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Kim, Hyun Jung, and Emily Carol. "Autism Spectrum Disorder and Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders." Psychiatric Annals 53, no. 5 (May 2023): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/00485713-20230424-01.
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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) are currently conceptualized as distinct illnesses. However, there has been considerable debate over the association between these two disorders. Research findings over the last decade suggest a number of overlapping domains between ASD and SSD: shared environmental risk factors, genetics, neurobiological features, brain imaging, clinical features, and comorbidities. These commonalities lead to significant challenges in differentiating between the core symptoms of ASD and SSD. Misinterpretation of symptoms is common in clinical practice, particularly while working with young people at the early stage of these neurodevelopmental conditions, such as first-episode psychosis or clinical high risk. It is essential for mental health professionals to know about research-informed clinical guidelines on how to differentiate ASD and SSD in the clinical setting. [ Psychiatr Ann . 2023;53(5):209–215.]
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G, Perrotta. "Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) : Definition, Contexts, Neural Correlates and Clinical Strategies." Neurology & Neurotherapy Open Access Journal 4, no. 2 (2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/nnoaj-16000136.
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Starting from the general concept of "autism spectrum disorders", as contained in the manual of psychiatric disorders DSM, version V, we proceeded to contextualize the definition distinguishing it from other pathological forms (eg Asperger, disintegrative disorder of childhood, Rett and the pervasive disorder not otherwise specified), as was previously listed in the DSM - IV version, orienting the subject examined with a whole series of focus on neurobiological and clinical profiles. It then concluded with further att ention to the therapeutic context, from the psychotherapeutic approach to the pharmacological one, to manage the pathological consequences of the disorder, with particular attention to the most important and recent scientific discoveries, such as etiologic al theories of the pathological condition and the best treatments to prefer. It was concluded that recent research in the field of neuroscience has contributed significantly to the reconstruction of a pathology with outlines and an etiology that is still n ot well defined. Giving value to the neuropsicobiological bases of autism, giving value to the technical profiles related to the microscopic alterations in specific brain areas, contextualizing in a more defined way also to behavioral disorders related to autism spectrum disorders.
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Danesh, Ali A., Stephanie Howery, Hashir Aazh, Wafaa Kaf, and Adrien A. Eshraghi. "Hyperacusis in Autism Spectrum Disorders." Audiology Research 11, no. 4 (October 14, 2021): 547–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/audiolres11040049.
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Hyperacusis is highly prevalent in the autism spectrum disorder (ASD) population. This auditory hypersensitivity can trigger pragmatically atypical reactions that may impact social and academic domains. Objective: The aim of this report is to describe the relationship between decreased sound tolerance disorders and the ASD population. Topics covered: The main topics discussed include (1) assessment and prevalence of hyperacusis in ASD; (2) etiology of hyperacusis in ASD; (3) treatment of hyperacusis in ASD. Conclusions: Knowledge of the assessment and treatment of decreased sound tolerance disorders within the ASD population is growing and changing.
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Chauhan, Kavita, Veerta Sharma, Heena Khan, Amarjot Kaur, and Thakur Gurjeet Singh. "Chemical Induced Rodent Model of Autism Spectrum Disorders." Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Management 10, no. 2 (November 10, 2022): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15415/jptrm.2022.102003.
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The term Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) refers to a neuro-developmental disorder that include repetitive behaviours, extremely constrained interests and deficits in social communication. In the last ten years, the numerous epidemiological papers discussing connection between autism and environmental chemical exposures has significantly increased. These findings are crucial because they focus on modifiable risk factors that may open up new possibilities for the primary prevention of the autism-related disability, which is now recognised to be more strongly related to environmental factors than was previously thought. A variety of environmental factors have been known as significant factors relevant to aetiology of ASD, such as lead and mercury (heavy metals), PCB(organic contaminant) and phthalates and BPA. The most accurate animal model of autism among all other models is valproic acid-induced autism, which can reproduce almost all of the molecular and cellular changes seen in humans with ASD. This review provide insight into various diagnostic available for autism, pathophysiology of autism and animal model of autism to develop a pharmacological therapeutic intervention for the treatment of disease.
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Kyriakopoulos, M. "Psychosis and Autism Spectrum Disorders." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.198.
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Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and schizophrenia were separated into different diagnostic categories in the late 1970's (DSM-III) having previously been considered as related diagnostic entities. Since then, several lines of evidence have indicated that these disorders show clinical and cognitive overlaps as well as some common neurobiological characteristics. Furthermore, there is a group of patients presenting with ASD and psychotic experiences who pose particular diagnostic and management challenges and may represent a subgroup of ASD more closely linked to psychosis. Evidence from a study of the first empirically derived classification of children with ASD in relation to psychosis based on three underlying symptom dimensions, anxiety, social deficits and thought disorder, will be presented. Further phenomenological, genetic and neuroimaging research on the clinical boundaries and overlapping pathophysiology of ASD and psychosis may help better define their relationship and lead to more effective interventions. Understanding this relationship will also provide a framework of working with patients with mixed clinical presentations.Disclosure of interestThe author declares that he has no competing interest.
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Mercer, Johanna E., and Clare Sarah Allely. "Autism spectrum disorders and stalking." Journal of Criminal Psychology 10, no. 3 (May 25, 2020): 201–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcp-01-2020-0003.
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Purpose Despite an increasing number of studies that examine sexual offending behaviour in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) individuals, there has been a lack of research investigating stalking and ASD. This study aims to carry out a scoping review following PRISMA guidelines to identify studies which have been carried out exploring stalking behaviour in individuals with threshold or subthreshold ASD. Design/methodology/approach A total of five bibliographic databases were searched to identify studies which explored ASD in relation to stalking and harassment (including case studies as well as empirical studies). Findings A total of five relevant articles were identified in the present review. One article contained a case study. In a short report, the authors discussed stalking and ASD. One paper explored ASD and stalking behaviour in employment settings and specific interventions that could be used in such environments. Another paper focused on stalking behaviour in those with ASD in school settings. The final paper examined stalking and social and romantic functioning in individuals with ASD. This final paper contained only the empirical study identified in this search. Practical implications The studies identified in this review clearly highlight the need for intensive socio-sexual interventions to improve social interaction skills and romantic functioning in individuals with ASD. There is also a need for schools to provide sex education programs for individuals with ASD. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first review looking at ASD and stalking.
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Chekaleva, N., Z. Kulsharipova, L. Syrymbetova, B. Matayev, and D. Omarova. "Сomprehensive support of children with autistic spectrum disorders." Bulletin of the Karaganda University. Pedagogy series 101, no. 1 (March 29, 2021): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2021ped1/33-40.
