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KARAVAYEV, Taras, Ganna DUGINETS, and Oksana NIKANOROVA. "Authorized economic operator: world experience." Foreign trade: economics, finance, law 121, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31617/zt.knute.2022(121)03.
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Introduction. The AEO has become the flagship program of the Customs-Business Partnership for WTO members. Business partnership programs allow customs authorities to achieve higher results in ensuring security and safety of international trade through incentives such as reduced controls, simplified procedures, periodic reporting, deferred payments, reputational benefits and others. Analysis of world experience (namely the USA, the EU, China and other WTO countries) has shown the feasibility of implementing the AEO program, which allows authorized businesses to provide special simplifycation for the movement of goods through internationallogistics chains. Analysis of recent researches and publications has shown that the published up to date papers aren’t systematic and can’t claim to be a complete analysis of the AEO program world experience and benefits for doing business in Ukraine. The aim of the article is to analyze the worldand Ukrainian experience while implementing AEO program. Methods. General scientific methods such as the systematic approach, theoretical generalization and comparison, analysis and synthesis have been used for the research. Results. The AEO program was launched in the EU in 2008, where today about 80% of export-import operations are carried out by companies with AEO status or individual authorizations for special simplifications. The total number of companies with AEO status in the EU is over 24,275 at the end of 2021. AEO programs have already been implemented in 97 countries, another 20 countries are in the active stages of implementation. 87 bilateral and 4 multilateral / regional MRAs on mutual recognitionhave been signed. 78 MRAs are under negotiation. An unconditional positive is the launch of the AEO program in Ukraine, which is in line with leading European and world experience. The Ministry of Finance and the State Customs Service, with the support of the British Embassy, the Reform Support Office and the EU4PFM project, have developed and implemented the necessary legal framework to launch the AEO program in Ukraine. The AEO program became important during the war between Ukraine and Russia. In this aspect, it is important to increase the number of companies with AEO status that have a certain type of simplification (AEO-C and / or AEO-B). This will speed up the customs clearance and passing goods of such companies to meet the needs of the Armed Forcesand the civil population of Ukraine. Conclusions. Today there is a significant gap in informing business representatives, young professionals and practitioners, applicants for higher education in Ukraine about the specifics of meeting the requirements for AEO authorization, the tangible benefits of AEO status for both types of business in Ukraine and at the international level. Wider implementation of the AEO program in Ukraine, in addition to the tool of business partnerships, trade facilitation, strengthening security in the field of foreign economic activity, will also be one of the tools to de-shadow business.
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Surono, Surono, and Benedictus Janrian Purba. "PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION AUTORIZED ECONOMIC OPERATOR (AEO) IN INDONESIA." International Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting Research (IJEBAR) 6, no. 1 (March 29, 2022): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.29040/ijebar.v6i1.4859.
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The national program of Authorized Economic Operators (AEO) program is a mandate that must be carried out by customs administrations in each country according to the agreement on WCO SAFE Framework of Standards, is adopted in 2005. Indonesia has expressed its commitment to implementing this program since the signing of the letter of intent of WCO SAFE FoS in 2005. The results of research analysis on the implementation of the AEO program in Indonesia show the conclusion that (1) the high interest of economic operator companies to participate in the AEO certification program is due to the potential benefit factor that will be received. Second (2), there are 13 standard conditions and requirements that must be met by AEO companies which are based on the DGCE Regulation number PER-4/BC/2015 breakdown into 51 criteria. This is a challenge that needs to be faced by enthusiasts of the AEO program to avoid administrative failure rates in the certification process. Finally (3), the efforts made by Customs in increasing the number of AEO certified companies, among others, by active socialization to economic operator companies and also Customs vertical units in the regions, carrying out Focus Group Discussions, and the most strategically developing a coaching clinic program as a form of assistance to economic operator companies who are interested in participating in the AEO program.
Keywords: Authorized Economic Operator, AEO, WCO SAFE Framework of Standards
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Kafeero, Edward. "Profiting from the Authorized Economic Operator Paradigm in the Era of Global Value Chains: A Conceptual and Legal Analysis." International Conference on Advances in Business, Management and Law (ICABML) 2017 1, no. 1 (December 24, 2017): 467–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.30585/icabml-cp.v1i1.38.
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This paper analyses the conceptual and legal development of the Authorized Economic Operator (AEO) paradigm over the past three decades. Compliance management, supply chain security and trade facilitation are found to be the underlying objectives behind AEO programs. The paper examines the dynamics of global value chains (GVCs) and concludes that AEO programs are beneficial to GVCs. The Revised Kyoto Convention, The SAFE Framework of Standards and the Trade Facilitation Agreement are identified as the basic international legal (and regulatory) framework that guides AEO programs.
Key words: Authorized Economic Operator; Global Value Chains; Supply Chain Security; Trade Facilitation; Customs Compliance Management.
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Santos, Kemily Victoria Luz, and Cristiano Morini. "THE EFFECT OF THE EXCLUSION OF THE AUTHORIZED ECONOMIC OPERATOR FOR CUSTOMS BROKERS IN BRAZIL." Customs Research and Applications Journal 3, no. 1 (July 31, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31092/craj.v3i1.89.
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Brazil joined the Authorized Economic Operator (AEO) program, established as a standard by the World Customs Organization, in 2014. In 2018, the change in legislation excluded the category of customs brokers from the certified entities. This research aims to address the reasons and consequences of the exclusion of the certificate to the category of customs brokers. This exclusion took place because many customs brokers filed lawsuits to acquire the certificate, without taking the exam. This analysis comes through survey type research, applied to customs brokers who had the certificate and those who did not, from a Customs broker association from the state of Sao Paulo, in which they described the main impacts caused in their profession. Sao Paulo state is the biggest import and export state and contains the main airports and ports in Brazil. The lack of certification in the customs broker´s chain may ameliorate the security controls in the whole international trade chain. This paper is especially useful because we present results that come up from a service provider in the global supply chain, as well as the effects that took place in Brazil may occur in other countries.
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Cedilnik, Marko, and Rok Ramšak. "A Local Perspective to the Authorised Economic Operator (AEO) Concept." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 11, no. 3 (May 13, 2013): 673–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/11.3.673-685(2013).
