross 1995, Blust 1999). Nothofer (1994) places Gayo along with Nias, Mentawai, Enggano and the various Batak languages in a North-West Sumatra/Barrier Islands subgroup. Five distinct but mutually intelligible dialects are recognised within Gayo: Bukit, Dëret, Cik, Serbejadi and Lues.

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20

Li, Paul Jen-kuei. "Adverbs in the Austronesian languages of Taiwan." Asian Languages and Linguistics 2, no. 1 (July 30, 2021): 80–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/alal.20041.li.

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Abstract This is a study of adverbs in nine typologically divergent Austronesian languages of Taiwan, Atayal, Bunun, Favorlang, Kavalan, Puyuma, Rukai, Saisiyat, Thao, and Tsou. There are only a few adverbs in each of these languages. The form of an adverb is usually invariant and its position in a sentence is relatively free. On the contrary, the form of a verb usually varies and its position in the sentence is usually fixed. Since the function of an adverb is to modify a verb, it may not occur without a verb in a sentence, whereas a true verb may occur without any other verb. Many adverbial concepts in Chinese and English, such as ‘all’, ‘only’, ‘often’, and ‘again’, are expressed using verbs that manifest different foci and take aspect markers. When these words function as the main verb in the sentence, they may attract bound personal pronouns in many Austronesian languages of Taiwan. However, there are a few genuine adverbs in each of these languages. It varies from language to language whether a certain lexical item functions as a verb or adverb.

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21

Clair, Michael St. "The Austronesian Advantage: Natural Selection and Linguistic Diversity." Humans 1, no. 1 (September 15, 2021): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/humans1010003.

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The “Austronesian advantage” suggests that Austronesian-speaking populations in Melanesia are resistant to tropical splenomegaly syndrome, a medical condition linked to chronic exposure to malaria. This hypothesis was proposed by Kevin M. Kelly in his 1988 dissertation, a subsequent 1990 paper, and a 1993 paper co-published with Jeffrey Clark. I now update the Austronesian advantage hypothesis with additional linguistic, anthropological, and genetic data. I find that cultural adaptations cannot fully explain the Austronesian expansion. Rather, the Austronesian advantage, a classic example of natural selection, completes the picture by connecting the Austronesian expansion with greater reproductive success. I also strengthen the Austronesian advantage hypothesis with data from Tibet. The correlation between language expansion and natural selection extends well beyond the Austronesian world.

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22

Ross, Malcolm D. "Reconstructing the history of languages in northwest New Britain." Journal of Historical Linguistics 4, no. 1 (May 12, 2014): 84–132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhl.4.1.03ros.

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William Thurston (1982, 1987, 1989, 1992, 1994) analyzes the history of the languages of the northwest area of New Britain. This history has included much contact among the area’s languages, all of which are Oceanic Austronesian with the exception of the Papuan language Anêm. Thurston, however, took the position that all linguistic speciation is brought about by language contact, especially by language shift. In this paper, the comparative method is applied to Thurston’s (and others’) data to reconstruct a partial history of the languages of the area, exemplifying how the comparative method may be applied in contact situations. Reanalysis of his data shows that a number of his conclusions about the histories of the area’s Austronesian languages are wrong, but validates his claim that language shift is manifested in copied specialist vocabulary, a conclusion that is important for historical contact linguistics, as such cases may provide few or no other clues that shift has occurred.

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23

Steinhauer, H. "Austronesian Geographical prospects." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 142, no. 2 (1986): 296–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003359.

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24

Vovin, Alexander. "Proto-K(r)adai ‘hand’, ‘eye’, and ‘bird’ revisited." Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 47, no. 1 (October 11, 2018): 150–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19606028-04701003.

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Abstract This article revisits the traditional comparisons for K(r)adai and Austronesian ‘hand’, ‘eye’, and ‘bird’. In the case of ‘hand’ it attempts to improve the comparison by offering an unorthodox solution for Proto-K(r)adai reconstruction that, in my opinion, should be *lima, virtually identical to proto-Austronesian. It also provides additional evidence for reconstructing ‘eye’ and ‘bird’ as disyllabic words in K(r)adai, showing that these two were also very close to (with minor differences) to proto-Austronesian. Although these facts alone cannot be used as ultimate proof of K(r)adai and Austronesian genetic relationship, I believe that they constitute a further step in refining the arguments in this direction.

