Journal articles on the topic 'Authors, Insane'

During the nineteenth and early twentieth century, feminist movements proliferated in Europe and USA in order to vindicate the rights of women both in the workplace and political issues, such as women's suffrage and birth policies, among others. At the same time, psychiatry tried to gain a foothold as a medical specialty, which created a positivist discourse where it was important to measure and quantify mental disorders and their possible causes. As many feminist writers have argued (Chesler, Showalter, Jordanova, and others) this occurs at the same historical moment that a “feminization of madness” was taking place in several ways: madness begins to be described in feminine terms, Freud was developing his research on hysteria; diagnostics, such as puerperal and involution psychosis were taking hold; the interest about the influence of hormones in women's mood were raising, and gynaecology was thought as the organic etiology of female madness. The hegemonic psychiatric discourse appeared to have been a catalyst for logical social inclusion and exclusion, notably influencing the design of a new feminity, distant from the danger of feminism that began to gain prominence. The boundaries between insanity and mental health were really diffuse in case of women. The aim of my work is to highlight how attitudes and attributes of women were transformed into psychiatric symptoms, as the feminist theorist support. I will make a retrospective about clinical women reports of the public asylum of Malaga from the beginning of twenty century.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The authors analyze the positions of Ukrainian, Russian and other scholars of the post-Soviet and the EU countries regarding the essence and categorization of offenses and ensuing legal responsibility, as well as the place that criminal offenses hold among them and responsibility for these offences. They draw attention to the discrepancies in the positions of those authors who believe crimes and misdemeanors to be socially dangerous and the requirements in the Criminal Codes of many countries that state directly that due to its insignificance an action stops being socially dangerous and criminal. In this connection it is not logical that Ukraine and a number of other countries have introduced such categories as criminal offenses and criminal misdemeanors. The authors suggest solving this problem by introducing a fifth category of crimes based on the degree of gravity — the mildest crimes. Using new approaches of different researchers, the authors present their own solution of the problem: they define and categorize offenses into criminal ones (crimes – actions that have all the indicia and elements of a crime; underage acts — committed by persons who have not reached the age of criminal responsibility; insane acts — offenses committed by mentally incompetent and partially mentally incompetent persons; guiltless acts — when there is not guilty party; accidents — acts of natural forces, including acts of animals without the activity of a person) and non-criminal (constitutional, administrative, disciplinary, civil, business) offences that are further categorized in the same way into misdemeanors, underage acts, insane acts and special cases, whose essence is determined similarly to the corresponding types of criminal offenses. New approaches of different scholars allowed the authors to present their own variant of determining the essence and structure of legal responsibility and its categorization into administrative, disciplinary, civil and business responsibility with further subdivision, using the example of constitutional and criminal responsibility, of all types of legal responsibility into positive and negative (punitive-educational, restorative and concomitant).

IntroductionTo our knowledge, few studies address the issue of criminal responsibility among psychiatric offenders. In Greece, articles 34 and 36 of the penal code regulate criminal insanity and diminished responsibility, respectively.ObjectivesThe objective of the present study was to provide psychiatric/legal data considering the appeal to articles 34/36 of the Greek penal code.MethodsLegal case files of 100 adult subjects, 90 male/10 female, 88 Greeks/12 foreigners were examined.ResultsAccording to the first degree court, one defendant was found criminally insane, 29 with partial responsibility, while the rest were regarded as fully capable. The decisions of the court of appeal/the supreme court of appeal were 2 criminally insane, 36 partially responsible and 62, fully criminally responsible. The decisions were unanimous in 78% of the cases.The most common diagnoses were schizophrenia spectrum psychosis (18%), antisocial/borderline/mixed personality disorder (15%) and substance use disorder (15%). Court decisions of criminal insanity/diminished responsibility were higher when the perpetrator had an Axis I diagnosis (47.5%), significantly lower in cases of personality disorder (22.2%) and even lower in cases of substance use disorder (16.7%). In patients with prior hospitalizations the percentage of criminal insanity/diminished responsibility was 55.6%, significantly higher than in cases without (24.4%).ConclusionsSchizophrenia is the most common mental disorder correlated with offenders criminally insane/partially responsible, while a history of psychiatric hospitalization is a very strong positive predictive factor for the successful appeal of the aforementioned articles.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The present study examined 12 abnormal psychology textbooks to determine whether Rosenhan’s classic study, “Being sane in insane places,” was covered, and if so, the nature of that coverage. Only 50% covered the study, with all describing the study as demonstrating the biasing power of psychiatric labels. Two key aspects of the study (the diagnoses of schizophrenia and their supposed subsequent influence on the hospital staff’s perception of the pseudopatients’ normal behavior as pathological) were commonly discussed. However, although the study has been heavily criticized, only two texts discussed any criticism of it. Teachers and text authors are urged to become more familiar with the critical literature on this study, and suggestions for class discussions of the study are provided.

Abstract Black ink. The defamation of Gaius Caligula This article analyses how ancient media were used for the character assassination of the Roman emperor Gaius Caligula. Why was Caligula’s reputation so severely damaged? How was this done? In the complicated situation in which Caligula came to power, the Augustan system of an autocratic rule hidden behind a republican veil was pushed aside. As a result, the conflict between Caligula and the Roman elite became insuperable. When Caligula demonstrated the realities of absolute power, he was assassinated. Shortly after, senatorial authors used the medium of historiography to start their character assassination, depicting Caligula as an insane psychopath. This article discerns between three different groups of attackers with different motives for their character assassination: eyewitnesses, Jewish writers, and later Roman senatorial authors. The article concludes with an assessment of the differences and similarities of the attacks by the three groups. The defamation of Caligula turned out to be highly successful.

The use of compulsory observation and treatment by a psychiatrist according to the current legislation is carried out along with the imposition of punishment in relation to persons with mental disorders of a non-psychotic level. In relation to persons who do not need to apply coercive measures of a medical nature in stationary conditions, but who have mental disorders of a psychotic level, the legislator does not consider the possibility of coercive observation and treatment by a psychiatrist in accordance with Chapter 51 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, while there are no grounds for terminating the criminal case against these persons. According to the authors, it is necessary to expand the list of grounds for applying coercive measures of a medical nature in the form of coercive observation and treatment by a psychiatrist, and also establish the production procedure determined by Chapter 51 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, for persons recognized as insane, but not in need of coercive medical measures in stationary conditions.

It is reported the Brazilian Neurology birth (1912), that has as the hallmark its first Neurology Cathedra of Rio de Janeiro, and the links between Neurology and Psychiatry, besides the main medical protagonists at that time in Rio de Janeiro: João Carlos Teixeira Brandão (1854-1921), first professor of the cathedra of Clinical Psychiatry and Nervous Diseases (1883-1921); Juliano Moreira (1873-1933), the founder of the Brazilian scientific Psychiatry and director of the Hospício Nacional de Alienados (National Hospice for the Insane) (1903-1930); Antônio Austregésilo Rodrigues de Lima (1876-1960), first professor of the cathedra of Neurology, considered the father of the Brazilian Neurology. Aloysio de Castro (1881-1959) was a great Brazilian neurosemiologist at that time. Austregésilo practiced both disciplines, Neurology and Psychiatry, and like Jean-Martin-Charcot, he was very interested in a typically psychiatric disorder, the hysteria. It is also considered in this paper the first Brazilian authors of Neurology and/or Psychiatric texts and the places where Neurology was initially developed by the main founders: Hospício Nacional de Alienados, Santa Casa de Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro and Policlínica Geral do Rio de Janeiro.

The purpose of the article is to study the judicial practice and identify the problem of the lack of an objective medical and social prognosis of the public danger of a mentally ill (deranged) person in order to further apply compulsory medical measures, their replacement or cancellation. As a consequence, individuals who no longer pose such danger are unreasonably subjected for a long time to restrictions on civil, political, economic, social, and cultural human and civil rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the universally recognized principles and rules of international law. The methodological basis of the research is both philosophical (dialectical, analytical) and generally scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, abstraction, generalization, induction). The work resulted in the conclusion that there is a similar problem in foreign forensic psychiatry and law and order, identifying similarities and differences in approaches to solving it, with regard to the national specifics of providing psychiatric care to the population, including in a compulsory manner. The novelty of the work is that given the objective and subjective difficulties that domestic forensic psychiatry experiences in creating a prognostic methodology of public danger of such patients, a proposal is made to consider, for these purposes, the time period during which the patient does not commit crime. Although the proposed criterion is not of a medical nature, it is always in the sight of doctors and lawyers (judge, prosecutor) when resolving legal situations related to compulsory medical measures. The authors of the article expect that in combination with the clinical variables of the risk of violence, this will allow to achieve an objective prognosis and avoid the unjustified use of medical (restrictive) measures.

Roman Elements in Testamentary Regulations of I Lithuanian StatuteS u m m a ryRoman law, alongside Lithuanian, Ruthenian, Polish, German and canon law, was one of the many sources of I Lithuanian Statute of 1529. However, it is still not clear how and within what scope the authors of the Lithuanian codification used Roman law. At some point researchers of the subject held the view that the reception of elements of elaborate Roman law could not have possibly happened before II Statute of 1566, from witch such elements were transferred to III Statute of 1588. It seems, however, that a number of Roman elements were already present in I Statute; later on, in the course of the creation of II and III Statute, Roman elements were considerably multiplied and expanded. An interesting subject for research in this connection is testamentary law in I Lithuanian Statute. For instance, Roman law did not allow for wills to be drawn up by minors, slaves, heretics, sons who remained under the authority of their fathers, and by insane persons. The same regulations are to be found in I Statute. It should be emphasized that the reception of Roman legal institution by the Lithuanian codification went as far as to include even exceptions to the general rules; thus, sons were allowed to make wills with respect to their separate property, and insane persons were allowed to make wills when they were in a sound state of mind. I Statute also adopted the Roman legal principle that allowed a testator to freely change his will at any moment in his life. An impact of the Roman legal system can also be seen in I Statute regulations concerning the capacity to be a witness to will making. Under I Statute, persons lacking will-making capacity and women could not be witnesses to will making. It also appears that disinheritance as a legal sanction for hitting or insulting one of the parents was taken over by I Statute from Roman law, perhaps via Byzantine law.An analysis of the regulations of I Statute leads one to the conclusion that the first codification was already under the influence of Roman law, and that the influence was more significant that previously believed. In view of the above observations, further research on the issue may lead to interesting results.

An investigative officer is the first stake holder of the criminal justice system who is responsible to bring each and every fact of the crime and to bring accused before the court of law. Sec- 328,Cr.P.C. emphasis on the inquiry of unsoundness of mind of an accused that believe to be suffering from any mental illness and a magistrate immediately directs prosecution for the a medical examination. If Magistrate is convinced that the person is of unsound mind and consequently incapable of making his defence, he shall postpone proceedings and referred the accused to the hospital for the treatment. Section- 100 to 105 of Mental Health Care Act, 2017 also laid down procedures to deal with mentally ill people who come in contact with law. However, it is found that investigative officers are either not aware of these criminal procedures or showing negligence towards it. Few cases of insanity were cometo notice by the Hon’ble High Courts where investigative officer’s negligence resulted into miscarriage of judgments by lower courts. In this research article authors discussed few cases where Court has found lacuna’s in investigative process and by setting past judgments aside deliver fresh judgment in the favour of an insane defendant. Researcher also explores the issue of human right violation by the criminal justice system itself. In conclusion some deliberations are made to eliminate such issues from criminal justice system.

IntroductionErotomania, or De Clerambault's Syndrome, was first described in 1921. However, cases of Insane Love were long known before. Presently, this condition is classified as a delusional disorder typically affecting women. However, in forensic samples, most of these reports relate to men with violent behaviour, associated to harassing or stalking of a woman.ObjectiveTo present the case of a man, diagnosed with Erotomania and literature review of similar cases.AimTo bring awareness to the infrequent diagnosis of this condition in males and the legal implications this condition may have.MethodsConsultation of the patient's clinical process and published articles focusing on Erotomania in men.ResultsA 50-year-old man was referred from Court for persistently stalking a woman on the past few years. He revealed erotomanic and persecutory delusions, believing these accusations were all part of a scheme to restrain his alleged relationship.There was a clinical improvement during hospitalization and treatment with antipsychotics. Due to the legal process in court, a forensic examination was also performed.ConclusionsOn the follow-up, the patient remained stabilized. He would not verbalize any delusional content, and calmly deny any inadequate behaviour. However, some of his stalking attitude remains. As many of these patients, we believe his delusion is still present, although his behaviour is more controlled with treatment. Recognizing the characteristics and course of this disorder in our patients, grants a better chance of intervention and attentiveness towards the legal implications that may arise.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

This study will show the characteristics of the Muslim woman who is capable of becoming a good example ( uswah hasanah ) for readers. Apart from this, the researcher wishes to show the extent to which the authors are able to handle Muslim women characters that are able to build and encourage readers towards becoming insan Kamil . In this matter the characteristics of the Muslim woman in Faisal Tehrani’s Tunggu Teduh Dulu ( Wait Till It Cools ) and Surat-surat Perempuan Johor ( The Letters of the Johor Woman ), as well as Isa Kamari’s novels Atas Nama Cinta ( In the Name of Love ) and Satu Bumi ( One Earth ) will be examined. The characteristics of the Muslim woman that play a role in the development of insan Kamil will be examined in light of the Takmilah Theory which focuses on the principle of developing an audience of insan Kamil . The depiction of women whose personalities display the characteristics of insan Kamil is hoped to be able to exemplify the human ideal for readers. Keywords: Muslim women’s personality; Takmilah Theory; Insan Kamil, Faisal Tehrani, Isa Kamari