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This paper explains the concept the Authorised Economic Operator (AEO) and discusses why it is important for the local authorities to be familiar with the concept. Based on the quantitative survey carried out in this research we found that the ownership of the AEO certificate accelerates the road-based flow of goods and that it also positively affects the operation of economic operators within the scope of international trade. We also established that the infrastructure at border crossings does not enable the complete utilisation of all benefits offered by the ownership of the AEO certificate. This research of the AEO customs control program finds that the positive effects of AEO are reflected in the local environment as well and that the maximisation of the effects of the AEO requires the participation of the local government (municipalities, other local communities). This is especially the case in the activities associated with the planning of cross border traffic infrastructure and in the provision of information on the significance of time and security of supply chain functions.
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Thu Hien, Phan Thi. "How to Take Advantage of Trade Facilitation in Vietnam: A Case Study of Vietnam’s Logistics Firms." Global Trade and Customs Journal 15, Issue 6 (June 1, 2020): 308–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2020072.
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Inspired by the theme of the World Customs Organization and its conclusion that ‘Trade facilitation initiatives and intergovernmental schemes of customs community have been providing logistics enterprises with many opportunities to join effectively and profitably in the integrated supply chains all over the world’, this analysis focuses on Vietnam Customs creation of Authorized Economic Operator (AEO) status. It aims to enhance global trade security and foster business competitiveness, promoting greater success in international trade and business. However, Vietnam’s logistics companies cannot readily benefit from the AEO program because they cannot meet the AEO criteria of high exports and imports volume (for Vietnamese traders) as well as a huge number of customs declarations (for Vietnamese customs brokers). Obviously, no Vietnamese logistics company has been granted AEO status since the beginning of AEO program. Shining a light on this, we can explore the reality of why Vietnamese logistics companies really have not benefitted from the current AEO program.
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Dung Pham, Mr Tuan. "FACTORS IMPACTING ON THE NEGOTIATION OF MUTUAL RECOGNITION ARRANGEMENTS/ AGREEMENTS OF AUTHORIZED ECONOMIC OPERATOR PROGRAMS: A LITERATURE REVIEW." Customs Scientific Journal 2 (2019): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.32836/2308-6971/2019.2.6.
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Chang-Bong, Kim, Hong-Uk Chun, and Seung-Ha Kwon. "Impact of application factors of the AEO program on its performance." Journal of Korea Trade 20, no. 4 (December 5, 2016): 332–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jkt-12-2016-018.
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Purpose In a changing trade landscape, global trade transaction relies on a global supply-chain network. Customs clearance to cross borders is critical to enhancing the competitiveness of both importers and exporters. As such, each country has adopted an authorized economic operator (AEO) program to promote the security of both imported and exported cargo as well as expedite freight movements. The purpose of this paper is to discover the factors which should be taken into account to utilize an AEO program, and to look at the causal relations between these factors. Design/methodology/approach This study conducted a survey on 201 AEO programs in Korea. With partial least squares, the structure model is tested using the coefficient value of the determination of the dependent variable, explained by the sign and scale of the path coefficient, statistical significance, and leading variable. Moreover, this study performed bootstrap re-sampling to verify all paths and significance. Findings It was found that AEO external pressure, training capacity, and sustainability are shown to have a significant impact on AEO performance. Furthermore, for the group with a high level of AEO application, training capacity and AEO sustainability are shown to have a greater effect on AEO performance. For the group with a low level of AEO application, internal regulation is shown to have a bigger impact on AEO performance. Originality/value This study sets itself apart from previous ones in that it examines AEO application for trade security and facilitation with regard to customs, which would affect global supply-chain management.
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Park, Hong Gyue, and YoungJae Park. "Examining the perceived impact of financial investment in AEO certification on performance through trade facilitation and public and private partnership." International Journal of Logistics Management 29, no. 1 (February 12, 2018): 46–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlm-10-2016-0245.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of financial investment (FI) in Authorized Economic Operator (AEO) certification on performance of Korean logistics companies through public and private partnership (PPP) and trade facilitation (TF). Design/methodology/approach Questionnaire survey was conducted to collect the data for this study, out of which 285 were adopted for the analysis using structural equation modeling for quantitative analysis. Also, it is based on professionals in Korean logistics companies that are AEO certified only. Findings FI on AEO certification had positive impacts on performance via PPP, while TF variable had no significant impact on the overall performance. Research limitations/implications This study focuses on the FI in AEO certification and its impact on performance in Korea. There should be more quantitative and confirmatory research on other countries with AEO certification to validate the findings of this study. It may be possible to generate contrary findings in different economies or countries. Practical implications These findings imply that public managers should focus more on TF aspects of the program with the Mutual Recognition Agreement with major trading partners and growing economies around the world in order to make the AEO program more popular and global with supply chain members overseas. Originality/value This study has offered original discovery and practical, academic implications for AEO program in terms of testing and suggesting factors provided by previous studies as a confirmatory and quantitative research.
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Ireland, Robert. "The WCO SAFE Framework of Standards: Avoiding Excess in Global Supply Chain Security Policy." Global Trade and Customs Journal 4, Issue 11/12 (November 1, 2009): 341–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2009044.
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Prior to the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001, customs controls related to national security threats did not feature highly on the policy priorities of the World Customs Organization’s (WCO). After 9/11 and implementation of several US Customs programs such as the Container Security Initiative (CSI) and the Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT), and regulations such as the 24-Hour Rule, the WCO began to focus much more of its work on supply chain security. This transition culminated in 2005 with the adoption of the WCO SAFE Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade (SAFE Framework), a non-binding instrument comprised of technical customs standards aimed at securing without impeding international trade. This article will discuss the intricacies of the SAFE Framework including its history, political context, and technical elements (especially risk management and the Authorized Economic Operator (AEO) concept) and antecedents. This article will also consider the 2007 US legislation mandating 100% scanning of US-bound cargo containers at foreign ports that clouds and constrains the SAFE Framework’s future. The article concludes that policymakers should seek to avoid excess in formulating supply chain security policies.
