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Jones, Richard C., and Leonardo De la Torre. "Endurance of Transnationalism in Bolivia’s Valle Alto." MIGRATION LETTERS 3, no. 1 (April 16, 2006): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v6i1.87.
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The increasing difficulty of return migration and the demands for assimilation into host societies suggest a long-term cutting of ties to origin areas—likely accentuated in the Bolivian case by the recent shift in destinations from Argentina to the US and Spain. Making use of a stratified random sample of 417 families as well as ethnographic interviews in the provinces of Punata, Esteban Arze, and Jordán in the Valle Alto region the authors investigate these issues. Results suggest that for families with greater than ten years cumulated foreign work experience, there are significantly more absentees and lower levels of remittances as a percentage of household income. Although cultural ties remain strong after ten years, intentions to return to Bolivia decline markedly. The question of whether the dimunition of economic ties results in long-term village decline in the Valle Alto remains an unanswered.
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Wanderley, Sergio, and Ana Celano. "Brazil–Bolivia and a horse trade: a postcolonial case within South America." critical perspectives on international business 14, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 426–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cpoib-11-2016-0048.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of institutional changes in Bolivia (2005-2016) in the power structures within the headquarters (HQs) of a Brazilian energy multinational corporation (MNC) and its subsidiaries in Bolivia. Design/methodology/approach This investigation is informed by a postcolonial South–South perspective. The Brazilian and Bolivian managers were interviewed and drawing techniques were used to unveil hidden power relationships. To achieve the multilayered objective, a Lukesian power framework was integrated into the analysis. Findings Traces of a postcolonial relationship between Brazil and Bolivia were found, even though Brazil never colonized Bolivia. The power structure within this MNC’s HQ and subsidiaries reflects a postcolonial relationship: local staff members see the Brazilian MNC as the holder of power of resources, process and meaning. Finally, despite its colonizing role, Brazil is depicted as a savior, not an exploiter. Much to the authors’ surprise, the institutional changes in Bolivia – the nationalization of its oil and gas reserves and the declaration of a plurinational state – have not affected the power relationships within the Brazilian MNC. Originality/value The contribution to postcolonial investigations within the international business field was carried out in different ways: a review of EMNC literature was conducted in the study for a South–South postcolonial perspective; empirical data from a case within South America were added; a Lukesian power perspective was integrated into the analysis; and finally, drawing techniques were used to unveil hidden power relations.
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Silveira, Cássio, Nivaldo Carneiro Junior, Manoel Carlos Sampaio de Almeida Ribeiro, and Rita de Cássia Barradas Barata. "Living conditions and access to health services by Bolivian immigrants in the city of São Paulo, Brazil." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 29, no. 10 (October 2013): 2017–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00113212.
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Bolivian immigrants in Brazil experience serious social problems: precarious work conditions, lack of documents and insufficient access to health services. The study aimed to investigate inequalities in living conditions and access to health services among Bolivian immigrants living in the central area of São Paulo, Brazil, using a cross-sectional design and semi-structured interviews with 183 adults. According to the data, the immigrants tend to remain in Brazil, thus resulting in an aging process in the group. Per capita income increases the longer the immigrants stay in the country. The majority have secondary schooling. Work status does not vary according to time since arrival in Brazil. The immigrants work and live in garment sweatshops and speak their original languages. Social networks are based on ties with family and friends. Access to health services shows increasing inclusion in primary care. The authors conclude that the immigrants' social exclusion is decreasing due to greater access to documentation, work (although precarious), and the supply of health services from the public primary care system.
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Gardner, Scott Lyell, Sebastian Botero-Cañola, Enzo Aliaga- Rossel, Altangerel Tsogtsaikhan Dursahinhan, and Jorge Salazar-Bravo. "Conservation status and natural history of Ctenomys, tuco-tucos in Bolivia." Therya 12, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 15–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.12933/therya-21-1035.
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The genus Ctenomys consists of about 70 species and in addition to the Geomyidae of the Nearctic, Neotropical tuco-tucos represent a well-documented case of diversification in the subterranean biotype. Here we will: i) Provide an updated summary of the natural history of the 12 species of extant tuco-tucos from Bolivia; ii) Update information on distributions of each species; and iii) Using ecological niche modeling, evaluate recent and projected habitat transformation or habitat degradation within the known range of each species to provide a preliminary assessment of the preservation or conservation status of ctenomyids within Bolivia. We follow Gardner et al. (2014) and combine species summaries with both updated published and new data to compile a complete list of known extant species of tuco-tucos from Bolivia. Occurrence data for Ctenomys in Bolivia and surrounding areas were extracted from the database Arctos and GBIF. All individual specimen-based locality records were checked and georeferenced by referring to original museum collection records. We created species distribution models for the species with enough locality records using climate and soil data, while for the rest of the species we estimated the ranges based on the known occurrence localities. Finally, we quantified the amount of large-scale habitat conversion occurring within each species range, as well as the potential effect of climatic change on species distribution. Here we present information regarding the biology of tuco-tuco (Ctenomys) species known to occur in Bolivia, including unpublished natural history data such as habitat association, interactions and activity patterns gathered by the authors through extensive field work. Besides this, we estimated the current distribution of Ctenomys species, quantified large-scale habitat transformation within each species range and assessed the potential effect of climatic change on five tuco-tuco species. We found that the habitats within the ranges of C. boliviensis and C. steinbachi have experienced significant land-cover conversions in recent years. We also show that C. opimus, as well as the above mentioned species are expected to undergo range contractions resulting from climatic change by 2070. Our review shows that there is a dearth of information regarding natural history, taxonomy and distribution for many Bolivian tuco-tuco species. Nonetheless, the information presented here can be a tool for directing and focusing field studies of these species. This is of great importance if we take into account that most of the Bolivian tuco-tucos are subject to one or several conservation/preservation threats. These include: Habitat destruction via land use or climatic changes in conjunction with geographic ranges of Ctenomys that are small in areal extent and which in many cases are not adequately covered by protected areas.
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Bologna, Eduardo León, and María Del Carmen Falcón. "Migración sur-sur: factores relacionales e inserción segmentada de la población boliviana y peruana en la ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina / South-south migration: relational factors and segmented insertion of the Bolivian and Peruvian population in the city of Córdoba, Argentina." Estudios Demográficos y Urbanos 31, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.24201/edu.v31i3.13.
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Como caso de migración sur-sur se analizan las poblaciones de origen boliviano y peruano residentes en la ciudad de Córdoba, con la hipótesis del mayor peso explicativo de factores relacionales respecto de las diferencias de desarrollo entre las regiones de origen y destino.Se comparan la estructura demográfica, la inserción educativa y la distribución espacial de las dos poblaciones entre los censos nacionales de 2001 y 2010. Por razones de disponibilidad de los datos la inserción ocupacional sólo se describe en el censo de 2001, y a través de los antecedentes por medio de encuestas para el periodo siguiente.Se concluye que el atractivo de Córdoba se debe más a los vínculos históricos que estos dos colectivos migrantes han forjado con la ciudad que al nivel de desarrollo económico o social de ésta.AbstractPopulations of Bolivian and Peruvian origin resident in the city of Córdoba are analyzed as a case of south-south migration, the main hypothesis with the greatest explanatory weight being relational factors regarding the differences in development between the regions of origin and destination.The authors compare the demographic structure, educational integration and spatial distribution of the two populations between the national censuses of 2001 and 2010. For reasons of data availability, occupational insertion is only described in the 2001 census, and through records in the surveys for the following period.The authors conclude that Córdoba’s attraction is due more to the historical links these two migrant groups have forged with the city than to its level of economic or social development.
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Sperandio da Silva, Gilberto Marcelo, Mauro Felippe Felix Mediano, Alejandro Marcel Hasslocher-Moreno, Marcelo Teixeira de Holanda, Andrea Silvestre de Sousa, Luiz Henrique Conde Sangenis, Juan-Carlos Cubides, and Roberto Magalhães Saraiva. "Benznidazole treatment safety: the Médecins Sans Frontières experience in a large cohort of Bolivian patients with Chagas’ disease—authors’ response." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 73, no. 4 (January 4, 2018): 1115–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkx505.
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Ament, Jared D., Kevin R. Greene, Ivan Flores, Fernando Capobianco, Gueider Salas, Maria Ines Uriona, John P. Weaver, and Richard Moser. "Health impact and economic analysis of NGO-supported neurosurgery in Bolivia." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 20, no. 4 (April 2014): 436–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2014.1.spine1228.
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Object Bolivia, one of the poorest countries in the world, ranks 108th on the 2013 Human Development Index. With approximately 1 neurosurgeon per 200,000 people, access to neurosurgery in Bolivia is a growing health concern. Furthermore, neurosurgery in nonindustrialized countries has been considered both cost-prohibitive and lacking in outcomes evaluation. A non-governmental organization (NGO) supports spinal procedures in Bolivia (Solidarity Bridge), and the authors sought to determine its impact and cost-effectiveness. Methods In a retrospective review of prospectively collected data, 19 patients were identified prior to spinal instrumentation and followed over 12 months. For inclusion, patients required interviewing prior to surgery and during at least 2 follow-up visits. All causes of spinal pathology were included. Sixteen patients met inclusion criteria and were therefore part of the analysis. Outcomes measured included assessment of activities of daily living, pain, ambulation, return to work/school, and satisfaction. Cost-effectiveness was determined by cost-utility analysis. Utilities were derived using the Health Utilities Index. Complications were incorporated into an expected value decision tree. Results Median (± SD) preoperative satisfaction was 2.0 ± 0.3 (on a scale of 0–10), while 6-month postoperative satisfaction was 7 ± 1.4 (p < 0.0001). Ambulation, pain, and emotional disability data suggested marked improvement (56%, 69%, and 63%, respectively; p = 0.035, 0.003, and 0.006). Total discounted incremental quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gain was 0.771. The total discounted cost equaled $9036 (95% CI $8561–$10,740) at 2 years. Computing the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio resulted in a value of $11,720/QALY, ranging from $9220 to $15,473/QALY in a univariate sensitivity analysis. Conclusions This NGO-supported spinal instrumentation program in Bolivia appears to be cost-effective, especially when compared with the conventional $50,000/QALY benchmark and the WHO endorsed country-specific threshold of $16,026/QALY. However, with a gross domestic product per capita in Bolivia equaling $4800 per year and 30.3% of the population living on less than $2 per day, this cost continues to appear unrealistic. Additionally, the study has several significant limitations, namely its limited sample size, follow-up period, the assumption that patients not receiving surgical intervention would not make any clinical improvement, the reliance on the NGO for patient selection and sustainable practices such as follow-up care and ancillary services, and the lack of a randomized prospective design. These limitations, as well as an unclear understanding of Bolivian willingness-to-pay data, affect the generalizability of the study findings and impede widespread economic policy reform. Because cost-effectiveness research may inevitably direct care decisions and prove that an effort such as this can be cost saving, a prospective, properly controlled investigation is now warranted.