Abstract This study aims to determine the condition of implementation of academic supervision at MAN Insan Cendekia Jambi province. Where the manners of MAN Insan Cendekia Jambi province is a reference institution of Islamic-based education in Jambi province regarding institutional quality. Specific targets to be achieved by this research are 1). How is the implementation of academic supervision at MAN Insan Cendekia Jambi Province ?. 2). What are the obstacles to the implementation of academic supervision at MAN Insan Cendekia Jambi Province? The research method used is a descriptive qualitative method, which the researcher describes the research findings in narrative and what is. Data collection techniques used are observation techniques, documentation, and interviews. To check the validity of data then the authors do diligence observation, triangulation, member check, audit trail. And to analyze the data then the authors review and reduce data, data unitization, data categorization, and interpretation of data. The results of the research indicate that: 1) Implementation Implementation of academic supervision in MAN Insan Cendekia Jambi Province implemented in the form as follows: a) Supervision based on direct observation of teaching activities in the classroom; b) Supervision with daily work review; c) Supervision with inspection of teaching equipment; d) Supervision with academic dialogue; e) Supervision through questionnaires. and 2). Obstacles implementation of academic supervision in MAN Insan Cendekia Jambi Province is the number of duties and other responsibilities of the head of the madrasah. Based on the results of research can be concluded that the implementation of academic supervision in MAN Insan Cendekia Jambi Province has been implemented well to produce teacher performance is also good. Keywords: Implementation, Supervision, Academic. Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kondisi implementasi supervisi akademik pada MAN Insan Cendekia provinsi Jambi. Dimana kebaradaan MAN Insan Cendekia provinsi Jambi merupakan rujukan lembaga pendidikan berbasis agama Islam di provinsi Jambi dalam hal kualitas kelembagaannya. Target khusus yang ingin dicapai dari penelitian ini adalah: 1). Bagaimana implementasi supervisi akademik di MAN Insan Cendekia Provinsi Jambi?. 2). Apa saja kendala implementasi supervisi akademik di MAN Insan Cendekia Provinsi Jambi? Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif deskriptif, yang mana peneliti menguraikan temuan penelitian secara naratif dan apa adanya. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah teknik obervasi, dokumentasi, dan wawancara. Untuk mengecek validitas data maka penulis melakukan ketekunan pengamatan, triangulasi, member check, audit trail. Dan untuk menganalisis data maka penulis melakukan penelaahan dan reduksi data, unitisasi data, kategorisasi data, dan interpretasi data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: 1) Implementasi Implementasi supervisi akademik di MAN Insan Cendekia Provinsi Jambi dilaksanakan dalam bentuk sebagai berikut: a) Supervisi berdasarkan pengamatan langsung kegiatan mengajar di kelas; b) Supervisi dengan peninjauan kerja harian; c) Supervisi dengan pemeriksaan perlengkapan mengajar; d) Supervisi dengan dialog akademis; e) Supervisi melalui pengisian angket. dan 2). Kendala implementasi supervisi akademik di MAN Insan Cendekia Provinsi Jambi adalah Banyaknya tugas dan tanggung jawab lain dari kepala madrasah. Berdasarkan hasil penlitian tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa implementasi supervisi akademik di MAN Insan Cendekia Provinsi Jambi telah terlaksana dengan baik sehingga menghasilkan kinerja guru yang juga baik. Kata Kunci: Implementasi, Supervisi, Akademik.

The article considers Elie Wiesel and his autobiography as a major contribution to the Holocaust literature through his testimonies that found reflection in the author’s novels. The trilogy Night and other works created by the author are about a world that seems unreal and insane that often indeed they are read like a nightmare. Wiesel is among the first to demonstrate the atrocities of the Nazi regime as a witness and the writer at the same time as his creative works based on his experience at the death camps. Therefore, the holistic depiction of the author’s life will serve to shape the Holocaust universe.

The author's dissertation, which contains 62 pages, is divided into 3 chapters. The important practical significance of the issue to which this work is devoted gives me the right to present it in more or less detail.

Islam has many solutions in addressing the issue of limitations in education. That is cash waqf. Cash waqf, is expected to narrow the gap between rich and poor society by means of transfering of wealth (the profits from managing cash waqf) from rich to poor. The purpose of this study is to analyze the cash waqf empowerment model in an effort to improve the quality of education. The method is done by in depth-interview with the boards (Leader and Manager program) of Yatim Mandiri, administrators of YKN (Independence Nusantara Foundation), and the staffs of Insan Cendekia Mandiri Boarding School. Limitation of this paper is to investigate the three institutions of zakat mentioned earlier. The results showed that waqfin the form of movable or immovable objects can be utilized and provide benefits to the society. The role of waqf, especially in improving the quality of education, is still limited to the purchase of land. The land is used for institution building of Insan Cendekia Mandiri Boarding School. There is a model of cashwaqf empowerment in the institution of zakat (Yatim Mandiri) that can be replicated in other institutions of zakat. The structure of this paper are: Section 1 describe the development of cash waqfin Indonesia; Section 2 is literature review about cash waqf; Section 3 explain the research model used in this paper; Section 4 is discussion; and the last Section 5 is the authors conclusion and authors recommendation to improve the empowerment of cash waqf.

The goal of the article is to examine the theoretical and aesthetical views related to art and concerning painters, mainly in the French tradition, from the early 17th to the mid-18th century, starting with works by Gian Paolo Lomazzo and ending with the viewpoints of Denis Diderot. Using different examples from the texts of the key authors of their day, the article’s aim is to show how, starting in the early 17th century, the type of painter who can be described as a “learned genius” starts to develop; and from the beginning of the next, 18th century, this type gradually starts to transform into the subject that can be called a “mad genius” with all the main features of a modern artist.With the introduction of the neo-Platonic Mannerist doctrine of Lomazzo and Federico Zuccari the “learned genius” is now in its embryonic stage of development, differing greatly from the Renaissance painters of an earlier era. The “painter-mystic” is a self-centred person, whose “inner eye” is directly connected through contemplation with the Divine. In the middle of the 17th century, Charles Alphonse du Fresnoy, and especially Giovanni Pietro Bellori, by synthesizing Platonic and Aristotelian ideas, introduce us to the painter who possesses genius. He is freed from Mannerist mysticism and his main goal is to improve the imperfect Nature created by God through mind and reason. And to produce the perfect version of it in art – la belle nature – to achieve the result the artist has constantly developed himself – to learn and observe. The neo-classicist doctrine gradually burdens the genius with certain strict rules to follow; a process that is referred to here as “taming the genius”. So by the end of the 17th century, it is possible to talk about the “learned (but tamed) genius” – a noble, well-taught, reasonable and aesthetically high-minded artist.At the beginning of 18th century changes start occurring in the theoretical art paradigm, starting with Jean-Baptiste Du Bos and his Reflexions critiques sur la poësie et sur la peinture, written in 1719. This marks a new beginning in the development of the painter-genius figure and undoubtedly has significant influence on the writings that will follow on same subject. Du Bos starts to depart from the “reason-centred” painter, emphasizing the moment of sensory perception as the main criteria in the art of painting. There are two main differences from earlier times. Firstly, the author is now talking about a person who already is genius rather than possessing genius, as was the understanding earlier. Secondly, the person is already born a genius, which means that this quality is no longer taught. There aren’t any strict rules to harass the individual inventiveness and creativity of the artist.In the middle of 18th century many theoreticians, such as Jean le Rond d’Alembert, Etienne de Condillac, Voltaire etc, emphasized such important and very individualistic qualities of the painter as inventiveness, imagination, originality, enthusiasm. And they started to connect these to the centuries-old Platonic idea of poetic fury – furor poeticus – a state of mind in which the artist is almost maddened, insane and fully spontaneous while creating art. Denis Diderot is the first author who says outright that a painter-genius “is mad” (qu‘il est fou) and in doing so summons up the ideas of his predecessors.One could say that the different qualities mentioned above have guided the theoretical art narrative to the point where we can talk about the “mad genius”, who is recognized as the creator of art and this is the point where the modern painter-genius, whom we know today, comes to life.

Basically the quality of human resources that owned by BMH employees branch of Surabaya is different. Islamic working environment would be a little more influence their motives in the work so that in the end the result is within their Islamic work ethic with Islamic values will be shown. This study aims to determine the effect of the quality of their human resources employees of Baitul Maal Hidayatullah branch of Surabayaagainst the Islamic work ethic.Is Islamic work ethic assessment results are influenced by the quality of human resources in the work.In carrying out this study the authors used a quantitative approach with a simple linear regression analysis model. The samples in this study were all employees of Baitul Maal Hidayatullah branch of Surabaya obtained saturation sampling method. Under this method obtained 42 employees. Data was collected by distributing questionnaires human resource quality and work ethic of Islam to employees. The results of this study indicate that the quality of human resources affect the work ethic of employees Baitul Maal Hidayatullah Islamic Branch of Surabaya.

The settlement of the Anak Dalam tribe in Muara Medak - Jambi often experiences flood disasters later in each rainy season. This is the number of hills that have changed from forests to become oil palm plantations which are unable to absorb water. So that in the rainy season, this area which is a shallow swamp often gets runoff from the hills which causes flooding. MAN Insan Cendikia students try to find a home design solution for residents of the Anak Dalam Tribe at Muara Medak through R & D research with the topic: "Mahaban" Alternative Floating Houses in Handling Floods and Building for Tribal Children in the Village of Muaro Medak Jambi. The results of this study were then included in the Youth Scientific Writing competition (LKIR) organized by the Regional Research and Development Agency (Balitbangda) Jambi. To validate the design, the authors help provide assistance and consultation regarding their designs. This research uses a mix-method. After validation, the design needs to be revised. Then the results were made into a prototype and tested. As a result, this design won the Best Journal Award II and the Second Champion Award at the presentation of the work.

Oxytetracycline (OTC) was widely used antibiotic in agricultural industry. However, most of them were secreted from the body and entered the water stream, due to low absorption. The occurrence of the antibiotics in water stream may led to serious health hazards. Hence, finding the effective method that capable to achieve total mineralization of antibiotic-contaminated wastewater, followed by the production of benign inorganic and organic by-product, was necessarily deemed. Photochemical degradation method, such as: UV/H2O2 system, was capable to achieve total mineralization of OTC at its optimized condition. In this paper, inorganic by-products of OTC mineralization inside a UV/H2O2 system at its optimum condition were analyzed. The presence of nitrate, ammonium, chloride ions, and chlorine were detected at the sample solution after mineralization. The presence of these inorganic by-product has proven that the experimental setup chosen was capable to achieve total mineralization. In addition, possible routes of the inorganic by-products detachment from the OTC’s structure, were also presented. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Purpose of the study— to evaluate surgical treatment outcomes of the patients with chronical patella instabilitywho underwent double bundle transpatellar reconstruction of medial patella-femoral ligament (MPFL) by a semitendinous tendon autograft. Material and methods.26 patients with minimal 12 months follow up were included into the study. In all casessemitendinous tendon autograft was inserted through a vertical tunnel in the patella, formed in a loop, and fixed in femoral tunnel by a biodegradable screw. Preoperative MRIs were used to evaluate trochlear dysplasia type by D. Dejour classification, tibial tubercle to trochlear groove distance (TT-TG) and Insall-Salvati ratio. Postoperative x-rays were used to measure femoral tunnel angle (FTA), postoperative MRIs — to measure diameter of patella tunnel (d_Pat), distance from tunnel to medial border of patella (MPM) and diameter of tunnel in medial femoral condyle (d_Fem). Functional outcomes were evaluated by Kujala Score, Lysholm and IKDC, also the authors assessed the level of sports activity prior to and after the surgery. Results.Age median of the patients at the moment of procedure was 22 years. MRI data prior to surgery reportedthat the majority of patients suffered from B type of trochlear dysplasia, median TT-TG distance was 14.6 mm, median Insall-Salvati ratio was 1.1 mm. Postoperative x-rays and MRIs demonstrated median FTA of 18°, d_Pat median — 5.4 mm, MPM median — 7.0 mm, d_Fem median — 8.2 mm, no implant migrations were observed. Subjective assessment scores demonstrated excellent outcomes: Kujala Score — 96, IKDC — 87.4, Lysholm — 91. No secondary dislocations during follow up were reported, 48% of patients returned to sports on the pre-surgery or higher level, 52% of patients returned to sports with decreased activity. Conclusion.Transpatellar reconstruction of MPFL by semitendinous tendon autograft proved to be the efficienttreatment method of chronical patella instability.

In the perspective of the development of one's religiosity can be developed through touches the other side that can bring spiritual and inner shades religious person. It can be touched by some form. The forms that try to offer in this study is about Qasidah Burdah (QB) developed at boarding school and in some majlistaklim in public life can be categorized as an internalization of values in the media application using music as a medium. Researchers used a qualitative approach in this research to complete the study. Researchers believe using this approach because the problem in this study is very holistic, complex, dynamic and full of meaning that is not possible data on the social situation captured by quantitative research methods such as test instrument. Moreover, the authors intend to understand the social situation in depth, find the strategy pattern, hypotheses and theories associated with this research study. The content of the values of Sufism in Qasidah Burdah still have suitability (relevance) to the teachings of Islam in terms of both goals (for the human form in order to be a perfect human being (insan kamil) as a servant of God and as a vicegerent on earth) and material (faith, Sharia and morals). Therefore, Qasidah Burdah can be used as a reference or references in the individual maturation process, especially in Indonesia.