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Today, autism is a significant social problem that is becoming more widespread, affecting children who have the same type of developmental problems, but with different options for overcoming them. This is what causes the idea of autism as a set of autism spectrum disorders. Children with ASD are a polymorphic group, which manifests itself in psychological and pedagogical features, which complicates social adaptation. In psychological and pedagogical terms, children with ASD are allocated to a special group, since interaction is built differently due to qualitative communication disorders. In many cases, children with ASD who come to school have unformed learning behaviors. For the successful development of the program material in children with ASD, it is necessary to form a stereotype of educational behavior, on which all school education is based. Deficits in the formation of these skills can lead to a longer period of adaptation of the child in school and to difficulties in mastering the program. In this article, we consider the necessary skills, the formation of which is aimed at psychological and pedagogical assistance to a child with ASD in preparation for school.
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Nguyen Thi My, Linh, Vi Vu Nguyen Tuong, Quynh Mai Thuy, and An Nguyen Nu Tam. "Comparative naturalistic and behavioral intervention for autism spectrum disorders." Journal of Science Educational Science 67, no. 5A (December 2022): 350–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18173/2354-1075.2022-0150.
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There are many evidence-based approaches and strategies worldwide for children with autism spectrum disorders that can support reducing the core deficits of these disorders. Therefore, the article compared behavioral approaches and developmental approaches in the intervention for children with autism following the 3 main criteria: (1) Basic requirements and characteristics in intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder; (2) Comparison of behavioral approaches (represented as ABA) and developmental approaches (DIR\Floortime, RDI) in autism spectrum disorder's intervention; and (3) The choice of behavioral approaches and developmental approaches in autism spectrum disorder's intervention. Each approach has its own principles and uses different techniques and methods, so each approach can bring different results. After comparing the research results using these two approaches, it is found that there is no single intervention approach that is effective for all children with ASD. Educators should combine approaches appropriate to each child's developmental stage.
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Vasa, Roma A., Connie Anderson, Alison R. Marvin, Rebecca E. Rosenberg, J. Kiely Law, Julia Thorn, Geeta Sarphare, and Paul A. Law. "Mood Disorders in Mothers of Children on the Autism Spectrum Are Associated with Higher Functioning Autism." Autism Research and Treatment 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/435646.
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Mood disorders occur more frequently in family members of individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) than in the general population. There may be associations between maternal mood disorder history patterns and specific ASD phenotypes. We therefore examined the relationship between maternal mood disorders and child autism spectrum disorders in 998 mother-child dyads enrolled in a national online autism registry and database. Mothers of children with ASD completed online questionnaires addressing their child’s ASD as well as their own mood disorder history. In multivariate logistic regression models of ASD diagnoses, the odds of an Asperger disorder versus autistic disorder diagnosis were higher among those children whose mothers had a lifetime history of bipolar disorder (OR 2.11, CI 1.20, 3.69) or depression (OR 1.62, CI 1.19, 2.19). Further, maternal mood disorder onset before first pregnancy was associated with higher odds (OR 2.35, CI 1.48, 3.73) of an Asperger versus autism diagnosis among this sample of children with ASD. These data suggest that differences in maternal mood disorder history may be associated with ASD phenotype in offspring.
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Malow, Beth, and Angela Maxwell-Horn. "Sleep in Autism." Seminars in Neurology 37, no. 04 (August 2017): 413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1604353.
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AbstractAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that has increased in prevalence over the last several decades. A significant proportion of children with ASD have comorbid sleep disorders. The interplay between ASD and sleep is multifactorial and bidirectional. There is evidence for physiological differences in ASD that contribute to sleep problems, including sensory overresponsiveness (SOR) and abnormal melatonin production. Comorbidities associated with ASD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], mood disorders) as well as medications used to treat these comorbidities often have effects on sleep architecture. In this article the authors discuss the etiology and manifestations of sleep disorders in children with ASD, as well as their clinical evaluation and treatment options.
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Baird, Gillian, and Courtenay Frazier Norbury. "Social (pragmatic) communication disorders and autism spectrum disorder." Archives of Disease in Childhood 101, no. 8 (December 23, 2015): 745–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2014-306944.
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Changes have been made to the diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the recent revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), and similar changes are likely in the WHO International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) due in 2017. In light of these changes, a new clinical disorder, social (pragmatic) communication disorder (SPCD), was added to the neurodevelopmental disorders section of DSM-5. This article describes the key features of ASD, SPCD and the draft ICD-11 approach to pragmatic language impairment, highlighting points of overlap between the disorders and criteria for differential diagnosis.
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Kamruzzaman, Md, Mirza Md Ziaul Islam, Abu Bakkir Siddique, Mohammed Rizwanul Ahsan, and AZM Mosiul Azam. "Autism Spectrum Disorder." Bangladesh Journal of Child Health 43, no. 1 (April 28, 2019): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjch.v43i1.41217.
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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is the name for a group of developmental disorders. ASD affects social interaction, communication, interests and behavior. It includes a wide range, “a spectrum,” of symptoms, skills, and levels of disability. It affects how a person acts and interacts with others, communicates, and learns. Children with ASD might have problems talking with others, or they might not look in the eye when one talks to them. They may often seem to be in their “own world.” People with ASD often have these characteristics: ongoing social problems that include difficulty communicating and interacting with others; repetitive behaviors as well as limited interests or activities; symptoms that typically are recognized in the first two years of life; symptoms that hurt the individual’s ability to function socially, at school or work, or other areas of life. Some people are mildly impaired by their symptoms, while others are severely disabled. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) around 1 in 68 children has been identified with some form of ASD. The symptoms are present before three years of age, although a diagnosis can sometimes be made after the age of three. More boys are diagnosed with the condition than girls. There is no “cure” for ASD, but speech and language therapy, occupational therapy, educational support, plus a number of other interventions are available to help children and parents.
Bangladesh J Child Health 2019; VOL 43 (1) :41-48
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A K, Nithya, and Jithesh Chowta. "A VIEW OF AYURVEDA ON AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS - A CONCEPTUAL STUDY." International Ayurvedic Medical Journal 9, no. 7 (July 15, 2021): 1419–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.46607/iamj1509072021.