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Weerth, Carsten. "Authorized Economic Operator in Norway and Switzerland." Global Trade and Customs Journal 6, Issue 6 (June 1, 2011): 317–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2011038.
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Weerth, Carsten. "Authorized Economic Operator (AEO) in the World." Global Trade and Customs Journal 6, Issue 7/8 (July 1, 2011): 377–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2011045.
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The Authorized Economic Operator (AEO) status has been introduced by the World Customs Organization (WCO) and its Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade (SAFE) in order to combat terrorism in trade. This article shows the distribution of the AEO programmes in the world.
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Zykov, A. A., and A. Yu Kotov. "Development of Institute for authorized economic operator." Bulletin of the name SY University Witte. Series 1: Economics and Management, no. 2 (June 26, 2016): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21777/2307-6135-2016-2-59-67.
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Gevorkyan, L. G. "Improving the activities of the authorized economic operatorin the Eurasian economic union." International Trade and Trade Policy 8, no. 3 (November 21, 2022): 163–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2022-3-163-177.
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Moscow, RussiaThis article analyzes in detail the current state of the institution of an authorized economic operator (AEO) within the framework of the Eurasian Economic Union, taking into account the identified urgent problems of customs regulation in this area. The relevance of the research topic is to increase the role of authorized economic operators as a tool for liberalizing and simplifying customs procedures, as well as establishing cooperation between participants in foreign economic activity and customs authorities. At the same time, the existing relations in the field of functioning of the AEO institute in the Eurasian Economic Union have not yet reached their perfection, and therefore, the issue of the development of this institute within the Union is of particular importance. The purpose of the study is to develop measures to optimize the activities of the institute of an authorized economic operator in the EAEU. In this regard, the definition of the term “authorized economic operator” was given and the trends in the development of AEO in world practice were analyzed. In the course of the practical analysis, the foreign trade activities of the JSC Firm “August”, which has the status of an authorized economic operator with a certificate of the third type, were directly considered, and the main advantages received by the company within the framework of the AEO status were also identified. As a result, problematic aspects of customs regulation of AEO activities in the EAEU were identified, including in terms of the application of special simplifications, as well as ways to solve them were proposed and promising directions for further development of the institute were outlined.
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Khudzhatov, M. B. "IMPROVEMENT OF THE INSTITUTION OF AN AUTHORIZED ECONOMIC OPERATOR IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION." Business Strategies 10, no. 1 (January 27, 2022): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17747/2311-7184-2022-1-8-12.
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The article discusses the modern features of the functioning of the institution of an authorized economic operator in the Russian Federation. The main attention is paid to the slow pace of development of this institution, since the majority of Russian companies do not seek to obtain the status of an authorized economic operator. The article developed a set of measures aimed at increasing the attractiveness of the institution of an authorized economic operator in the Russian Federation. As such measures, it is proposed to develop a system of special simplifications for AEOs, improve customs legislation, as well as mutual recognition of the status of AEOs in countries that are not part of the Eurasian Economic Union.
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Wolffgang, Hans-Michael. "The Authorized Economic Operator in the European Union." Global Trade and Customs Journal 2, Issue 11/12 (November 1, 2007): 377–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2007046.
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Ostrikova, Tatiana. "Formation of the authorized economic operator institution in the law of the European Union and Ukraine." Law Review of Kyiv University of Law, no. 1 (May 5, 2021): 148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.1.2021.27.
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The article deals with the development of the authorized economic operator institution in the law of the European Union andUkraine in historical retrospective. Special attention is given to the preconditions for the formation of doctrinal ideas on the need tointroduce new relationships and forms of partnerships between customs services and business.This article argues that the development of partner relations between customs authorities and business entities-users of customsservices has been actively considered by European scientists since the end of the twentieth century as an effective tool for simplifyingcustoms control. The first international legal document that created a legal basis for further establishment and functioning of the authorizedeconomic operator institution was the Kyoto Convention in 1999 Brussels Protocol version.We claim that the institution of an authorized economic operator in its current state was introduced into the EU legal field by theadoption of the 2005 Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade (SAFE). Main issues of development of the authorizedeconomic operator institution in those years were highlighted, considerable attention was focused on the problems of introducingof these innovations on the EU territory. Main international legal acts related to the regulation of the institution of an authorized economicoperator at that time were discussed.Special attention was paid to the importance of the EU Customs Code provisions entry into legal force in 2016 for optimizationof the legal regulation of the authorized economic operator institution, as well as the comprehensive development of international bilate -ral and regional treaties in the research field.An emphasis was made on the consideration of the problems associated with the evolution of the formation and development ofthe authorized economic operator institution in Ukraine. It was found that the establishment of legislation on provision of advantagesand simplifications during custom clearance by customs authorities to business entities in the legal field of Ukraine were caused byEuropean integration aspirations. Considerable attention in the academic contribution was devoted to the problems associated with theintroduction of an authorized economic operator into the national customs regulation system and its practical implementation. The maingaps were highlighted that made practical implementation of the studied reform impossible, which subsequently led to the introductionof a new institution of an authorized economic operator, which is still valid today.
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Derkach, Е. М. "LEGAL ISSUES OF IMPLEMENTING THE INSTITUTE OF AUTHORIZED ECONOMIC OPERATOR." Economics and Law, no. 4 (December 6, 2021): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econlaw.2021.04.039.
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The article covers current legal issues on implementing the institution of an authorized economic operator (AEO). The directions for developing the domestic economic and transport legislation are outlined. According to the International Monetary Fund data, supply chain disruptions have become a major challenge for the global economy since the start of the pandemic caused by COVID–19. Shutdowns of factories in China in early 2020, lockdowns in several countries across the world, labour shortages, as well as demand for tradable goods, disruptions to logistics networks have resulted in big increases in freight costs and delivery times. It is noted that the ongoing problems in the supply chain have caused some changes in the development of trade relations of Ukraine with other countries due to its transit state status. The institute of authorized economic operator was established in Ukraine according to the Law of Ukraine «On the amendments to the Customs Code of Ukraine on certain issues of functioning of authorized economic operators» adopted in October 2, 2019. It is emphasized that implementing the institution of the authorized economic operator corresponds to Ukraine’s obligations under the Association Agreement between the European Union and its Member States, of the one part, and Ukraine, of the other part. It is noted that more than 80 % of all customs clearance in the EU is carried out by companies with AEO authorization. A resident business entity as a participant of the international supply chain (including manufacturer, exporter, importer, customs representative, carrier, freight forwarder, warehouse keeper) may be authorized economic operators due to multi-stage conformity assessment system. In addition, the current legislation should be updated, in particular relevant provisions of the Economic Code of Ukraine, transport codes and laws in order to provide legal basis for authorized economic operators’ activities as the participants of freight transportation, as well as unifying the legal requirements for the AEO and carriers, freight forwarders, etc.
