Academic literature on the topic 'Authors, Ghanaian'
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Journal articles on the topic "Authors, Ghanaian"
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Sulemana, Iddisah, and Ibrahim Issifu. "An empirical examination of the determinants of trust in Ghana." International Journal of Social Economics 42, no. 11 (2015): 1005–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-03-2014-0060.
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Purpose – How trust affects political, social, and economic phenomena have been studied by scholars for many years. However, not many studies have examined what factors determine trust among people and trust in public institutions. There is particularly a dearth of research on trust in Ghana. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach – The authors use data from the 2012 Afrobarometer Surveys to mimic four sets of variables that Alesina and La Ferrara (2002) find as significant determinants of trust – recent traumatic experiences, having been historically discriminated against, being economically unsuccessful, and living in a mixed community. The authors apply these variables to the Ghanaian context to explore how they affect generalized trust, trust in relatives, neighbors, and other people the respondent knows, as well as trust in six public institutions (i.e. The President, Parliament, Electoral Commission, Police, Army, and the Courts of Law). Findings – The authors find that trust among Ghanaians is generally low. Women are significantly less trusting of public institutions, although they do not trust people (e.g. relatives, neighbors, etc.) any less than men. Both people of the North and South are generally less trusting of public institutions compared to people of the Volta Region. The authors also find that, to a large extent, satisfaction with democracy and political affiliation are significantly correlated with trust in public institutions. Practical implications – Because trust is very crucial for political, economic, and social development, especially good governance, there is an urgent need for public policy interventions that could increase trust among Ghanaians. Originality/value – The authors provide a Ghanaian perspective on the determinants of trust.
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Mfoafo-M’Carthy, Magnus, Jeff D. Grischow, and Nicole Stocco. "Cloak of Invisibility: A Literature Review of Physical Disability in Ghana." SAGE Open 10, no. 1 (2020): 215824401990056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244019900567.
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This literature review surveys the state of current scholarship on physical disability in Ghana. The intention is to identify major themes and opinions relating to the challenges faced by Ghanaians with physical disabilities. After an extensive literature review, the authors selected 21 articles for inclusion based on the criteria that they had to focus on physical disability in a Ghanaian setting. Reviewing the articles revealed that most scholars have focused on the pervasive oppression of Ghanaians with physical disabilities. Six major topic areas emerged, including the experience of the disability rights movement from the 1990s to the present, the public perception of people with physical disabilities, the issue of families and abuse, the rights to education, challenges around employment and finances, and health care for disabled Ghanaians. This literature review presents these topics, discusses their implications, and makes suggestions for further research and action to improve human rights for Ghanaians with physical disabilities.
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Adika, Prince Kwame. "Deconstructing the terrible gift of postcolonial African lives: An intertextual reading of Martin Egblewogbe’s Mr. Happy and the Hammer of God & Other Stories." Legon Journal of the Humanities 32, no. 1 (2021): 27–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ljh.v32i1.2.
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This paper situates Martin Egblewogbe’s short story collection Mr. Happy and the Hammer of God & Other Stories (2008) within intertextual discourses as they relate to the tri-generational canon of Ghanaian, and by extension, African literature. It argues against the easy temptation of reading the work via uncontextualized metaphysical or existentialist paradigms, or what Wole Soyinka (1976) refers to as the undifferentiated mono-lenses of “universal humanoid abstractions,” and instead situates it within the Ghanaian tradition by pointing out the collection’s filiation to the specific trope of madness-as-a subversive-performance-of-resilience against the oppressive socio-political status quo in that tradition. The paper excavates the works of first generation postcolonial Ghanaian authors such as Armah, Awoonor and Aidoo, and reads Egblewogbe’s relatively recent debut oeuvre against them in a grounded epistemic manoeuvre that fractures assumptions about the work’s uniqueness and places it in on-going trans-generational dialogic exchanges about how to negotiate the fractious crucible that is postcolonial Ghanaian experience.
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Agyemang, Otuo Serebour, and Abraham Ansong. "Corporate social responsibility and firm performance of Ghanaian SMEs." Journal of Global Responsibility 8, no. 1 (2017): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jgr-03-2016-0007.
