Academic literature on the topic 'Authors on postage stamps'

Publication is devoted to the 170th anniversary of Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay (1846–1888) – Russian ethnographer, anthropologist, biologist and traveler, who devoted his life to studying the indigenous population of Southeast Asia, Australia and Oceania and proposed to organize biological station in Sevastopol. Postage stamps, envelopes, postcards and other material from the author's collection is used.

The article examines the magical properties of agate, a striped modification of chalcedony. Images of several agates from the author’s personal collection are shown. Memories of the author’s adventures related to the search for agates are given. Images of agates on postage stamps are featureded, as well as numerous books about agates. A virtual collection of agates from different continents of our planet is shown.

Se presenta un análisis pormenorizado de todos los sellos postales españoles elaborados por los humoristas gráficos Gallego y Rey, los cuales pretendieron reflejar la historia española. Este peculiar tipo de producto filatélico, basado en la combinación de hechos históricos y caricaturas, tuvo como objetivo inicial el de fomentar la correspondencia entre los jóvenes lográndose formar un conjunto que exhibe una visión de toda la historia española. Por medio de una revisión de toda la serie de sellos titulada “Historia de España” (2000-2017) se estudió todo el contenido de estos elementos comunicativos y pedagógicos. Los resultados más relevantes nos permitieron determinar que los autores presentaron ciertos sesgos ideológicos, concluyendo que este material filatélico transmitió una serie de valores que ensalzaban hechos históricos ligados al nacionalismo español. The research presents a detailed analysis of all Spanish postage stamps created by the humorists Gallego and Rey, which intended to reflect the Spanish history. This peculiar kind of philatelic product, based on the combination of historical facts and caricatures, had as initial objective to encourage mailing among young people resulting in an exhibition of a sole vision of the Spanish history. Through a review of the entire series of stamps entitled “History of Spain” (2000-2017) all the content of these communicative and pedagogical elements was studied. The most relevant results of this study allowed us to determine that the authors presented some ideological bias, concluding that this philatelic material transmitted a series of values that highlighted historical events linked to Spanish nationalism.

For more than 150 years postcards all over the world have three main roles: a value-added receipt for a postage payment in advance, a means of celebrating and promoting national heritage and a collection of pieces. But above all, the postage stamp is a true ambassador of human history, culture and civilization, because its form and function give it freedom of movement and the ability to transmit information all over the world. Through this paper, the authors want to open a series of presentations of what has given valuable, over time, the philately of civilization and human culture and which is reflected in philatelic collections. There are fractions of images - as far as a stamp can be - with people and places, with flowers and landscapes, animals and protected habitats, with what we want to remain alive in the memory of our descendants - as an essential component of environmental policy And sustainable development.

Counterfeit and unaccounted postage stamps used on mailings cost postal administrations a significant amount of money each year. Corporate and individual clients become victim to stamp fraud and incur losses when security teams investigate such mailings. The blockchain technology is supposed to be a solution to make postage stamps market transparent and to guarantee invariability of stamps volume produced and used. The blockchain-based supply chain for postage stamps is introduced in the article.

Postage stamps are exclusively made by a country that is recognized by other members of the international community. Governments have always utilized these tiny images as national and international propaganda. By 1949, the Chinese Communist Party effectively controlled the Chinese Mainland and established the People's Republic of China (PRC), while the Nationalist Party fled to Taiwan to resume its Republic of China (ROC). The PRC and the ROC simultaneously asserted their sole legitimate succession to the Chinese regime, and both countries' postal authorities utilized postage stamps to build their own Chinese national identity and engage in a long-term propaganda war. In this thesis, I will firstly analyze both the production and consumption of postage stamps in Chapter Two and Chapter Three. The production of postage stamps is always conducted by the postal authorities, responsible for planning and designing postage stamps. However, it is also inevitably affected by stamp collectors' taste and need as well as by domestic and international stamp markets. Even though ordinary postage stamp users, stamp collectors and stamp merchants are the main agents in the consumption of postage stamps, they are also the marketing targets of the postal authorities. Therefore, my approach to the study of postage stamps coordinates top-down and bottom-up strategies in order to obtain a full picture of this aspect of discourse on Chinese national identity in both countries. Following the study of the historical background both countries' postal services, Chapter Four explores how these two countries drew national leaders and national territory and designed Chinese visual characteristics in postage stamps, discussing the construction of each regime's political, geographical and cultural identity. By comparing five sets of stamp themes, including people, anniversaries, international relations, sport and the overseas Chinese, Chapter Five analyzes political, historical and ethnic identity in postage stamp designs of the 'two Chinas'.