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Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) is a neuro-developmental disorder. It is defined by deficits in social reciproci- ty and communication and by unusual restricted, repetitive behavior1 It is one of the challenging disorders for children and their families. Prevalence estimates for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have been increasing over the past few decades, with estimates at about 5 in10,000 in the 1960s and current estimates as high as 1 in 88.2 It is one of the challenging disorders for children and their families and this condition typically persists throughout one’s life period. While coming to the view from Ayurveda, most clinical features of different varieties of autism spectrum disorder resemble the features of Unmada. The condition may be due to the result of Khavaigunya of Srotas which nurtures Manas as a consequence of many Agantuja and Sahaja factors.3 Keywords: Autism Spectrum Disorders, Unmada, Manovaha srotas, Jnanotpatti
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Петрова, Н. Н. "Autism Spectrum Disorders in Adults. Review." Психиатрия, психотерапия и клиническая психология, no. 2 (June 16, 2022): 179–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.34883/pi.2022.13.2.003.
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Обзор литературы посвящен проблеме расстройств аутистического спектра (РАС), в том числе во взрослом возрасте. Приводятся современные представления о РАС. Показано место РАС в современных систематиках. Дается характеристика распространенности и проявлениям РАС во взрослой популяции, особенностям социальной адаптации лиц с данными расстройствами, психиатрической коморбидности, подходам к диагностике, дифференциальной диагностике и оказанию психиатрической помощи взрослым с РАС. A review of the literature is devoted to the problem of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), including in adults. Current ideas about ASD are presented. The place of ASD in modern systematics is shown. The prevalence and manifestations of ASD in the adult population, the characteristics of social adaptation of persons with ASD, psychiatric comorbidity, approaches to diagnosis, differential diagnosis and psychiatric care for adults with ASD are characterized.
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WILLS, S., M. CABANLIT, J. BENNETT, P. ASHWOOD, D. AMARAL, and J. VAN DE WATER. "Autoantibodies in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1107, no. 1 (June 1, 2007): 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1381.009.
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Dong, Renze. "EXERCISE IN AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS: A PROMISING INTERVENTION." JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 2, no. 1 (2022): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/jhcdc.01.2022.15.19.
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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is an early-onset neurodevelopmental disorder, which is diagnosed by behavior in the absence of neuroimaging and reliable biomarkers. Sensorimotor impairment preceded the development of cognitive and adaptive deficits in autism. Multidisciplinary research demonstrate the malfunctions of the nervous systems in ASD and exercise can ameliorate ASD-like behaviors. In fact, motor behavior not only reflects and reveals the workings of the mind, but also reshapes its structure and function. In this article, we review evidence that a role for physical movement in the occurrence, development, early diagnosis and treatment of autism. Increasing evidence suggest that exercise is a promising intervention in pathophysiology and treatment for children with autism spectrum disorders. We highlight the importance of early exercise intervention because earlier intervention results in more successful outcomes.
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Sappok, Tanja, Manuel Heinrich, and Lisa Underwood. "Screening tools for autism spectrum disorders." Advances in Autism 1, no. 1 (July 30, 2015): 12–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aia-03-2015-0001.
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Purpose – Diagnosing autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is important over the whole life span. Standardized instruments may support the assessment process. The purpose of this paper is to describe English- and German-screening tools for ASD. Design/methodology/approach – PubMed was used to search for published tools and evidence on their diagnostic validity. Findings – Searches identified 46 screening tools for ASD. Most are designed for children, while only few measures are available for adults, especially those with additional intellectual disabilities. Many instruments are under-researched, although a small number such as the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers and the SCQ have been widely examined in a variety of populations. Originality/value – The study identified and described a number of ASD screeners that can support clinicians or researchers when deciding whether to carry out a more comprehensive ASD assessment.
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Bertelli, Marco O., Micaela Piva Merli, Elspeth Bradley, Roberto Keller, Niccolò Varrucciu, Chiara Del Furia, and Nicola Panocchia. "The diagnostic boundary between autism spectrum disorder, intellectual developmental disorder and schizophrenia spectrum disorders." Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities 9, no. 5 (September 7, 2015): 243–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/amhid-05-2015-0024.
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Purpose – During the last few years the prevalence of autism and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has increased greatly. A recurring issue is the overlap and boundaries between Intellectual Developmental Disorder (IDD), ASD and Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (SSD). In clinical practice with people with IDD, the alternative or adjunctive diagnosis of ASD or SSD is particularly challenging. The purpose of this paper is to define the boundaries and overlapping clinical characteristics of IDD, ASD and SSD; highlight the most relevant differences in clinical presentation; and provide a clinical framework within which to recognize the impact of IDD and ASD in the diagnosis of SSD. Design/methodology/approach – A systematic mapping of the international literature was conducted on the basis of the following questions: first, what are considered to be core and overlapping aspects of IDD, ASD and SSD; second, what are the main issues in clinical practice; and third, can key diagnostic flags be identified to assist in differentiating between the three diagnostic categories? Findings – Crucial clinical aspects for the differentiation resulted to be age of onset, interest towards others, main positive symptoms, and anatomical anomalies of the central nervous system. More robust diagnostic criteria and semeiological references are desirable. Originality/value – The present literature mapping provides a comprehensive description of the most relevant differences in the clinical presentation of ASD and SSD in persons with IDD.
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ELÇİ, Melis Elif, Miraç Barış USTA, and Koray KARABEKİROĞLU. "Role of Glia Cells in Autism Spectrum Disorders." Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry 15, no. 4 (December 25, 2023): 577–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1189139.
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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with an increasing frequency, manifested by functional disorders in social communication and social interaction, limited interests, and repetitive behaviors. The etiology of autism spectrum disorder has not yet been fully elucidated and there are many areas that need further study. Increasing studies have shown that disruptions in synaptic functions are critical in the onset of ASD. Glial cells have a role in the regulation of synaptic functions. In ASD, changes are seen in the number of neurons and glia cells in the affected cerebral cortex, and these changes cause dysregulation in synaptic functions and affect behaviors. Studies provide information about the role of glia cells in the pathophysiology of ASD, but more data is needed on the relationship between ASD and glia cells. In this review, the importance of glial cells in the etiopathogenesis of ASD and studies will be discussed.
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Maritska, Ziske, Rahmi Isman, Bintang Arroyantri Prananjaya, and Nita Parisa. "PHYSICAL COMORBIDITIES IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS." Indonesian Journal for Health Sciences 6, no. 2 (September 16, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24269/ijhs.v6i2.4615.