Published articles in the field of educational administration, audit, planning and economic are thought to be important in determining countries' educational situation and making estimates about their future. In this study; it is aimed to determine the articles published in the period between 2012 and 2016, published by Elementary Education Online Journal, Mersin University Education Faculty Journal, İnönü University Education Faculty Journal, Akdeniz Education Research Journal, Hacettepe University Education Faculty Journal, Gazi University Education Faculty Journal, International Journal of Human Sciences; the total number of articles related to the number of articles, education management, subject/purpose, author institution, method, method explanation, sample size, sample size, data collection instrument, data analysis techniques, number of authors. The data of the study were collected through qualitative research methods through a document review and subjected to descriptive and content analysis. At the end of the analysis, 259 out of 2893 articles examined are related to education management, audit, planning and economy; most of these articles are about "leadership"; quantitative methods are used; working with a sample group of 0-100; the teacher group was preferred as the study group; survey/scale used as data collection tool; descriptive analysis (f,%, X, Ss) was performed as data analysis technique; the number of authors is 2 authors and the authors are based on the institution where the employees are MEB was found. Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file.ÖzetEğitim yönetimi, denetimi, planlaması ve ekonomisi alanındaki yayınlanmış olan makaleler, ülkelerin eğitimle ilgili durumlarını ortaya koyması ve geleceklerine ilişkin tahminlerde bulunulması açısından önemli olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bu araştırmada; ULAKBİM’de taranan İlköğretim Online Dergisi, Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, Akdeniz Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, Gazi Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi 2012-2016 yılları arasında yayınlanan toplam makale sayısı, eğitim yönetimiyle ilgili makale sayısı, konu/amaç, yazarın çalıştığı kurum, yöntem, yöntem açıklaması, örneklem büyüklüğü, örneklem kitlesi, veri toplama aracı, veri analiz teknikleri, yazar sayısı kapsamında incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın verileri nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden doküman incelemesi yoluyla toplanmış olup betimsel ve içerik analizine tabi tutulmuştur. Analiz sonunda, incelenen 2893 makaleden 259 tanesi eğitim yönetimi, denetimi, planlaması ve ekonomisiyle ilgili olup; bu makalelerde en çok; “liderlik” konusunda çalışıldığı; nicel yöntemlerin kullanıldığı; 0-100 arasındaki örneklem grubuyla çalışıldığı; çalışma grubu olarak öğretmen kitlesinin tercih edildiği; veri toplama aracı olarak anket/ölçek kullanıldığı; veri analiz tekniği olarak betimsel analiz (f, X, Ss) yapıldığı; yazar sayısı olarak 2 yazarlıların bulunduğu ve yazarların bulunduğu kurum bazında MEB çalışanlarının olduğu bulunmuştur.

Archives have an important role in an agency or company to support administrative processes or activities carried out in the company. If the records are not well managed, it will be difficult to find the information that has been stored so that it can hinder further work processes. Therefore archives should be managed using a good and correct management system. The IT study program at the Catur Insan Cendekia Cirebon University does not yet have a filing system for data on rules, guidelines and SOP, so currently a system is needed that can help performance related to data archiving of rules, guidelines and SOP. In this study the authors implemented data archiving rules, guidelines and web-based SOP using the index field method to make it easier to search for data and maintain document security and was carried out using a codeigniter framework, using MYSQL as database management which is popularly used to build web applications that source. and data management using a database. The result of this data archiving system for rules, guidelines and SOP is that data retrieval does not need to take a lot of time and effort so that the required data can be accessed quickly and easily. So that data can be applied automatically based on the category so that data archiving is more effective and efficient.Keywords : Data Rules, Filing System, Guidelines, Index Field, Standar Operasional Prosedur, SOP.

This study aims to examine the imaging of punakawan figures in Javanese puppetry in order to increase the values in the character education of students in the world of education through symbolic meaning, especially in early childhood, namely the PGPAUD Study Program at STKIP Bina Insan Mandiri Surabaya. This research was conducted because the authors see that education quality is increasingly declining today. This proves that education without character and character has been considered a failure to educate the children of the nation, especially in preserving Javanese culture through wayang. Many school children and students are clever in answering exam questions, intelligent, but mentally weak, timid, and behavior is not commendable and commits prohibited acts. With the theory of images and symbols in the puppet writer's analysis to analyze the image of clowns. The Punakawan is a symbol of the imaging of values in Javanese puppetry which is transferred to knowledgekan in early childhood. This understanding is carried out as a provision of understanding on the cultivation of character in life. Cultural and national character education is very intensively carried out in the world of education because it aims to prepare students to become better citizens, namely citizens who have the ability, willingness, and apply the values of Pancasila in their lives as Indonesian citizens starting from early childhood. This study uses interpretive descriptive methods and literature using image theory and symbols in wayang. The research used in this study also aims to understand what phenomena are experienced by the research subjects. Through this research, descriptive data collected is in the form of words and symbols. In this study, early childhood or humans play an important role as an instrument. The instrument is a primary data collection tool in the form of observations, interviews, or a review of documents. The results of this study can be formulated that the image of punakawan figures in Javanese puppet shows a symbolic meaning, namely punakawan in Javanese puppets as pandawa servants who have exemplary attitudes (honesty, justice, not easy to give up / despair, and a high sense of nationalism) that is very necessary and implied into the value of character education. Character education in character education courses for students especially PGPAUD STKIP Bina Insan Mandiri Surabaya study program students so that they can produce a nation of good quality in terms of intellectual, personality and character in the future. Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pencitraan pada tokoh punakawan dalam pewayangan Jawa guna meningkatkan nilai-nilai dalam pendidikan karakter peserta didik di dunia pendidikan melalui makna simbolik khususnya pada anak usia dini yakni pada Prodi PGPAUD di STKIP Bina Insan Mandiri Surabaya. Penelitian ini dilakukan karena penulis melihat pendidikan yang kualitasnya semakin menurun dewasa ini. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa pendidikan tanpa karakter dan budi pekerti telah di anggap gagal mendidik anak bangsa khususnya dalam melestarikan budaya Jawa melalui pewayangan. Banyak anak sekolah dan peserta didik yang pandai dalam menjawab soal ujian, berotak cerdas, tetapi mentalnya lemah, penakut, dan perilakunya tidak terpuji serta melakukan perbuatan terlarang. Dengan adanya teori citra dan simbol dalam pewayangan penulis melakukan analisis untuk mengkaji citra punakawan. Punakawan tersebut merupakan simbol dari pencitraan nilai dalam pewayangan Jawa yang di transfer knowledgekan pada anak usia dini. Pemahaman ini dilakukan sebagai bekal pemahaman pada penanaman budi pekerti dalam kehidupan. Pendidikan budaya dan karakter bangsa sangat gencar dilaksanakan di dunia pendidikan karena bertujuan mempersiapkan peserta didik menjadi warga negara yang lebih baik, yaitu warga negara yang memiliki kemampuan, kemauan, dan menerapkan nilai-nilai Pancasila dalam kehidupannya sebagai warga negara Indonesia yang dimulai dari anak usia dini. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif interpretatif dan kepustakaan dengan menggunakan teori citra dan simbol pada pewayangan. Penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk memahami fenomena apa yang dialami oleh subjek penelitian. Melalui penelitian ini, deskriptif data yang dikumpulkan yaitu berupa kata-kata dan simbol. Dalam penelitian ini, anak usia dini ataupun manusia berperan penting sebagai instrument. Instrumen tersebut menjadi alat pengumpul data utama yang berupa pengamatan, wawancara, atau penelaahan dokumen. Hasil dari penelitian ini dapat dirumuskan bahwa citra tokoh punakawan dalam pewayangan Jawa didapatkan makna simbolik, yakni punakawan dalam pewayangan Jawa sebagai para abdi pandawa yang mempunyai keteladanan sikap (kejujuran, keadilan, tidak mudah menyerah/berputus asa, dan rasa nasionalisme yang tinggi) yang sangat diperlukan dan diimplikasikan kedalam nilai pendidikan karakter. Pendidikan karakter pada mata kuliah pendidikan budi pekerti untuk mahasiswa khususnya mahasiswa prodi PGPAUD STKIP Bina Insan Mandiri Surabaya sehingga bisa mencetak generasi bangsa yang berkualitas baik dalam segi intelektual, kepribadian dan karakter di masa depan. Kata Kunci: Makna simbolik, Punakawan pewayangan jawa, Kajian pencitraan nilai, Pendidikan karakter

Abstract Background Inpatients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) frequently meet sepsis criteria defined by the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). To meet CMS guidelines, they receive a fluid bolus and broad-spectrum antibiotics, like piperacillin/tazobactam (pip/tazo), within 3 hours of presentation. A daily regimen of pip/tazo can contain as much as 1040 mg, or half the recommended dietary intake, of sodium. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate volume overloading and clinical consequences of sepsis protocols in patients with ADHF. Methods We reviewed inpatients ≥18 years old with ADHF per ICD-10 codes and an IV loop diuretic order who were initiated on a sepsis bundle, identified by IV fluid bolus and IV antibiotic orders. Patients who received ≥16 g of pip/tazo consecutively were compared to those who received other antibiotics. Outcomes included change in fluid homeostasis defined by increase in diuretic dose or frequency, or a weight increase ≥1 kg within a calendar day after receiving antibiotics; discharge disposition, length of stay (LOS), and 30-day readmission. Results We identified 95 patients admitted from 2/1/19 – 8/1/19. Thirty-four received pip/tazo, 61 received other antibiotics. Average age was 75, and 70% of patients had an infectious diseases diagnosis on discharge. Fluid homeostasis was poorer in the pip/tazo group compared to the other antibiotics group, demonstrated by weight increase ≥ 1kg (42% vs. 38%) and/or increase in diuretic intensity (65% vs. 51%). 30-day readmission rate was 2.9% in the pip/tazo group and 4.9% in the other antibiotics group. Median LOS was 11.5 vs. 7 days for the pip/tazo group and other antibiotics group, respectively. Rate of mortality was 32.6% during this encounter. Conclusion Early initiation of fluids and antibiotics may be detrimental in those without an infectious syndrome based on disrupted fluid homeostasis. Given lower sodium burden associated with other antibiotic selections, this has implications for antimicrobial stewardship. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Generasi muda sebagai penerus cita-cita perjuangan bangsa dan sumber insani bagi pembangunan nasional, perlu ditingkatkan pembinaan dan pengembangannya, serta diserahkan menjadi kader penerus perjuangan bangsa yang berjiwa pancasila. Bertolak dari itulah, maka penulis memilih judul Bentuk Kejahatan Dikalangan Generasi Muda Serta Upaya Penanggulangannya di Kec. Walenrang. Namun yang dimaksud dalam penelitian ini adalah kejahatan dikalangan Generasi Muda khususnya di wilayah Kec. Walenrang. Sangat memprihatinkan jika kejahatan itu dilakukan oleh seorang Generasi Muda yang merupkan harapan bangsa untuk meneruskan dan mempertahankan hasil kemerdekaan karena Generasi Muda merupakan ahli waris tugas- tugas negara untuk masa depan. Bentuk-bentuk dan macamnya kejahatan yang sering terjadi seperti; penganiayaan, perjudian, pencurian, perkosaan bahkan sering sampai ke pembunuhan dan sebagainya. Kejahatan-kejahatan tersebut senantiasa menimbulkan kerugian, baik terhadap orang lain maupun dirinya sendiri. The younger generation as the successor to the ideals of the struggle of the nation and human resources for national development, needs to be improved their development and development, and submitted to be the successor cadre of the nation's struggle with the spirit of Pancasila. Starting from that, the authors chose the title "Forms of Crime Among Young Generation and Its Efforts to Overcome it in Kec. Walenrang. But what is meant in this study is crime among the Young Generation, especially in the district. Walenrang. It is very alarming if the crime was committed by a Young Generation that is the hope of the nation to continue and maintain the results of independence because the Young Generation is an heir to the tasks of the state for the future. The forms and kinds of crimes that often occur such as; torture, gambling, theft, rape and often even kill and so on. These crimes always cause harm, both to others and themselves.

This study aims to find out how the work program, the constraints, the role, the success rate, and the implementation of the program conducted by Pesantren Yatim Al-Hilal in empowering orphaned resources by building the community's caring participation for abandoned orphans. Place research conducted by the author that is in Pesantren Yatim Al-Hilal Village Rancapanggung Kec. Cililin Kab. West Bandung. The method used in this research is descriptive method, with data collection technique through documentation study, observation and interview. Because the research is qualitative, the data collected is then analyzed by selecting and classifying the data in order to facilitate the conclusion. Based on the results of research conducted on this Pesantren Yatim Al-Hilal, the authors found out that empowerment of orphans conducted by Al-Hilal pesantren by providing human resource development by improving both social and religious knowledge, by meeting the needs of life for orphans as the realization of the success of orphans in achieving their goals and can be useful for the nation, and the country. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana program, kegiatan, pelaksanaan, peran dan faktor pendukung serta penghambat yang dilakukan oleh Komunitas Gerakan Pemuda Hijrah dalam menyemangati Keagamaan para Pemuda. Tempat penelitian yang dilakukan oleh penulis yaitu di Komunitas Gerakan Pemuda Hijrah yang bermarkas di Masjid Al- Lathiif Jalan Saninten No. 2 Bandung. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif, dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui studi dokumentasi, observasi dan wawancara. Karena penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif, maka data yang dikumpulkan kemudian dianalisis dengan memilih dan mengklasifikasikan data tersebut supaya mempermudah dalam penarikan kesimpulan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan terhadap Komunitas Gerakan Pemuda Hijrah ini, penulis menemukan hasil bahwa komunitas Gerakan Pemuda Hijrah sangat berperan dalam menyemangati keagamaan para pemuda, terutama pengajarkan dalam hal keagamaan yang sifatnya mampu menjadikan sorang insan yang benar-benar bertakwa dan beriman kepada Allah SWT.

For multifactorial reasons an estimated 20% of patients remain unsatisfied after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Appropriate tension of the soft tissue envelope encompassing the knee is important in total knee arthroplasty and soft tissue imbalance contributes to several of the foremost reasons for revision TKA, including instability, stiffness and aseptic loosening. There is debate in the literature surrounding the optimum way to achieve balancing of a total knee arthroplasty and there is also a lack of an accepted definition of what a balanced knee replacement is. It may be intuitive to use the native knee as a model for balancing; however, there are many difficulties with translating this into a successful prosthesis. One of the foundations of TKA, as described by Insall, was that although the native knee has more weight transmitted through the medial compartment this was to be avoided in a TKA as it would lead to uneven wear and early failure. There is a focus on achieving symmetrical tension and pressure and subsequent ‘balance’ in TKA, but the evidence from cadaveric studies is that the native knee is not symmetrically balanced. As we are currently trying to design an implant that is not based on its anatomical counterpart, is it possible to create a truly balanced prosthesis or to even to define what that balance is? The authors have reviewed the current evidence surrounding TKA balancing and its relationship with the native knee. Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2018;3:614-619. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.3.180008.