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Purpose This paper aims to examine the influence of corporate social responsibility on financial performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Ghana by using access to capital and firm reputation as mediating variables. Design/methodology/approach The authors collected primary data from 423 SMEs within the Accra Metropolis. Partial least squares estimation technique was used to analyze the data. Findings The authors documented evidence for a mechanism through which corporate social responsibility results in financial performance of firms: SMEs with improved corporate social responsibility practices are better positioned to achieve enhanced reputation, which translates into improved financial performance. Even though this study did not document a significant relationship between corporate social responsibility and access to finance by Ghanaian SMEs, the authors contend that looking at the positive relationship between them, SMEs can minimize their capital constraints by embarking on CSR practices, which can eventually translate into financial performance. Practical implications The authors recommend that for SMEs to enhance their reputation and increase their access to capital, which will eventually result in enhanced financial performance, corporate social responsibility practices should be a major part of their operations. Originality/value It contributes to our knowledge on how CSR practices lead to financial performance of SMEs in developing countries. In addition, this is the first of its kind to establish the relationship between CSR practices and financial performance of SMEs in Ghana by using access to capital and firm reputation as mediating factors.
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Seid'ou, Kari'kacha, George Ampratwum, and Kwaku Boafo Kissiedu. "Lee Nukpe’s Nubile: A Carving With A Shadow." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7, no. 6 (2020): 243–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.76.8468.
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The Ghanaian sculptor Lee Nukpe belongs to the post-Independence or post-World War II generation of visual artists in Ghana whose bodies of work have not had due critical assessment, contextualization and review. The paper reviews Nukpe’s late-career work, Nubile, a bas relief representation of a bare-breasted young woman arrayed in Ghanaian nubility rites insignia. The authors identify carryovers from Ghana’s colonial and post-Independence generations such as the predominantly social realist aesthetic and veiled conservative sex and gender motifs. However, the authors also point out how the cut-and-dry cultural and formal motifs in Nubile are also undermined by Nukpe’s ostensible double-coding. This spectral feature of Nubile presents it as a “text with a shadow”. The authors argue that to a large extent, Nubile lends itself to ambivalent readings which could challenge Ghana’s patriarchal definitions of woman and nubility.
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Sadick Ngula, Richmond. "A Corpus-Based Study of the Phraseological Pattern It + V-link + ADJ + That Clause in L1 and L2 Expert Academic Writing." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 7, no. 5 (2018): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.7n.5p.127.
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This study discusses the phraseological pattern It + V-link + ADJ + That Clause as a rhetorical feature of argumentation in Ghanaian scholars’ research articles (RAs) across the disciplines of Sociology, Economics and Law. It looks at the pattern’s occurrence with the adjectives possible, likely and clear in RAs by Ghanaian authors based in Ghana and in RAs by international scholars who are native speakers to determine potential divergent patterns of use between the two groups of scholars in the three disciplinary fields. Because RAs produced by non-native writers are often said to be characterized by overuse, underuse or misuse of rhetorical features (e.g., Martinéz, 2005, Englander, 2006), this study adopts a corpus-based approach to investigate the extent to which Ghanaian scholars’ use of the above collocational pattern involving possible, likely and clear differs from international scholars’ use of the pattern in terms of frequency information, levels of epistemic force, and intensification/mitigation styles. A close inspection of a million-word corpus of RAs, supported by robust statistical analyses, reveals considerable differences in the way the pattern is used between the two groups of scholars across the disciplines studied, which suggest that Ghanaian scholars do not fully apply the preferred stereotypical uses of the pattern found in reputable international RAs. The study has implications for how Ghanaian scholars have acquired rhetorical strategies of academic writing.
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Boamah, Peter Osei, and Yuh-Shan Ho. "Bibliometric Analysis of Ghana Publications in the Science Citation Index Expanded." Revista de Biología Tropical 66, no. 1 (2017): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v66i1.29250.