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Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by two core symptoms; impairments in social communication and restricted or repetitive behavior. ASD is a broad group of conditions where patients have a variety of abilities and needs. Their ASD related-physical and psychological comorbidities also affect their mortality risk. This study wished to investigate physical comorbidities associated with ASD in the national reference hospital in Indonesia. This is a descriptive study with a cross-sectional approach on children with ASD who visited RSUP Dr. Mohammad Hoesin, Palembang, during 2014-2018. Data were obtained from the medical records and telephone interviews with the parents. Of all the 60 participants included in the study, most are male (n=52;86,7%). The most prevalent ASD-related physical comorbidities were gastrointestinal disorders (n=27;45%), followed by nervous system disorders (n=35;58,3%), and immune system disorders (n=11;18,3%). Despite the small sample size, the prevalence of ASD-related physical comorbidities in children with ASD is profoundly high, implying the need to do early detection from both parents and health professionals to prevent morbidity and complications that may occur. Children with autism can benefit from various therapies start in early childhood and continue throughout their lives to improve their development, and quality of life.
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Kildahl, Arvid Nikolai, Maria Hagen Engebretsen, and Sissel Berge Helverschou. "Attachment disorder in autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability." Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities 13, no. 2 (March 4, 2019): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/amhid-09-2018-0039.
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PurposeAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is an exclusion criterion for one of the two attachment disorders in the DSM 5. However, previous findings indicate that ASD and attachment disorder are unrelated conditions and may co-occur. The purpose of this paper is to explore the diagnostic assessment of an adolescent male with ASD, intellectual disability (ID), severe challenging behaviour and a suspected attachment disorder.Design/methodology/approachCase study methodology was chosen because of its suitability in the exploration of complex clinical phenomena where prior knowledge is sparse.FindingsIt was possible to identify symptoms of attachment disorder in a case involving ASD, ID, anxiety and severe challenging behaviour. The Disturbances of Attachment Interview was particularly useful in this assessment, as was assessment of ASD symptoms and developmental history. Differentiating the two attachment disorders proved challenging.Research limitations/implicationsThere is a need for further research in ASD and attachment disorders not limited by current diagnostic categories.Practical implicationsCo-occurring symptoms of attachment disorder may be identified in individuals with ASD and ID, and exploration of these symptoms in assessments of children and adolescents with ASD/ID and challenging behaviour may be beneficial.Originality/valueThe study adds to previous findings on attachment disorder in ASD, demonstrating that identification of attachment disorder is possible even in the presence of a highly complex clinical picture involving severe challenging behaviour. It may also assist other clinicians in identifying and making more accurate assessment of attachment disorder in ASD and ID.
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Radwan, Rifat Binte, and Chiro Islam Mallik. "Psychiatric comorbidities with autism spectrum disorder in an adult clinic sample." BJPsych Open 7, S1 (June 2021): S239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.639.
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AimsAs part of continuity, prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is nearly the same in adults as children and is associated with other comorbid psychiatric disorders that have substantial impact on their life and complex the intervention. This study aimed to examine psychiatric comorbidity in referred adult ASD patients compared to non-ASD psychiatric patients. It has been hypothesized that comorbid psychiatric disorders were higher among patients with ASD than patients without ASD.MethodIn total, 36 adults with ASD referred in the year 2019 in a psychiatric consultation center in Dhaka city were included in the study. They were derived from the case register of the center. Similar number of age and sex-matched adult psychiatric patients without ASD were selected for comparison. All patients were referred for psychiatric consultation. Socio-demographic variables were collected from the patients’ record. Diagnosis of psychiatric disorders including ASD was made by an experienced psychiatrist. It was done clinically based on all available information, examination and relevant investigations. Diagnoses were assigned according to DSM-5. Then comparisons of psychiatric disorders were made between the two patient groups.ResultThe cases were ranged from 18-41 years with the mean of 26.72 ± 6.5 years. Among them, 22 were male and 14 were female. Male-female ratio was 1.6:1. Most of the subjects received no education and were from middle income family with urban background. Mean number of comorbid psychiatric disorders was 1.92 in patients with ASD and 1.67 in patients without ASD and the difference was significant (P = 0.04). Most two frequent comorbidities among ASD patients were Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (27.77%) and Major Depressive Disorder(25%) followed by Specific Phobia(19.44%), Social Phobia and Intermittent Explosive Disorder(16.67%) for each, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(13.89%) and Conduct Disorder(11.11%). All these disorders were significantly higher than patients without ASD. Conversely, Major Depressive Disorder (30.55%) was most frequent among the patients without ASD and that was even significantly higher than patients with ASD. Other frequent disorders like Bipolar Disorder, Schizophrenia, Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Substance Related Disorder were also higher among non-ASD patients.ConclusionThis research shows that comorbid psychiatric disorders were frequently found in patients with ASD. Subsequent broad-based studies using extensive measures of psychopathology are required to confirm these preliminary findings. Greater understanding of the presence of other psychiatric disorders in ASD patients will turn this awareness into action.
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Moura, J. D. C., J. Leal, J. F. Cunha, D. Seabra, S. Torres, T. Rocha, I. Lopes, and B. Barata. "Autism spectrum disorders - gender differences and the diagnosis dilemma." European Psychiatry 66, S1 (March 2023): S726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.1523.
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IntroductionAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social and communication deficits and restricted and repetitive or stereotyped behaviours. The prevalence of ASD has been thought to be higher in men, which may reflect aspects of the own aetiology of the disorder. Still, it may also be associated with misdiagnosis or missed diagnosis of females with autism due to specific phenotypic traits.ObjectivesTo explore the differences between sex/gender in autism’s clinical presentation.MethodsNon-systematic literature review using the most relevant papers found on PubMed and Google Scholar using the following keywords: “autism spectrum disorder”, “gender differences”, and “autistic women”.ResultsAutistic women seem to have a “camouflage” phenomenon, characterized by a high level of functioning, less unusual play or restricted interests, better socio-emotional reciprocity and coping behaviours. Therefore, women with ASD commonly have an anteriority of multiple diagnoses, which delays their access to the support and care they need.ConclusionsProfessionals must be aware of the sex/gender clinical differences to prevent the misdiagnosis or missed diagnosis of females with autism. Moreover, the current clinical criteria used to diagnose ASD may underserve the female population and deserve to be reviewed.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
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Barneveld, Petra S., Leo de Sonneville, Sophie van Rijn, Herman van Engeland, and Hanna Swaab. "Impaired Response Inhibition in Autism Spectrum Disorders, a Marker of Vulnerability to Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders?" Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 19, no. 6 (February 21, 2013): 646–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617713000167.