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Y, Malakhova, and Povshedniy I. "STATUS OF AUTHORIZED ECONOMIC OPERATOR AS A FACTOR OF INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS OF THE ENTERPRISE." National Transport University Bulletin 49, no. 2 (2021): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33744/2308-6645-2021-2-49-113-121.
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The article is devoted to the study of the advantages that give the subjects of foreign economic activity the status of an authorized economic operator and its impact on the level of international competitiveness of the enterprise. Object of research is international competitiveness of the enterprise. The purpose of the work is to study the prospects of obtaining the status of AEO by the subjects of foreign economic activity in the conditions of intensification of foreign economic activity, which will provide them with competitive advantages in international markets. Method of research is methods of synthesis and analysis. The international competitiveness of the enterprise is determined by the set of its competitive advantages in the foreign market. It is established that one of the potential advantages for domestic enterprises engaged in foreign economic activity is to obtain the status of an authorized economic operator. The types of authorization depending on the place of the enterprise in the international supply chain are considered. A three-layer system of providing simplifications to economic operators in the EU is presented. The benefits of obtaining this status for exporters and importers are identified. The results of this article can be used, for example, by enterprises engaged in foreign economic activity to ensure competitive advantages over other companies. Forecast assumptions about the object of study - increasing the level of international competitiveness of enterprises by obtaining the status of an authorized economic operator. KEY WORDS: INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS, COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES, AUTHORIZED ECONOMIC OPERATOR, FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, ENTERPRISE, CUSTOMS.
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Elvaris Aliyeva, Nigar. "APPLICATION PROCESS FOR AUTHORİZED ECONOMİC OPERATOR IN THE EUROPEAN UNION." SCIENTIFIC WORK 54, no. 05 (June 5, 2020): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/aem/2007-2020/54/79-82.
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Weerth, Carsten. "Three Years of Authorized Economic Operator (AEO) in the EU." Global Trade and Customs Journal 6, Issue 10 (October 1, 2011): 495–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2011062.
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Epifanov, S. А., and I. M. Vazhenina. "About special simplifications when using institute of authorized economic operator." Investment and Innovation Management Journal, no. 2 (2016): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/iimj160207.
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Dicky Hadi Pratama and Sophia Everett. "Supply Chain Security Initiatives: The Authorized Economic Operator and Indonesia's Experience." Journal of International Logistics and Trade 15, no. 1 (April 2017): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24006/jilt.2017.15.1.003.
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Pratama, Dicky Hadi, and Sophia Everett. "Supply chain security initiatives: The authorized economic operator and Indonesia’s experience." Journal of International Logistics and Trade 15, no. 1 (April 2017): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24006/jilt.2017.15.1.010.
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Dorofeieva, L. M. "PERSPECTIVES OF INTRODUCTION OF THE INSTITUTE OF AUTHORIZED ECONOMIC OPERATOR IN UKRAINE." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 58, no. 2 (2019): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/2307-3322.58-2.3.
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Nikolaeva, N. A. "STUDY OF THE PRACTICE OF APPLYING THE INSTITUTE OF AN AUTHORIZED ECONOMIC OPERATOR." Bulletin USPTU Science education economy Series economy 3, no. 41 (2022): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17122/2541-8904-2022-3-41-47-54.
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The article considers the degree of expansion of the involvement of customs authorities in the world economy. Attention is focused on the task of a more competent system for simplifying customs regulation, as well as speeding up the movement of goods across the customs border. To date, the development of the institution of an authorized economic operator is the basis for the development of foreign economic activity of large industrial enterprises, regional prosperity and world trade cooperation. This trend is accompanied by the introduction of an optimization mechanism in the organization of relations between participants in foreign economic activity, customs authorities and all process stakeholders. The article also focuses on the disclosure of the main provisions of the Customs Code of the EAEU, the practice of applying and adapting the main theses in relation to the laws of the Russian Federation. The essence of the framework standards in the development of a unified approach to consolidate the status of an economic operator certified by different customs administrations is revealed. Special attention is paid to the introduction of a system of special customs simplifications that allow enterprises participating in foreign economic activity to maintain financial, organizational and production stability. The described problems of assigning AEO status are due to the limited time of re-registration under the new procedure. For an authorized economic operator, the requirements for the internal accounting system, sites, and transport are established. Special customs preferences are considered on the basis of a certificate of one of three types. Certificates of the first type provide advantages when processing customs transit procedures, certificates of the second type – when carrying out customs procedures on the territory of an enterprise with the status of an economic operator, and certificates of the third type – provide for a special order for the priority of pre-declaration release of goods and customs procedures. In addition to the advantages, the article also discusses the problems that have arisen as a result of the introduction of a new approach. The conclusion of international agreements will provide a safer flow of supplies with the participation of an authorized economic operator and will minimize the risk of violation of the law, since all participants will be able to guarantee the indisputability of such transactions. This will help both reduce the time of customs operations and the frequency of control measures, and will push for trade relations with other countries.
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Al-Shbail, Tariq. "The impact of risk management on revenue protection: an empirical evidence from Jordan customs." Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy 14, no. 3 (May 13, 2020): 453–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tg-02-2020-0025.