Edebiyat ve sanat tarihi boyunca sürgün, bir çok yazar ve şairin makus talihi olmuştur. Yazarlar ve sanatçılar kimi zaman fikirleri, kimi zaman yazdıkları, kimi zaman da toplumsal baskı nedeniyle zorunlu veya gönüllü bir göçün/sürgünün öznesi olabilmektedirler. Bu çalışmada, önce zorunlu sonra gönüllü göçü/sürgünü ve yersiz-yurtsuzluk halini yaşayan çağdaş yazarlarımızdan Nedim Gürsel ve yazını, bu olgunun yazar ve edebiyatına yansımaları sosyolojik ve etno-psikolojik açıdan irdelenmeye çalışılacaktır. Bireyin aidiyet hissiyle bağlandığı mekândan ve kendine ait yaşam biçimlerinden koparılması, onun kültürel köklerinden ve insani bağlarından da koparılmasıdır ve bu durum bir yazar için edebi esin kaynaklarının da hem çeşitlenmesi ve varsıllaşması, hem de sarsılması anlamına gelir. Bu varsıllık ve sarsıntı edebi malzeme olarak kimi zaman olumlu etkiler yaratsa da, yazarın yaşamı ve yazını üzerinde derin izler bırakmaktadır. Nedim Gürsel, bu izleri hem olumlu hem de olumsuz yönleriyle örnekleyen, sürgünlük ve gönüllü göçebelik hallerini zıtlıklarına rağmen aynı bünyede barındıran, gönülden ve özü itibariyle bağlı olduğu ve kendini daha çok ait hissettiği, köklerinin bulunduğu memleketi ile bulunduğu yerleri aynı potada eritmeyi başaran bir yazardır. Bu çalışmada, yazarın anı ve gezi yazılarından oluşan Hatırla Barbara ve öykülerini derlediği Sevgilim İstanbul eserleri ile göçün/sürgünün biyografik ve kurgusal metinlerdeki yansımalarını ortaya koymak hedeflenmektedir. Çalışmada ayrıca, 21. yüzyılın sürgünlük ve göçebelik hallerinin kendine özgü yapısı da değerlendirilecektir. ENGLISH ABSTRACT“Bin parçaya bölünmüş yüz” an exile of language, memory and place with an enlarged world: exile and nomandic aspects in Nedim GürselExile has been the ill fate of so many author and poet throughout the literature and art history. Authors and artists can be subjected to a forced or voluntary migration/exile because of sometimes their thoughts, some time their writings, and sometimes social pressure. In this study, Nedim Gürsel, one of the contemporary authors who lived first the forced migration/exile, then the voluntary one, and experienced the situation of being homelessness, and his literature, the influences of these situations will be tried to analyse in sociological and ethnopsychological aspects. A person is also expelled from her/his cultural roots and humane connection by being expelled from the place being connected with a sense of belonging, and the life styles. But for an author, this situation means diversity, richness and shock on her/his literal inspire. Even if this richness and shock sometimes create positive effects as literal material, it leaves traces on the life and literature of the author. Nedim Gürsel is an author that exemplifies these traces both with positive and negative aspects, contains the exile and voluntary migration within himself despite their adverseness, achieves melting his homeland, to which he is sincerely connected and fells belong, with the placed that he leaves. In this study, it is targeted to reveal the reflections of migration/exile on Hatırla Barbara, the book composes of memoir and travel writings, and Sevgilim İstanbul in which short stories of the author collected. The exile and migration cases of 21th century will be also evaluated in this study.

The variety of thoughts about the optimal attainment of human self and the satisfaction of human life is what may have made Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1868) deny all worldly phenomena. He saw that the world was full of suffering. Humans, as the supreme product of the basic activities of the world, are in fact the most unfortunate creatures. Therefore, humans will be able to achieve happiness when they are able to kill passions and cravings. Studies on the optimal achievement of humans and the meaning of human life from the two figures above, are still important and beneficial to do. Because the concept of the ideal human being is a model and example for us that we can emulate or maybe we can make it happen if we feel fit and believe in the truth. But the question might arise, is it still relevant to study the thoughts of long-dead figures such as Ibn Arabi and Neitzsche? in the opinion of the author, the study of their thinking is still relevant. Because in their thoughts are contained eternal pearls, and because of the peculiarity of each thought. This is evident if we pay attention today, where the thoughts of the two figures are still the subject of study in various countries, both in the West and the East. The works that examine Nietzsche's thoughts about the Ubermensch man include the work of Chairul Arifin, entitled The will to power: Briedrich Nietzsche. This book discusses Nietzsche's views on human beings and his anti-theism. These two thoughts are then connected by the author of this book with Nietzsche's main thought, namely the will to power. And in one of its chapters, the book also examines the concept of Ubermensch Nietzsche. Another work that addresses Nietzsche and Nietzsche's main ideas, including Ubermensch in a separate chapter is Nietzsche by St Sunardi. Besides that, there are other books. Of the books mentioned above and others to the best of the author's knowledge, there has never been found a work that specifically compares Ibn Arabi's insan kamil concept and Nietzsche's Ubermensch concept.

Background: Reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) is the gold standard treatment for recurrent patellar dislocation. Patella alta has been reported in about half of patients with recurrent patellofemoral instability. Hypothesis: MPFL reconstruction (MPFLr) has a beneficial role in the correction of patellar height in patients with mild patella alta (Caton-Deschamps index [CDI] between 1.20 and 1.40). Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Skeletally mature patients, with no history of previous or concomitant knee surgical procedures, who underwent isolated MPFLr using hamstring autograft for recurrent patellar instability between 2005 and 2018, were included in this study. The authors calculated CDI, modified Insall-Salvati index (MISI), and Blackburne-Peel index (BPI) ratios. Measurements done by 2 independent observers were calculated and used to compare pre- and postoperative patellar height (patella alta: CDI >1.20). Results: A total of 89 patients (95 knees) were included in the study, with a mean age of 25.0 years (range, 15.0-45.0 years). There were 70% women and 30% men. We found patella alta in 35.8% of cases preoperatively. Among them, 79.4% had reduced patellar height indices, within normal limits, postoperatively (mean follow-up, 18.4 ± 12.0 months). All the ratios showed a significant reduction in patellar height after surgery (CDI: 0.19 [range, –0.05, 0.60]; MISI: 0.22 [–0.14, 0.76]; BPI: 0.18 [–0.08, 0.59]; P < .00001). The CDI of 79.4% of the study knees was reduced to within normal limits postoperatively. The CDI was maintained within normal limits postoperatively in 93.4% of the knees with normal patellar height and reduced to normal in 50% of the knees with severe patella alta before surgery . No patient reported patella infera before surgery, whereas this condition was found in 8.2% of study patients postoperatively. A moderate correlation was reported between preoperative radiographic indices and their reduction after surgery (CDI: P < .001, ρ = 0.39; MISI: P < .001, ρ = 0.39; BPI: P < .001, ρ = 0.48). Conclusion: The higher the preoperative patellar height, the more important is the lowering effect of MPFLr using the hamstring for patellar instability. Bony procedures should not be indicated in patients with patellar instability and a CDI between 1.20 and 1.40.

ABSTRAKSI: Belia adalah aset bernilai kepada negara dan menjadi harapan nusa bangsa untuk merealisasikan hasrat menjadi negara maju. Namun, dengan arus globalisasi yang melanda dunia, apa yang berlaku pada hari ini ialah penglibatan belia, termasuklah belia di institusi pengajian tinggi, dalam permasalahan akhlak yang menyimpang daripada nilai-nilai ke-Timur-an dan prinsip Islam, walaupun hakikatnya mereka telah melalui proses pendidikan agama secara formal di sekolah. Ini menimbulkan persoalan: Apakah permasalahan akhlak belia di institusi pengajian tinggi? Penglibatan mereka dalam tingkah-laku yang berisiko seolah-olah memberi petunjuk bahawa pendidikan di sekolah sahaja belum mencukupi untuk membentuk akhlak belia, dan menjadikan Islam sebagai satu cara hidup dalam kehidupan mereka pada hari ini. Justeru itu, artikel ini mengupas tentang konsep belia dan akhlak Islam, permasalahan akhlak belia di institusi pengajian tinggi, dan cara mengatasinya. Dalam konteks negara Malaysia, pembentukan akhlak belia untuk menjadi insan kamil yang cemerlang dan seimbang dari segi intelek dan spiritual adalah proses pendidikan sepanjang hayat dan perlu diberi penekanan selaras dengan pembangunan dan kemajuan negara-bangsa.KATA KUNCI: Belia; Akhlak; Institusi Pengajian Tinggi; Globalisasi; Pendidikan Tidak Formal.ABSTRACT: “Exploring the Issues of Morality among Youths in Higher Education Institution”. Youth is a valuable asset to the nation to realize the objective of becoming a developed nation. However, what is happening in the globalization era nowadays is the involvement of youths, including those in higher educations, in the behaviors that deviate from Eastern values and principles of Islam, despite the fact that they have been through the process of formal religious education in schools. This begs the question: What are the moral problems of youths in institutions of higher education? Their risky behaviors seem to indicate that school education alone is not sufficient to to form good morals in youths, and Islam can alternatively be made a way of life. Therefore, this article explores the concept of youths and Islamic morality, moral problems of youths in institutions of higher education, and how to overcome them. In the context of Malaysia as a nation-state, the development of youths’ moral to be a perfect human and who can maintain a balanced in the intellectual and spiritual aspects is a lifelong process in education and should be addressed in line with the development and progress of the nation-state. KEY WORD: Youths; Morality; Higher Education Institution; Globalization; Informal Education. About the Authors: Rohana Tan ialah Pelajar Master Sains Pendidikan Pengembangan di Jabatan Pemajuan Profesional dan Pendidikan Lanjutan, Fakulti Pengajian Pendidikan UPM (Universiti Putra Malaysia). Prof. Madya Dato’ Dr. Norhasni Zainal Abiddin ialah Pensyarah di Jabatan Pemajuan Profesional dan Pendidikan Lanjutan, Fakulti Pengajian Pendidikan UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. Alamat emel: nonie@upm.edu.my dan nonieza99@gmail.comHow to cite this article? Tan, Rohana & Norhasni Zainal Abiddin. (2016). “Tinjauan Permasalahan Akhlak Belia di Institusi Pengajian Tinggi” in MIMBAR PENDIDIKAN: Jurnal Indonesia untuk Kajian Pendidikan, Vol.1(2) September, pp.161-178. Bandung, Indonesia: UPI [Indonesia University of Education] Press, ISSN 2527-3868 (print) and 2503-457X (online). Chronicle of the article: Accepted (February 19, 2016); Revised (May 20, 2016); and Published (September 30, 2016).

Abstract. Journalists are one of the professions that demands a honesty and fairness for the culprit, because the journalist is as one the real form of information through media for a wide audience in the process of delivering messages through the mass media. Competent journalists must master the science of Communication in both the mass Communication, communication psychology, sociology of communication, philosophy, politics, social and cultural communication. The responsibility of a journalist should always be based on the truth and to be fought. A journalist under any circumstances is required to high the instinct and its sensitivity to the situation in the field as a photojournalist assigned to the disaster area. Photos is a medium with a strong image or visual message content to provide information for a wide audience so that every human being in the community can feel and know the reality that occurs in the field that Portrayed by a photo journalist. The purpose of this research is how the authors will examine how the construction of the meaning of a photojournalist in a solution in the disaster area with a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach using the theory of Alfred Schutz. The results of this study concluded that the construction of photojournalist in the Media Indonesia news papper is on the basis of social awareness of individual photo journalism by analyzing the situation and conditions in the field with Armed with experience and flying hours from each photo journalist in the program and become one of the living witnesses of the historical part of a natural disaster event that occurred by capture it through the camera lens as a medium of delivering the message to a wider audience. Abstrak. Wartawan adalah salah satu profesi yang menuntut sebuah kejujuran dan keadilan bagi para pelakunya, sebab wartawan adalah sebagai salah-satu bentuk nyata sebuah informasi melalui media bagi khalayak luas dalam proses penyampaian pesan melalui media massa. Wartawan yang berkompeten harus menguasai ilmu komunikasi. Tanggung jawab seorang wartawan harus selalu berpijak pada kebenaran dan harus diperjuangkan. Seorang wartawan dalam kondisi apapun dituntut untuk menjungjung tinggi insting dan kepekaannya terhadap situasi di lapangan salah satunya menjadi wartawan foto yang ditugaskan di daerah kebencanaan. Foto merupakan sebuah media dengan kandungan pesan gambar atau visual guna yang kuat untuk memberikan informasi bagi khalayak luas agar setiap insan manusia di lingkungan masyarakat dapat merasakan serta mengetahui realitas yang terjadi di lapangan yang digambarkan oleh seorang pewarta foto. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah bagaimana penulis akan meneliti bagaimana konstruksi makna seorang jurnalis foto dalam peliputannya di daerah kebencanaan dengan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan fenomenologi menggunakan teori Alfred Schutz. Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa konstruksi jurnalis foto dalam peliputan foto kebencanaan di Harian Media Indonesia atas dasar kesadaran sosial dari masing-masing individu pewarta foto dengan menganalisis situasi dan kondisi di lapangan dengan berbekal pengalaman dan jam terbang dari setiap pewarta foto dalam peliputannya dan menjadi salah satu saksi hidup dari bagian sejarah sebuah peristiwa bencana alam yang terjadi dengan mengabadikannya melalui lensa kamera sebagai medium penyampaian pesan kepada khalayak luas.