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Ghana is a West African country for which apparently there are limited scientometric studies. The objective of this study was to analyze the Ghanaian contribution to knowledge captured in the Thomson Reuters Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) database from 1936 - 2016. The following data were analyzed: document type, the language of publication, publication trend, Web of Science Subject Categories, Journals, international collaboration, institutions, authors, and highly cited articles. Indicators such as the total number of articles, first author articles, and corresponding author articles were applied to compare publication performance for collaborative countries and institutions. Also, number of single institute articles: number of nationally collaborative articles: number of internationally collaborative articles (S : N : I) were also used to compare publication characteristics of institutions in Ghana. Results showed that publication trend increased from 1998 to 2015, with researches focusing on health and medicine. PLoS One was the top productive journal, and the most collaborative country for Ghana articles was the USA. Contributions from the University of Ghana were ranked the top one institution for Ghana articles, and higher citation papers were found in international collaborations. In conclusion, the contribution to knowledge of Ghanaian authors is massive in the areas of public, environmental and occupational health and tropical medicine but the impact factor is higher for immunology, infectious diseases, and microbiology articles. Therefore, Ghanaian authors are encouraged to publish more articles in high impact factor journals with Thomson Reuters Scientific indexing in order to have their researches recognized by the existing international databases.
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Mensah, Lord, Anthony Q. Q. Aboagye, and Nana Kwame Akosah. "The state of monetary policy and industrial asset allocation: the Ghanaian perspective." African Journal of Economic and Management Studies 9, no. 4 (2018): 449–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajems-07-2017-0167.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether asset allocation across various industries listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange (GSE) varies across different monetary policy states. Design/methodology/approach This paper adopts the Markov Chain technique to split monetary policy into three different states. The authors further adopt the Markowitz portfolio optimization technique to find the minimum variance and optimum portfolio for the industries listed on the GSE. Findings The finding reveals a dynamic asset allocation, which varies the industry’s weight mix across the various monetary policy states enhance excess returns compared to the static asset allocation. Specifically, the authors find risk-return trade-off among industries listed on the GSE. Financial and Food and Beverage industries portfolios record high returns relative to the Government of Ghana 91-day Treasury bill. The Food and Beverage portfolio is the only portfolio that records relatively high excess returns across all the monetary policy states. The authors also find that, during expansionary state (high monetary policy rates) of the monetary policy, investors are to allocate about 69 and 30 percent of their investment into food and beverages and financials, respectively. Corner solution is found in the transient state where 100 percent of wealth is allocated to financial to obtain the optimum portfolio. The optimum portfolio in the contraction state assigns 52 percent to financials and 42 percent to manufacturing. In summary, the result supports the dependence of investors’ asset allocation decisions on monetary policy. Practical implications Therefore, the authors propose an investment strategy which is dynamic and takes into consideration the monetary policy states rather than static asset allocation which maintains the same industry weight mix over the investment period. Social implications In sum, the authors interpret the result as support for the dependence of investors’ asset allocation decisions on monetary policy. In Ghana, an increase in the monetary policy appears to support industries listed on the equity market. The result also gives knowledge about investors’ asset allocation decisions on the GSE, which is practical balanced source of information for investors’ risk and return choices. For a prudent monetary policy framework, the monetary policy committee should monitor industries listed on the GSE. The result from the analysis has also an implication for investors, portfolio managers and fund managers to consider the state of the monetary policy in Ghana when making investment decisions. Originality/value The study differs from earlier research on asset allocation by breaking new grounds on two levels. First of all, based on the notion that different industries have different exposures to monetary policy states, the authors extend the portfolios by grouping the equities listed on the GSE into their industrial sectors. Second, the authors examine how investors’ optimal portfolio allocation may change depending on the state of monetary policy.
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Oppong, Nana Yaw, and Jeff Gold. "Developing local managers in the Ghanaian mining industry: an indigenous talent model." Journal of Management Development 35, no. 3 (2016): 341–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmd-02-2015-0011.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide varied conceptualisation of talent management and development (TMD) by building managerial talent development model that is more appropriate to the context of the Ghanaian gold mining industry. Design/methodology/approach – The authors use two sets of data – foundation pillars of TMD and industry and definition of TMD. The authors first create a TMD framework by conducting constructive alternative analysis using the TMD foundation pillars that inform local talent situation, and then use the results and evaluation of industry definition of TMD to build the model. Findings – The authors find that the model departs from the predominantly Western version of human resource management that has characterised TMD in industry. Developed from indigenous perspective, the model is more likely to be effective tool for the development of local managers in industry. Practical implications – From practical viewpoint, the study has provided insight into understanding of expatriate managers to integrate locally relevant experiences, which are of meaning to trainee managers into their development for successful outcome. Originality/value – This is the first study which has explored prevailing talent situation and expectations of local managers in the Ghanaian gold mining industry. The constructed model provides an innovative approach for context-specific approach to the development of its local managers to satisfy the mining sector localisation policy.