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Purpose Customs risk management has been widely recognized as a powerful tool to balance between trade facilitation and revenue maximization. However, most customs administrations worldwide, particularly in developing countries, are suffering from a lack of experience and knowledge to assess their risk management systems for revenue protection (RP). Customs risk management has a very limited legacy in the literature. Academic research is quite scarce and very limited, although its relevance to customs administrations. This paper aims to identify the key risk profiles and indicators that contribute to the protection of customs revenue and investigate the role of these risk profiles and indicators on customs RP using the case of Jordan Customs. Design/methodology/approach This study adopts a panel data approach by using the case of Jordan Customs. Data were collected from the risk targeting and selectivity system at Jordan Customs for the year 2019, a total of 600 observations. Findings The findings show that all risk targeting criteria except random selectivity (RS) and HS code have a significant positive association with RP. The findings also revealed that RS is an effective tool to prevent traders with fraud and offenses history from a prediction of targeting patterns and to assess the traders’ compliance and make sure their declarations are free from fraud or offenses. Moreover, the findings of this study indicate that customs administrations should adopt alternative programs such as authorized economic operator and post clearance audit as an effective means to measure and improve compliance. Research limitations/implications The main contribution of this study lies in proposing a model to assist customs administrations in assessing the performance of risk management systems to protect revenue. This model provides a comprehensive conceptualization and explanations necessary for numerous aspects of risk management projects and it assists to predict the outcomes based on formulated indicators. Practical implications This study provides guidelines for risk analysts on how to identify and assess the key risk profiles and indicators that effect on maximizing the detection of revenue leakage and to obtain interpretable and predictable results. In addition, the findings of this study will assist customs administrations in supporting revenue collection, minimizing uncertainty, allocating resources more effectively to target high-risk consignments, while simplifying the procedures for the safe consignments. Originality/value This paper is of significant value because it is one of the preliminary studies that empirically identify the risk indicators/profiles that contribute to the protection of revenue and investigate the predictive power of these risk indicators/profiles as a key predictor to protect customs revenue.
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NIYAZOVA, М. V., О. V. ADAMOVA, and Е. Е. KOSTIK. "The Institute of the Authorized Economic Operator: Experience of India, Possibilities for Russia." CUSTOMS POLICY OF RUSSIA IN THE FAR EAST 1 (April 2019): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17238/issn1815-0683.2019.1.52.
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Jeon, Dong-Hwa, Jong-Soon Koo, and Su-Jung Hwang. "Effects of Authorized Economic Operator Certification on Productivity and Efficiency in Korean Trading Firms." Korea International Trade Research Institute 12, no. 4 (August 26, 2016): 503–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.16980/jitc.12.4.201608.503.
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Galoyan, A. D., V. K. Tkachev, K. V. Trubitsyn, and E. V. Chekushkin. "The main directions of improving the administrative and legal status of authorized economic operator." Investment and Innovation Management Journal, no. 3 (2016): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/iimj160303.
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Campos, Matheus Leite, Cristiano Morini, Gustavo Herminio Salati Marcondes de Moraes, and Edmundo Inácio. "A performance model for Public–Private Partnerships: the authorized economic operator as an example." RAUSP Management Journal 53, no. 2 (April 2018): 268–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rausp.2017.07.002.
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Lipatova, Nadezhda G., and Andrey R. Gladkov. "Mutual Recognition of the Status of an Authorized Economic Operator as a Mechanism for Facilitating Russian-Chinese trade." Вестник Российской таможенной академии, no. 3 (2022): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.54048/20727240_2022_03_24.
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The article presents an analysis of the current state of integration processes within the framework of the BRICS association. The factors contributing to the unification of countries into the BRICS organization and their development are considered, including: high rates of economic growth of the BRICS countries, a “critical mass” of resource potential, a large volume of the domestic market of goods and services, the coincidence of economic and political interests in the international arena. The main mechanisms of integration development and cooperation within the framework of the association are annual BRICS summits, meetings of heads of BRICS countries at various levels and their representatives, holding forums, seminars, scientific conferences and other events. It is shown that during the summits the common political and economic interests of the BRICS countries are revealed, joint solutions are developed. As a result of the summits, a number of agreements were reached, important agreements were signed, which indicates that the partnership between the BRICS countries has prospects and will develop. The cooperation of Russia with the BRICS countries in the economic and trade spheres of activity is considered. The objectives and regulatory legal framework of such cooperation are defined, the analysis of the existing trade and economic relations of Russia with each of the BRICS states is carried out, promising areas of interaction with the BRICS countries and the possibility of collective participation of BRICS in international organizations and regional integration associations, including the Eurasian Economic Union, are formed, emphasized the importance and relevance of the task of in-depth study of the economy, domestic and foreign policy of Russia’s BRICS partner states.
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Weerth, Carsten. "AEO Programmes Worldwide: From MRAs to a General AEO Agreement?!" Global Trade and Customs Journal 10, Issue 6 (June 1, 2015): 228–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2015027.
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The Authorized Economic Operator (AEO) status is being introduced around the globe in more and more countries in order to combat terrorism by better security measures in World Trade. This paper gives an overview about existing AEO programmes and new AEO programmes which are about to start in 2015. It describes in detail the Mutual Recognition Agreements (MRAs) which have been concluded to date. And it calls for a General AEO Agreement in order to facilitate the AEO acknowledgement by traders and governments alike in many less developed countries of the world.
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den Butter, Frank A. G., Jianwei Liu, and Yao-Hua Tan. "Using IT to engender trust in government-to-business relationships: The Authorized Economic Operator (AEO) as an example." Government Information Quarterly 29, no. 2 (April 2012): 261–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2011.05.004.
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Erfan, Sherif. "The Practical Implications of AEO on Preferential Origin Certification." Global Trade and Customs Journal 14, Issue 10 (October 1, 2019): 479–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2019059.
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Authorized Economic Operator (AEO) programmes have become a core part in providing trade facilitation benefits to the trustworthy firms while applying different eligibility criteria and providing non-standardized benefits paralyze customs work and doesn’t help for establishing regional networks of mutual recognition agreements that are very crucial to serve for a better supply chain security. On the other hand, AEO programmes should provide standard tiers of measurable benefits that should be extended to include waivers for origin certification and origin proving procedures that would provide certified firms with a competitive edge. Meanwhile, AEO programmes should be embedded into Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) for insuring more streamlined schemes like approved exporters programmes.