This paper analyzes the Islam Nusantara program of the Islamic Studies Institute of Nahdlatul Ulama (STAINU) and then of the Nahdlatul Ulama University of Indonesia (UNUSIA) that started in 2013. The largest Islamic social organization, Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) has emphasized the moderateness and tolerance of Islam in Indonesia and conceptualized its Islam as Islam Nusantara and started to disseminate this concept to stem the deepening conservative turn of Islam especially after the democratization in 1998. In order to disseminate Islam Nusantara more effectively, the NU-affiliated college (STAINU), later its university (UNUSIA) started the graduate program for Islam Nusantara. After elucidating the Islamic conservative turn and the propagation of Islam Nusantara both by NU and the state, this paper analyzes the theses and their abstracts and the biodata of authors of theses and sees how Islam Nusantara has been producing the proponents of Islam Nusantara. The paper finds that the authors of the theses are young and many of the theses analyze the harmonious Islamic adaptation to local cultures. The authors are male dominant and Java-born-dominant with the focus on their own birthplace. The paper concludes with the importance of more comparativeand critical analysis on local variations of Islam Nusantara in the future theses and dissertations so that the program can critically and objectively analyze the Islam Nusantara concept itself. Keyword: Islam Nusantara, Nahdlatul Ulama, UNUSIA Jakarta REFERENCE: Abdul Mun’im DZ. Mengukuhkan Jangkar Islam Nusantara, Tashwirul Afkar no.26, 2008. Abdurrahman Wahid. “Pribumisasi Islam.” Dalam Muntaha Azhari and Abdul Mun’im Saleh, eds. Islam Indonesia Menatap Masa Depan. Jakarta: P3M, 1989. Abdurrahman Wahid. “Melindungi dan Menyantuni Semua Paham.” Dalam Yenny Zannuba Wahid, Ahmad Suaedy et al., eds. Ragam Ekspresi Islam Nusantara. Jakarta: The Wahid Institute, 2008: h. xi-xii. Ahmad Najib Burhani. Islam Nusantara as a Promising Response to Religious Intolerance and Radicalism, Trends in Southeast Asia, 2018. No.21. Ahmad Suaedy. Islam, Minorities and Identity in Southeast Asia. Yogyakarta and Jakarta: inklusif and ISAIs UIN Yogya, 2018. Akhmad Sahal. “Prolog: Kenapa Islam Nusantara?” Dalam Akhmad Sahal dan Munawir Aziz eds. Islam Nusantara dari Ushul Fiqh hingga Paham Kebangsaan. Bandung: Mizan Pustaka, 2015. Akhmad Sahal dan Munawir Aziz eds. Islam Nusantara dari Ushul Fiqh hingga Paham Kebangsaan. Bandung: Mizan Pustaka, 2015. Anderson, Benedict. A Life Beyond Boundaries. Petaling Jaya: Strategic Information and Research Development Centre, 2016. Azymardi Azra. Islam Nusantara: Jaringan Global dan Lokal. Bandung: Mizan, 2002. Dawam Multazam. “Islam Nusantara, Dari NU untuk Dunia” (artikel diakses pada 10 January 2015 dari http://www.nu.or.id/post/read/60706/islam-nusantara-dari-nu-untuk-dunia). Fealy, Greg. “Nahdlatul Ulama and the Politics Trap.” New Mandala. (diakses pada 12 November 2019 pada https://www.newmandala.org/nahdlatul-ulama-politics-trap/), 2018. Fogg, Kavin W. “The Fate of Muslim Nationalism in Independent Indonesia.” PhD dissertation (Yale University), 2012. Formichi, Chiara. Islam and the Making of the Nation: Kartosuwiryo and Political Islam in 20th Century Indonesia. Leiden and Manoa: KITLV and Hawai’i University Press, 2011. Hefner, Robert W. “Islamic Schools, Social Movements, and Democracy in Indonesia.” Dalam Robert W. Hefner ed. Making Modern Muslim: the Politics of Islamic Education in Southeast Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2009: h. 55-105. Hefner, Robert. W. What Happened to Civil Islam? Islam and Democratisation in Indonesia, 20 Years On. Asian Studies Review. Vol.43. No.3, 2019: h. 375-396. Hoesterey, James Bourk. Public Diplomacy and the Global Dissemination of “Moderate Islam” Dalam Robert W. Hefner ed. Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Indonesia. London: Routledge, 2018: h. 406-416. IPAC (Institute for Policy Analysis of Conflict). After Ahok: The Islamist Agenda in Indonesia. IPCA Report No.44, 2018. Jadul Maula. Orientasi “Islam Nusantara”: Melahirkan “Insan (Kamil) Nusantara”. Tashwirul Afkar No. 13, 2006. Laffan, Michael, The Makings of Indonesian Islam: Orientalism and the Narration of a Sufi Past. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2011. Menchik, Jeremy. Islam and Democracy in Indonesia: Tolerance without Liberalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015. Nor Huda. Islam Nusantara: Sejarah Sosial Intelektual Islam di Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Ar-Ruzz Media, 2008. Pepinsky, Thomas B., Liddle, William R. and Saiful Mujani. Piety and Public Opinion: Understanding Indonesian Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018. Power, Thomas P. Jokowi’s Authoritarian Turn and Indonesia’s Democratic Decline. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 53(3), 2018: h. 307-338. Robison, Richard and Hadiz, Vedi R. Reorganizing Power in Indonesia: The Politics of Oligarchy in An Age of Markets．London and New York: Routledge Curzon, 2004. Yenny Zannuba Wahid, Ahmad Suaedy et al. eds. Ragam Ekspresi Islam Nusantara. Jakarta: The Wahid Institute, 2015. Syafiq Hasyim. Islam Nusantara dalam Konteks: Dari Multikultralisma hingga Radkikalisme. Yogyakarta: Gading, 2018. van Bruinessen, Martin ed. Contemporary Developments in Indonesian Islam: Explaining the "Conservative Turn". Singapore: ISEAS, 2013. van Bruinessen, Martin. Introduction: Contemporary Developments in Indonesian Islam and the “Conservative Turn” of the Early Twenty-First Century. Dalam van Bruinessen, Martin ed. Contemporary Developments in Indonesian Islam: Explaining the "Conservative Turn". Singapore: ISEAS, 2013: h.1-20. van Bruinessen, Martin. Indonesian Muslim in a Globalising World: Westernization, Arabisation, and Indigenising Responses. RSIS Working Paper No. 311. Singapore: S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, 2018. William Putra Utomo and others. Indonesia Millennial Report 2019. Jakarta: IDN Research Institute, 2019. News: 2013/2/25: STAINU Jakarta Kumpulkan Tim Pakar PPM Islam Nusantara. (diakses pada 10 November 2019 pada https://www.nu.or.id/post/read/43199/stainu-jakarta-kumpulkan-tim-pakar-ppm-islam-nusantara) 2013/7/3: STAINU Jakarta Luncurkan Pascasarjana Islam Nusantara. (diakses pada 10 November 2019 pada https://www.nu.or.id/post/read/45577/stainu-jakarta-luncurkan-pascasarjana-islam-nusantara) 2013/7/4: Islam Nusantara Diharapkan Jadi Solusi Kasus Intoleransi. (diakses pada 13 Desember 2019 pada https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/islam-nusantara-diharapkan-jadi-solusi-kasus-intoleransi.html) 2013/7/4: Mahasiswa Thailand Minati Studi Islam Nusantara Indonesia. (diakses pada 11 November 2019 pada https://news.okezone.com/read/2013/07/04/373/831915/mahasiswa-thailand-minati-studi-islam-nusantara-indonesia) 2015/4/14: Imam Aziz: Dunia Butuh NU (diakses pada 11 November 2019 pada https://www.nu.or.id/post/read/58831/imam-aziz-dunia-butuh-nu) 2015/10/9: Pascasarjana Islam Nusantara STAINU Jakarta Mulai Kuliah Perdana Hari Ini. (diakses pada 11 November 2019 pada https://www.nu.or.id/post/read/62673/pascasarjana-islam-nusantara-stainu-jakarta-mulai-kuliah-perdana-hari-ini) 2016/9/3: Siapakah Ahlussunnah Wal Jamaah. (diakses pada 11 November 2019 pada https://www.nu.or.id/post/read/70944/siapakah-ahlussunnah-wal-jamaah)

Abstract This long Voluntaristics Review2 (VR 3.5–6) article and book focuses on the deviant form of Nonprofit Groups (NPGs), mainly volunteer-based associations, but occasionally paid-staff-based nonprofit agencies. A Deviant Nonprofit Group (DNG) is defined as “a Nonprofit group that deviates significantly from certain moral norms of the society” (Smith, Stebbins, & Dover, 2006, p. 68). The aim is to develop and present an empirically grounded theory with eighty-three hypotheses about many of the key analytical features or operational characteristics of DNGs, usually voluntary associations with memberships and often run by volunteers, not nonprofit agencies without memberships and usually run by paid staff (Smith, 2017a). The total theory may be termed a Grounded General Theory of DNG Operation-Structure. The document is based on an extensive review and qualitative content analysis of about 260 published research documents representing twenty-five common-language purposive-goal types of DNGs (vs. analytical-theoretical types, which do not exist in detail). Moral norms are the broad, emotionally charged directives concerning what is customarily right and wrong, by which members of a community or society implement their institutionalized solutions to problems significantly affecting their valued normal way of life (see Stebbins, 1996, pp. 2–3). These norms indicate in a general way what the community (it may be local, regional, national, or international) expects by sociocultural custom of its members in particular areas of social life and what it considers rejections of those expectations. Thus, moral norms stand apart from other kinds of expectations such as ordinances, regulations, customs, and folkways in general. Deviating (near synonym: deviance) is defined as rule-breaking, and sometimes is a crime in a specific society at a specific time in its history, but not always. Such deviation, deviance, or rule-breaking of specific actions by a DNG (or any individual or group) is highly variable both through historical time in a given society and also across societies or nations at a given historical time (Smith, 2017b). Deviance or rule-breaking is present in the nonprofit sector (NPS), just as in all other sectors of human society (Smith, 2017a), although less frequently studied in the NPS than for other societal sectors (Smith, 2011). Essentially, this present document attempts to bring some systematic theoretical order to the disorder-chaos of a highly varied set of Deviant Nonprofit Groups/DNGs that heretofore has been seen as composed of disparate, unrelated types of groups—a jumble or chaos. All these DNGs are rather consistently alleged (at least initially) by many or even most people in their societies of origin, when known to non-members-outsiders, to be different, strange, deviant, crazy, insane, mad, dangerous, sick, selfish, cruel, stupid, weird, wild, evil, ungodly, sinful, unnatural, treacherous, subversive, seditious, criminal, bad, evil, immoral, and so on. Summarizing briefly the most stigmatizing epithets for nearly all DNG types studied here, DNGs and their leaders and members generally are often accused of madness-treason-immorality, because their perceived deviance is emotionally troubling to conventional adults in the society. As such, in the eyes of their own society, DNGs are often stigmatized and labeled very negatively by many, often most, people in a given society who are DNG outsiders-non-members at a given time (e.g., a period of at least ten years from the DNG’s de facto origin date, if the DNG existed for that long, sometimes for much longer). A wide range of negative terms (epithets) may be used to describe a DNG, summarized here as mad (crazy)-treacherous-immoral, as well as various other negative traits or factors being alleged regarding the DNG and its leaders and/or members. Yet there is often little systematic evidence for these stigmatizing epithets or negative traits alleged about DNGs, except for a few DNG types (e.g., Revolutionary DNGs, Terrorist DNGs, Guerrilla DNGs, Coup d’État DNGs). This common lack of concrete evidence for stigmatizing statements about any given DNG suggests that the allegations are mainly emotional statements, rather than factual statements, based mainly on fast-thinking (see Kahneman, 2011). By definition, DNGs and their leaders and members believe in and take actions that involve serious rule-breaking in their own society (i.e., violating current moral norms and rules). However, the stigmatizing of these beliefs and actions by non-members, including the general public and the government, is often much exaggerated, or even simply false. Over time, especially decades, the deviant actions may (and often do) tend to seem less and less serious in the given society, as societal-consensual definitions of social deviance can change and have done so markedly over historical time (e.g., Smith, 2018b; Winck, 1991). However, the foregoing should not be taken to mean that all DNGs are innocuous. As suggested above, some DNG types can be immensely harmful to people and property, such as the revolutionary DNGs, terrorist DNGs, guerrilla DNGs, and coup d’etat DNGs noted. Yet other types of DNGs also sometimes do substantial harm, such as the rest of the broader DNG analytical category, Deviant Political Resistance & Liberation Groups, including also WWII Underground Nazi-Resistance Groups, Vigilante Groups, Citizen Militias/Paramilitary Groups, and Political Parties (Deviant). Similarly, the broader DNG analytical category, Deviant Anger & Violence Groups, includes DNG types that often cause serious harm—Hate Groups, Motorcycle Outlaw Gangs, and Delinquent Youth Gangs. Even some DNGs in the broader DNG analytical category of Deviant Religion & Worldview Groups, can do substantial harm—obviously, Massacre/Mass Suicide Groups, but also medieval Heresy Groups (Christian) subject to the Catholic Church’s Inquisitions, as well as some Cults/New Religions (Deviant), Deviant Science DNGs, and some Sects (Deviant). The author is doing something analogous to what the first systematic, theoretical botanist did when s/he went into the jungle/forest and tried to see commonalities among the great variety of apparently different forms of plants present there. Here, the equivalents of plants are the many different DNG types, and the commonalities discovered are now expressed in the many empirically grounded hypotheses formulated by the author over the course of this research effort, with the first fifty-one hypotheses formulated much earlier, in 1994, but not investigated regarding empirical support by qualitative content analysis until done here (Smith, 1996b). These source documents were chosen as typical examples of a newly constructed set of twenty-five purposive or goal types of DNGs, described here. As the reader will see, the present grounded theory review and content analysis seeks the empirical operating methods and structures of these twenty-five DNG types—the method in their alleged madness-treason-immorality, or other stigmatizing epithets. The terms mad and madness are not meant as clinical or psychiatric terms; similarly, the terms treason and treachery are also used loosely, as with immorality or bad/evil. Instead, these are vague and imprecise, common language (vernacular) terms expressing negative emotion, bandied about carelessly and loosely when English-speakers really dislike and are disturbed by the beliefs and especially by the alleged or actual actions or a person or group. Such terms are ways that other people strongly disfavor and stigmatize certain beliefs, values, actions, or inactions by specific persons or groups. In this content analysis process of much published research on DNGs, the author is seeking two useful scholarly outcomes: Develop and derive meaningful generalizations as empirically grounded hypotheses for future more careful, systematic, and, if feasible, quantitative testing with a better sample of DNGs so as to build a body of valid grounded theory about DNGs. Assess whether each such grounded theory hypothesis finds any empirical support in a fairly comprehensive but haphazard sample of at least 100 specific DNGs of twenty-five common-language purposive or goal types. All of the grounded hypotheses developed and reported here in this review were supported by empirical evidence for at least one (often two) of the two or three specific DNGs of 25 DNG types studied, as described in source documents that were content analyzed. Indeed, all such hypotheses were supported by most of the twenty-five DNG types studied, giving significant qualitative validity to the author’s Grounded General Theory of DNG Operation-Structure. Such empirical support suggests that these hypotheses are valid at least sometimes for many DNG types and deserve further investigation, hopefully in more quantitative studies with better sampling of DNGs, countries, and historical time periods. Taken collectively, the many empirically grounded (supported) hypotheses of the present theory can be seen as a new theoretical paradigm for studying NPGs that helps bring analytical order to a previously chaotic realm of dark side or deviant NPS phenomena.