Autohesion is defined as the resistance to separation of two bonded identical films that have been joined together for a period of time under a given temperature and pressure. Studies on the autohesion phenomenon can provide fundamental insights into the physical processes of adhesive bond and failure, as well as the practical engineering issues such as crack healing, elastomer tack, polymer fusion, self-healing, and polymer welding. In the first part of this dissertation work, four ethylene/1-octene (EO) copolymers were used in the present study consisting of molecules with linear polyethylene backbone to which hexyl groups are attached at random intervals. These copolymers have similar number-average molecular weight (Mn) and polydispersity, but different 1-octene content. These hexyl groups act as the short branches and hinder the crystallization, reduce density to some extent in the solid state, lower the melting temperature, and decrease the stiffness of the bulk materials. A full understanding of the autohesion behavior of the ethylene/1-octene copolymers involves investigations at three different length scales: 1) the molecular scale which controls the interfacial structure; 2) the mesoscopic or microscopic scale which can provide information on the formation of interfaces and on how the energy is dissipated during a fracture process; and 3) the macroscopic scale at which the mechanical properties such as fracture energy can be obtained for a particular test geometry. In the present study, the effects of the branch content on the formation and fracture of the interface of these ethylene/1-octene assemblies were evaluated at the bonding temperatures (Tb) and bonding times (tb). The correlation among these three length scales was also investigated and modeled. The adhesion strength of these symmetric interfaces of EO copolymers was investigated by T-peel fracture tests. The fracture of the interface is an irreversible entropy creating process which involved a substantial amount of energy dissipation. The results of such mechanical tests with respect to the bonding temperature (Tb), bonding time (tb) and peel rate indicated this energy dissipation is the result of a complicated interplay between the ability of the interface to transfer stress and its plastic and viscoelastic deformation properties. When Tb is much higher than the characteristic temperature (Tc), the interfaces were completely healed and cohesive failure was observed in T-peel tests. In this case, the fracture strength decreased with increasing branch content. In contrast, when Tb is very close to Tc, the fracture strength showed an increase with the branch content with either interfacial failure or cohesive failure being observed depending on the branch content and Tb. At higher peel rates, it is observed that higher peel energies are required to fracture the surfaces. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the interfacial/interphase structure changed from amorphous to crystalline with an increase in the Tb. The results from the bonding time effect studies showed that the peel energy is proportional to tb1/2 regardless of Tb. But the branch content and the Tb play an important role on the seal rate. Thus, higher seal rate was found for higher Tb and higher branch content. These results also suggest that the autohesion of ethylene/1-octene copolymers are strongly associated with the interactions of melted chains. The chain compositions of these Zeigler-Natta EO copolymers are highly heterogeneous with the branches concentrated in the lower molecular weight portion. Long linear chain segments could form large, well-ordered crystals that provide strong anchors for the tie molecules and therefore determine the density of inter-crystalline links. Short chains with lots of branches could behave as protrusions along the chain to obstruct chain disentanglement and limit a chain from sliding through a crystal. Due to these reasons, the short chains with branches would contribute much less than the long linear chains to the full peel strength after complete sealing. However, higher peel strengths could be obtained only at the higher temperatures or longer bonding times at which the long linear chains begin to melt and diffuse across the interface. On the other hand, the higher branch content samples have the lower crystallinity and could obtain the higher chain mobility at the lower bonding temperatures and with shorter bonding times. Therefore, higher seal strength was observed for the higher branch content samples at lower Tb. Following T-peel fracture tests of ethylene/1-octene copolymer assemblies which showed interfacial failures, the fractured surfaces were investigated by using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and characterized by fractal analysis together with the original films. The AFM images showed strong dependence on the peel rate and branch content. Quantitatively, the fractal analyses demonstrated fractal characteristics at the different finite scales. Two regimes showing fractal features were identified for each surface. In regime I (low magnifications) the fracture test did not change the fractal dimensions much. But there were significant changes in regime II before welding and after T-peel fracture tests. The length scale that separated these two regimes is very close to the size of lamellar structures. The characteristic sizes at which the fractal characteristics emerge were shown to appear at larger scales for surfaces fractured at higher peel rates. This suggests that the appearance of fractal behavior at larger scales requires higher fracture energies. The characteristic sizes and fractal dimensions were shown to depend on the molecular structure. Because the fractal analysis suggests at least some crystalline lamellae on the surfaces still existed during T-peel fracture tests, a â Stitch-weldingâ has been therefore proposed as the autohesion mechanism in which only chains in the amorphous portions could inter-diffuse. In the second part of this dissertation work, a multi-layer lap-shear geometry has been designed and proven as a reliable testing method in evaluation of the dynamical mechanical properties of polyacrylic pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) in paper lamination for postage stamp applications. In-situ testing of four different PSA stamp laminates constructed by laminating water-based polyacrylic PSAs to the stamp face papers were carried out using a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) in the temperature range from -50 to 60 oC at frequencies 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 Hz. This geometry requires the tension mode on the DMA, but the results which were recorded as tensile properties were converted to shearing properties of the PSA layers in the laminate. The effect of the thickness (layers of laminates) on the dynamical mechanical properties has been studied and the results suggested that a multi-layer geometry with 5-10 layers could be an appropriate structure to produce enhanced responses. Therefore, the geometry with 8-layer laminates was used for frequency sweep/isothermal temperature and frequency sweep/temperature step tests. The results showed three relaxation responses that is, glassy, transition, and flow regions with respect to the frequencies and temperatures. These results also implied the viscoelastic characteristics of these PSA products. The tensile properties of the face papers were also tested using the same parameters as those of the multi-layer geometry. Significant differences were found between the shearing behaviors of the multi-layer geometry and the tensile behaviors of the elastic face paper. This suggests that the tensile deformation of the face paper in the multi-layer geometry could be ignored and the elastic paper did not contribute to the shearing properties of the PSA layers. Time-temperature superposition curves have been produced with reference temperature set at 23 oC, which can be used to predict the long term and short term performances of these samples at this temperature. This method can be utilized as a standard testing method on the PSA adhesives in the laminate form. In addition to the dynamic mechanical properties, it can also be developed to be a general standard method on testing the rheological properties of adhesives, polymer melts and other viscous materials.<br>Ph. D.