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Blodgett, Troy A., and Bryan L. Isacks. "Landslide Erosion Rate in the Eastern Cordillera of Northern Bolivia." Earth Interactions 11, no. 19 (December 1, 2007): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007ei222.1.
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Abstract The northeastern edge of the Bolivian Eastern Cordillera is an example of a tectonically active plateau margin where orographically enhanced precipitation facilitates very high rates of erosion. The topography of the steepest part of the margin exhibits the classic signature of high erosion rates consisting of high-relief V-shaped valleys where landsliding is the dominant process of hillslope erosion and bedrock rivers are incising into the landscape. The authors mapped landslide scars on multitemporal aerial photographs to estimate hillslope erosion rates. Field surveys of landslide scars are used to calibrate a landslide volume versus area relationship. The mapped area of landsliding, in combination with an estimate of the time for landslide scars to revegetate, leads to an erosion rate estimate. The estimated revegetation time, 10–35 yr, is based on analysis of multitemporal aerial photographs and tree rings. About 4%–6% of two watersheds in the region considered were affected by landslides over the last 10–35 yr. This result implies an erosion rate of 9 ± 5 mm yr−1 assuming that 90% of a single landslide reaches the river on average. Classified Landsat Thematic Mapper images show that landslides are occurring at approximately the same rate all across an approximately 40-km-wide swath within the high-relief zones of the cordillera.
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Boers, Niklas, Henrique M. J. Barbosa, Bodo Bookhagen, José A. Marengo, Norbert Marwan, and Jürgen Kurths. "Propagation of Strong Rainfall Events from Southeastern South America to the Central Andes." Journal of Climate 28, no. 19 (September 29, 2015): 7641–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0137.1.
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Abstract Based on high-spatiotemporal-resolution data, the authors perform a climatological study of strong rainfall events propagating from southeastern South America to the eastern slopes of the central Andes during the monsoon season. These events account for up to 70% of total seasonal rainfall in these areas. They are of societal relevance because of associated natural hazards in the form of floods and landslides, and they form an intriguing climatic phenomenon, because they propagate against the direction of the low-level moisture flow from the tropics. The responsible synoptic mechanism is analyzed using suitable composites of the relevant atmospheric variables with high temporal resolution. The results suggest that the low-level inflow from the tropics, while important for maintaining sufficient moisture in the area of rainfall, does not initiate the formation of rainfall clusters. Instead, alternating low and high pressure anomalies in midlatitudes, which are associated with an eastward-moving Rossby wave train, in combination with the northwestern Argentinean low, create favorable pressure and wind conditions for frontogenesis and subsequent precipitation events propagating from southeastern South America toward the Bolivian Andes.
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Onakomaiya, Deborah, Joyce Gyamfi, Juliet Iwelunmor, Jumoke Opeyemi, Mofetoluwa Oluwasanmi, Chisom Obiezu-Umeh, Milena Dalton, et al. "Implementation of clean cookstove interventions and its effects on blood pressure in low-income and middle-income countries: systematic review." BMJ Open 9, no. 5 (May 2019): e026517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026517.
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ObjectiveA review of the implementation outcomes of clean cookstove use, and its effects on blood pressure (BP) in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs).DesignSystematic review of studies that reported the effect of clean cookstove use on BP among women, and implementation science outcomes in LMICs.Data sourcesWe searched PubMed, Embase, INSPEC, Scielo, Cochrane Library, Global Health and Web of Science PLUS. We conducted searches in November 2017 with a repeat in May 2018. We did not restrict article publication date.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesWe included only studies conducted in LMICs, published in English, regardless of publication year and studies that examined the use of improved or clean cookstove intervention on BP. Two authors independently screened journal article titles, abstracts and full-text articles to identify those that included the following search terms: high BP, hypertension and or household air pollution, LMICs, cookstove and implementation outcomes.ResultsOf the 461 non-duplicate articles identified, three randomised controlled trials (RCTs) (in Nigeria, Guatemala and Ghana) and two studies of pre–post design (in Bolivia and Nicaragua) met eligibility criteria. These articles evaluated the effect of cookstove use on BP in women. Two of the three RCTs reported a mean reduction in diastolic BP of −2.8 mm Hg (−5.0, –0.6; p=0.01) for the Nigerian study; −3.0 mm Hg; (−5.7, –0.4; p=0.02) for the Guatemalan study; while the study conducted in Ghana reported a non-significant change in BP. The pre–post studies reported a significant reduction in mean systolic BP of −5.5 mm Hg; (p=0.01) for the Bolivian study, and −5.9 mm Hg (−11.3, –0.4; p=0.05) for the Nicaraguan study. Implementation science outcomes were reported in all five studies (three reported feasibility, one reported adoption and one reported feasibility and adoption of cookstove interventions).ConclusionAlthough this review demonstrated that there is limited evidence on the implementation of clean cookstove use in LMICs, the effects of clean cookstove on BP were significant for both systolic and diastolic BP among women. Future studies should consider standardised reporting of implementation outcomes.
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Mendes, Francielle Maria Modesto, and Gilberto Mendes da Silveira Lobo. "JORNAL COMÉRCIO DO AMAZONAS E A CONSTRUÇÃO DO ACONTECIMENTO: as representações sobre o governo da Bolívia." Revista Observatório 2, no. 5 (December 25, 2016): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.20873/uft.2447-4266.2016v2n5p155.
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O presente artigo tem como objetivo mostrar, a partir das edições do jornal Comércio do Amazonas, de 1899, a construção de acontecimento midiático. No cotidiano, a imprensa produz uma visão de mundo que atende ao que aqui chamamos de campanha, ou seja, estratégia discursiva subordinada aos anseios de uma elite político-econômica e a determinados fins pré-estabelecidos, como a manutenção ou ascensão ao poder de grupos. No caso estudado, a partir das publicações do diário amazonense, foi se construindo representações “negativas” de agentes do Governo da Bolívia com a finalidade de desconstruir suas imagens perante a opinião pública brasileira e evitar que eles ocupassem os rios Acre, Iaco e Purus, onde hoje é o estado do Acre. Os autores usados para fundamentar os estudos são Michel Foucault, Patrick Charaudeau, Teun Van Dijk, Walter Lippman e Nelson Traquina.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Jornalismo; Acontecimento; Comércio do Amazonas.
ABSTRACT
This article aims to show, from the newspaper editions Comércio do Amazonas, 1899, the construction of media event. We want to expose that in everyday life, the press produces a world view that caters to what here we call campaign, discursive strategy subordinate to the desires of a political and economic elite and certain predetermined purposes, such as maintaining or rise to power groups. In the case studied, from the Amazon daily publications, has been building representations "negative" of the Bolivian government agents in order to deconstruct their images before the Brazilian public opinion and prevent them occupy the Acre rivers, Iaco and Purus, where today is the state of Acre. The authors used to support the studies are Michel Foucault, Patrick Charaudeau, Teun Van Dijk, Walter Lippman and Nelson Traquina.
KEY WORDS: Journalism; Event; Comércio do Amazonas.
RESUMEN
En este artículo se pretende mostrar, a partir de las ediciones de periódicos Comércio do Amazonas, 1899, la construcción del acontecimiento mediático. Queremos exponer que en la vida cotidiana, la prensa produce una visión del mundo que atiende a lo que aquí llamamos campaña o estrategia discursiva subordinada a los deseos de una élite política y económica y ciertos fines predeterminados, tales como el mantenimiento o el aumento de grupos de poder. En el caso estudiado, del diario ama publicaciones zonense, ha sido la construcción de representaciones "negativo" Bolivia través de los agentes del gobierno con el fin de deconstruir sus imágenes antes de que la opinión pública brasileña y evitar que ocupan los ríos Acre, Iaco y Purús, donde hoy es el estado de Acre. Los autores utilizaron para apoyar los estudios son Michel Foucault, Patrick Charaudeau, Teun Van Dijk, Walter Lippman y Nelson Traquina.
PALABRAS CLAVE: Periodismo; evento; Comércio do Amazonas.
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Díaz de Valdés, José M., and Sergio Verdugo. "The ALBA constitutional project and political representation." International Journal of Constitutional Law 17, no. 2 (April 2019): 479–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icon/moz037.
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Abstract After the Cold War era, significant constitutional changes took place in Latin America. One distinct trend is the neo-Bolivarian constitutionalism, which has taken place in the ALBA countries, including the constitutional replacements of Venezuela (1999), Ecuador (2008), and Bolivia (2009). Many scholars have rightly criticized these constitutional experiments arguing that they have helped to deteriorate a liberal notion of democracy. This essay approaches a question that complements those criticisms from a different perspective: how the ALBA countries have resorted to varied notions of political representation. The authors use the classic work of Pitkin to identify the different sorts of political representation involved in the ALBA constitutional experiments, finding a combination of symbolic and descriptive representation. The former is linked to the figure of the president as a caudillo that centralizes political power, whereas the latter is fostered by both the president and the contents of the new constitutions related to the original peoples. As a result, the empowering purpose of constitutionalism has been preferred over its constraining purpose.