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Mahmudah, Siti Nur, and Moh Abdul Aziz Alwa. "Maqāshid Sharia-Based Zakat Distribution Model: Zakat Distribution Program in National Zakat Agency DKI Jakarta." Invest Journal of Sharia & Economic Law 2, no. 2 (December 15, 2022): 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21154/invest.v2i2.5101.
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Based on Law Number 23 of 2011 concerning Zakat Management, which strengthens BAZNAS as an institution authorized to manage Zakat responsible for supervising zakat management based on Islamic law, mandate, benefit, justice, legal certainty, integration, and accountability, the purpose of this article is to explain how BAZNAS distributes Zakat in DKI Jakarta. The research method involves literature, including websites, books from the National Amil Zakat Agency, and articles on the studied topics. The National Amil Zakat Agency (BAZNAS) distributes economic empowerment, economic programs, and educational programs from the point of view of dharuriyat (faith, soul, descent, reason, and wealth), hajiyyat, and tahsiniyat (BAZNAS). Regarding Maqāshid Sharia, this paper concludes that the "Jak B Be Taqwa" program, the "Jak B Cerdas" program, the "Jak B Sehat" program, the "Jak B Hijau" program, and the "Jak B Berdaya" program implemented from 2019 to 2022 are a form of implementation of the Maqāshid Sharia -based zakat distribution model by BAZNAS in DKI Jakarta.
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Carpenter, Chris. "Delaware Basin Case History Details Economic Benefit of Water-Recycling Program." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 58.0–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/1221-0058-jpt.
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This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 204166, “Turning Produced Water Into an Asset: A Delaware Basin Case History,” by Dustin Aro, SPE, and Steven Fowler, SPE, Precision Petroleum Solutions, prepared for the 2021 SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference and Exhibition, held virtually 4–6 May. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Well completion operations are affected by freshwater procurement costs starting at approximately $0.75/bbl. Regardless of final fracturing design, water consumption during fracturing operations typically exceeds 500,000 bbl, or $375,000 per well at the time of writing. Significant value exists for recycling produced water by an on-lease pit that can be used for future fracturing operations. The case history outlined in the complete paper explores a multiwell sectional development in the Delaware Basin by a small operator that reduced drilling and completion costs, along with lease operating expenses, by turning undesirable produced water into an asset. Regulatory Considerations Because the Delaware Basin straddles two states, it is important to understand the guidelines and processes of pursuing produced-water recycling operations in Texas as opposed to New Mexico. The operations discussed were executed and managed on the Texas side. While contractor familiarity can be beneficial during the planning stages, the operator also must be well-versed in applicable regulations. It is advisable to consult with legal counsel regarding liability should an unplanned discharge event occur. Lease Development History Before the beginning of initial completions operations, three freshwater wells were drilled on-lease with the intention of use for fracturing operations. The flow rate from the three wells was insufficient to keep up with fracturing operations by an aboveground storage tank (AST). A large-volume fracturing pit was not constructed. The initial completion on Well 1, targeting the Wolfcamp C bench, was executed primarily with fresh water sourced from a third-party pit that was transferred to a nearby AST. During production, Well 1 maintained a high water cut (greater than 90%) and produced a significant amount of water over time. Additional infrastructure would be required to fully exploit the existing freshwater wells as a source for future completions activity. Operator break-even treatment costs have been determined to be the most favorable when using a centralized pipeline water-management program. A pit would act as a centralized gathering point with temporary pipeline infrastructure for water-transfer purposes. An internal economic analysis was undertaken to determine construction costs for a pit that could accommodate 500,000 bbl or 1,000,000 bbl of fresh water. The option of constructing a pit that could handle produced water also was included for comparison.
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Fruscione, Alessandro. "Column: Customs and Trade in Italy and Europe: A Last-minute EU-UK Agreement." Global Trade and Customs Journal 16, Issue 4 (April 1, 2021): 174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2021019.
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The European Union and the United Kingdom have reached a last-minute broad agreement on their future relations. In the field of trade and customs operations, rules have been defined to facilitate trade in goods, with the provision of total exemption from import duties for goods originating in one of the two Parties on the basis of rules which, for their characteristics, appear to favour products entirely manufactured in the territory of the Union or of the United Kingdom, albeit with some tolerances. Both for the purposes of proving the requirement of preferential origin and in carrying out customs operations, the Agreement follows a very clear line, simplifying obligations for the economic operators, with the aim of keeping the volume of commercial traffic unchanged, as developed over forty-seven years of union under the European flag. Agreement, United Kingdom, Preferential, REX, Protection, Exports, Origin, Duties, Authorized Economic Operator
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Lopes, Ricardo Cortez, Gabriel Bandeira Coelho, and Alice Franz. "COVID-19, GRADUATE STUDANT AND EMERGENCY AID: dispose or not?" Revista Observatório 6, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): a14en. http://dx.doi.org/10.20873/uft.2447-4266.2020v6n2a14en.
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COVID-19 imposed measures of social distance, which caused economic impacts, to some countries. The Brazilian government has proposed measures to resolve this impact, including emergency aid for self-employed and informal workers. At the same time, the functioning of the Brazilian stricto sensu graduate program has a history of precariousness that makes the scholarship holder have the economic profile of the beneficiary of this aid. The development agencies authorized the accumulation, but the moral question still remains: should the scholarship holder request it? The study problematized this question based on data from a questionnaire answered by 63 members of Brazilian graduate groups.
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Laszuk, Miroslawa, and Urszula Ryciuk. "The Importance of Authorized Economic Operator Institution for the Security of Supply Chain in the International Goods Turnover of Polish Enterprises." Eurasian Journal of Business and Management 4, no. 1 (2016): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15604/ejbm.2016.04.01.004.
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Chen, Liwen, and Yongfei Ma. "Study of the Role of Customs in Global Supply Chain Management and Trade Security Based on the Authorized Economic Operator System." Journal of Risk Analysis and Crisis Response 5, no. 2 (2015): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/jrarc.2015.5.2.2.
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Nelson, William R. "Operator Aids and Expert Systems in User Computer Interfaces." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 30, no. 11 (September 1986): 1082–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128603001108.