<p>(<em>Authors' Note</em>: Alphonse Daudet (1840-1897) was a nineteenth century French novelist. A contemporary of Gustave Flaubert, Edmond de Goncourt and Emile Zola, among others, he achieved much fame and renown in his life time. He contracted syphilis sometimes in his twenties. In the last ten years of his life, he suffered from the effects of neurosyphilis. “In the Land of Pain” is a personal account of his struggle with the illness which eventually took his life).</p><p>     In the early nineteenth century, the tertiary form of syphilis began to be recognized. After lurking in the victim’s blood for several years, syphilis attacked the central nervous system. The resulting condition, called neurosyphilis, was invariably fatal. It usually manifested in two major forms: Locomotor ataxia (also called tabesdorsalis) or general paresis (also called general paresis of the insane).</p>

Abstract The figure of Beatrice Cenci was, according to Melville, the embodiment of those “two most horrible crimes possible to civilized humanity--incest and parricide." Nevertheless, she enjoyed a curious popularity as a subject in late eighteenth and nineteenth-century Atlantic-rim literary culture. Indeed, the renewed fascination with her story indicates several important psychological as well as social themes that authors as diverse as Walpole, Shelley, Swinburne, Hawthorne, Melville, Dickens, and Wharton all attempted to delineate. Although critics have analyzed the Cenci figure in Pierre and The Marble Faun before, comparing the use of this motif in relation to the earlier British works allows us a different perspective on an obvious though neglected theme in the two novels. In addition, the focus on the Cenci narrative in Atlantic-rim culture allows us to examine how a representation crosses cultures, nationalities, and ideologies in order to articulate common concerns and anxieties. In British gothic works the representation of Beatrice speaks to the horrific and corrupt power of the mother and father, both as brutal governmental force, an insane ruler, and a despotic and sadistic mater or pater familias, the head of the corrupted and polluted family. Further, the spectre of incest (sibling and parental) that stalks British gothic and romantic texts speaks to an ideologically conflicted posture. In works by Byron and Shelley, sibling incest is sometimes idealized (i.e., Manfred or Laon and Cythna), while in Shelley’s The Cenci incestuous rape by the father of his daughter (with broad suggestions of sodomy as well) is the most pernicious and evil act that can be committed. Clearly, the British romantics were of a divided mind about incest as a literary trope for the reunion of self and other. By the time the Cenci legend transmutes and reappears in America, however, Melville and Hawthorne are placing even heavier weight on the representation and its associations. Both of their works ask the questions: What is the nature of human history? What power does the past hold over the present and the future? Can Americans overthrow their European heritage and establish a new Garden in America, or is that promise blasted and futile? Both Pierre and The Marble Faun, although different from each other in their treatments of human nature and society, are particularly American works in criticizing the notion that a new order can replace the corrupt and rejected world of the fathers. Whereas Shelley's play ultimately condemns Beatrice for revenge on her father, neither Melville nor Hawthorne’s works do, although both see her as an omen predicting the failure of America to achieve its original promise.

Media descriptions of mental illness and the mentally ill are often characterized by stigmatization. For example, in media coverage mental illnesses are often associated with crimes and violence (Ma, 2017). In consequence, patients are presented not only as peculiar and different, but also as dangerous. Thus, the media maintain misconceptions and stigma (Klin & Lemish, 2008; Srivastava et al., 2018). Field of application/theoretical foundation: Health communication, anti-stigma communication, anti-stigma research, stigmatization Example studies: Carpiniello et al. (2007); McGinty et al. (2014) Information on Carpiniello et al. 2007 Authors: Bernardo Carpiniello, Roberta Girau, Maria Germana Orrù Research questions: The study explores the portrayal of mental illness in Italy’s leading national and regional newspapers, asking whether a different pattern emerged in describing criminal offences committed by the mentally ill in reports relating to homicides, suicide, and other acts of violence. Object of analysis: The total sample included N = 2279 all articles relating to homocides, suicides or attempted suicides as well as acts of violence in two leading Italian newspapers (Corriere della Sera, n = 387 and La Repubblica, n = 375) and the two leading regional newspapers (L'Unione Sarda, n = 783 and La Nuova Sardegna, n = 733) Time frame of analysis: October 2002 to March 2003 Info about variables Variables: For each article it was coded whether or not the criminal offence had been attributed to a mentally ill person (actions were deemed to have been attributed to the mentally ill only when clearly stated or strongly alluded to by the author of the article) as well as use of stigmatizing language (Penrose-Wall et al., 1999) Reliability: No information Level of analysis: News article Topics Homicide Suicide Attempted suicide Homicide + suicide Sex-related violence Other violent acts Attribution to a mentally ill person yes no Stigmatizing language Fool/ foolishness Monster/ monstrosity Maniac/ maniacality Mad/ madness Insane/ insanity Lunatic References Carpiniello, B., Girau, R., & Orrù, M. G. (2007). Mass-media, violence and mental illness. Evidence from some Italian newspapers. Epidemiologia E Psichiatria Sociale, 16(3), 251–255. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1121189x00002359 Klin, A., & Lemish, D. (2008). Mental disorders stigma in the media: Review of studies on production, content, and influences. Journal of Health Communication, 13(5), 434–449. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730802198813 Ma, Z. (2017). How the media cover mental illnesses: a review. Health Education, 117(1), 90–109. https://doi.org/10.1108/HE-01-2016-0004 McGinty, E. E., Webster, D. W., Jarlenski, M., & Barry, C. L. (2014). News media framing of serious mental illness and gun violence in the United States, 1997-2012. American Journal of Public Health, 104(3), 406–413. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301557 Penrose-Wall, J., Baume, P., & Martin, G. (1999). Achieving the balance: A resource kit for Australian media professionals for the reporting and portrayal of suicide and mental illnesses. Publications Production Unit (Public Affairs, Parliamentary and Access Branch), Commonwealth Dept. of Health and Aged Care. Srivastava, K., Chaudhury, S., Bhat, P. S., & Mujawar, S. (2018). Media and mental health. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 27(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.4103/ipj.ipj_73_18

Islam is often regarded as a religion that teaches anthropocentrism through the concept of the caliph in which humans occupy a central position on earth. However, the concept of the caliph itself is a complex concept where the special status of humans always implies a moral obligation. Through alternative explanatory methods and critical reflection, the authors try to clarify the concept of the caliph and show the teachings of Islam that are environmentally friendly through the thought of Seyyed Hossein Nasr. Philosophy and environmental ethics of Nasr have two major projects, namely the resacralization of nature and the clarification of the concept of the caliph through Insan Kamil. For Nasr, man has the ability to control nature, and therefore he must increase his spirituality in the light of monotheism to understand nature holistically. A holistic understanding of nature opens the awareness that humans and nature have intimate, anthropocosmic relationships in which both share the same archetype. The Islamic environmental ethics approach of Nasr seeks to show that Islamic teachings maintain human and natural values without reducing one of the two. The conclusions in this paper show that Islam is compatible with environmental ethics insofar as the interpretation is aimed at this. Islam teaches respect for nature since the concept of the caliph shows that humans have responsibilities and intimate relationships with their environment.