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Lin, Yibo, Claire Heffernan, Kim Thomson, and Louise Nielsen. "Livestock and learning: evaluation of a prototype 3D virtual learning environment for livestock practitioners in India and Bolivia." Information Development 28, no. 4 (June 6, 2012): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266666912444957.
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Livestock are a key asset for the global poor. However, access to relevant information is a critical issue for both livestock development practitioners and the poor themselves. Therefore, the authors describe the development of the 3D Animal Health Resource Room (AHRR), a web-based environment to disseminate educational materials on key animal health and production constraints faced by the poor in Bolivia and India. The aim of the analysis was to explore the applicability and demand for a 3D resource as a ‘lead technology' or if the technology suited ‘lead users' only. The authors tested the 3D AHRR across seven non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in India and Bolivia. The results found that users prioritized the level of interaction or the social experience in the 3D space over content and immersion
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Huesca, Robert. "Subject‐authored theories of media practice: The case of Bolivian Tin Miners’ radio." Communication Studies 46, no. 3-4 (September 1995): 149–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10510979509368449.
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Kontelj, M.Sc., Monika, and Igor Jakomin, D.Sc. "TRANSPORT MODELLING OF FREIGHT FLOWS ACCORDANCE TO INVESTMENTS: CASE STUDY OF SLOVENIAN RAILWAYS." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 26, no. 5 (October 31, 2014): 429–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v26i5.1456.
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Using specific science methods and through a model, authors have determinated how investments in the railway infrastructure influence the whole railway system. We have based our research on experience and on results that have been found out in Austria, Argentina, Bolivia, Brasil, Chile and Venezuela. Based on scientific studies about the conditions of the Slovenian railway system, on Methodology for determination of the investment's measures and definition of conditions for a justified realisation and on Calculation of the expected number of freight trains, authors give results that confirm our hypothesis.
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Crowley, Catherine (Cate), and Miriam Baigorri. "Effective Approaches to International Work: Substance and Sustainability for Speech-Language Pathology Student Groups." Perspectives on Global Issues in Communication Sciences and Related Disorders 1, no. 1 (May 2011): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/gics1.1.27.
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International opportunities for speech language pathologists and audiologists are on the rise. Opportunities range from single trips offering clinical services to long-term commitments including developing speech-language treatment programs in developing countries. This article provides a brief overview of the types of international programs available. It then focuses on international opportunities for speech-language pathology students with a particular focus on the authors' international programs in Bolivia and Ghana.
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Mora-Fernández, Jorge. "The Analysis of Interactive Media and Digital Culture - Hypermedia Literacy in Peru and Bolivia." Comunicar 20, no. 39 (October 1, 2012): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3916/c39-2012-03-04.
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This paper compiles data on how the use of hypermedia, interactive multimedia and interfaces have changed the classical dynamics of human communications and education to create a new paradigm. This paradigm originates in the interface since it allows multidirectional and multimedia communications through interactions with the elements of which it is composed. This research describes the different aesthetic, narrative, emotional and value elements that are integrated within the cultural hypermedia interfaces. These hypermedia elements are fundamental components to be taken into account in the creation of educational interactive media products. The communicative functions are interchangeable between sender-receptor, author-reader-author, creator-user, professor-student... thanks to the introduction of multimedia interactive expressions and technological instruments that allow several types of interactions. This flexible functionality generates new communicative as well as dramatic models of interactive narrative, where the interaction of receptors-senders and reader-authors with the narrative actions occur at the character or avatar level. The interfacial aesthetic, narrative, emotional and value elements are studied, analyzed and described in detail thanks to an innovative model of analysis that can be used to for the implementation and design of interactive edutainment media products. The application of this model helped to create cultural content interfaces enabling not only the development of interactive educational workshops in the USA, Peru and Bolivia for more than 200 students, but also multisensory and immersive communications with quality.El trabajo se centra en las formas en que interfaces multimedia interactivas e hipermedia han cambiado las dinámicas clásicas de la comunicación y educación humanas creando un nuevo paradigma. Éste se origina en la interfaz, al permitir la multidireccionalidad comunicativa multimedia mediante la interacción con los elementos que la componen. Esta investigación describe los diferentes elementos estéticos, narrativos, emocionales y de valores integrados en las interfaces hipermedia culturales. Dichos elementos hipermedia son componentes fundamentales a tomar en cuenta durante la creación de productos multimedia interactivos educativos. Las funciones comunicativas son cambiantes entre emisor-receptor: autor-lecto-autor, creador-usuario, profesor-alumno... gracias a la introducción de expresiones multimedia interactivas e instrumentos tecnológicos que permiten distintos tipos de interacciones. Esta flexibilidad funcional genera nuevos modelos comunicativos así como dramáticos, de narrativa interactiva, donde la interacción de los receptores-emisores, lecto-autores, con las acciones narrativas se produce a nivel del personaje o avatar. Los componentes estéticos, narrativos, emocionales y de valores de la interfaz son estudiados, analizados y descritos en detalle gracias a un modelo innovador de análisis que sirve para la implementación y diseño de productos interactivos lúdico-educativos inmersivos. La aplicación de este modelo ayudó a la creación de interfaces de contenido cultural, permitiendo desarrollar no solo talleres educativos interactivos en Estados Unidos, Perú y Bolivia para más de 200 estudiantes, sino también una comunicación inmersiva multisensorial de calidad.
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Van Buren, Mary, and Barbara H. Mills. "Huayrachinas and Tocochimbos: Traditional Smelting Technology of the Southern Andes." Latin American Antiquity 16, no. 1 (March 2005): 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/30042484.
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AbstractMetal production has been a key economic activity in the southern Andes for the last 2,000 years, but relatively little is known about the indigenous technology used to process and smelt ores, in part because these activities are often difficult for investigators to identify in the archaeological record. In 2001 and 2002, members of the Proyecto Arqueológico Porco-Potosí had the opportunity to observe the use of indigenous smelting technology to produce silver in southern Bolivia. The data generated by these ethnographic observations, as well as by historical texts that describe traditional smelting, are used to interpret a sixteenth-century metal production site excavated by the authors in Bolivia and two production locales reported from Argentina and Chile. This assessment suggests that a great deal of variability existed in the metallurgical traditions of the southern Andes, and that the full spectrum will only be understood if archaeologists can recognize the material correlates of different types of technological processes.
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Luna, Juan P., and Elizabeth J. Zechmeister. "Political Representation in Latin America." Comparative Political Studies 38, no. 4 (May 2005): 388–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414004273205.
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The authors combine elite and mass survey data to create indicators of representation for nine nations: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, and Uruguay. For the first time, a quantified measure of the extent to which political parties represent voters’ policy preferences in these countries is offered. The authors then examine the political, social, and economic correlates of representation. Consistent with extant literature and theory, they find that party system institutionalization and socioeconomic development are positively related to representation. On the other hand, drastic liberalization efforts seem to be associated with lower levels of representation. Furthermore, the authors find that leftist parties contribute to the representative structures of political systems. They also find that perceptions of fraud in an electoral system are correlated at a fairly high level with the indicator of representation: Citizens’ subjective perceptions of a system are consistent with its reality.
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Rios-Avila, Fernando, and Gustavo Javier Canavire-Bacarreza. "The effect of intimate partner violence on labor market decisions." International Journal of Social Economics 44, no. 1 (January 9, 2017): 75–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-12-2014-0258.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the heterogeneous labor market responses of indigenous and non-indigenous women to intimate partner violence (IPV) using information from the 2003 Demographic and Health Survey for Bolivia. Design/methodology/approach This analysis employs an instrumental variable with a Heckman correction approach to account for possible endogeneity problems between IPV and job exit decisions, and the self-selection of women into the labor force. It also analyses the sample across different population characteristics to search for heterogeneity and potential explanations to the observed effects. Findings The results show that the effect of IPV on women’s job exits is stronger among non-indigenous women compared to their indigenous counterparts. These differences could be tied to the cultural differences between these two segments of the population. These results are robust using different methodologies and specifications. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first one to compare the relationship between domestic violence and labor market outcomes in a multi-ethnic developing country, such as Bolivia.
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Krapovickas, Antonio, Paul A. Fryxell, and David M. Bates. "Allosidastrum, un nuevo género de Malvaceae de los neotrópicos." Botanical Sciences, no. 48 (April 5, 2017): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1343.
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Four species that have been variously included by previous authors in the genera Sida or Pseudabutilon are segregated as the distinct genus, Allosidastrum (Hochr.) stat. nov. A .,dolichophyllum from Venezuela is described as new. The most widespread species is A . pyramidatum (Cav.) comb. nov., which occurs over most of the range of the genus from Mexico and the West Indies to parts of Brazil and Bolivia. The other two species, A. hilarianum (Presl) comb. nov. and A. interruptum (DC.) comb. nov., are found in Mexico, Central America, and Colombia.
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Mora Cortez, Roberto, and Wesley J. Johnston. "Marketing role in B2B settings: evidence from advanced, emerging and developing markets." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 34, no. 3 (April 1, 2019): 605–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-04-2017-0089.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine predicted business-to-business (B2B) marketing capabilities for the next three to five years by companies in advanced, emerging and developing economies. Findings The authors identify the prevalent marketing capabilities in industrial companies operating in an advanced economy (USA), two emerging economies (Chile and Peru) and one developing economy (Bolivia), consolidating the themes in firms’ orientations. The study offers a taxonomy of the marketing role in different stages as per country development. Design/methodology/approach Qualitative approach based on grounded theory. Originality/value This manuscript contributes to the understanding of B2B marketing across different levels of market development. The authors offer theoretical and practical implications regarding the paradigms reigning the role of marketing. The coding scheme emerging from the data illustrates how companies and markets evolve in a two-way interaction.
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Seiler, Christian, and Arnold F. Moene. "Estimating Actual Evapotranspiration from Satellite and Meteorological Data in Central Bolivia." Earth Interactions 15, no. 12 (May 1, 2011): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010ei332.1.