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Owusu, Andrews, and Charlie Weir. "The governance-performance relationship: evidence from Ghana." Journal of Applied Accounting Research 17, no. 3 (2016): 285–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jaar-06-2014-0057.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact corporate governance, measured by a governance index, on the performance of listed firms in a developing economy, Ghana. It also evaluates the effect of the introduction of a code of corporate governance on compliance rates across Ghanaian firms as well as assessing the impact of the code’s introduction on firm performance for the study period 2000-2009. Design/methodology/approach The paper develops a Ghanaian corporate governance index (GCGI) containing 33 provisions to measure corporate governance quality during the pre-code and the post-code sub-periods. The authors use a panel data analytical framework and fixed effects regressions to analyse the governance-performance relationships. Findings After controlling for endogeneity, the authors find a statistically significant and positive relationship between the GCGI and firm performance. The analysis shows evidence of a statistically significant increase in the degree of compliance with the Ghanaian Code from the pre-2003 sub-period to the post-2003 sub-period. The authors also find that the introduction of the code has led to improved firm performance. However, not all elements of corporate governance appear to have a significant effect on firm performance. Research limitations/implications One limitation of this study is the development of a corporate governance index. The binary coding used to construct the GCGI may not reflect the relative importance of the different corporate governance provisions. This means that all elements included in the index are given equal weighting. Future research may assign weights to each of the corporate governance provisions but this may have the disadvantage of making subjective judgements relative to the importance of each corporate governance provision recommended by the Ghanaian Code. Practical implications These results have important implications for both policy makers and companies. For policy makers, it is encouraging for the development of a code of corporate governance to regulate firms rather than enforcing rigid laws that may not be value relevant. For companies, the improvement in compliance with a code of corporate governance can provide a means of achieving improved performance. Originality/value This paper adds to the limited evidence on the governance-performance relationship in developing economies and in particular it analyses the role of a governance index. It is also the first paper to compare the pre- and the post-code governance index-performance relationship in an African or developing country.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Authors, Ghanaian"
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Ngula, Richmond Sadick. "Epistemic modality in social science research articles written by Ghanaian authors : a corpus-based study of disciplinary and native vs. non-native variations." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2015. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/76232/.
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Using a corpus-based methodology, this thesis reports a study into how non-native Ghanaian academic authors of English in the disciplines of Sociology, Economics and Law deploy epistemic modality devices as rhetorical features of argumentation in their research articles (RAs) published in journals based in Ghana. The study focuses on understanding the ways in which the use of these rhetorical features by Ghanaian authors compare with their use in international RAs written by native academic authors of English. Based on the aims of the study, two sets of corpora of RAs for the Ghanaian and international authors were created and analysed to compare the use of epistemic modality features between the two groups of authors in terms of: depth of use, diversity of use, linguistic types of epistemic markers, phraseological patterns of notable epistemic markers and degrees of epistemic strength. The quantitative aspects of the comparisons relied mainly on frequency counts of epistemic markers which were supported by Log-likelihood tests to determine significant differences of epistemic use across disciplines and between the two groups of authors. The qualitative aspects (e.g., phraseological pattern analysis) focused mainly on a close inspection of concordance lines for comparisons. The findings of the study revealed that while Ghanaian writers seem to be generally aware of the most important epistemic devices used for academic writing, as they used as wide a range of epistemic devices as their international counterparts, they tended to use these devices significantly less in their RAs. A few cases of overuse and misuse of epistemic modality by Ghanaian writers were also observed. It was found also that many of the disciplinary variation patterns of epistemic use observed in the international RAs did not match with the patterns revealed in the RAs written by the Ghanaian authors. A further important finding was that whereas the international writers generally preferred medium and weak level epistemic markers over strong ones, the Ghanaian writers favoured the use of medium and strong level epistemic markers over weak ones. It also became apparent that the significant underuse of epistemic rhetorical features by the Ghanaian writers could be attributed to the way rhetorical features are represented in academic writing course materials in Ghanaian universities. The findings reported in this thesis suggest that there is the need for Ghanaian academic authors to make language adjustments to their academic writing if their writing practices are to fully adhere to international disciplinary norms and conventions.