Let us work backwards from what we know, from personal experience: the photograph of which we have each been the subject. Roland Barthes says of this photograph that it transforms "the subject into object": one begins aping the mask one wants to assume, one begins, in other words, to make oneself conform in appearance to the disguise of an identity (Camera Lucida 11). A quick glance back at your most recent holiday gathering will no doubt confirm his diagnosis. Barthes gives to this subject-object the title of Spectrum in order to neatly join the idea of spectacle with the fearsome spectre, what he calls that "terrible thing which is there in every photograph: the return of the dead" (Camera Lucida 9). Cathy Davidson points out that in "photocentric culture, we can no longer even see that we see ourselves primarily as seen, imaged, the photograph as the evidential proof of existence"; photocentric culture thus generates "a profound confusion of image and afterlife" (669 672). Andre Bazin announces that the medium "embalms time, rescuing it simply from its proper corruption" (242), while Susan Sontag points out that it may "assassinate" (13). What photography mummifies, distorts and murders, among other things, is the sense that the reality of the self resides in the body, the corporeal and temporal boundaries of personhood. The spectral haunting of the photograph is familiar to anyone who has ever looked at snapshots in a family album. How much more present it was to the producers and consumers of early photography who engineered the genre of the memento mori, portraits taken of the dead or in imitation of death. Despite the acknowledged 'eeriness' of our own recorded and vanished pasts, such pictures seem grotesquely morbid to us now -- for what we cannot recover is the absolute novelty of photography in its early days, or the vehicle that it provided in the nineteenth century for a whole set of concerns about selfhood that begin, ironically, with death. Those early photographs bring to mind another death, that of the author. Re-enter Barthes, for it is he who definitively announces the new textual paradigm in which the author disappears. In "Death of the Author," Barthes calls the author tyrannical and adopts liberationist rhetoric in unseating him. But what cult is Barthes actually countering? His essay begins and ends with Balzac, and includes Baudelaire, Van Gogh and Tchaikovsky, while his heroes are Mallarmé, Valéry and Proust. Barthes' notion of the author is implicitly a nineteenth-century construction, to be undone by modernist writing against the grain. And what distinguishes the nineteenth-century author from his predecessors? His portrait, of course. Thanks to the surge of visual and reproductive technologies culminating in the mechanised printing process and photography, the nineteenth-century author is suddenly widely available to readers as an image. The author literally becomes a face hovering above the text; it is this omnipresence that Barthes objects to. Photography gives new momentum to the cult of the author, but this is not mere historical coincidence -- that the photograph is developed at a point in history when authorship is particularly mobile: in between the Romantic individualism that transforms authorship from a craft to a calling, and the modernist interrogation of ontology and representation that explodes such notions from within. However, the opposite is also true. Photography as we know it is a product of the institution of authorship. Photography is founded on and makes available, through the democratisation and dissemination of a certain technology, a concept of public selfhood that hitherto had been reserved for those in charge of textual representation, of themselves as well as of other subjects. Primarily this is because the ideological, technological and material vehicles of the photograph -- identities, characters, scenes, the properties of chemical interaction, the invention of specialised apparatus, poses, props, and photo albums -- were closely related to book culture. How did photography change the notion of the author? It did so by commandeering truth claims -- by serving as the scientific illustration of divinely-ordained natural laws. The art of chemically fixing the image obtained through a camera obscura was perfected in 1839 by Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre and William Fox Talbot, separately, with different techniques.1 Daguerre's method caught on quickly, partly because his daguerreotype recorded such exquisite detail. The daguerreotype surface was reflective and sharply etched; inspection with a magnifying glass disclosed minutiae -- insects, eyelashes, objects in the far distance. The daguerreotype, popularly nicknamed "the pencil of the sun," seemed like a miniaturised and complete mirror of the world, a representation without human intervention.2 In 1839, and throughout the 1840's and '50's, photography transparently supported the notion that the discoveries of science would help reveal God's secrets, not disprove them -- a view that suffered but continued on after the publication of The Origin of the Species in 1859. Its presumed objectivity and comprehensive truthfulness made photography immediately appealing as a scientific and artistic tool. Although it was used to record geologic formations and vegetation, the bulky apparatus of the early photographic methods meant that it was better suited to the indoor studio -- and the portrait, in which the truth of human character could be made visible. It served as a means of defining normality and deviation; it was central to the project of identifying physical characteristics of the insane and the criminal, and of classifying racial features, as in the daguerreotypes made of slaves in the United States by J. T. Zealy in 1850, which the natural scientist Louis Aggasiz used as independent evidence of the natural differences between the races in order to endorse the doctrine of "separate creation" (Trachtenberg 53) So perceptive and penetrating did the photograph seem, it was even deemed capable of revealing vice and virtue, and it was in this way that the photographer moved onto the terrain of the author. The truth-telling properties of photography seemed to corroborate the authorial estimation of character that was a central element of nineteenth-century fiction. In texts where photography is itself on display this property is especially obvious -- in Nathaniel Hawthorne's The House of the Seven Gables, for example, where true and secret characters are only discerned in daguerreotype portraits. But photography did more than divinely and scientifically confirm fictional character; the venerated author's ability to delineate moral qualities made him, or her, an exemplary character as well. The Victorians prized "sincerity," the criterion by which they measured their authors. Especially in the influential pronouncements of Carlyle, the Victorian notion of sincerity "makes man and artist inseparable" (Ball 155). An exemplary moral life was particularly powerful in the form of an author. Indeed, it was through authorship of some kind that such lives could take the public form they needed in order to fulfill their function as models. And so photography appears not just in the text but on its margins, framing and qualifying it: the portrait of the author, already a bibliographic convention, gains additional authority through the objective lens of the camera, in which the author's character is exhibited as a kind of testimony to his or her truth-telling abilities. The frontispiece guarantees the right of the author to moral leadership. As literacy and readership expanded and exceeded former class distinctions, the nineteenth-century author began to need to market himself in order to find and keep an audience. But since the source of the author's authority was sincerity, the commodification of the authorial self presented a dilemma. Some writers, such as Dickens, embraced this role; others withdrew from the task of performing a public self, but their refusal of the public's gaze was itself often dramatised, as for Tennyson, Elizabeth Barret Browning and, after her death, Emily Dickinson. The photograph portrait of the artist, as well as other likenesses of his visage, was a particularly convenient piece of authorial paraphernalia because it sustained the idea of the author as moral exemplar, but in fact it was only one of the many ways in which nineteenth-century readers kept the author before their eyes. Souvenirs such as autographs, original manuscripts and other tokens testifying to the presence of the author's body, as well as gift books and precious editions designed to generate and satisfy fans, were mainstays of Victorian keepsake culture. The photograph as corporeal souvenir signals the point where we must turn around and consider the question of photography and authorship from the other direction: that is, how the institution of authorship constructs photography. Given that photography as an art developed out of the desire to eliminate the human hand, to trace directly from nature, it seems ironic that photography could have an author. And yet it was the notion of a public and visible self, associated primarily with authorship, which accounted for the widespread popularity of photography. When the daguerreotype was introduced in 1839, enterprising amateurs in Europe and the United States transformed it from a tricky chemical procedure into a practical art, a livelihood. Daguerrean saloons appeared in the cities and in rural areas, itinerant daguerreotypists set up temporary headquarters. But every daguerreotype studio had two purposes, whether it was the high-end urban atelier of Southworth and Hawes in Boston or a peddler's rented room: it was the place where one went to have one's picture taken and it was also a public gallery, where the portraits of former customers were displayed. In an urban gallery, those portraits might include the poets, ministers and politicians of the day, but even in a village studio, one could see exhibited the portraits of the local beauties, the town big-wigs. Entering the studio as a customer or a spectator, anyone could imaginatively take his or her place among an assembly of eminent personages. More importantly, the daguerreotype and later forms of photography made portraiture accessible to the middle and working classes for the first time. The studio was a democratic space where one could entertain the fantasy of a different self, and in fact one could literally enact that fantasy through the props and accessories of identity that the studio provided. In borrowed hats and canes, sitting stiffly in chairs or standing against painted backdrops, holding books, flowers, candles, and even other daguerreotypes, the sitter could assume the persona he or she would like others to see. Often the sitter composes an obvious gender performance, other times the sitter exhibits himself as the master of a certain occupation. With the invention of the wet plate collodion process in 1851, which made it possible to reproduce quantities of images from a single negative, the public went in for the carte-de-visite, on which one's very own portrait was imprinted and handed out like a postcard souvenir. The carte-de-visite necessitated a new way of keeping and displaying multiple photographs, and thus the photo album was born. But in fact the paradigm of the book already governed photographic display and the storage of the personal collection. When the Bible was the only book a family might own, it served as the cabinet of memorable dates and events. Other kinds of mementoes were stored in lockets and books: locks of hair, painted miniatures, pressed flowers. Daguerreotypes were kept in small codex-like cases or in hinged lockets. The souvenir and its symbolic connection to the body (one's own or that of a beloved) was of course not limited to the cult of the author but was available as a mode of identity to anybody who read novels. The culture of the souvenir, the keepsake, the personal precious object stored in a book, offered a means of articulating the self that readily accommodated the photograph, and in that context, the photograph took on the properties of a personal talisman. In the wake of photography, the scrapbook, the flower album, the signature album -- all those vehicles for collecting and displaying the ephemera of a lifetime -- flourished. Books were no longer mainly devoted to dense layers of print but could consist of open space to be filled in by their owners, who would thereby become authors of their own works and incidentally of their own identities. The popularity of the album was partly due to developments in printing, which was changing from a text-based industry to one increasingly concerned with images, a shift that culminated in photo-offset printing and photoduplication. But the popularity of the album and other biblioform containers for the personal collection also has something to do with the culture of the souvenir, which prepared the way for the photograph as personal talisman and then accomodated the tremendous expansion photography offered to the self. Via the photograph, a self that was allied with its own mementoes would be transformed: selfhood formerly attached to an object intended for private contemplation was subsequently attached to an object intended for exhibition. Via the photograph, the same publicity attendant on the circulation of the author was incorporated into the stuff of the ordinary subject, who regarded his or her own image and offered it up to history. The reflexive spectacle of visible selfhood brings us back to the return of the dead, that feature of the photograph which seems to persist, and perhaps illuminates the difference between the kind of death it spooks us with now and the kind of 150 years ago. For our ancestors, the photograph was a way to cheat death, to manipulate the strict boundaries of identity, to become memorable, to catch a heady glimpse of absolute truth; but for us it is different. We can see how much we are the creations of photography, and how much we surrender to the public self it burdens us with. Notes 1. The technological history of photography is of course much complicated by issues of competition, technological "prehistory" and intellectual property—for example, there is the matter of the disappearance of Daguerre's partner Niepce. However, Daguerre is generally credited with "inventing" the medium. See Gernsheim, Greenough et al and Newhall. 2. The phrase and others like it were not only popularised by influential critic-practitioners of photography such as Oliver Wendell Holmes, Fox Talbot, in The Pencil of Nature, and Marcus Aurelius Root, in The Camera and the Pencil, but were perpetuated in the everyday language of commerce—for example, the portrait studio that advertised its "Sun Drawn Miniatures" (Gernsheim 106). References Ball, Patricia. The Central Self: A Study in Romantic and Victorian Imagination. London: Athlone Press, 1968. Barthes, Roland. Camera Lucida: Reflections on Photography. Trans. Richard Howard. New York: Hill and Wang, 1981. ---. "The Death of the Author." Image, Music, Text. Trans. Stephen Heath. New York: Hill and Wang, 1977. Bazin, André. "The Ontology of the Photographic Image." Classic Essays on Photography. Ed. Alan Trachtenberg. New Haven, Conn: Leete's Island Books, 1980. 237-244. Davidson, Cathy N. "Photographs of the Dead: Sherman, Daguerre, Hawthorne." South Atlantic Quarterly 89.4 (Fall 1990): 667-701. Gernsheim, Helmut. The Origins of Photography. London: Thames and Hudson, 1982. Greenough, Sarah, Joel Snyder, David Travis and Colin Westerbeck. On the Art of Fixing a Shadow: One Hundred and Fifty Years of Photography. Boston: Little, Brown, 1989. Newhall, Beaumont. The History of Photography, From 1839 to the Present. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1982. Sontag, Susan. On Photography. New York: Dell, 1977. Trachtenberg, Alan. Reading American Photographs: Images as History, Mathew Brady to the Present. New York: Hill and Wang, 1989. Citation reference for this article Substitute your date of access for Dn Month Year etc... MLA Style Dean, Gabrielle. "Portrait of the Self" M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 5.5 (2002). [your date of access] < http://www.media-culture.org.au/mc/0210/Dean.html &gt. Chicago Style Dean, Gabrielle, "Portrait of the Self" M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 5, no. 5 (2002), < http://www.media-culture.org.au/mc/0210/Dean.html &gt ([your date of access]). APA Style Dean, Gabrielle. (2002) Portrait of the Self. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 5(5). < http://www.media-culture.org.au/mc/0210/Dean.html &gt ([your date of access]).