This work includes two unrelated areas of research. The first portion of this work involved combusting densified refuse derived fuel (dRDF) with coal and studying the effect that Ca(0H)2 binder had on reducing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) emissions. The second area of work was directed at developing nondestructive infrared techniques in order to aid in the analysis of postage stamp adhesives. With Americans generating 150-200 million tons a year of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and disposing of nearly ninety percent of it in landfills, it is easy to understand why American landfills are approaching capacity. One alternative to landfilling is to process the MSW into RDF. There are technical and environmental problems associated with RDF. This work provides some answers concerning the amount of PAH and PCB emissions generated via the combustion of RDF with coal. It was found that the Ca(OH)2 binder greatly reduced both the PAH and the PCB emissions. In fact, PAH emissions at the ten-percent level were reduced more by using the binder than by the pollution control equipment. If the Ca(0H)2 binder can reduce not only PAH and PCB emissions, but also other noxious emissions, such as acid gases or dioxin, RDF technology could soon be the answer to the current landfill problems. The second portion of this work focused on developing a method to analyze stamp adhesives nondestructively. Using this method, it was fairly easy to differentiate among the three different types of adhesives that have been used by the United States Postal Service: gum arabic, dextrin, and polyvinyl alcohol. Differences caused by changes in chemicals added to the adhesives were also detected. Also, forgeries were detected with as much success, if not more, than by conventional methods. This work also led to the construction of equipment that allows large samples to be analyzed by reflectance infrared methods.