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25

Blust, Robert. "Austronesian Culture History: The Window of Language." Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 86, no. 5 (1996): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1006619.

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26

Blust, Robert. "Lexicography on the Internet – Austronesian Language Sources." Lexicographica 26, no. 2010 (December 13, 2010): 199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110223231.2.199.

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27

Blust, Robert. "Austronesian: A Sleeping Giant?" Language and Linguistics Compass 5, no. 8 (August 2011): 538–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-818x.2011.00297.x.

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28

Blust, Robert. "The Adhesive Locative in Austronesian Languages." Oceanic Linguistics 28, no. 2 (1989): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3623059.

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29

Blust, Robert. "The Phonestheme ng-in Austronesian Languages." Oceanic Linguistics 42, no. 1 (June 2003): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3623453.

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30

Aldridge, E. "Ergativity from Subjunctive in Austronesian Languages." Language and Linguistics 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 27–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1606822x15613499.

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31

Panggabean, Novaria. "PHONOLOGY OF MOOI LANGUAGE." RETORIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa 4, no. 1 (April 12, 2018): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/jr.4.1.321.38-42.

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Mooi is one of the local languages in Papua. Mooi language belongs to the Non-Austronesian language group. This research discusses about Mooi language phonology, including Mooi language phonemes, their distribution and phonotactics. Mooi language has 26 segregated phonemes consisting of 18 consonants, 8 vocals (monophtong), and 4 diphthongs. The phonemes are:/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /s/, /f/, /g/, /S/, /h/, /k/, /l/, /r/, /m/, /n/, /G/, / ñ /, /y/, /w/, /a/, /i/, /u/, /e/, /o/, /|/, / O /, and /|/.

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32

Walker, Robert S., and Marcus J. Hamilton. "Social complexity and linguistic diversity in the Austronesian and Bantu population expansions." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1710 (October 20, 2010): 1399–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1942.

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Reconstructing the rise and fall of social complexity in human societies through time is fundamental for understanding some of the most important transformations in human history. Phylogenetic methods based on language diversity provide a means to reconstruct pre-historic events and model the transition rates of cultural change through time. We model and compare the evolution of social complexity in Austronesian ( n = 88) and Bantu ( n = 89) societies, two of the world's largest language families with societies representing a wide spectrum of social complexity. Our results show that in both language families, social complexity tends to build and decline in an incremental fashion, while the Austronesian phylogeny provides evidence for additional severe demographic bottlenecks. We suggest that the greater linguistic diversity of the Austronesian language family than Bantu likely follows the different biogeographic structure of the two regions. Cultural evolution in both the Bantu and Austronesian cases was not a simple linear process, but more of a wave-like process closely tied to the demography of expanding populations and the spatial structure of the colonized regions.

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33

Afrianto, Eva Tuckyta Sari Sujatna, Nani Darmayanti, Farida Ariyani, and Jessamine Cooke-Plagwitz. "Clause and predicative constituents in an Austronesian language: Lampung language." Topics in Linguistics 21, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 62–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/topling-2020-0010.

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Abstract This research is conducted qualitatively and aimed at patterning and describing clause and sentence structure in Lampung language through the configuration of its constituents. Regarding the constituents, Lampung has two types of clause: minor and major clauses. A minor clause is indicated by only one constituent, which is commonly a subject, predicate or adjunct. Regarding its function, it can be classified as vocative, shown by exclamation (Wuy!, Huy!); a greeting, as shown by an expression (tabikpun ngalam pukha); and an Arabic greeting (assalamualaikum). On the other hand, a major clause minimally consists of a subject and predicate, and apart from these there can also be an object, complement and adverbial. Furthermore, this research finds various categories that can act as predicative constituents: they are a verb/verbal phrase, adjective/adjective phrase, and noun/nominal phrase. Additionally, a copular verb (iyulah) and existential marker (wat) can also be the predicate. This research also reveals that in a sentence two or more clauses are connected by a conjunction, and then this conjunction becomes an indicator of dependent clauses. Also, a dependent clause can be found after the subject or the object of the independent clause.