Many years ago, while studying in Paris as a novice postgraduate, I was invited to accompany a friend to a seminar with Jacques Derrida. I leapt at the chance even though I was only just learning French. Although I tried hard to follow the discussion, the extent of my participation was probably signing the attendance sheet. Afterwards, caught up on the edges of a small crowd of acolytes in the foyer as we waited out a sudden rainstorm, Derrida turned to me and charmingly complimented me on my forethought in predicting rain, pointing to my umbrella. Flustered, I garbled something in broken French about how I never forgot my umbrella, how desolated I was that he had mislaid his, and would he perhaps desire mine? After a small silence, where he and the other students side-eyed me warily, he declined. For years I dined on this story of meeting a celebrity academic, cheerfully re-enacting my linguistic ineptitude. Nearly a decade later I was taken aback when I overheard a lecturer in philosophy at the University of Sydney re-telling my encounter as a witty anecdote, where an early career academic teased Derrida with a masterful quip, quoting back to him his own attention to someone else’s quote. It turned out that Spurs, one of Derrida’s more obscure early essays, employs an extended riff on an inexplicable citation found in inverted commas in the margins of Nietzsche’s papers: “J’ai oublié mon parapluie” (“I have forgotten my umbrella”). My clumsy response to a polite enquiry was recast in a process of Chinese whispers in my academic community as a snappy spur-of-the-moment witticism. This re-telling didn’t just selectively edit my encounter, but remixed it with a meta-narrative that I had myself referenced, albeit unknowingly. My ongoing interest in the more playful breaches of scholarly conventions of quotation and attribution can be traced back to this incident, where my own presentation of an academic self was appropriated and remixed from fumbler to quipster. I’ve also been struck throughout my teaching career by the seeming disconnect between the stringent academic rules for referencing and citation and the everyday strategies of appropriation that are inherent to popular remix culture. I’m taking the opportunity in this paper to reflect on the practice of scholarly quotation itself, before examining some recent creative provocations to the academic ‘author’ situated inventively at the crossroad between scholarly convention and remix culture. Early in his own teaching career at Oxford University Lewis Carroll, wrote to his younger siblings describing the importance of maintaining his dignity as a new tutor. He outlines the distance his college was at pains to maintain between teachers and their students: “otherwise, you know, they are not humble enough”. Carroll playfully describes the set-up of a tutor sitting at his desk, behind closed doors and without access to today’s communication technologies, relying on a series of college ‘scouts’ to convey information down corridors and staircases to the confused student waiting for instruction below. The lectures, according to Carroll, went something like this: Tutor: What is twice three?Scout: What’s a rice-tree?Sub-scout: When is ice free?Sub-sub-scout: What’s a nice fee??Student (timidly): Half a guinea.Sub-sub-scout: Can’t forge any!Sub-scout: Ho for jinny!Scout: Don’t be a ninny!Tutor (looking offended, tries another question): Divide a hundred by twelve.Scout: Provide wonderful bells!Sub-scout: Go ride under it yourself!Sub-sub-scout: Deride the dunderhead elf!Pupil (surprised): What do you mean?Sub-sub-scout: Doings between!Sub-scout: Blue is the screen!Scout: Soup tureen! And so the lecture proceeds… Carroll’s parody of academic miscommunication and misquoting was reproduced by Pierre Bourdieu at the opening of the book Academic Discourse to illustrate the failures of pedagogical practice in higher education in the mid 1960s, when he found scholarly language relied on codes that were “destined to dazzle rather than to enlighten” (3). Bourdieu et al found that students struggled to reproduce appropriately scholarly discourse and were constrained to write in a badly understood and poorly mastered language, finding reassurance in what he called a ‘rhetoric of despair’: “through a kind of incantatory or sacrificial rite, they try to call up and reinstate the tropes, schemas or words which to them distinguish professorial language” (4). The result was bad writing that karaoke-ed a pseudo academic discourse, accompanied by a habit of thoughtlessly patching together other peoples’ words and phrases. Such sloppy quoting activities of course invite the scholarly taboo of plagiarism or its extreme opposite, hypercitation. Elsewhere, Jacques Derrida developed an important theory of citationality and language, but it is intriguing to note his own considerable unease with conventional acknowledgement practices, of quoting and being quoted: I would like to spare you the tedium, the waste of time, and the subservience that always accompany the classic pedagogical procedures of forging links, referring back to past premises or arguments, justifying one’s own trajectory, method, system, and more or less skilful transitions, re-establishing continuity, and so on. These are but some of the imperatives of classical pedagogy with which, to be sure, one can never break once and for all. Yet, if you were to submit to them rigorously, they would very soon reduce you to silence, tautology and tiresome repetition. (The Ear of the Other, 3) This weariness with a procedural hyper-focus on referencing conventions underlines Derrida’s disquiet with the self-protecting, self-promoting and self-justifying practices that bolster pedagogical tradition and yet inhibit real scholarly work, and risk silencing the authorial voice. Today, remix offers new life to quoting. Media theorist Lev Manovich resisted the notion that the practice of ‘quotation’ was the historical precedent for remixing, aligning it instead to the authorship practice of music ‘sampling’ made possible by new electronic and digital technology. Eduardo Navas agrees that sampling is the key element that makes the act of remixing possible, but links its principles not just to music but to the preoccupation with reading and writing as an extended cultural practice beyond textual writing onto all forms of media (8). A crucial point for Navas is that while remix appropriates and reworks its source material, it relies on the practice of citation to work properly: too close to the original means the remix risks being dismissed as derivative, but at the same time the remixer can’t rely on a source always being known or recognised (7). In other words, the conceptual strategies of remix must rely on some form of referencing or citation of the ideas it sources. It is inarguable that advances in digital technologies have expanded the capacity of scholars to search, cut/copy & paste, collate and link to their research sources. New theoretical and methodological frameworks are being developed to take account of these changing conditions of academic work. For instance, Annette Markham proposes a ‘remix methodology’ for qualitative enquiry, arguing that remix is a powerful tool for thinking about an interpretive and adaptive research practice that takes account of the complexity of contemporary cultural contexts. In a similar vein Cheré Harden Blair has used remix as a theoretical framework to grapple with the issue of plagiarism in the postmodern classroom. If, following Roland Barthes, all writing is “a tissue of quotations drawn from innumerable centers of culture” (146), and if all writing is therefore rewriting, then punishing students for plagiarism becomes problematic. Blair argues that since scholarly writing has become a mosaic of digital and textual productions, then teaching must follow suit, especially since teaching, as a dynamic, shifting and intertextual enterprise, is more suited to the digital revolution than traditional, fixed writing (175). She proposes that teachers provide a space in which remixing, appropriation, patch-writing and even piracy could be allowable, even useful and productive: “a space in which the line is blurry not because students are ignorant of what is right or appropriate, or because digital text somehow contains inherent temptations to plagiarise, but because digital media has, in fact, blurred the line” (183). The clashes between remix and scholarly rules of attribution are directly addressed by the pedagogical provocations of conceptual poet Kenneth Goldsmith, who has developed a program of ‘uncreative writing’ at the University of Pennsylvania, where, among other plagiaristic tasks, he forces students to transcribe whole passages from books, or to download essays from online paper mills and defend them as their own, marking down students who show a ‘shred of originality’. In his own writing and performances, which depend almost exclusively on strategies of appropriation, plagiarism and recontextualisation of often banal sources like traffic reports, Goldsmith says that he is working to de-familiarise normative structures of language. For Goldsmith, reframing language into another context allows it to become new again, so that “we don’t need the new sentence, the old sentence re-framed is good enough”. Goldsmith argues for the role of the contemporary academic and creative writer as an intelligent agent in the management of masses of information. He describes his changing perception of his own work: “I used to be an artist, then I became a poet; then a writer. Now when asked, I simply refer to myself as a word processor” (Perloff 147). For him, what is of interest to the twenty-first century is not so much the quote that ‘rips’ or tears words out of their original context, but finding ways to make new ‘wholes’ out of the accumulations, filterings and remixing of existing words and sentences. Another extraordinary example of the blurring of lines between text, author and the discursive peculiarities of digital media can be found in Jonathan Lethem’s essay ‘An Ecstasy of Influence: A Plagiarism’, which first appeared in Harpers Magazine in 2007. While this essay is about the topic of plagiarism, it is itself plagiarized, composed of quotes that have been woven seamlessly together into a composite whole. Although Lethem provides a key at the end with a list of his sources, he has removed in-text citations and quotation marks, even while directly discussing the practices of mis-quotation and mis-attribution throughout the essay itself. Towards the end of the essay can be found the paragraph: Any text is woven entirely with citations, references, echoes, cultural languages, which cut across it through and through in a vast stereophony. The citations that go to make up a text are anonymous, untraceable, and yet already read; they are quotations without inverted commas. The kernel, the soul — let us go further and say the substance, the bulk, the actual and valuable material of all human utterances — is plagiarism. …By necessity, by proclivity, and by delight, we all quote. Neurological study has lately shown that memory, imagination, and consciousness itself is stitched, quilted, pastiched. If we cut-and-paste ourselves, might we not forgive it of our artworks? (68) Overall, Lethem’s self-reflexive pro-plagiarism essay reminds the reader not only of how ideas in literature have been continuously recycled, quoted, appropriated and remixed, but of how open-source cultures are vital for the creation of new works. Lethem (re)produces rather than authors a body of text that is haunted by ever present/absent quotation marks and references. Zara Dinnen suggests that Lethem’s essay, like almost all contemporary texts produced on a computer, is a provocation to once again re-theorise the notion of the author, as not a rigid point of origin but instead “a relay of alternative and composite modes of production” (212), extending Manovich’s notion of the role of author in the digital age of being perhaps closest to that of a DJ. But Lethem’s essay, however surprising and masterfully intertextual, was produced and disseminated as a linear ‘static’ text. On the other hand, Mark Amerika’s remixthebook project first started out as a series of theoretical performances on his Professor VJ blog and was then extended into a multitrack composition of “applied remixology” that features sampled phrases and ideas from a range of artistic, literary, musical, theoretical and philosophical sources. Wanting his project to be received not as a book but as a hybridised publication and performance art project that appears in both print and digital forms, remixthebook was simultaneously published in a prestigious university press and a website that works as an online hub and teaching tool to test out the theories. In this way, Amerika expands the concept of writing to include multimedia forms composed for both networked environments and also experiments with what he terms “creative risk management” where the artist, also a scholar and a teacher, is “willing to drop all intellectual pretence and turn his theoretical agenda into (a) speculative play” (xi). He explains his process halfway through the print book: Other times we who create innovative works of remix artare fully self-conscious of the rival lineagewe spring forth fromand knowingly take on other remixological styles just to seewhat happens when we move insideother writers’ bodies (of work)This is when remixologically inhabitingthe spirit of another writer’s stylistic tendenciesor at least the subconsciously imagined writerly gesturesthat illuminate his or her live spontaneous performancefeels more like an embodied praxis In some ways this all seems so obvious to me:I mean what is a writer anyway buta simultaneous and continuous fusion ofremixologically inhabited bodies of work? (109) Amerika mashes up the jargon of academic writing with avant-pop forms of digital rhetoric in order to “move inside other writers’ bodies (of work)” in order to test out his theoretical agenda in an “embodied praxis” at the same time that he shakes up the way that contemporary scholarship itself is performed. The remixthebook project inevitably recalls one of the great early-twentieth century plays with scholarly quotation, Walter Benjamin’s The Arcades Project. Instead of avoiding conventional quoting, footnoting and referencing, these are the very fabric of Benjamin’s sprawling project, composed entirely of quotes drawn from nineteenth century philosophy and literature. This early scholarly ‘remixing’ project has been described as bewildering and oppressive, but which others still find relevant and inspirational. Marjorie Perloff, for instance, finds the ‘passages’ in Benjamin’s arcades have “become the digital passages we take through websites and YouTube videos, navigating our way from one Google link to another and over the bridges provided by our favourite search engines and web pages" (49). For Benjamin, the process of collecting quotes was addictive. Hannah Arendt describes his habit of carrying little black notebooks in which "he tirelessly entered in the form of quotations what daily living and reading netted him in the way of 'pearls' and 'coral'. On occasion he read from them aloud, showed them around like items from a choice and precious collection" (45). A similar practice of everyday hypercitation can be found in the contemporary Australian performance artist Danielle Freakley’s project, The Quote Generator. For what was intended in 2006 to be a three year project, but which is still ongoing, Freakley takes the delirious pleasure of finding and fitting the perfect quote to fit an occasion to an extreme. Unlike Benjamin, Freakley didn’t collect and collate quotes, she then relied on them to navigate her way through her daily interactions. As The Quote Generator, Freakley spoke only in quotations drawn from film, literature and popular culture, immediately following each quote with its correct in-text reference, familiar to academic writers as the ‘author/date’ citation system. The awkwardness and seeming artificiality of even short exchanges with someone who responds only in quotes might be bewildering enough, but the inclusion of the citation after the quote maddeningly interrupts and, at the same time, adds another metalevel to a conversation where even the simple platitude ‘thank you’ might be followed by an attribution to ‘Deep Throat 1972’. Longer exchanges become increasingly overwhelming, as Freakley’s piling of quote on quote, and sometimes repeating quotes, demands an attentive listener, as is evident in a 2008 interview with Andrew Denton on the ABC’s Enough Rope: Andrew Denton’s Enough Rope (2008) Denton: So, you’ve been doing this for three years??Freakley: Yes, Optus 1991Denton: How do people respond to you speaking in such an unnatural way?Freakley: It changes, David Bowie 1991. On the streets AKA Breakdance 1984, most people that I know think that I am crazy, Billy Thorpe 1972, a nigger like me is going insane, Cyprus Hill 1979, making as much sense as a Japanese instruction manual, Red Dwarf 1993. Video documentation of Freakley’s encounters with unsuspecting members of the public reveal how frustrating the inclusion of ‘spoken’ references can be, let alone how taken aback people are on realising they never get Freakley’s own words, but are instead receiving layers of quotations. The frustration can quickly turn hostile (Denton at one point tells Freakley to “shut up”) or can prove contaminatory, as people attempt to match or one-up her quotes (see Cook's interview 8). Apparently, when Freakley continued her commitment to the performance at a Perth Centerlink, the staff sent her to a psychiatrist and she was diagnosed with an obsessive-compulsive disorder, then prescribed medication (Schwartzkoff 4). While Benjamin's The Arcades Project invites the reader to scroll through its pages as a kind of textual flaneur, Freakley herself becomes a walking and talking word processor, extending the possibilities of Amerika’s “embodied praxis” in an inescapable remix of other people’s words and phrases. At the beginning of the project, Freakley organised a card collection of quotes categorised into possible conversation topics, and devised a ‘harness’ for easy access. Image: Danielle Freakley’s The Quote Generator harness Eventually, however, Freakley was able to rely on her own memory of an astounding number of quotations, becoming a “near mechanical vessel” (Gottlieb 2009), or, according to her own manifesto, a “regurgitation library to live by”: The Quote Generator reads, and researches as it speaks. The Quote Generator is both the reader and composer/editor. The Quote Generator is not an actor spouting lines on a stage. The Quote Generator assimilates others lines into everyday social life … The Quote Generator, tries to find its own voice, an understanding through throbbing collations of others, constantly gluttonously referencing. Much academic writing quotes/references ravenously. New things cannot be said without constant referral, acknowledgement to what has been already, the intricate detective work in the barking of the academic dog. By her unrelenting appropriation and regurgitating of quotations, Freakley uses sampling as a technique for an extended performance that draws attention to the remixology of everyday life. By replacing conversation with a hyper-insistence on quotes and their simultaneous citation, she draws attention to the artificiality and inescapability of the ‘codes’ that make up not just ordinary conversations, but also conventional academic discourse, what she calls the “barking of the academic dog”. Freakley’s performance has pushed the scholarly conventions of quoting and referencing to their furthest extreme, in what has been described by Daine Singer as a kind of “endurance art” that relies, in large part, on an antagonistic relationship to its audience. In his now legendary 1969 “Double Session” seminar, Derrida, too, experimented with the pedagogical performance of the (re)producing author, teasing his earnest academic audience. It is reported that the seminar began in a dimly lit room lined with blackboards covered with quotations that Derrida, for a while, simply “pointed to in silence” (177). In this seminar, Derrida put into play notions that can be understood to inform remix practices just as much as they do deconstruction: the author, originality, mimesis, imitation, representation and reference. Scholarly conventions, perhaps particularly the quotation practices that insist on the circulation of rigid codes of attribution, and are defended by increasingly out-of-date understandings of contemporary research, writing and teaching practices, are ripe to be played with. Remix offers an expanded discursive framework to do this in creative and entertaining ways. References Amerika, Mark. remixthebook. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011. 29 July 2013 http://www.remixthebook.com/. Arendt, Hannah. “Walter Benjamin: 1892-1940.” In Illuminations. New York, NY: Shocken, 1969: 1-55. Barthes, Roland. “The Death of the Author.” Image Music Text. Trans Stephen Heath. New York: Hill and Wang, 1977: 142-148. Benjamin, Walter. The Arcades Project. Ed. Rolf Tiedemann, trans. Howard Eiland & Kevin McLaughlin. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999. Blaire, Cheré Harden. “Panic and Plagiarism: Authorship and Academic Dishonesty in a Remix Culture.” Media Tropes 2.1 (2009): 159-192. Bourdieu, Pierre, Jean-Claude Passeron, and Monique de Saint Martin. Academic Discourse: Linguistic Misunderstanding and Professorial Power. Trans. Richard Teese. Stanford California: Stanford University Press, 1965. Carroll, Lewis (Charles Dodgson). “Letter to Henrietta and Edwin Dodgson 31 Jan 1855”. 15 July 2013 http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Letters_of_Lewis_Carroll. Cook, Richard. “Don’t Quote Me on That.” Time Out Sydney (2008): 8. http://rgcooke.wordpress.com/2008/02/13/interview-danielle-freakley.Denton, Andrew. “Interview: The Quote Generator.” Enough Rope. 29 Feb. 2008. ABC TV. 15 July 2013 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AsrGvwXsenE. Derrida, Jacques. Spurs, Nietzsche’s Styles. Trans. Barbara Harlow. London: University of Chicago Press, 1978. Derrida, Jacques. The Ear of the Other: Otobiography, Text, Transference. Trans Peggy Kampf. New York: Shocken Books, 1985. Derrida, Jacques. “The Double Session”. Dissemination. Trans Alan Bass, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1981. Dinnen, Zara. "In the Mix: The Potential Convergence of Literature and New Media in Jonathan Letham's 'The Ecstasy of Influence'". Journal of Narrative Theory 42.2 (2012). Freakley, Danielle. The Quote Generator. 2006 to present. 10 July 2013 http://www.thequotegenerator.com/. Goldsmith, Kenneth. Uncreative Writing. New York: University of Colombia Press 2011. Gottlieb, Benjamin. "You Shall Worship No Other Artist God." Art & Culture (2009). 15 July 2013 http://www.artandculture.com/feature/999. Lethem, Jonathan. “The Ecstasy of Influence: A Plagiarism.” Harper’s Magazine, Feb. 2007: 59-71. http://harpers.org/archive/2007/02/the-ecstasy-of-influence/. Manovich, Lev. "What Comes after Remix?" 2007. 15 July 2013 http://manovich.net/LNM/index.html. Markham, Annette. “Remix Methodology.” 2013. 9 July 2013 http://www.markham.internetinquiry.org/category/remix/.Morris, Simon (dir.). Sucking on Words: Kenneth Goldsmith. 2007. http://www.ubu.com/film/goldsmith_sucking.html.Navas, Eduardo. Remix Theory: The Aesthetics of Sampling. New York: Springer Wein, 2012. Perloff, Marjorie. Unoriginal Genius: Poetry by Other Means in the New Century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010. Schwartzkoff, Louise. “Art Forms Spring into Life at Prima Vera.” Sydney Morning Herald 19 Sep. 2008: Entertainment, 4. http://www.smh.com.au/news/entertainment/arts/art-forms-spring-into-life-at-primavera/2008/09/18/1221331045404.html.Singer, Daine (cur.). “Pains in the Artists: Endurance and Suffering.” Blindside Exhibition. 2007. 2 June 2013 http://www.blindside.org.au/2007/pains-in-the-artists.shtml.