碩士<br>國立臺灣師範大學<br>圖文傳播學系<br>93<br>Personalized stamp is an application of digital printing. One part of the stamp with face-value is by lithography printing, and the other part is by digital printing. This is a greater opportunity for users and collectors to design their own postage stamp. Since the personalized stamp is printed at small amount and with many varieties, it can be used at commemorative and public activities. In this research, two encryption methods are applied to personalized stamp by modified digital halftoning techniques. First, a hidden figurative pattern is encrypted in cyan channel by halftone dot displacement, and the hidden information can be retrieved by an optical decoder. Secondly, dot deformation in magenta channel is used to encode data, and the data can be recognized by digital image processing. In this research, we combine digital watermarking with anti-counterfeiting techniques with the consideration of printing condition. It integrates digital watermarking and data hiding techniques in printing security document. By the formation of halftone dots, encrypted data is added in personalized stamp. It can not only to improve counterfeiting ability but also to enhance the value added features. In the future, the watermarked personalized stamps and high quality meter can be combined together and we can verify and track the watermarked postage stamp by machine readable techniques.

碩士<br>國立臺灣師範大學<br>體育學系<br>102<br>Stamps is symbolic token issued by a nation, the image largely presenting history culture,ethnoicity features, which serves as a miniature kaleidoscope of a nation.. Thus, the stamps has been nicknamed as “the name card of the country” and “mini encyclopedia”. In order to understand the development of Taiwan sports postage stamps, this paper focuses on the cause, goal of issuance, and implied socio-political significance of Taiwan sports postage stamps. The results of this study can be concluded as follows. (a) Taiwan issued the first set of the sports postage stamps since 1960. From 1960 to 2012, Taiwan had issued 133 stamps in total, including a variety of sport themes: Olympic games, baseball, sportive games, local sports, sports for all and recreational sports, as the research categorized. (b) To separate the theme of sports stamps from socio-political perspective, it can be separated into commemorative and special stamps, whereas the former genre serves the goal of commemoration of important sports events and promotes R.O.C’s government political objectives, publicizing the government’s value, sports development and sports achievements (c) Protecting the IOC membership, striving to maintain participation in international games, R.O.C’s government attemps to promote sports policy,local sports and recreational sports as we can discovered from stamp image design.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Química Forense apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia<br>A análise de selos, em particular de amostras pioneiras, tem sido objeto de alguns estudos, no entanto a natureza dos pigmentos ou corantes usados para imprimir os primeiros selos postais portugueses permanece desconhecida até aos dias de hoje. Além de não existirem estudos sobre os materiais utilizados para a sua produção, verifica-se também uma total ausência de referência aos corantes utilizados para colorir estes exemplares. Uma menção ao facto de que a 23 de abril de 1853, a Casa da Moeda Portuguesa recebeu uma caixa com tintas sugere a existência de algumas semelhanças entre esses e os selos postais britânicos. A partir de uma análise anterior, de alguns selos postais do Reino Unido sabe-se que o ácido carmínico, a cochonilha, (para os vermelhos) e a icónica mauveína (para lilás / roxo) foram utilizados no período de 1847 a 1901. Neste trabalho, foi realizado um estudo das tintas usadas para as cores vermelha, rosa, roxa e laranja num número selecionado de selos postais portugueses do período 1857-1909. Este estudo foi baseado em análises envolvendo uma variedade de técnicas (fluorescência de raios-X (XRF), espectroscopia ultra vioeta-visivel (UV-VIS), cromatografia liquida de alta eficiência - diode array detection - espectrometria de massa (HPLC-DAD-MS), fluorescência no estado estacionário e resolvida no tempo). Verificou-se que as tintas incluíram, entre outros, pigmentos inorgânicos, tais como o cinábrio (HgS), óxido de chumbo (Pb3O4), cromato de chumbo (PbCrO4), sulfeto de chumbo (PbS) e compostos orgânicos, entre os quais o ácido carmínico e a eosina Y. Este trabalho demonstrou ser possível a utilização de técnicas não-destrutivas para a identificação de algumas “moléculas da cor” envolvendo o XRF (para cinábrio, óxido de chumbo, cromato de chumbo, sulfeto de chumbo), UV-Vis (para ácido carmínico e eosina Y) e espectros de fluorescência, juntamente com rendimentos quânticos e tempos de vida (para eosina Y).<br>The analysis of postage stamps, in particular of pioneer samples, has been an object of some studies, however the nature of the pigments or dyes used to print the first Portuguese postage stamps remain unknown until today. Furthermore, the lack of studies on the materials used for their production, there is also a complete absence of reference to the dyes used to colour these specimens. A mention to the fact that on April 23, 1853, the Portuguese Coin House received a box with paints suggests some similarities between these and the British postage stamps.From a previous analysis some postage stamps of the United Kingdom it is known that Carminic Acid, cochineal, (for reds) and the iconic mauveine (for lilacs / purple) were used in them in the period from 1847 to 1901. In this work, a study has been made of the inks used for red, rose, purple and orange colours in a selected number of Portuguese postage stamps from the period 1857-1909. This is based on the analysis involving a variety of techniques (X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) spectroscopy, high performance liquid chromatography - diode array detection - mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS), steady and time resolved fluorescence). It was found that the inks included, among others, the inorganic pigments cinnabar (HgS), lead oxide (Pb3O4), lead chromate (PbCrO4), lead sulfide (PbS), and the organic compounds Carminic Acid and Eosin Y. This work demonstrated non-destructive analysis methods for identification of some molecules of colour involving the XRF (for cinnabar, lead oxide, lead chromate, lead sulfide), the UV-Vis (for Carminic Acid and Eosin Y) and fluorescence spectra, together with quantum yields and lifetimes (for Eosin Y).