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Abstract Spatial estimates of actual evapotranspiration are useful for calculating the water balance of river basins, quantifying hydrological services provided by ecosystems, and assessing the hydrological impacts of land-use practices. To provide this information, the authors estimate actual evapotranspiration in central Bolivia with a remote sensing algorithm [Surface Energy Balance Algorithms for Land (SEBAL)]. SEBAL was adapted for the effects of topography (particularly for elevation, slope, and aspect) and atmospheric properties on incoming solar radiation. Instantaneous fluxes are converted to daily and annual fluxes using reference evapotranspiration. The required input data consist of meteorological data and satellite data. Results show more evapotranspiration for humid regions and less evapotranspiration for dry regions and deforested land. Actual evapotranspiration estimates are compared with annual precipitation measurements from 27 meteorological observations. In case annual actual evapotranspiration is estimated correctly, it must be lower than the precipitation measurements. This is the case for 23 stations. The remaining four stations are all located at higher altitudes (>2700 m). Unfortunately, no actual evapotranspiration measurements are available for additional validation purposes.
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Falleti, Tulia G., and Thea N. Riofrancos. "Endogenous Participation." World Politics 70, no. 1 (November 27, 2017): 86–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004388711700020x.
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Why and how do institutions strengthen? This article offers an explanation of institutional strength based on the study of participatory institutions. Combining the insights of historical institutionalism and participatory democracy literatures, the authors propose an endogenous theory of participation and argue that the strength of participatory institutions depends on the historic process of their creation and the subsequent political incorporation of the mobilized groups that bring them about. The authors comparatively study prior consultation in Bolivia and Ecuador since its inception in the 1990s. This institution is highly relevant in Latin America, particularly as countries in the region intensify the extraction of nonrenewable resources. The article shows that different paths of political incorporation of the groups mobilized for institutional adoption were consequential to the resulting institutional strength. The findings shed light on the tensions between participatory democracy and resource extraction in Latin America and have important implications for the study of participatory and political institutions worldwide.
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Pook, Laszlo A., and János Füstös. "Information sharing by management: some cross-cultural results." Human Systems Management 18, no. 1 (April 12, 1999): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/hsm-1999-18103.
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The influence of national cultures on managerial styles, information needs, and on information sharing were examined in Bolivia, Hungary, and Poland. Survey data were collected and comparative statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance. The results shed some light on preferred managerial styles by country, amount of structure in the work environment, information sharing, and some speculations about employees trained under socialism. The analysis focused on the effects of age, gender, education, type of work assignment, organization type, tenure at work, and position at the organization, by national culture. Results indicate that national cultures do indeed influence the availability and dissemination of information. Though Hungarian and Polish workers on the average tended to wish for more structure, there was no evidence to suggest that younger members of the work force would prefer more structure and control in their daily work life than workers with longevity. The data indicate that although the communists may have tried to change work values, they did not succeed; a conclusion corroborated by others. As compared to Bolivia, the significance of gender in Hungarian and Polish work life was found to be greater. The authors make recommendations for Western businesses preparing to enter into multicultural environments overseas.
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Campion, Maureen G., Rosario Castro, Rocio Saavedra Borda, and Mireya Wessolossky. "2040. Evaluation of Inpatient Antimicrobial Prescribing Practices in Cochabamba, Bolivia." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.1720.
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Abstract Background Many developed nations have made antimicrobial stewardship a priority, creating benchmarks and national standards. Little has been published on the antimicrobial use and stewardship efforts in resource-limited countries due to difficulties collecting data. Viedma Hospital (VH) is a 200-bed hospital in Cochabamba, Bolivia, with no formulized antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) program. To better understand the antibiotic (ABX) use at VH, a point prevalence study was conducted in partnership with UMass Medical School. Point prevalence studies comprehensively review patients prescribed antibiotics using standard criteria in the hospital at a specific point-in-time. Using prevalence studies, areas of opportunity can be identified to focus on limited AMS efforts. Methods This was an observational study completed through a 2-day chart review. Patients were included if they were greater than 16 y/o, admitted to the general medicine, surgical or intensive care floors at VH and receiving systemic ABXs at the time of review. Data were collected on location, clinical service, day of hospitalization, sex, age, fever, white blood cell count, immunocompromised status, ABXs prescribed including dose, duration and frequency, the indication for each ABX and microbiology results. Results 161 patients were admitted to the hospital during the point prevalence study, of which 85 (52.7%) were prescribed ABXs. Most ABXs were empiric (83%) and frequent indications included intra-abdominal infections (21.3%) and cellulitis (14.5%). Based upon evaluation utilizing standard criteria, 60% of ABXs were considered unnecessary, inappropriate or suboptimal. Common reasons for unnecessary ABXs was the excessive length of antimicrobial therapy (14%), inappropriate dosing of ABXs (8.5%) and no documented infection (51%). Conclusion There is limited data discussing ABX utilization in Bolivia, despite continued use and growing resistance. The point prevalence review identified areas of inappropriate use. This evidence will be utilized to focus AMS efforts on the creation of empiric ABX selection, dose and duration recommendations for common indications. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Musialkowska, Ida, Agata Kliber, Katarzyna Świerczyńska, and Paweł Marszałek. "Looking for a safe-haven in a crisis-driven Venezuela." Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy 14, no. 3 (April 20, 2020): 475–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tg-01-2020-0009.
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Purpose This paper aims to find, which of the assets: gold, oil or bitcoin can be considered a safe-haven for investors in a crisis-driven Venezuela. The authors look also at the governmental change of approach towards the use and mining of cryptocurrencies being one of the assets and potential applications of bitcoin as (quasi) money. Design/methodology/approach The authors collected the daily data (a period from 01 May 2014 to 31 July 2018) on the development of the following magnitudes: Caracas Stock Exchange main index: Índice Bursátil de Capitalisación (IBC) index; gold price in US dollars, the oil price in US dollars and Bitcoin price in bolivar fuerte (VEF) (LocalBitcoins). The authors estimated a threshold VAR model between IBC and each of the possible safe-haven assets, where the trigger variable was the IBC; then the authors modelled the residuals from the TVAR model using MGARCH model with dynamic conditional correlation. Findings The results show that that gold is a better safe-haven than oil for Venezuelan investors, while bitcoin can be considered a weak safe haven. Still, bitcoin can perform (to a certain extent) money functions in a crisis-driven country. Research limitations/implications Further research after the change of local currency from VEF into bolivar soberano might be looked at on the later stage. Practical implications The authors provide evidence on which of analysed asset is the best safe-haven for the investors acting in the time of the crisis. The evidence goes in line with other authors’ findings, thus, the results might bring implications for investors of more universal character. Additionally, the result might be helpful for governments and/or monetary authorities while projecting institutional frameworks and conducting monetary policy. Social implications The unprecedented economic crisis in Venezuela was one of the factors that fuelled the mining and use of cryptocurrencies in the daily life of its citizens. Nowadays, the country is a leader in terms of the use of bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies in Latin America. The results show a potential application of bitcoin as a store of value or even means of payments in Venezuelan (or in other countries affected by the crisis). Originality/value The paper builds on the original data set collected by the authors and brings evidence from the models the authors constructed to verify, which asset is the best option for investors in hard times of the crisis. The authors add to the existing literature on financial assets, cryptocurrencies and behaviour of investors under different economic conditions.
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Barone, Andrea, Maurizio Fedi, Pietro Tizzani, and Raffaele Castaldo. "Multiscale Analysis of DInSAR Measurements for Multi-Source Investigation at Uturuncu Volcano (Bolivia)." Remote Sensing 11, no. 6 (March 23, 2019): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11060703.
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Uturuncu volcano (southwestern Bolivia) is localized within one of the largest updoming volcanic zones, the Altiplano Puna Volcanic Complex (APVC). In several geodetic studies the observed uplift phenomenon is analyzed and modeled by considering a deep source, related to the Altiplano Puna Magma Body (APMB). In this framework, we perform a multiscale analysis on the 2003–2010 ENVISAT satellite data to investigate the existence of a multi-source scenario for this region. The proposed analysis is based on Cross-correlation and Multiridge method, pointing out the spatial and temporal multiscale properties of the deformation field. In particular, we analyze the vertical component of ground deformation during two time interval: within the 2005–2008 time interval an inflating source at 18.7 km depth beneath the central zone of the APVC is retrieved; this result is in good agreement with those proposed by several authors for the APMB. Between August 2006 and February 2007, we identify a further inflating source at 4.5 km depth, beneath Uturuncu volcano; the existence of this latter, located just below the 2009–2010 seismic swarm, is supported by petrological, geochemical, and geophysical evidence, indicating as a possible interpretative scenario the action of shallow, temporarily trapped fluids.
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Verdugo, Sergio, and Marcela Prieto. "The dual aversion of Chile’s constitution-making process." International Journal of Constitutional Law 19, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 149–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icon/moab011.
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Abstract Chile initiated a constitution-making process in late 2019, after the major political parties signed an agreement to respond to the massive demonstrations that took over the streets in October of 2019. Dominant trends in Chile and Latin America’s constitutional thought typically examine this type of process through the lenses of the constituent power or transformative constitutionalism. The authors of this essay offer a different view. They argue that Chile’s constitution-making process, as designed by the multiparty agreement, manifests a double aversion: to avoid the Bolivarian way of constitution-making—including its associated constituent power narrative—and to put an end to the institutional and symbolic legacy of the Pinochet regime. In attempting to stay clear of these two negative models, the authors argue that the rules of the constitution-making process have adopted the main features of the post-sovereign model of constitution-making.
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WHITWORTH, TERRY L., and SOHATH YUSSEFF-VANEGAS. "A revision of the genera and species of the Neotropical family Mesembrinellidae (Diptera: Oestroidea)." Zootaxa 4659, no. 1 (August 26, 2019): 1–146. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4659.1.1.