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Recent events have demonstrated the potential for catastrophic accidents at process control facilities, resulting in severe economic damages or loss of human life. Human operators play a central role in the outcome of accidents in process control plants, because of their responsibility to make decisions regarding the appropriate corrective actions needed to control the event. In recent years, researchers have been attempting to apply Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods for developing computer-based decision aids for process control operators. Much of this research activity has taken place within the nuclear industry. In order to assess the implications of expert systems for nuclear reactor operators, the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC) has sponsored a research program at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL). Included in this program have been the development of a prototype expert system for nuclear reactor operators, as well as two experiments to measure the effects of the expert system on operator performance in simulated accident conditions. This paper briefly summarizes the experience gained during this research program and assesses the potential future of expert system decision aids for process control operators.
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Rovetta, Davide, Agnieszka Smiatacz, and Giani Pandey. "When There Is No Line Between Your Data Protection and Data of Your Company: The Application of GDPR to Customs Law in C-496/17 Deutsche Post AG v. Hauptzollamt Köln Case." Global Trade and Customs Journal 14, Issue 11/12 (December 1, 2019): 494–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2019061.
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The present Article provides a contextualised commentary to the preliminary ruling of 16 January 2019 by the CJEU, in case C-496/17 Deutsche Post AG v. Hauptzollamt Köln which concerned interpretations of requirements related to maintaining Authorized Economic Operator (AEO) status by Deutsche Post AG in the context of data protection of the personal information from senior management under the Regulation 2016/679 (GDPR) and sets out the broader implications stemming therefrom. It also provides a brief selected overview of certain recent developments concerning data protection cases within the sphere of customs law at country level and EU institutional level. It finally also highlights certain relevant issues important for cross-border data flow in the EU such as the current use and future creation of various EU integrated databases used by customs and other authorities, the right of access to these, and the new European Data Protections Board’s guidelines on lawful data processing for online services.
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Mora, Minda. "Telaahan Literatur Tentang Program Perawatan Pesawat Udara." WARTA ARDHIA 38, no. 4 (December 31, 2012): 356–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.25104/wa.v38i4.205.356-372.
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Maintenance is one of the most important thing in aviation. Maintenance is the process where a systems designed-in level of failure resistance is restored to or as close as economic viable to the most adequate level of the design. In order to conduct maintenance in the right way, each aircraft is required to have a Maintenance Program (MP). There are three main actors relating to the initial development of the MP, which are the manufacturer, the Industrial Steering Committee (ISC) and the Maintenance Review Board (MRB). In the manufacturers, PPH (Policies and Procedures Handbook) process for developing the initial MP is clearly described. The PPH is prepared by the manufacturer and presented to the ISC (Industrial steering committee) for review and approval. ISC then forwards it to the MRB chairpersons and other regulatory authorities for acceptance.Based on MRB review, the manufacturer develop Maintenance Review Board Report (MRBR) and Maintenance Planning Document (MPD). When introducing a new fleet of aircraft into the operator, there is no experience and the organization must follow the MRBR (Maintenance Review Board Report) and MPD (Maintenance Planning Document) when setting up their own MP. It is the operator’s responsibility to ensure that their MP is up to date. When a new revision of the MRBR and MPD is released the operator should incorporate the alterations into their MP and update their maintenance system and make the revision active at next suitable opportunity. The next suitable opportunity would be before next major base input or c-check.Perawatan pesawat udara merupakan salah satu unsur penting dalam penerbangan. Perawatan adalah semua kegiatan yang dilakukan untuk mempertahankan pesawat udara, komponen-komponen pesawat udara dan perlengkapannya dalam keadaan laik udara termasuk inspeksi, reparasi, servis, overhaul dan penggantian part. Untuk dapat melakukan perawatan dengan benar, maka setiap pesawat udara diharuskan memiliki Program Perawatan. terdapat 3 (tiga) pihak yang terlibat dalam penyusunan awal Program Perawatan, yaitu pabrikan pesawat udara, the Maintenance Review Board (MRB), dan the Industrial Steering Committee (ISC). Pabrikan berkewajiban membuat Policy and Procedures Handbook (PPH) yang berisi informasi lengkap dan jelas tentang proses penyusunan Program Perawatan Pesawat Awal. PPH kemudian diserahkan kepada ISC yang berkewenang untuk melakukan peninjauan terhadap PPH dan apabila telah memenuhi persyaratan maka ISC mengeluarkan persetujuan terhadap PPH (approval). Selanjutnya, ISC menyerahkan PPH kepada MRB untuk evaluasi dan analisis lebih lanjut. Berdasarkan evaluasi dan analisis MRB, pabrikan membuat Maintenance Review Board Report (MRBR) dan Maintenance Planning Document (MPD). MRBR dan MPD merupakan panduan bagi operator pesawat udara untuk melakukan perawatan pesawat udara dan membuat Program Perawatan pesawat udara sendiri. Namun, operator berkewajiban untuk memperbahatui Program Perawatannya apabila terdapat perubahan MRBR dan MPD dari pabrikan.
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Kołodziej, Mgr Dariusz. "Safety management in the Common Customs Policy." Kwartalnik Nauk o Przedsiębiorstwie 47, no. 2 (September 12, 2018): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.4733.
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Security and safety is gaining importance among the various stakeholders. The status of the “Autho- rised Economic Operator” AEO is one of the greatest safety initiatives worldwide and at-tracts more and more attention. Cooperation with other relevant bodies and adjusting the programs have been identified and recognised as a key element for further development of a robust AEO program. This is to ensure a global security of the supply chain and to avoid duplication of efforts and costs for authorities and economic entities.
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Nicholson, Charles F., Qingbin Wang, and Daniel Lass. "Impacts of the Northeast Interstate Dairy Compact on Supply, Retail Prices and the WIC Program: An Introduction." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 30, no. 1 (April 2001): 81–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500000563.
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The Northeast Interstate Dairy Compact (Compact), the first regional dairy compact in the U.S., has been the focus of a great deal of attention and speculation during the past several years. The Compact was authorized under the Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform act of 1996 and was enacted into law by each of the six New England states, Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont (U.S. Government). The Compact explicitly recognizes dairy farming as an important component of the New England landscape that provides both cultural and economic benefits to the region. The Compact's stated purposes are to assure the continued viability of dairy farming in the Northeast, as well as its associated support industries, and to provide consumers with an adequate local supply of pure and wholesome milk. The Compact provides a measure of farm fluid milk price control in the New England states in order to help satisfy these goals.