The purpose of this research is to use semiotic and narrative theory to unpack the layered meanings related to postage stamps and handwritten letters and explore their similarities. The theories of Peirce on icon, index and symbol, provide a systematic framework from which to explore the parallel narratives in a personal collection of postage stamps and letters received between 1996 and 1999. Postage stamps and letters are sent as a unit, allowing their public and private narratives to arrive in parallel. Both the practical and theoretical components of this research explore these narratives, treating letters and postage stamps as both personal and impersonal objects of communication. They are archival objects of national and personal history and of an era that is slowly fading. This research does not reinforce the different modes of communication offered by postage stamps and letters, but rather unpacks and compares, from a personal perspective, their many layers of meaning.<br>Art History, Visual Arts and Musicology<br>M.A. (Visual Arts)

碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>歷史學研究所<br>105<br>The thesis focuses on postage stamps in post-war Taiwan and the formation of the party-state identity. Postages stamps in post-war Taiwan can be read as officially sanctioned texts that reflect the intention and the ideology of the government of the Republic of China (ROC), which was controlled by the Kuomintang of China (KMT). The first purpose of the thesis was to find out that how postage stamps were issued by the government of the ROC, also known as the government of the KMT. Another aim of the thesis was to investigate themes that reflect the formation of the party-state identity. Finally, roles of the stamps as tools to affect the identity of people in post-war Taiwan were examined in the thesis. In the thesis, it was discovered that postage stamps in post-war Taiwan had played a part in the formation of the party-state identity although a postage stamp was not the only tool to change people’s identity.

Sažetak: U radu se obrađuju metode i načini upravljanja rizicima karijere u poslovima kvalitete. Prošlo je više od 30 godina od kada se intenzivno implementiraju sustavi upravljanja prema ISO normama, a usporedo s time su se profilirala brojna zanimanja u kojima pojedinci vide razvoj svoje profesionalne karijere. Poseban poticaj i usmjerenje razvoja određenih profesija u kvaliteti dala je EOQ (Europska organizacija za kvalitetu) koja je istražujući potrebe organizacija za takvim znanjima i profesijama razvila sheme za školovanjem profesionalnog osoblja u kvaliteti. Nakon određenog razvojnog perioda postalo je vrlo aktualno da se otpočnu izučavati rizici koji prate razvoj karijere profesionalnog osoblja u kvaliteti te da se osvijesti što može poći po zlu u takvom opredjeljenju. Istraživanja i pisani izvori o ovoj temi su skromni pa su se autori oslanjali na izvore razvoja karijere u drugim poslovima, a korišteni su i pokazatelji analiza provedene edukacije i intervjui vođeni s polaznicima edukacije za kvalitetu koje u posljednjih 30 godina vodi OSKAR d.o.o. Autori su svjesni da se o toj problematici ne mogu napisati gotovi recepti, ali se mogu osvijestiti metode i način kako izbjeći zamke rizika u planiranju vlastite karijere u kvaliteti. Autori su također svjesni činjenica da u državama koje su u tranziciji (na koje se odnosi ovaj rad) vlada stanje opće nesigurnosti, a vrlo često se nesigurna gospodarska stanja reflektiraju na status i karijeru profesionalnog osoblja u kvaliteti. Pored svega toga vrijeme je da se otpočne ozbiljnije razmatrati i istraživati upravljanje rizicima karijere u poslovima kvalitete. Abstract: The paper deals with methods and ways of managing career risks in quality jobs. It has been more than 30 years since the management systems according to ISO standards have been intensively implemented, and in parallel, numerous occupations have been profiled in which individuals see the development of their professional careers. A special impetus and direction for the development of certain professions in quality was given by EOQ, which, researching the needs of organizations for such knowledge and professions, developed schemes for training professional staff in quality. After a certain period of development, it has become very important to start studying the risks that accompany the career development of professional staff in quality and to become aware of what can go wrong in such a commitment. Research and written sources on this topic are very modest, so the authors relied on sources of career development in other jobs, and used indicators of analysis of education and interviews conducted with participants in quality education conducted in the last 30 years by OSKAR Ltd. The authors are aware that ready-made recipes cannot be written on this issue, but methods and ways to avoid risk traps in planning one's own career in quality can be made aware. The authors are also aware of the fact that in countries in transition (to which this paper refers) there is a state of general insecurity, and very often uncertain economic conditions are reflected in the status and career of professional staff in quality. In addition to all this, it is time to start seriously considering and researching career risk management in quality jobs.