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AbstractIn this study, we addressed the relation between specific deficits in cognitive control and schizotypal symptomatology in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) diagnosed in childhood. We aimed to identify cognitive control deficits as markers of vulnerability to the development of schizophrenia spectrum pathology in ASD. Symptoms of autism and the risk for schizotypal symptomatology were assessed in 29 high-functioning adolescents with ASD, and compared with 40 typically developing adolescents. Cognitive control (response inhibition, mental flexibility, visuo-motor control, interference control, and perseveration) was evaluated for specific association with schizotypal symptomatology. Impaired response inhibition appeared to be strongly and specifically associated with schizotypal symptomatology in adolescents with ASD, especially those with positive and disorganized symptoms. Response inhibition problems could indicate vulnerability to the development of schizotypal symptomatology in ASD. (JINS, 2013, 19, 1–10)
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Fein, Deborah, Marianne Barton, and Thyde Dumont-Mathieu. "Optimizing Outcome in Autism Spectrum Disorders." Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4, no. 1 (February 2, 2017): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2372732216685098.
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Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are usually lifelong with wide ranging functional outcomes. Intensive behavioral intervention, implemented early, can improve outcome significantly. Some individuals, often with milder symptoms, if treated early, can attain social, cognitive, educational, and vocational functioning in the typical range. To qualify, children must be detected and diagnosed as early as possible. Without universal screening, many children from all backgrounds are not detected until past early childhood; children from economically disadvantaged and ethnic minority families are diagnosed and treated, on average, 2 years later than others. Primary care physician surveillance should incorporate parental concerns and be supplemented by universal ASD screening at 18 and 24 months. ASD screening in other community settings could detect risk in children who may not have primary or consistent medical care. Effective ASD diagnostic systems should encompass mildly affected children. Although universal screening can reduce inequities in identification, outcome disparities will persist while intervention funding remains local.
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Черенева, Е., E. Chereneva, Н. Елтышева, N. Eltysheva, О. Беляева, O. Belyaeva, Л. Брюховских, and L. Bryuhovskih. "The Influence of Parent-Child Relationships on the Communication Development of Primary School Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)." Scientific Research and Development. Socio-Humanitarian Research and Technology 7, no. 4 (December 6, 2018): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5bffb801180598.16957633.
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The problem of providing psychological and pedagogical assistance to children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and their families has recently been extremely urgent. ASDs are a group of pervasive developmental disorders, the main manifestations of then are the lack of ability to social interaction, communication disorders and stereotyped behavior. With the recognized practical and theoretical significance of the study of the communicative sphere and the abundance of serious studies devoted to this topic, the problem of studying the communicative characteristics of children with autism, as is well known, still remains poorly understood. The article presents the results of scientific research in the field of developmental and clinical psychology: the mechanisms of formation of communication in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), a comprehensive study of the influence of parent-child relationships on the communication's development of primary school children with autism spectrum disorders. According to the results of studies of the influence of parent-child relations on the development of communication in primary school children with ASD, the diagnostic complex for the study of communication in primary school children with ASD and styles of parent-child relationships in families raising children of this category was offered. Practical psychologists can use the results of the study during work with children with ASD and their families. The purpose of the article is to present the results of the study of the influence of parent-child relationships on the communication's development of primary school children with autism spectrum disorder.
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Reichow, Brian, Shawn Salamack, Rhea Paul, Fred R. Volkmar, and Ami Klin. "Pragmatic Assessment in Autism Spectrum Disorders." Communication Disorders Quarterly 29, no. 3 (May 2008): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1525740108318697.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the concurrent validity of subtests on the Comprehensive Assessment of Spoken Language (CASL) by comparing them with the assessment of communication and social skills on the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales ( Vineland). The participants were 35 children and adolescents with higher functioning autism spectrum disorders (ASD) who had received both the CASL and the Vineland. Results of the study suggest that the Pragmatic Judgment and Inferences subtests of the CASL appeared to document the difficulties that individuals with ASD had in adaptive use of language for communication.
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González-Herrero, Belén, Francesca Morgante, Javier Pagonabarraga, Biba Stanton, and Mark J. Edwards. "Autism Spectrum Disorder May Be Highly Prevalent in People with Functional Neurological Disorders." Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12010299.
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Recent observations suggest that autism spectrum disorder (ASD) co-occurs in people with a functional neurological disorder (FND), but little systematic data are available on the relationship between FND and autism. The study aimed to assess the self-reported autistic traits via a standardized questionnaire and the prevalence of previously diagnosed ASD among people with FND and their 1st-degree relatives. We performed a survey of members of the patient organization FNDHope, using a self-completed questionnaire for screening for autistic traits and ASD: the adult autism subthreshold spectrum (AdAS spectrum). There were 344 respondents diagnosed with FND with a mean age of 39.8 ± 11.6 years (female sex 90%). Eight per cent of respondents volunteered a previous diagnosis of ASD, and 24% reported a 1st-degree relative with a formal diagnosis of ASD, mostly their children. We found that 69% of respondents had scores in the AdAS spectrum indicating a clinically significant ASD and 21% indicating autistic traits. Further studies are needed to provide more evidence regarding the prevalence of ASD in people with FND and how this may influence the aetiology, treatment selection and prognosis.
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Nemzer, E. A., and L. G. Borodina. "Lateralization Profile in ASD Children with Different Speech Development Levels." Autism and Developmental Disorders 17, no. 3 (2019): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/autdd.2019170303.
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The lateralization profile and its link to speech development in 10 children with autism spectrum disorders and 20 neurotypical controls aged 6-7 were studied. Neuropsychological methods for the dominant arm, dominant ear, and dominant eye determination were used as well as for expressive and impressive speech assessment. Ambilateral results were found more often in autism spectrum disorders children compared to neurotypical controls. autism spectrum disorders children with ambilateral rates prevalence have shown higher results in speech development. There were more left ear dominance cases among autism spectrum disorders children compared with controls.
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Kristianto, Budi, Nining Febriyana, and Royke Tony Kalalo. "The Relationship between Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder." Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research 5, no. 12 (November 22, 2021): 1253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32539/bsm.v5i12.430.
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The tendency for autism spectrum disorders or also known as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is increasing globally, even becoming 1 per 54 in 2016. Until now, the cause of autism is not known for certain, ASD is considered to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. One of the environmental factors in this case is related to nutrition, one of which is vitamin D. Vitamin D deficiency is often found among children with ASD. Several studies have shown that vitamin D is involved in various brain bioprocesses including neuromodulation and nerve transmission and brain function while also influencing inflammatory processes, autoimmune disorders, oxidative stress and also neurotransmitters that are widely associated with the possibility of ASD. This review aims to describe vitamin D deficiency may contribute to ASD disorders. Based on this, in the future, it is necessary to consider when treating patients with ASD to consider the need to check the patient's vitamin D levels and if there is a deficiency it can be advised to sunbathe and or be given additional vitamin D intake.