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The Neotropical family Mesembrinellidae is revised. A total of 53 valid, extant species are included in the family, including 15 described as new and 38 redescribed based on study of type and non-type material and of the literature. A total of 18 primary types were examined. An additional ca. 2300 specimens, belonging to 47 species, were studied in detail, including dissection and photographic documentation of terminalia, with many females illustrated for the first time. Keys to subfamilies, genera, species-groups and species are provided. Type specimens of six species housed in South American institutions could not be obtained for study, i.e., M. bequaerti Séguy, 1925 and the five recently described species M. andina (Wolff et al., 2014), M. carvalhoi (Wolff et al., 2013b), M. cordillera (Wolff & Ramos-Pastrana in Wolff et al., 2017), M. obscura (Wolff in Wolff et al., 2017) and Laneella patriciae (Wolff, 2013). We accept the synonymy, proposed by previous authors, of Eumesembrinella Townsend, 1931 with Mesembrinella Giglio-Tos, 1893. In addition, we synonymize the genera Albuquerquea Mello, 1967, Giovanella Bonatto in Bonatto & Marinoni, 2005, Henriquella Bonatto in Bonatto & Marinoni, 2005, Huascaromusca Townsend, 1918 and Thompsoniella Guimarães, 1977 with Mesembrinella Giglio-Tos, 1893, synn. nov., retaining three valid genera in the family: Laneella Mello, 1967, Mesembrinella and Souzalopesiella Guimarães, 1977. Laneella nigripes Guimarães, 1977 and Mesembrinella bellardiana Aldrich, 1922 are fixed as the type species of the genera Laneella Mello, 1967 and Mesembrinella Giglio-Tos, 1893, respectively, under Article 70.3 of the ICZN Code. We separate Mesembrinella into the following species-groups: M. latifrons (Mello, 1967), M. spicata Aldrich, 1925, M. bolivar (Bonatto in Bonatto & Marinoni, 2005), M. aeneiventris (Wiedemann, 1830), M. bicolor (Fabricius, 1805), and M. anomala (Guimarães, 1977). The following 15 new species are described: Laneella fusconitida Whitworth, sp. nov. from Costa Rica, Ecuador and Venezuela, Laneella fuscosquamata Whitworth, sp. nov. from Guatemala and Mexico, Laneella purpurea Whitworth, sp. nov. from Costa Rica, Mesembrinella bullata Whitworth, sp. nov. from Bolivia, Mesembrinella chantryi Whitworth, sp. nov. from French Guiana and Brazil, Mesembrinella epandrioaurantia Whitworth, sp. nov. from Venezuela, Mesembrinella guaramacalensis Whitworth, sp. nov. from Venezuela, Mesembrinella longicercus Whitworth, sp. nov. from Bolivia, Mesembrinella mexicana Whitworth, sp. nov. from Mexico, Mesembrinella nigrocoerulea Whitworth, sp. nov. from Costa Rica, Ecuador and Venezuela, Mesembrinella serrata Whitworth, sp. nov. from Peru, Mesembrinella velasquezae Whitworth, sp. nov. from Venezuela, Mesembrinella violacea Whitworth, sp. nov. from Costa Rica, Mesembrinella woodorum Whitworth, sp. nov. from Ecuador, and Mesembrinella zurquiensis Whitworth, sp. nov. from Costa Rica. Mesembrinella abaca Hall, 1948 is proposed as a junior synonym of Mesembrinella socors (Walker, 1861), syn. nov. Lectotypes are designated for Dexia randa Walker, 1849 (now Mesembrinella) and Mesembrinella pictipennis Aldrich, 1922. We analyze the most extensive DNA-barcode dataset for Mesembrinellidae to date, encompassing the three genera considered valid and including 188 sequences (178 new) from 35 species, with data for 23 species provided for the first time. The topology of the resulting Neighbor-Joining tree is mostly congruent with morphology; however, some species show considerable genetic variation that is not reflected by morphology. Finally, we include a corrigendum to the recent Zootaxa paper on Nearctic Calliphora Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Calliphoridae) by Tantawi et al.
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Gingerich, Daniel W. "Governance Indicators and the Level of Analysis Problem: Empirical Findings from South America." British Journal of Political Science 43, no. 3 (September 25, 2012): 505–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123412000403.
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Studies of the link between state capacity and development often utilize national-level governance indicators to explain fine-grained development outcomes. As capacity in some bureaucratic agencies matters more for these outcomes than capacity in others, this work proxies for capacity within the set of relevant agencies by using a measure of ‘mean’ capacity across all agencies in a polity. This practice is problematic for two reasons: (1) within-country, cross-agency diversity in capacity often overwhelms the variation encountered across public sectors considered in their entireties; (2) national-level reputations for capacity are not particularly informative about differences in capacity in functionally equivalent agencies in different countries. The article draws on the author's survey of public employees in Bolivia, Brazil and Chile to establish these points.
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Korstanje, Maximillano, and Babu George. "Media constructions of fear in the outbreak of an epidemic disease." International Journal of Emergency Services 5, no. 1 (May 3, 2016): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijes-01-2016-0001.
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Purpose – After almost a decade, the re-appearance of dengue fever in Argentina caused panic and fears. Unlike Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay, where prevention policies have been followed, the future of dengue is uncertain in Argentina; the present paper does not have political affiliation but the purpose of this paper is to emphasizes the role that mass media plays in the coverage of epidemics. Design/methodology/approach – In moments of disorder, uncertainness or disaster, societies experience a shift in the ways they perceive their reality. Findings – In the times, media plays a dominant role in constructing the reality that the authors get to consume. Such reality is reflective of media’s own biases and those of the vested interests that control the media. Originality/value – This essay draws from social psychology and allied literature to highlight how the recent reemergence of dengue in Argentina was employed as a lever for achieving a range of ulterior objectives.
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Klein, Melissa D., Freddy Tinajeros, Edith Malaga, Manuela Verástegui, Beth J. Condori, Federico Urquizu, Robert Gilman, and Natalie M. Bowman. "32. Risk Factors for Vertical Transmission of t. Cruzi infection in an Endemic Setting." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa417.031.
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Abstract Members of the Chagas Disease Working Group in Peru and Bolivia include Edith Hinojosa, Clariza Chavez, Jean Karla Velarde, Carla Chavarria, Victoria Serrudo, Roberto Araya, Alcides Buitron, Rita Mendieta, Holger Mayta, Maritza Calderon, Holger Mayta and Yagahira Castro. Background Vertical transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi infection accounts for a growing proportion of new cases of Chagas disease. Congenital infection is curable if treated promptly, but the majority of infected infants do not receive timely diagnosis or treatment. Better risk stratification is needed to predict which women are more likely to transmit the infection. Methods This study enrolled women who presented for delivery and their infants at the Percy Boland Women’s Hospital in Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Pregnant women were screened for Chagas disease by rapid test. The infants of seropositive mothers underwent diagnostic testing with microscopy (“micromethod”) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) as newborns and at one- and nine-month follow-up. Mothers completed surveys about demographics and medical history. Results Among 5,828 enrolled women, 1,271 (21.8%) screened positive for Chagas disease. Of the 1,325 infants of seropositive mothers, 113 (8.5%) were diagnosed with congenital Chagas disease by microscopy or qPCR. Cesarean delivery was significantly associated with lower odds of vertical transmission (adjusted OR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.41–0.98, p=0.040). Congenital infection was more common in twins (adjusted OR: 3.30, 95% CI: 1.97–5.54, p< 0.001) and male infants (adjusted OR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.01–1.22, p=0.045). Conclusion Our findings suggest that Cesarean delivery may be protective against vertical transmission of T. cruzi, while twins and male infants may have an increased risk. A better understanding of risk stratification for congenital Chagas disease may help improve regional initiatives to reduce disease burden. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures
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Iwanowski, Z. W., and D. M. Rozental. "Venezuela: Political Confrontation and the World Community." Moscow University Bulletin of World Politics 12, no. 2 (November 20, 2020): 71–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.48015/2076-7404-2020-12-2-71-111.
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The paper examines a complex web of domestic and external issues which have both provoked a systemic crisis in Venezuela and, at the same time, determined its specificity in comparison with the wave of protests sweeping across Latin America in 2019.The authors conclude that the escalation of the conflict in Venezuela was caused not only by the standoff between the legislative and the executive branches of the government, but also by the split of the whole society into proponents and opponents of ‘socialism of the 21st century’. The contradictions have led to the formation of the parallel branches of power: two presidents, two parliaments and two supreme courts (one of them in exile) which de facto coexist in the country and each claims exclusive rights and legitimacy.The authors also stress that the situation in Venezuela has obvious regional consequences. The miscalculations of the incumbent president were used in election campaigns in other Latin American countries and became one of the reasons for the defeat of left candidates, the subsequent ‘right drift’ leading to the isolation of the republic. The new political landscape has also affected the architecture of integration associations, which failed to develop a unified position toward the Bolivarian regime.Furthermore, in a current heightened state of international tensions Venezuela has turned into a theatre of international rivalry and conflict involving all the key subjects of world politics. The United States, China, Russia and the European Union compete for the energy resources of the country and pursue their own strategic interests. The inability or unwillingness of external forces to reach compromise and to bring the parties to the negotiating table can pose a threat to peace and international security.As a result, Venezuela has become one of the most turbulent countries in the region. At the same time, the repeated outbursts of protest waves are significantly different from popular uprisings in other Latin American states. In the worst-case scenario, a constantly worsening situation may result in a social explosion which threatens to make the Bolivarian Republic another hot spot of the planet.
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SCHUCHMANN, KARL-L., ANDRÉ-A. WELLER, and DIETMAR JÜRGENS. "Biogeography and taxonomy of racket-tail hummingbirds (Aves: Trochilidae: Ocreatus): evidence for species delimitation from morphology and display behavior." Zootaxa 4200, no. 1 (November 27, 2016): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4200.1.3.