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34

Clynes, Adrian. "On the Proto-Austronesian "Diphthongs"." Oceanic Linguistics 36, no. 2 (December 1997): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3622989.

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35

Vovin, Alexander. "Is Japanese Related to Austronesian?" Oceanic Linguistics 33, no. 2 (December 1994): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3623134.

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36

Adelaar, Sander, and Ger P. Reesink. "Topics in Descriptive Austronesian Linguistics." Oceanic Linguistics 38, no. 2 (December 1999): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3623303.

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37

Verkerk, Annemarie. "Detecting non-tree-like signal using multiple tree topologies." Journal of Historical Linguistics 9, no. 1 (July 2, 2019): 9–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhl.17009.ver.

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Abstract Recent applications of phylogenetic methods to historical linguistics have been criticized for assuming a tree structure in which ancestral languages differentiate and split up into daughter languages, while language evolution is inherently non-tree-like (François 2014; Blench 2015: 32–33). This article attempts to contribute to this debate by discussing the use of the multiple topologies method (Pagel & Meade 2006a) implemented in BayesPhylogenies (Pagel & Meade 2004). This method is applied to lexical datasets from four different language families: Austronesian (Gray, Drummond & Greenhill 2009), Sinitic (Ben Hamed & Wang 2006), Indo-European (Bouckaert et al. 2012), and Japonic (Lee & Hasegawa 2011). Evidence for multiple topologies is found in all families except, surprisingly, Austronesian. It is suggested that reticulation may arise from a number of processes, including dialect chain break-up, borrowing (both shortly after language splits and later on), incomplete lineage sorting, and characteristics of lexical datasets. It is shown that the multiple topologies method is a useful tool to study the dynamics of language evolution.

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Fitrisia, Dohra, and Dwi Widayati. "Changes in basic meanings from Proto-Austronesian to Acehnese." Studies in English Language and Education 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 114–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/siele.v5i1.9431.

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Changes in meaning or semantic changes are the area of diachronic linguistics. The Acehnese language is a derivative of the Proto-Austronesian (PAN) language that has had changes in the meaning of its lexicon that have become the object of this interesting study. It is aimed at explaining examples of changes in meaning in the Acehnese etynom based on four basic types of changes of meaning categorized according to Crowley and Bowern (2010). The data was taken from the English Finder list of Reconstruction in Austronesian Languages reconstructed (Wurm & Wilson, 1975). The selected data from the results of this study was then confirmed by six native speakers’ expert in the actual use of the Acehnese language. The results showed that some original meanings from PAN have become broader, some narrower, some have bifurcated and some have shifted in meaning.

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Wolff, John U. "Bloomfield as an Austronesianist." Historiographia Linguistica 14, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1987): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.14.1-2.16wol.

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Summary Bloomfield’s contribution to Austronesian linguistics was quantitatively small, but qualitatively of high importance. He published only one book and one article on Philippine languages. His gigantic Tagálog Texts with Grammatical Analysis (1917) is still, after seventy years, the best single source of information in existence for an Austronesian language. It exemplified a successful application of descriptive analytical method to material dictated by an informant, and as such was an important step in the development of Bloomfield’s principles of linguistic analysis. As such, it represents a major advance over his 1914 Introduction to the Study of Language. The importance and value of his Tagálog Texts have never been given fully adequate recognition. His other contribution, the short “Outline of Ilocano Syntax” (1942) is a tour de force in demonstrating the possibility of making so economical statement as to cover in less than seven pages the entire taxonomic syntax of a language.

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Reid, Lawrence A. "Comments on Abbreviation Conventions for Austronesian Language Names." Oceanic Linguistics 31, no. 1 (1992): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3622969.