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Jensen de López, Kristine, Kristen Schroeder, and Anna Gavarró. "Successful passive sentence comprehension among Danish adolescents with autism spectrum disorders." Autism & Developmental Language Impairments 3 (January 2018): 239694151876123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2396941518761239.
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Background and aims Language abilities vary greatly across children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). In the present study, we investigate passive sentence comprehension, which has been underexplored among individuals with autism spectrum disorders and found to be delayed among other clinical populations. This study is the first to assess grammatical comprehension among Danish-speaking adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Methods Fifteen Danish-speaking adolescents with autism (mean age: 14.9 years; age range: 13–18 years) participated in a picture selection task assessing comprehension of passive sentences relative to active sentences. We compared our findings for adolescents with autism spectrum disorders to those of 15 typically developing Danish-speaking adolescents matched for age and nonverbal reasoning as measured by the Matrix subtest of the WISC-IV/WAIS-IV. We also analyzed associations between passive comprehension and nonverbal reasoning. Results The results showed ceiling effects for both groups on all sentence types indicating that Danish adolescents with autism spectrum disorders do not face problems comprehending passive sentences. However, when considering variation within the autism spectrum disorder group, correct passive comprehension was highly significantly associated with nonverbal reasoning for the autism spectrum disorder group ( r = .75), while this was not the case for the typically developing adolescents. Analyses of the few errors produced showed a preference for Theta-role reversal errors in the autism spectrum disorder and the typically developing groups. Conclusions Danish-speaking adolescents with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders do not show impairment in passive sentence comprehension. Correlation analyses however show that for adolescents with autism spectrum disorders, passive sentence comprehension is associated with nonverbal reasoning. We discuss how these results can be viewed as consistent with the few previous studies on passive comprehension in individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Implications Our study provides additional cross-linguistic evidence that passive comprehension is not problematic for individuals with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders. The finding of the relationship between nonverbal reasoning and passive sentence comprehension may inform clinical best practices as children with autism spectrum disorders who underperform in measures of nonverbal reasoning may benefit from additional receptive language screening.
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van der Heijden, Meike E., Jason S. Gill, and Roy V. Sillitoe. "Abnormal Cerebellar Development in Autism Spectrum Disorders." Developmental Neuroscience 43, no. 3-4 (2021): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000515189.
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Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) comprise a group of heterogeneous neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by impaired social interactions and repetitive behaviors with symptom onset in early infancy. The genetic risks for ASD have long been appreciated: concordance of ASD diagnosis may be as high as 90% for monozygotic twins and 30% for dizygotic twins, and hundreds of mutations in single genes have been associated with ASD. Nevertheless, only 5–30% of ASD cases can be explained by a known genetic cause, suggesting that genetics is not the only factor at play. More recently, several studies reported that up to 40% of infants with cerebellar hemorrhages and lesions are diagnosed with ASD. These hemorrhages are overrepresented in severely premature infants, who are born during a period of highly dynamic cerebellar development that encompasses an approximately 5-fold size expansion, an increase in structural complexity, and remarkable rearrangements of local neural circuits. The incidence of ASD-causing cerebellar hemorrhages during this window supports the hypothesis that abnormal cerebellar development may be a primary risk factor for ASD. However, the links between developmental deficits in the cerebellum and the neurological dysfunctions underlying ASD are not completely understood. Here, we discuss key processes in cerebellar development, what happens to the cerebellar circuit when development is interrupted, and how impaired cerebellar function leads to social and cognitive impairments. We explore a central question: Is cerebellar development important for the generation of the social and cognitive brain or is the cerebellum part of the social and cognitive brain itself?
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Castillo, María Andrea, Kendy Eduardo Urdaneta, Neomar Semprún-Hernández, Anna Lisa Brigida, Nicola Antonucci, Stephen Schultz, and Dario Siniscalco. "Speech-Stimulating Substances in Autism Spectrum Disorders." Behavioral Sciences 9, no. 6 (June 12, 2019): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs9060060.
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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by the core domains of persistent deficits in social communication and restricted-repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, or activities. A heterogeneous and complex set of neurodevelopmental conditions are grouped in the spectrum. Pro-inflammatory events and immune system dysfunctions are cellular and molecular events associated with ASD. Several conditions co-occur with ASD: seizures, gastro-intestinal problems, attention deficit, anxiety and depression, and sleep problems. However, language and speech issues are key components of ASD symptoms current therapies find difficult to face. Several speech-stimulating substances have been shown to be effective in increasing speech ability in ASD subjects. The need for large clinical trials to determine safety and efficacy is recommended.
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Andreas, Andy Martahan, Ratna Djuwita, Helda Helda, Rini Sekartni, Sri Hartati R. Suradijono, Thjin Wiguna, Angela B. M. Tulaar, Yusuf Kristianto, and Hendrik Hendrik. "Massage Therapy Can Prevent the Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorders in Children." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 9, B (November 23, 2021): 1556–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.7436.
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Abstract
Background: The prevalence of people with autism spectrum disorders in some parts of the world tends to increase, in Indonesia alone, accurate and complete data and information from people with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are still lacking, so it is feared that many children with risk symptoms of autism spectrum disorders do not get treatment early.
Aim: This study aims to prevent the risk of autism spectrum disorders in children by applying massage therapy based on analysis of the Modified Check List for Autism in Toddler (M-Chat) scores.
Methods: The study was conducted from May 2019 to March 2020 at three public health centers in the city of Jakarta. An analysis was carried out before and after the application of massage in a time series of four periods on 10 children aged 18-36 months with M-Chat scores, then analyzed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) to obtain a cut off point to determine the risk status of autism spectrum disorders.
Results: The results showed that there was an effect of massage therapy on the M-Chat score of children with autism spectrum disorder risk p=0.004 <0.05 and changes in the M-Chat score of children with autism spectrum disorder risk experienced significant changes after massage in the third and fourth therapy periods. with p = 0.005 and p = 0.007 < 0.05.
Conclusion: The results show that massage therapy can prevent the risk of autism spectrum disorders in children based on the Modified Check List for Autism in Toddler (M-Chat).
Keywords: Massage therapy, babies, autism spectrum disorders, modified checklist for autism in toddler
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Chung, Kyong-mee, Na young Shin, Dongjoo Chin, and Eunsun Chung. "Evidence Based Treatments of Autism Spectrum Disorders." Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology 37, no. 4 (November 30, 2018): 656–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15842/kjcp.2018.37.4.015.