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We analyzed geographic variation, biogeography, and intrageneric relationships of racket-tail hummingbirds Ocreatus (Aves, Trochilidae). Presently, the genus is usually considered monospecific, with O. underwoodii including eight subspecies (polystictus, discifer, underwoodii, incommodus, melanantherus, peruanus, annae, addae), although up to three species have been recognized by some authors. In order to evaluate the current taxonomy we studied geographic variation in coloration, mensural characters, and behavioral data of all Ocreatus taxa. We briefly review the taxonomic history of the genus. Applying the Biological Species Concept, species delimitation was based on a qualitative-quantitative criteria analysis including an evaluation of character states. Our results indicate that the genus should be considered a superspecies with four species, the monotypic Ocreatus addae, O. annae, and O. peruanus, and the polytypic O. underwoodii (including the subspecies underwoodii, discifer, incommodus, melanantherus, polystictus). In this taxonomic treatment, O. annae becomes an endemic species to Peru and O. addae is endemic to Bolivia. We recommend additional sampling of distributional, ethological, and molecular data for an improved resolution of the evolutionary history of Ocreatus.
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Moncrieff Zabaleta, Henry. "Manifestations of Sovereignty in Venezuela and the Spirit of Bolivarian Revolution." Journal of Extreme Anthropology 2, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 147–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/jea.6359.
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On December 8, 2012, in the last speech of the late Comandante Hugo Chávez, the issue of Venezuelan sovereignty reached its climax with the succinct phrase – ‘Today we have Homeland! (Patria)’. Currently, Venezuela is going through a large-scale political conflict, trying to make sense of a pressing economic and humanitarian crisis. The so-called Bolivarian Revolution that began in 1999 as a project of revolutionary and anti-imperialist democracy, plays out today at an unprecedented geopolitical scale, increasingly appearing in international media, a media that distorts the many points of tension between the war and the resistance that Venezuelans experience in their daily lives. The slogan ‘We have Homeland! (Patria)’ has become the center of discord, splitting this nation: while some defend Venezuelan nationalist socialism, others oppose the system that has ‘ruined’ the country’s economy. This photographic essay, produced between 2012 and 2016, as a part of the author’s ethnographic work on geographies and socialist societies in Venezuela, shows the complex ways in which the discourse of national and territorial sovereignty materializes in the state, in the body, in the ways of life, in the city, in the neighborhoods and in the deserters of the Venezuelan socialist regime that faces neoliberal globalization. Living between the borders of two economies articulated by the state, one socialist and the other capitalist, renders the Venezuelan spirit a subject that is both challenging and contradictory, something that manifests itself in Bolivarianism, the cult of Chávez, the attachment to consumer goods, the ‘escape’ from the system (even in the Caribbean Sea) and the anguish over the economic and political confinement of lives.
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Radding, Cynthia. "Naturalizing Borderlands in Time and Space: Imperial Frontiers and Historical Indigeneities in the America." Habitus 15, no. 1 (October 18, 2017): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.18224/hab.v15i1.5897.
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Resumo: o artigo integra os conceitos de áreas de fronteiras ecológicas e culturais com os de fronteiras imperiais, bem como a criação e a emergência de identidades étnicas por meio de processos históricos de colonialismo e resiliência. As ideias apresentadas aqui fluem das experiências da autora em suas investigações nos ambientes áridos do noroeste do México e nas terras baixas subtropicais do Oriente da Bolívia, completadas por um resumo da literatura histórica e antropológica do Norte e Sul da América.
Palavras-chave: Fronteiras. Inidanidade. Ambiente. Paisagens produzidas por humanos.
Abstract: this article brings together the concepts of ecological and cultural borderlands with imperial frontiers and the emergence of ethnic identities through historical processes of colonialism and resilience. The discussion flows from the author’s own research experiences in the arid lands of northwestern Mexico and the subtropical lowlands of eastern Bolivia and a review of the literature for both North and South America.
Keywords: Borderlands. Indigeneity. Environment. Humanly crafted landscapes.
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Bustillos Bailey, Antonio, Cecilia Sanchez Nogales, Sara López Murillo, and Guerel Campara Arroyo. "ENTRE EL EMPRENDEDURISMO Y LA SUBSISTENCIA." Investigación & Negocios 13, no. 21 (May 1, 2020): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.38147/invneg.v13i21.87.
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El propósito de la investigación es realizar una revisión exploratoria de las escuelas de pensamiento existentes acerca de emprendedurismo y contrastar con la situación actual de Bolivia, tomando como referencia investigaciones pasadas hechas por organismos internacionales que nos muestran una situación de emprendedurismo que no se ajusta a la realidad del país.El primer paso de la investigación fue la revisión de documentos que permitieron tener un concepto claro de lo que es un emprendedor, como resultado se obtuvo varias escuelas de pensamiento y varios autores que dan a conocer que es un emprendedor y cuáles son sus características, posteriormente se toma una postura respecto de las escuelas la cual es la “Escuela de Schumpeter”.Para poder llevar a cabo esta investigación se procede a tomar un test emprendedor con el cual se determina la cantidad real de emprendedores y diferencia a los supervivientes, la segunda técnica aplicada a esta investigación son las historias de vida a través de las cuales se respalda la información obtenida por el test emprendedor.Palabras Claves:Emprendedurismo, Empresarialidad, Entorno cultural, Impacto económico, escuela Schumpeteriana
AbstractThe purpose of the research is to conduct an exploratory review of existing schools of thought about entrepreneurship and contrast with the current situation in Bolivia, taking as a reference past research done by international organizations that show us an entrepreneurial situation that does not conform to the reality of the country.The first step of the investigation was the review of documents that allowed to have a clear concept of what an entrepreneur is, as a result several schools of thought were obtained and several authors who make it known that he is an entrepreneur and what are their characteristics, later a position is taken regarding the schools which is “Schumpeter’s School”.In order to carry out this research, an entrepreneurial test is used to determine the actual number of entrepreneurs and differentiate the survivors, the second technique applied to this research is the life stories through which the information obtained by the entrepreneurial test.KeyboardEntrepreneur, Entrepreurship, Cultural environment, Economic impact, Schumpeter’s School
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Zaremberg, Gisela, and Marcela Torres Wong. "Participation on the Edge: Prior Consultation and Extractivism in Latin America." Journal of Politics in Latin America 10, no. 3 (December 2018): 29–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1866802x1801000302.
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Violent conflicts between indigenous groups, multinational companies, and governments over the control of lands potentially containing valuable minerals and hydrocarbons are proliferating in Latin America, as well as elsewhere around the world too. In 1989 the International Labor Organization (ILO) approved ILO Convention 169, which mandates the implementation of prior consultation (PC) with indigenous peoples about any project that could potentially affect their territory. Many interpretations regarding the aims and scopes of PC exist. Some environmental sectors see PC as a mechanism to prevent the implementation of ecologically unsustainable projects in indigenous territories. Part of the indigenous rights sector, however, sees PC as a platform via which to negotiate financial resources for indigenous communities. On the side of governments and multinational companies, PC represents a means to diminish violence and advance projects under more stable political conditions. By examining mining and hydrocarbon projects in Bolivia, Peru, and Mexico, the authors compare cases in which PC takes place and ones where it is not applied. A typology of the outcomes in relation to 1) the prevention of industrialized resource extraction on indigenous lands, 2) redistribution of economic benefits produced by extractive projects, and 3) diminishment of the state repression associated with extractive projects is offered. Findings show that in many cases all three of these results are not simultaneously achieved; the authors explain why some outcomes might be obtained in certain instances and not in others. Finally, the article offers an overall assessment of PC results in light of participation theories.
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DUQUE, Tiago, Esmael Alves de OLIVEIRA, and Simone BECKER. "Agência e interseccionalidade em quadra: inquietações sobre escolas e diferenças em Mato Grosso do Sul." INTERRITÓRIOS 6, no. 10 (April 14, 2020): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.33052/inter.v6i10.244904.
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RESUMO As inquietações aqui apresentadas foram suscitadas a partir de duas pesquisas em contextos e temporalidades distintas e que atravessam a trajetória dos autores no Mato Grosso do Sul. A primeira deu-se em decorrência dos diálogos travados por um dos autores com jovens efeminadas (gays, travestis, transexuais) na cidade de Corumbá-MS, na fronteira com a Bolívia. A segunda, foi resultado do diálogo de dois dos autores com jovens indígenas Kaiowá da Terra Indígena (TI) de Panambizinho, localizada a aproximadamente 20km de Dourados-MS, no distrito de Panambi. Por meio de uma perspectiva interdisciplinar, sustentada numa análise qualitativa, intenta-se refletir sobre os dilemas e possibilidades que cercam a relação entre minorias e a escola na contemporaneidade a partir de um ponto de vista interseccional. Como resultado, a compreensão de que se a escola continua em vários momentos a se produzir como um espaço de docilização de corpos e subjetividades, de outro, a constante capacidade de negociação e agenciamento dos sujeitos que a enredam.Escola. Marcadores sociais. Minorias. Agenciamentos. Agency and intersectionality in court: concerns about schools and differences in Mato Grosso do SulABSTRACT The concerns presented here were raised from two researches in different contexts and temporalities that cross the trajectory of the authors in Mato Grosso do Sul. The first occurred as a result of the dialogues carried out by one of the authors with effeminate young people (gays, transvestites), transsexuals) in the city of Corumbá-MS, on the border with Bolivia. The second was the result of the dialogue between two of the authors with young Kaiowá indigenous people from the Indigenous Land (TI) of Panambizinho, located approximately 20km from Dourados-MS, in the Panambi district. Through an interdisciplinary, sustained perspective in a qualitative analysis, we intend to reflect on the dilemmas and possibilities that surround the relationship between minorities and the school in contemporary times from an intersectional point of view. As a result, the understanding that if the school continues at various times to produce itself as a space for the docilization of bodies and subjectivities, on the other, the constant capacity for negotiation and agency of the subjects who enmesh it.School. Social markers. Minorities. Agency. Agencia e interseccionalidad en la corte: preocupaciones por las escuelas y diferencias en Mato Grosso do SulRESUMENLas inquietudes presentadas aquí han sido planteadas por dos investigaciones en diferentes contextos y temporalidades que cruzan la trayectoria de los autores en Mato Grosso do Sul, travestis, transexuales) en la ciudad de Corumbá-MS, en la frontera con Bolivia. El segundo fue el resultado del diálogo entre dos autores con el joven indígena Kaiowá de la Tierra Indígena (TI) de Panambizinho, ubicado a unos 20 km de Dourados-MS, en el distrito de Panambi. Mediante una perspectiva interdisciplinaria, respaldada por un análisis cualitativo, pretendemos reflexionar sobre los dilemas y las posibilidades que rodean la relación entre las minorías y la escuela en los tiempos contemporáneos desde un punto de vista interseccional. En consecuencia, el entendimiento de que si la escuela continúa produciéndose en varias ocasiones como un espacio para la docilización de cuerpos y subjetividades, por otro lado, la constante capacidad de negociación y agencia de los sujetos que la involucran.Escuela. Indicadores sociales. Minorías. Agencia. Agenzia e intersezionalità in tribunale: preoccupazioni per le scuole e differenze nel Mato Grosso do Sul SINTESE Le preoccupazioni qui presentate sono state sollevate da due ricerche in contesti e temporalità diversi che attraversano la traiettoria degli autori nel Mato Grosso do Sul. , travestiti, transessuali) nella città di Corumbá-MS, al confine con la Bolivia. Il secondo è stato il risultato del dialogo tra due autori con i giovani indigeni Kaiowá della Terra indigena (TI) di Panambizinho, situato a circa 20 km da Dourados-MS, nel distretto di Panambi. Attraverso una prospettiva interdisciplinare, supportata da un'analisi qualitativa, intendiamo riflettere sui dilemmi e sulle possibilità che circondano la relazione tra le minoranze e la scuola nei tempi contemporanei da un punto di vista intersezionale. Di conseguenza, la comprensione che se la scuola continua in varie occasioni a prodursi come spazio per la docilizzazione di corpi e soggettività, dall'altra la costante capacità di negoziazione e di agenzia delle materie che la coinvolgono.Cuola. Indicatori sociali. Minoranze. Agenzia.