The objective of this paper is to establish a concise structural model of the human musculoskeletal system (HMS) that can be applied to an exercise therapy that treats malfunctions or distortions of the human body. There exist a number of traditional exercise therapy methods in Japan and China, but any systematic approaches for learning, coaching or training are not found to the best of the author’s knowledge. Among such approaches, we deal with an exercise therapy called Somatic Balance Restoring Therapy (SBRT) in which a patient executes a series of non-invasive and painless motions in face-up/down laid posture. Although thousands of results have been piled up in a fixed-format data base, justification for the SBRT has not been provided in bio/mechanical engineering sense. The purpose of modeling is a first step for this holistic approach. For such reasons, the model must be useful and uncomplicated for therapists to identify the problematic areas of the human body with adequate visualization while maintaining a theoretical thoroughness in mechanics or dynamics. To bridge multi-body dynamics and the SBRT, we have utilized a human body model with a collection of joint connected 15 rigid bodies in a topological tree configuration as used for humanoid robot with 80 Degrees-of-Freedom (DOF). In order to achieve the purpose stated above, we have developed a static force/torque balance equation for each body element. In addition, we will describe modeling processes, derivation of static equations, and estimation of parameters/states and verification based on the analysis of the FPS experimental data, and contact forces are parameterized with quantitative values to be given by the Force Plate System (FPS), installed at CARIS at the University of British Columbia (UBC).

The purpose of this study is to develop a human monitoring system for preventative safety in sea transportation. The final goal of this research is to be able to detect even a small change in the physical condition of the crew such as inattention or lapse of concentration during a voyage and to call his/her attention to the navigation of the ship before accidents or dangerous minor incidents occur. This paper deals with autonomous facial expression monitoring system and ECG analysis using a mini physiological measuring system. Ship’s captain and/or chief officer is usually walking around in the navigation bridge so as to maintain ship’s safety. Human monitoring in sea transportation is more difficult than cases of aeroplane pilot, train or bus driver who are sitting on their own seat during operation. The authors have established an autonomous facial-expression monitoring system, named ‘KII (Kinetic Information Integrator) system.’ This system consists of multiple network cameras and Microsoft’s KINECT sensor. The KINECT sensor has an ability to detect subject’s posture and skeleton position in three dimensions. At the least two network cameras will be controlled autonomously so as to follow subject’s face from different directions even though he or she is walking around in the navigation bridge. And the rest network cameras are following his activities by zoomed out. Field experiment of the KII system has been conducted on board the training ship ‘Fukae-maru’ of Kobe University. Navigation officer’s face was followed by the system during operation, and the effectiveness and validity of the system has been demonstrated. It is thus thought to reach the stage of practical application. The heart is controlled by the autonomic nervous system, and the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system are well known to represent the mentally stressed or relaxed states, respectively. Heart rate variability was analysed and subject’s physiological and psychological changes during navigation were also discussed.