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Genovese, Ann, and Merlin G. Butler. "The Autism Spectrum: Behavioral, Psychiatric and Genetic Associations." Genes 14, no. 3 (March 9, 2023): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes14030677.
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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) consists of a group of heterogeneous genetic neurobehavioral disorders associated with developmental impairments in social communication skills and stereotypic, rigid or repetitive behaviors. We review common behavioral, psychiatric and genetic associations related to ASD. Autism affects about 2% of children with 4:1 male-to-female ratio and a heritability estimate between 70 and 90%. The etiology of ASD involves a complex interplay between inheritance and environmental factors influenced by epigenetics. Over 800 genes and dozens of genetic syndromes are associated with ASD. Novel gene–protein interactions with pathway and molecular function analyses have identified at least three functional pathways including chromatin modeling, Wnt, Notch and other signaling pathways and metabolic disturbances involving neuronal growth and dendritic spine profiles. An estimated 50% of individuals with ASD are diagnosed with chromosome deletions or duplications (e.g., 15q11.2, BP1-BP2, 16p11.2 and 15q13.3), identified syndromes (e.g., Williams, Phelan-McDermid and Shprintzen velocardiofacial) or single gene disorders. Behavioral and psychiatric conditions in autism impacted by genetics influence clinical evaluations, counseling, diagnoses, therapeutic interventions and treatment approaches. Pharmacogenetics testing is now possible to help guide the selection of psychotropic medications to treat challenging behaviors or co-occurring psychiatric conditions commonly seen in ASD. In this review of the autism spectrum disorder, behavioral, psychiatric and genetic observations and associations relevant to the evaluation and treatment of individuals with ASD are discussed.
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van Niekerk, Maarten E. H., Wouter Groen, Constance Th W. M. Vissers, Dorine van Driel-de Jong, Cees C. Kan, and Richard C. Oude Voshaar. "Diagnosing autism spectrum disorders in elderly people." International Psychogeriatrics 23, no. 5 (November 29, 2010): 700–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610210002152.
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ABSTRACTBackground: As autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have largely been neglected in old-age psychiatry, the objective of the present paper is to describe the diagnostic process in elderly patients.Methods: A systematic review of the literature on ASD in older age was undertaken and illustrated by a case series of three elderly patients first diagnosed with ASD in later life by a tertiary mental health clinic.Results: The search of the literature only yielded three papers on late-life ASD, while the review of the available diagnostic procedures among adults suggests some relevance for screening instruments (Autism Questionnaire), diagnostic instruments (Module 4, Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule), and neuropsychological examination to profile impairments. Nonetheless, the case reports clearly showed that taking a thorough history with the patient, corroborated and supplemented by a close relative or caregiver who has known the patient for at least ten years, still remains the most important diagnostic tool.Conclusion: The three case studies show that in clinical practice ASD can easily be missed in elderly individuals presenting with comorbid psychiatric disorders, potentially causing iatrogenic damage. Although further research on phenotyping and diagnosing ASD in older people is warranted, the most important step at this point is to create a greater awareness of the possibility of ASD in old age among health-care professionals working with people in this age group.
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Yaakub, Zuraini Binti, and Zuliza Binti Mohd Kusrin. "Common Symptoms of Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Adolescent ] Sintom Lazim Remaja Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD)." Jurnal Islam dan Masyarakat Kontemporari 12 (January 1, 2016): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37231/jimk.2016.12.0.145.
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Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD) is a mental disorders development that resulted towards its sufferers’ syntoms differences from other normal adolacents. The increasement numbers of ASD in Malaysia has resulting to the need to identify the ordinary syntoms of the ASD in order to educate society with the existence of this special groups that needs due attention. The objective of this article is to analyse on the common syntoms of the ASD’s adolescent that is claimed to be different from the normal adolescents. The research methodology used is content analysis that refers to books, journals and previous researches related to the common syntoms of the autism’s adolescents. The data gathered was analysed descriptively. The analysis done discovered that there are four types of development of syndrome of disorder that causes a person to be considered as ASD adolescents such as Sindrom of Asperger, Sindrom of Rett, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (CDD) dan Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD). The previous research had proven that that syndrome has created common syntoms that is considered as synonym with the autism. They are incapability to have an interpersonal and social interaction, delays in speaking and suffering from impulsive phenomenon such as repeatation of sterotype activities and difficulties in adapting any changes. This has shown that there are several consistent bases that can be considered as a set of signs to diagnose the ASD’s disorders.
Keywords: common behavior, Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD), syndrom, social relation and communication.
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Trifonova, Ekaterina A., Zakhar S. Mustafin, Sergey A. Lashin, and Alex V. Kochetov. "Abnormal mTOR Activity in Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric and MIA-Associated Autism Spectrum Disorders." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 2 (January 16, 2022): 967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020967.
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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by the early onset of communication and behavioral problems. ASD is highly heritable; however, environmental factors also play a considerable role in this disorder. A significant part of both syndromic and idiopathic autism cases could be attributed to disorders caused by mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-dependent translation deregulation. This narrative review analyzes both bioinformatic and experimental evidence that connects mTOR signaling to the maternal autoantibody-related (MAR) autism spectrum and autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders simultaneously. In addition, we reconstruct a network presenting the interactions between the mTOR signaling and eight MAR ASD genes coding for ASD-specific maternal autoantibody target proteins. The research discussed in this review demonstrates novel perspectives and validates the need for a subtyping of ASD on the grounds of pathogenic mechanisms. The utter necessity of designing ELISA-based test panels to identify all antibodies related to autism-like behavior is also considered.
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Clarke, Ciaran. "Autism Spectrum Disorder and Amplified Pain." Case Reports in Psychiatry 2015 (2015): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/930874.
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Among the core features of ASD, altered sensitivities in all modalities have been accorded increasing importance. Heightened sensitivity to pain and unusual expressions of and reaction to pain have not hitherto been widely recognised as a presenting feature of ASD in general paediatrics. Failure to recognise ASD as a common cause of pain can lead to late diagnosis, inappropriate treatment, distress, and further disability. Two cases are presented which illustrate the late presentation of Autism Spectrum Disorder (Asperger’s Syndrome subtype) with chronic unusual pain.Conclusion. Pain in autism can be atypical in its experience and expression and for this reason may go unrecognised by physicians treating chronic pain disorders.
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Gesi, C. C. C., A. Lagomarsini, F. M. Barberi, A. Guzzetta, S. Calderone, G. Cioni, F. Muratori, and L. Dell’Osso. "The presence of a subthreshold autism spectrum is associated with greater prevalence of mental disorders in parents of children with autism spectrum disorders." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.340.