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Møller, Kirsten, Olaf B. Paulson, Tom F. Hornbein, Wil N. J. M. Colier, Anna S. Paulson, Robert C. Roach, Søren Holm, and Gitte Moos Knudsen. "Unchanged Cerebral Blood Flow and Oxidative Metabolism after Acclimatization to High Altitude." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 22, no. 1 (January 2002): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004647-200201000-00014.
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The authors investigated the effect of acclimatization to high altitude on cerebral blood flow and oxidative metabolism at rest and during exercise. Nine healthy, native sea-level residents were studied 3 weeks after arrival at Chacaltaya, Bolivia (5,260 m) and after reacclimatization to sea level. Global cerebral blood flow at rest and during exercise on a bicycle ergometer was measured by the Kety-Schmidt technique. Cerebral metabolic rates of oxygen, glucose, and lactate were calculated by the Fick principle. Cerebral function was assessed by a computer-based measurement of reaction time. At high altitude at rest, arterial carbon dioxide tension, oxygen saturation, and oxygen tension were significantly reduced, and arterial oxygen content was increased because of an increase in hemoglobin concentration. Global cerebral blood flow was similar in the four conditions. Cerebral oxygen delivery and cerebral metabolic rates of oxygen and glucose also remained unchanged, whereas cerebral metabolic rates of lactate increased slightly but nonsignificantly at high altitude during exercise compared with high altitude at rest. Reaction time was unchanged. The data indicate that cerebral blood flow and oxidative metabolism are unaltered after high-altitude acclimatization from sea level, despite marked changes in breathing and other organ functions.
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CHEMISQUY, M. AMELIA, and DAVID A. FLORES. "Taxonomy of the southernmost populations of Philander (Didelphimorphia, Didelphidae), with implications for the systematics of the genus." Zootaxa 3481, no. 1 (September 13, 2012): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3481.1.5.
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The taxonomic identities of populations of Philander Brisson of Argentina are still unclear. Philander frenatus (Olfers) isthe only species assigned to the country, a conclusion based on incomplete analysis of available material and without aclear taxonomic criterion. The aim of this study was to determine the taxonomic identity of the populations of Philanderof Argentina. To accomplish this, DNA from eight specimens from Argentina and one specimen from Paraguay wassequenced and compared with sequences published by other authors, using a phylogenetic approach. To complement themolecular information, seven skull measurements were taken from specimens of P. frenatus and P. opossum canus(Osgood) from Bolivia and Brazil, and compared with the specimens from Argentina and Paraguay using biandmultivariate analyses. Molecular and morphological results showed that there are two species of Philander in Argentina,P. frenatus in Misiones province and P. opossum canus in Chaco and Formosa provinces. Both species can bemorphologically distinguished only by the width of the postorbital constriction. Finally, the phylogenetic analyses and thepairwise genetic distances between the included sequences showed that the taxonomic status of Philander mcilhennyi, P. opossum and its subspecies should be revisited.
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Martynov, D. E., and G. P. Myagkov. "Memory, Historiography, and “Memorial Paradigm”: On the Role of Historical Memory in Specific Situations [Review: The Past for the Present: Historical Memory and Narratives of National Identity: A Collective Monograph. Repina L.P. (Ed.). Moscow, Akvilon, 2020. (In Russian)]." Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Gumanitarnye Nauki 162, no. 6 (2020): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/2541-7738.2020.6.227-234.
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The paper reviews the collective monograph published by the Center for Intellectual History of the Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IWH RAS). The reviewers consider the theoretical and factual information presented in the monograph in the context of the analysis of both general and specific characteristics of historical memory. The study of historical memory is possible through the analysis of specific political and intellectual practices of the era of early and mature modernity. The use of J. Rusen’s methodology was justified. According to this methodology, historical memory can be regarded as an “unconscious ideology,” which will inevitably be mythological, because it links the memories of an individual with an integral image of the past. From the aforesaid, it may be seen that the compound term “past – for – present”, which expresses the direction of historical memory, can be introduced. The term is reflected in the title of the monograph under review. The substantive features of strategies for the development of historical memory based on ideologemes were considered by the authors using the example of Russia, Great Britain, Poland (the ideology of Sarmatism), and Bolivia (the ideology of Indianism).
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Ozili, Peterson K., and Erick Rading Outa. "Bank income smoothing in South Africa: role of ownership, IFRS and economic fluctuation." International Journal of Emerging Markets 13, no. 5 (November 29, 2018): 1372–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-09-2017-0342.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the determinants of the use of loan loss provisions (LLPs) to smooth income by banks in South Africa. More specifically, the authors examine the influence of ownership, IFRS disclosure rules and economic fluctuation on the income smoothing behaviour of South African banks while controlling for the traditional determinants of bank income smoothing via LLPs. Design/methodology/approach The study employs fixed effect regression methodology to estimate the determinants of discretionary LLPs. Findings The authors find that South African banks do not use LLPs to smooth income when they are: under-capitalised, have large non-performing loans and have a moderate ownership concentration. On the other hand, income smoothing is pronounced when South African banks are rather more profitable during economic boom periods, well-capitalised during boom periods and is pronounced among banks that adopt IFRS and among banks with a Big 4 auditor. The authors also find that banks use LLPs for capital management purposes, and bank provisioning is procyclical with economic fluctuations. Practical implications Bank supervisors in South Africa should monitor the bank provisioning practices in South Africa closely to ensure that LLPs are not used as a substitute for bank capital. Banks in South Africa should not use sufficient provisioning as a substitute for sufficient bank capital. Second, the evidence for procyclical bank provisioning shows that provisioning by South African banks reinforce the current state of the economy and might compel bank supervisors in South Africa to consider the adoption of a dynamic provisioning system that is already adopted by bank supervisors in Spain, Peru, Uruguay, Colombia and Bolivia. Originality/value Bank income smoothing is an important issue because it has implications for banking stability and accounting transparency. There are few studies on bank income smoothing for emerging economies particularly in Africa where there are substantial differences in ownership and accounting rules. This is the first South African study to examine the influence of disclosure rules, ownership and economic cycle fluctuations on bank income smoothing behaviour via LLPs.
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Said-Hung, Elias, and Carlos Arcila-Calderón. "The Cyber Media in Latin America and Web 2.0." Comunicar 19, no. 37 (October 1, 2011): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3916/c37-2011-03-04.
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Technologies 2.0 are changing the spaces dedicated to interaction and participation in cyber media. The goal of this research is to determine the adoption of cyber journalism features and web 2.0 in media in Latin America. To achieve this objective this paper analyses 19 digital media in the region, based on two studies held in 2010 and framed on the project «Cyber media in Colombia and Latin America», which is supported by the Universidad del Norte (Colombia) and recently by the Universidad de los Andes (Venezuela). The study uses the method proposed by Rodríguez-Martínez, Codina & Pedraza-Jiménez (2010), which has been tested in previous research by the authors of this paper. According to the results, a good part of digital media in Latin America are incorporating web 2.0 tools, but there still exists notable quality differences in the ranking proposed between the best rated media (Colombia and Mexico) and the worst rated (Chile and Bolivia). This ranking allows, for example, to clearly identify how digital media in Latin America have important weaknesses in their general indicators, like accessibility mistakes, popularity and visibility levels; and in their specific indicators, in special those related to available resources for information deepening and interaction tools. As authors state in the article, showing these evidences of inequality can orientate future plans of Latin-American cyber media, especially if indicators related to users’ active participation are considered. Las tecnologías 2.0 están transformando los espacios destinados a la interacción y la participación en los cibermedios. El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar el grado de adopción del ciberperiodismo y de las web 2.0 en América Latina. Para ello se analizaron 19 medios digitales de la región, a partir de los resultados obtenidos de dos olas de recopilación de datos llevados a cabo durante 2010, en el marco del proyecto «Los cibermedios en Colombia y América Latina», realizado desde la Universidad del Norte (Colombia), con el apoyo de la Universidad de los Andes (Venezuela). El estudio parte del modelo de análisis propuesto por Rodríguez-Martínez, Codina & Pedraza- Jiménez (2010). Los resultados apuntan que los medios latinoamericanos están apostando por la incorporación de herramientas de la web 2.0, pero que sin embargo existen notables diferencias de calidad entre los medios mejor calificados por el «ranking» del estudio (Colombia y México) y los peor valorados (Chile y Bolivia). Este «ranking» permitió, por ejemplo, identificar claramente cómo los medios digitales analizados en América Latina, aún siguen perdiendo importantes puntos en lo que se refiere a los aspectos relacionados con los indicadores generales, como por ejemplo los errores de accesibilidad, los niveles de popularidad y visibilidad de sus portales; y los indicadores específicos internos, en especial en lo que respecta a los recursos puestos a disposición para la profundización de la información y las herramientas de interacción.