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Frazer, Garth Douglas. "Firms, workers, and human capital in Ghanaian manufacturing /." 2003. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/558221017.pdf.
Full textBooks on the topic "Authors, Ghanaian"
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Dove, Mabel. Selected writings of a pioneer West African feminist. Trent Editions, 2004.
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The eloquence of the scribes: A memoir on the sources and resources of African literature. Per Ankh, 2006.
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The baobabs of Tete and other stories. Sub-Saharan Publishers, 2002.
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Newell, Stephanie. Ghanaian popular fiction: "thrilling discoveries in conjugal life" & other tales. J. Currey, 2000.
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Aidoo, Ama Ata. No sweetness here and other stories. The Feminist Press, 1995.
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Dako, Kari. The Baobabs of Tete and Other Stories. Sub-Saharan Publ., 1997.
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Agyapong, Kwasi Atta. Witchcraft in Ghana: Belief, Practice and Consequences. Noyam Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.38159/npub.eb2021502.
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The book seeks to find ways to understand the Ghanaian belief in the activities of witchcraft and to quantify its impact on the socio-economic, religio-cultural and psychological development of Ghanaians. This book is based on research conducted by the Author to find out the effect of witchcraft belief on Ghanaian Society. The nine-chapter book would discuss the concept of witchcraft belief in Ghana, the acquisition of witchcraft and the living conditions of these accused witches in some selected witch camps in Ghana. The book also looks at the activities of witches and wizards from the Ghanaian perspective as well as the effects of their activities on the economy and social lives of the people. It finally discusses the biblical, anthropological and psychiatric perspectives of the belief and activities of witchcraft in Ghana.
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Manglos-Weber, Nicolette D. Joining the Choir. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190841041.001.0001.
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Immigration and race are contentious issues in North America. As a result, black immigrants from Ghana and other countries of West Africa face significant challenges, even as their experiences and accomplishments confound stereotypes about blacks and foreigners. Religious congregations have often helped immigrants navigate the tricky waters of integration in the past; yet how do these particular black immigrants approach organized religion in light of their identities and aspirations? What are they looking for in religious membership, and how do they find it? In Joining the Choir, the author takes a deeply personal look at the lives of a few central characters in Accra, Ghana, and in Chicago, examining what religious membership means for them as Christians, transnational Ghanaians, and aspirational migrants. She sheds light on their search for people they can trust, and their desires to transcend divisions of race, ethnicity, and nationality in the context of Evangelical Christianity. Her characters are memorable, as motivated but also adaptable persons with complex identities and goals, for whom religious membership answers some questions of integration while raising others. Their stories show how racial divides are subtly perpetuated within congregations in spite of hopes for religious integration. Yet they also reveal the potential of religious-based personal trust to bridge those divides, as an imaginative and symbolic “leap of faith” in the unknown stranger. Finally, their stories highlight the continuing role of religion as a portable basis of trust in the modern world, where more and more people live between nations.
Book chapters on the topic "Authors, Ghanaian"
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Abankwah, Diana A., and Ruth M. Abankwah. "Tackling the Preservation of African Tales in the Technological Era." In Handbook of Research on Social, Cultural, and Educational Considerations of Indigenous Knowledge in Developing Countries. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0838-0.ch020.
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It appears that the great story-tellers of the Ghanaian society and the traditional singers, bards and griots were the “knowledge houses” of the Ghanaian society. This tradition is slowly dying out in the technological era. This study sought to determine the extent to which the Anansesem oral tradition is still practiced among Ghanaians living outside Ghana, particularly Botswana and Ghana where the study was conducted. The study employed an exploratory qualitative approach using interviews. The findings reveal that although elders and storytellers were able to weave morals into children's activities from a very young age, Ghanaians who were not raised speaking their native tongue find it difficult to relate to the messages woven deeply into the Ananse stories. The study concludes that globalisation has reduced the importance Ghanaians attach to Ananse stories. The authors see a need for strategies to be put in place to resuscitate the oral story telling tradition of Anansesem.