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Maksimov, Vladimir. "ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF PROGRAM CONTROL IN THE PROBLEM ON ATTAINABLE VALUES OF ON-TARGET FUNCTIONALS FOR DYNAMIC ECONOMIC MODELS WITH DISCRETE MEMORY." Applied Mathematics and Control Sciences, no. 3 (October 5, 2020): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.15593/2499-9873/2020.3.05.
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Main constructions and relationships for program control actions are proposed as applied to the problem on attainable prescribed values of on-target functionals for continuous-discrete dynamic economic mathematical model with discrete memory under given polyhedral constrains with respect to control. The form of on-target functionals covers widely used kinds of functionals such as multipoint, integral ones and linear combinations of those. The feature of the control system under consideration is the presence of two kinds of the state variables, namely, a part of them depends on continues time, whereas others depend on discrete time. Aftereffect of the system is defined by its discrete memory located at a given collection of instants. The results are obtained on the basis of the principal statements from the general theory of continuous-discrete systems. In the constructive part of the research, the basic idea is the reduction of the original problem to a variant of the general moment problem with taking into account pointwise polyhedral constraints on controls. This allows us to construct estimates of the attainability set and to build program controls on the base of solutions to a series of linear programming problems. Every such a problem provides us with values of the program control on a partial segment. All these values are used while constructing the program control as a whole. The mentioned procedures use in essence the Cauchy operator to the hybrid system under consideration. The property of this operator are studied in the cited previous papers. The obtained results constitute an instrumental basis for efficient studying and constructing solutions to urgent applied problems with constrained resources of control.
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Popkov, Yuri S. "Controlled Positive Dynamic Systems with an Entropy Operator: Fundamentals of the Theory and Applications." Mathematics 9, no. 20 (October 14, 2021): 2585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9202585.
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Controlled dynamic systems with an entropy operator (DSEO) are considered. Mathematical models of such systems were used to study the dynamic properties in demo-economic systems, the spatiotemporal evolution of traffic flows, recurrent procedures for restoring images from projections, etc. Three problems of the study of DSEO are considered: the existence and uniqueness of singular points and the influence of control on them; stability in “large” of the singular points; and optimization of program control with linear feedback. The theorems of existence, uniqueness, and localization of singular points are proved using the properties of equations with monotone operators and the method of linear majorants of the entropy operator. The theorem on asymptotic stability of the DSEO in “large” is proven using differential inequalities. Methods for the synthesis of quasi-optimal program control and linear feedback control with integral quadratic quality functional, and ensuring the existence of a nonzero equilibrium, were developed. A recursive method for solving the integral equations of the DSEO using the multidimensional functional power series and the multidimensional Laplace transform was developed. The problem of managing regional foreign direct investment is considered, the distribution of flows is modeled by the corresponding DSEO. It is shown that linear feedback control is a more effective tool than program control.
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FURMAN, IRINA. "MECHANISMS OF MANAGEMENT OF ORGANIZATIONAL INTERACTION OF AGRICULTURAL SYSTEM ENTERPRISES." Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University 294, no. 3 (March 2021): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2021-294-3-6.
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A study of the structure of the economic mechanism of management. The mechanism of functioning of agro-industrial integration is determined. In group form, the complex action of this mechanism should be aimed at: optimizing the structure of agro-industrial complex, including all industries and production, increasing the efficiency of agricultural production from the concentration of economic entities, creating favorable conditions for small businesses in agriculture on the basis of horizontal and vertical integration, determination of scales and capacities of large integrated associations for agro-industrial complex of Ukraine, balance of territorial structure of agro-industrial complex by forms of management, assessment of dynamics of innovation and investment activity of large corporate structures, support of economic entities in their desire to integrate with powerful producers. integration activities in the agro-industrial complex. A conceptual model for improving the mechanisms of economic regulation of reproduction proportions in the agro-industrial complex has been developed. It is determined that the modeling of the organizational and economic mechanism should include: algorithm for creating an integrated structure, which determines the legal form, authorized capital, form of agricultural land use (lease or transfer to authorized capital), ownership of manufactured products, material and technical resources and land, formation of the program of economic activity with definition of principles of their formation and subjects of planning, conditions of financing of current activity and investment in production development, definition of type of management, conditions of payment and material stimulation, distribution of the received income on final product, formation of social conditions of development rural areas. It is substantiated that the implementation of the developed content of the mechanism in management allows to: achieve a competitive state in the food market and ensure sustainable growth of all members of the integrated association, to form a common interest of agro-industrial association members in the final results of joint activities. obligations of all participants in the formation, to adhere to the equivalence of product exchange and profit distribution depending on the participation of each business entity in the integrated structure, to ensure the balance and proportionality of the production and material base.
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Dede, Georgia, Georgios Loupatatzis, Dimitris Grigoropoulos, Georgios Chatzithanasis, Thomas Kamalakis, and Christos Michalakelis. "Cloud TV." International Journal of Corporate Finance and Accounting 7, no. 1 (January 2020): 39–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcfa.2020010103.
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Cloud TV is a cloud-based live television streaming program or app, allowing the user to watch high definition (HD) TV channels without the requirement of a TV box or aerial but only a stable internet connection. As the number of Cloud TV channels continuously increases, so does the need for a techno-economic evaluation and analysis, which constitutes the aim of this paper. The analysis aims to provide an assessment of the required investment for a new Pay TV operator, using Cloud TV technology in the internet of things (IoT) era. The adopted methodology includes demand forecasting and cash flows calculations and important economic indicators, for a time period of 10 years and different diffusion scenarios. Evaluation of the methodology was based on statistics obtained from one of the larger telecom providers in Greece. Results indicate that investing on Cloud TV technology in Greece is feasible for the technologies of over-the-top (OTT), IPTV, and Smart TV. A sensitivity analysis is also performed, studying the case of a new entry for a Pay TV operator in the local market with emphasis on OTT services, which gains a significant percentage of customers.