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Leont’eva, Ol’ga B. "Historiographic Reflection and Formation of National Identity." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 66, no. 1 (2021): 314–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2021.120.
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A turn of modern science towards the study of historical memory gives rise to questions about the role of historical science in the formation of collective, in particular, national identity. The experience of a historiographic reflection on these problems is presented in a collective monograph “The Past for the Present: History, Memory and Narratives of National Identity” written by the laboratory “Studies of Historical Memory and Intellectual Culture” of the Center for Intellectual History Studies of the Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, headed by L. P. Repina. The authors of the collective monograph examine the processes of national identity and historical memory formation in several countries (Russia, Britain, Germany, Poland, and Bolivia) in a “longue durée” perspective, in the context of global trends. They focus on the role that national narratives created by professional historians played in the construction of “historical myths” — mythologized ideas about the “origins” of national history that represent the constitutive elements of national identity. The authors raise the problem of the competition of different identities and memories, and consider the issue of the audience of a national narrative. They highlight the ambiguity of the social role of historical science: on the one hand, historians are actively involved in the formation of the national identity and historical memory; on the other hand, scientific knowledge provides them with tools for a critical analysis of historical myths and well-reasoned reflection on the projects of collective identity. The study represents a successful attempt of combining the “memorial paradigm” and “new sociocultural history” with the history of nationalism and nation-building.
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Zebisch, Marc, Stefan Schneiderbauer, Kerstin Fritzsche, Philip Bubeck, Stefan Kienberger, Walter Kahlenborn, Susanne Schwan, and Till Below. "The vulnerability sourcebook and climate impact chains – a standardised framework for a climate vulnerability and risk assessment." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 13, no. 1 (February 3, 2021): 35–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-07-2019-0042.
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Purpose This paper aims to present the “Vulnerability Sourcebook” methodology, a standardised framework for the assessment of climate vulnerability and risk in the context of adaptation planning. The Vulnerability Sourcebook has been developed for the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) and has been applied in more than twenty countries worldwide. Design/methodology/approach It is based on a participative development of so-called climate impact chains, which are an analytical concept to better understand, systemise and prioritise the climate factors as well as environmental and socio-economic factors that drive climate related threats, vulnerabilities and risks in a specific system. Impact chains serve as the backbone for an operational climate vulnerability assessment with indicators based on quantitative approaches (data, models) combined with expert assessments. In this paper, the authors present the concept and applications of the original Vulnerability Sourcebook, published in 2015, which was based on the IPCC AR4 concept of climate vulnerability. In Section 6 of this paper, the authors report how this concept has been adapted to the current IPCC AR5 concept of climate risks. Findings The application of the Sourcebook is demonstrated in three case studies in Bolivia, Pakistan and Burundi. The results indicate that particularly the participative development of impact chains helped with generating a common picture on climate vulnerabilities and commitment for adaptation planning within a region. The mixed methods approach (considering quantitative and qualitative information) allows for a flexible application in different contexts. Challenges are mainly the availability of climate (change) and socio-economic data, as well as the transparency of value-based decisions in the process. Originality/value The Vulnerability Sourcebook offers a standardised framework for the assessment of climate vulnerability and risk in the context of adaptation planning.
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Herzog, Sebastian K., and Juan Mazar Barnett. "On the Validity and Confused Identity of Serpophaga Griseiceps Berlioz 1959 (Tyrannidae)." Auk 121, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 415–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/121.2.415.
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Abstract Berlioz (1959) described Serpophaga griseiceps on the basis of four specimens from Cochabamba, Bolivia, housed at the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris, France). Traylor (1979) subsumed the taxon, without justification, in S. munda after examining other specimens from Cochabamba at the Field Museum of Natural History (FMNH; Chicago, Illinois). Remsen and Traylor (1989) added that S. griseiceps represents the juvenal plumage of S. munda. Straneck (1993) presented new data from central Argentina to revalidate S. griseiceps, and although that account has methodological problems, numerous authors have endorsed its taxonomic conclusions. We re-evaluated the validity of S. griseiceps by examining the type series and specimens deposited at the Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales (Buenos Aires, Argentina) and our own field data from Cochabamba, and by critiquing Straneck's taxonomic conclusions. The type specimens of S. griseiceps clearly resemble juvenile S. munda. Photographs of those specimens were compared by T. S. Schulenberg with the FMNH specimens examined by Traylor, confirming that the former are referable to S. munda. Both “forms” differ consistently in plumage coloration from Argentine specimens considered by Straneck to be referable to S. griseiceps. The type series of S. griseiceps coincides with S. munda in wing chord, tail, and tarsus length, and both “forms” have significantly longer wings and tails than Straneck's birds from Argentina. Intensive field surveys in the Cochabamba basin documented the occurrence of only one species of Serpophaga tyrannulet, S. munda. Serpophaga griseiceps should therefore be considered a junior synonym of S. munda, whereas Straneck's S. griseiceps is apparently referable to an undescribed cryptic species of Serpophaga tyrannulet.
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Duran, Valeria. "Diferentes interpretaciones sobre el katarismo. Discusiones desde una perspectiva indianista." Pelícano 4 (August 28, 2018): 044. http://dx.doi.org/10.22529/p.2018.4.03.
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Different Interpretations about Katarismo. Discussions from an Indianist PerspectiveResumenKatarismo e indianismo son dos expresiones políticas indias que emergen en Bolivia a principios de la década del '60 (indianismo) y del '70 (katarismo). Su peculiaridad consiste en que se constituyen como dos corrientes políticas creadas específicamente por indios aymaras y quechuas –con mayor participación de los primeros respecto de los segundos–. Son varios los autores que coinciden en afirmar que el surgimiento de ambas corrientes se encuentra vinculado a un proceso de resistencia y lucha india, cuyo origen data de la dominación colonial y se extiende hasta la actualidad (Mamani, 2017; Mamani y Cruz, 2011; Portugal y Macusaya, 2016; Reinaga, 2012[1970a]; Velásquez, 2016).Las interpretaciones del katarismo relacionadas a la figura del líder indio Tupak Katari, son las más numerosas y conocidas. Sin embargo, esto no significa que haya claridad a la hora de distinguir entre las diferentes perspectivas ideológico-políticas que asumen el nombre de Katari como referente de lucha. Por este motivo, propongo dialogar con algunas perspectivas que estudian el katarismo, con el fin de mostrar la diversidad de interpretaciones difundidas sobre esta corriente.El objetivo de esta investigación apunta a analizar, desde una perspectiva crítica, algunas interpretaciones históricas sobre el katarismo que tienden a encubrir o invisibilizar la influencia del indianismo dentro del proceso político del katarismo. En este sentido, considero importante indicar que realizaré un abordaje de la temática propuesta desde una perspectiva indianista.AbstractKatarism and Indianism are two Indian political expressions that emerge in Bolivia at the beginning of the 1960s (Indianism) and the 70s (Katarism). Its peculiarity is that they are constituted as two political currents created specifically by Aymara and Quechua Indians -with more participation of the first ones than the second ones-. There are several authors who agree that the emergence of both traditions is related to a process of Indian resistance and struggle, whose origin dates from colonial domination and extends to the present (Mamani 2017, Mamani and Cruz, 2011; Portugal and Macusaya, 2016; Reinaga, 2012[1970a]; Velásquez, 2016).The intepretations of Katarism related to the indian leader Tupak Katari figure, are the most numerous and known. However, this doesn‟t mean that there is clarity when it comes to distinguish between the different ideological-political perspectives that assume the name of Katari as a reference of fight. For this reason, I propose to dialogue with some perspectives that study katarism, in order to show the diversity of interpretations spread about this tradition.The objective of this research aims to analyse, from a critical perspective, some historical interpretations about Katarism that tend to cover up or hide the influence of Indianism within the political process of Katarism. In this way, I believe it‟s important to indicate that I will approach the proposed topic from an Indianist perspective.Key words: Katarism, Indianism, Indian political thought.
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OSPINA, JUAN C. "New lectotypifications and new synonyms in Festuca (Poaceae, Pooideae, Loliinae) from the Central Andes." Phytotaxa 247, no. 4 (February 25, 2016): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.247.4.2.
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New lectotypifications and new synonyms are provided as a result of a systematic study of the genus Festuca from the Central Andes. In the Andes mountains of Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile, several species of Festuca are dominant components of the grasslands and high Andean steppes. Festuca circinata and F. dissitiflora occur in this area and were described based on morphological characters. Some authors have considered F. circinata as a valid species while others have treated it as a synonym of F. dissitiflora, together with F. dissitiflora var. loricata , F. dissitiflora var. villipalea, and F. erecta var. aristulata. In this study, a review of the taxonomy and nomenclature of F. castilloniana, F. circinata, and F. potosiana was performed, and their morphological and anatomical characters were compared with F. dissitiflora. Based on morphoanatomical and epidermal characters, this study contributes to the delimitation of F. circinata and F. dissitiflora. Nomenclatural notes and new anatomical and epidermal descriptions are included for these species. Differential characters between F. circinata and F. dissitiflora are discussed and F. circinata is restored as a valid species for Argentina. Festuca castilloniana and F. potosiana are synonymised under F. dissitiflora. Festuca dissitiflora var. loricata, F. dissitiflora var. villipalea, and F. erecta var. aristulata are excluded from the synonymy of F. dissitiflora and it is suggested that these names should be subordinate under F. fiebrigii. Festuca stuckertii is proposed as a new synonym of F. uninodis. Lectotypes are designated for the names F. argentinensis, F. dissitiflora, F. nemoralis and F. parodii, and second-step lectotypes are designated for the names F. circinata and F. ampliflora.