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Boateng, Richard, and Jonathan Nii Barnor Barnor. "Unveiling Cybercrime in a Developing Country." In Encyclopedia of Criminal Activities and the Deep Web. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9715-5.ch005.
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This article unveils the pervasiveness of cybercriminal activities in Ghana from the point of view of key stakeholders in the fight against the crime. From a critical realist's perspective, the authors employed a qualitative approach to understand cybercrime from the point of view of different key players—four cybercriminals, eight lawyers, eight bankers, six café operators and personnel from the cybercrime unit of the Ghana Police—for the study. Findings from the article pointed out that cybercrime has gained ground among Ghanaian youth between the ages of 12 and 35, mostly males with female decoys. The findings of the article also suggested lack of confidence in the Ghana Police service to crackdown on cybercriminal activities in Ghana. The research finally suggested that there seem to be the nonexistence of cybercrime policies and laws for lawyers to arraign or defend suspected criminals in Ghanaian courts of law.
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Osumare, Halifu. "Dancing in Africa." In Dancing in Blackness. University Press of Florida, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056616.003.0006.
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Chapter 5 records the author’s bold move to Ghana, West Africa for nine months to study and research the basis of black dance in the Americas. She studies the curriculum of the School of Music, Dance, and Drama (SMDD) at the University of Ghana, Legon, under the ethnomusicologist Dr. Kwabena Nketia and the dance ethnologist Professor Albert Opoku. She examines the development of the internationally touring Ghana Dance Ensemble. She also explores her personal relationships with other African Americans and Ghanaians to further interrogate race and blackness from the point of view of living in West Africa. She reminisces about how her dance fieldwork in five regions of Ghana and her excursion to Togo and Nigeria broadened her perspective on herself as African American in Africa.
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Egri Ku-Mesu, Katalin. "Inscribing Difference: Code-Switching and the Metonymic Gap in Post-Colonial Literatures." In Narratives Crossing Borders: The Dynamics of Cultural Interaction. Stockholm University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.16993/bbj.h.
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In their seminal work The Empire Writes Back Ashcroft et al. (1989) identify code-switching between two or more codes in post-colonial literary texts as ‘the most common method of inscribing alterity’ (p.72). Ashcroft (2001) further develops the idea of installing cultural distinctiveness in the text and posits that, together with a wide range of other linguistic devices (e.g. neologisms, ethno-rhythmic prose), the use of code-switching – whether between the variants of the same language or between languages – has a metonymic function to inscribe cultural difference. In this chapter, I will examine the hybrid nature of post-colonial literary texts through the concepts of nativisation (Kachru, 1982a, 1982b, 1984, 1986, 1987, 1995) and indigenisation (Zabus, 1991, 2007). I will then focus on code-switching, adopting Myers-Scotton’s (1993) approach of matrix language vs. embedded language and considering that ‘EL [embedded language] material of any size, from a single morpheme or lexeme to several constituents, may be regarded as CS [code-switching] material’ (p.5). I will analyse examples of code-switching taken from modern Ghanaian English-language novels and short stories, and I will argue that a synecdochic relationship exists between the code-switched embedded language and the culture it originates from. I will contend that it is along the metonymic gap thus created by language variance that readers can be expected to be divided. I will briefly examine the types of authorial assistance that can be provided in order to make the text accessible to the reader, and I will illustrate, in Sperber and Wilson’s (1995) relevance theoretical framework, how different groups of readers cope with code-switched language left in the texts untranslated and/or unexplained. I will argue that by withdrawing assistance from the reader, the author makes it manifest that he concedes ‘the importance of meanibility’ (Ashcroft, 2001, p.76) and opts for the inscription of difference. I will conclude that the metonymic gap is not a simple bi-polar concept between coloniser and colonised culture but a multi-layered entity where the readers’ position in relation to the gap is indicative of their ability to interpret code-switched language unaided. Full appreciation of the writer’s meanings is shown by those readers who share both the writer’s cultural and linguistic experience. Other readers may be able to cross the metonymic gap to various degrees, but for them code-switched language will be the symbol of the writer’s difference of experience.