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Odango, Emerson Lopez. "Austronesian Youth Perspectives on Language Reclamation and Maintenance." Contemporary Pacific 27, no. 1 (2015): 73–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cp.2015.0023.

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Cumming, Susanna, and Fay Wouk. "Is there ‘discourse ergativity’ in Austronesian languages?" Lingua 71, no. 1-4 (April 1987): 271–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-3841(87)90075-1.

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Nothofer, Bernd. "More on Austronesian Radicals (Or Roots)." Oceanic Linguistics 30, no. 2 (1991): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3623088.

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Bradshaw, Joel, and Malcolm D. Ross. "Papers in Austronesian Linguistics No. 2." Oceanic Linguistics 33, no. 2 (December 1994): 586. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3623143.

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Blust, Robert. "Ca- Reduplication and Proto-Austronesian Grammar." Oceanic Linguistics 37, no. 1 (June 1998): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3623279.

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Çobanoğlu Aktan, Derya, and Kayhan İnan. "Investigation of the achievement scores of the people learning Turkish as a foreign language according to linguistic distance." Pegem Eğitim ve Öğretim Dergisi 8, no. 1 (November 17, 2017): 19–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14527/pegegog.2018.002.

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In this study, predictor variables (age, gender, region and language family) affecting the scores of Turkish language learners are examined through multiple regression method. The study group consisted of 280 international students registered to Turkish Language Teaching Centers located at Gazi and Hacettepe Universities. The research data were obtained from the Turkish course completion exam papers and personal information forms. According to the results, the average scores of the students from the Afro-Asiatic, Indo-European, Bantu, Sino-Tibetan and Austronesian language families were lower than those from the Altai language family. Additionally, the writing scores of the students from the Afro-Asiatic and Austronesian language families; the speaking scores of the students from Afro-Asiatic, Indo-European language families; reading comprehension scores of the students from Afro-Asiatic, Indo-European, Bantu and Sino-Tibetan language families and grammar scores of the students from Sino-Tibetan and Austronesian language families were lower than the scores of the Altai language family. In addition, while the age variable was found to have a positive effect on speaking scores, it was observed that area and gender variables were not significant predicators of scores. Findings are discussed in the light of literature and suggestions for further research are provided.

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Sagart, Laurent. "The wider connections of Austronesian." Diachronica 33, no. 2 (August 11, 2016): 255–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.33.2.04sag.

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Edwards, Owen. "Amarasi." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 46, no. 1 (February 24, 2016): 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100315000377.

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Amarasi (ISO 693–3 aaz), spoken in the south-western part of the island of Timor, is at one end of the complex Uab Meto language chain. Uab Meto (also called Dawan[ese], Timorese or Atoni) is a cluster of closely related Austronesian languages and dialects spoken in Timor.

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Chiang, Wen-yu, and Fang-mei Chiang. "Vowel dispersion in Truku." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 34 (January 1, 2004): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.34.2004.202.

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This study investigates the dispersion of vowel space in Truku, an endangered Austronesian language in Taiwan. Adaptive Dispersion (Liljencrants and Lindblom, 1972; Lindblom, 1986, 1990) proposes that the distinctive sounds of a language tend to be positioned in phonetic space in a way that maximizes perceptual contrast. For example, languages with large vowel inventories tend to expand the overall acoustic vowel space. Adaptive Dispersion predicts that the distance between the point vowels will increase with the size of a language's vowel inventory. Thus, the available acoustic vowel space is utilized in a way that maintains maximal auditory contrast.

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Clynes, Adrian, and David Deterding. "Standard Malay (Brunei)." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 41, no. 2 (July 12, 2011): 259–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002510031100017x.

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Malay (Bahasa Melayu) is a member of the Malayic subgroup of the Austronesian language family. This subgroup includes languages like Gayo in Sumatra (Eades & Hajek 2006), Minangkabau in Sumatra, and Iban in Borneo, as well as many local dialects of Malay found in Borneo, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, and eastern Indonesia (Adelaar 2005).

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