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IntroductionAutism spectrum disorders (ASD) are highly heritable and first degree relatives (especially fathers) of autistic probands have been shown to often manifest a set of subthreshold autistic features. It is not known, however, the clinical significance of this subthreshold autism spectrum.Objectives– to evaluate the prevalence of a subthreshold autism spectrum respectively in fathers and mothers of children with ASD;– to describe clinical correlates of parents with and without a subthreshold autism spectrum respectively.Methods36 fathers and 39 mothers of preschoolers with ASD were administered the autism-spectrum quotient (AQ), the adult autism subthreshold spectrum (AdAS spectrum), the trauma and loss spectrum (TALS), the SCID-5 and the social and occupational functioning assessment scale (SOFAS).ResultsFathers and mothers did not differ for both AQ and AdAS spectrum total and subscale scores. Overall, 13 parents (17.3%) scored higher than 45 on the AdAS spectrum, as indicative of the presence of a subthreshold autism spectrum. This group showed greater prevalence of mood, anxiety and feeding/eating disorders, greater utilization of antidepressants and higher scores on the TALS and the SOFAS than the group scoring lower than 45 (all P < 0.05).ConclusionsFathers and mothers of children with ASD show autistic traits in equal measure. The presence of a subthreshold autism spectrum is associated to greater prevalence of mood, anxiety and feeding/eating disorders, to greater susceptibility to traumatic events and to lower levels of functioning.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Carpita, Barbara, Claudia Carmassi, Sara Calderoni, Dario Muti, Alessia Muscarella, Gabriele Massimetti, Ivan M. Cremone, et al. "The broad autism phenotype in real-life: clinical and functional correlates of autism spectrum symptoms and rumination among parents of patients with autism spectrum disorder." CNS Spectrums 25, no. 6 (November 21, 2019): 765–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852919001615.
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AbstractObjectiveIncreasing literature reported higher rates of psychiatric disorders in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), as well as of autistic-like features in social and cognitive functioning. However, little attention has been paid to the association between autistic traits (AT) and global functioning in this population. The aim of the present work was to investigate clinical and functional correlates of AT among parents of ASD children, with a specific focus on ruminative thinking.MethodsOne hundred and twenty parents of ASD children were assessed by the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), the Adult Autism Subthreshold Spectrum (AdAS Spectrum), the Ruminative Response Scale (RRS), the Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (SOFAS).ResultsSubjects with at least 1 psychiatric disorder (39.2%) showed significantly higher AdAS Spectrum and RRS scores. Subjects with a history of school difficulties and with language development alterations scored significantly higher on specific AdAS Spectrum domains. A significant negative correlation was found between SOFAS and AdAS Spectrum scores, as well as between SOFAS and RRS scores. AdAS Spectrum nonverbal communication domain score was identified has a statistically predictive variable for the presence of psychiatric disorders and lower SOFAS scores. Finally, we found a significant indirect effect of AdAS total score on SOFAS score, which was fully mediated by RRS total score.ConclusionsAT in parents of ASD children seem to be associated with a higher vulnerability toward psychopathology and with a lower global functioning. Ruminative thinking may play a role in the relationship between AT and functional outcome.
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Fattorusso, Antonella, Lorenza Di Genova, Giovanni Dell’Isola, Elisabetta Mencaroni, and Susanna Esposito. "Autism Spectrum Disorders and the Gut Microbiota." Nutrients 11, no. 3 (February 28, 2019): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11030521.
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In recent years, there has been an emerging interest in the possible role of the gut microbiota as a co-factor in the development of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), as many studies have highlighted the bidirectional communication between the gut and brain (the so-called “gut-brain axis”). Accumulating evidence has shown a link between alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota and both gastrointestinal and neurobehavioural symptoms in children with ASD. The aim of this narrative review was to analyse the current knowledge about dysbiosis and gastrointestinal (GI) disorders in ASD and assess the current evidence for the role of probiotics and other non-pharmacological approaches in the treatment of children with ASD. Analysis of the literature showed that gut dysbiosis in ASD has been widely demonstrated; however, there is no single distinctive profile of the composition of the microbiota in people with ASD. Gut dysbiosis could contribute to the low-grade systemic inflammatory state reported in patients with GI comorbidities. The administration of probiotics (mostly a mixture of Bifidobacteria, Streptococci and Lactobacilli) is the most promising treatment for neurobehavioural symptoms and bowel dysfunction, but clinical trials are still limited and heterogeneous. Well-designed, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials are required to validate the effectiveness of probiotics in the treatment of ASD and to identify the appropriate strains, dose, and timing of treatment.
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Lyall, Kristen, Lisa Croen, Julie Daniels, M. Daniele Fallin, Christine Ladd-Acosta, Brian K. Lee, Bo Y. Park, et al. "The Changing Epidemiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders." Annual Review of Public Health 38, no. 1 (March 20, 2017): 81–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044318.
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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition with lifelong impacts. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to ASD etiology, which remains incompletely understood. Research on ASD epidemiology has made significant advances in the past decade. Current prevalence is estimated to be at least 1.5% in developed countries, with recent increases primarily among those without comorbid intellectual disability. Genetic studies have identified a number of rare de novo mutations and gained footing in the areas of polygenic risk, epigenetics, and gene-by-environment interaction. Epidemiologic investigations focused on nongenetic factors have established advanced parental age and preterm birth as ASD risk factors, indicated that prenatal exposure to air pollution and short interpregnancy interval are potential risk factors, and suggested the need for further exploration of certain prenatal nutrients, metabolic conditions, and exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals. We discuss future challenges and goals for ASD epidemiology as well as public health implications.
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Tuor, Paula, and Jenkins Zhao. "Pathogenesis of Brain: Autism Spectrum Disorders." Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery 2, no. 2 (April 20, 2018): 01–02. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2578-8868/029.
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Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) affect as many as 1 in 45 children and are characterized by deficits in sociability and communication, as well as stereotypic movements. Many children also show severe anxiety.
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Provenzano, Giovanni, Giulia Zunino, Sacha Genovesi, Paola Sgadó, and Yuri Bozzi. "Mutant Mouse Models of Autism Spectrum Disorders." Disease Markers 33, no. 5 (2012): 225–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/916082.
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Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental diseases characterized by a triad of specific behavioral traits: abnormal social interactions, communication deficits and stereotyped or repetitive behaviors. Several recent studies showed that ASDs have a strong genetic basis, contributing to the discovery of a number of ASD-associated genes. Due to the genetic complexity of these disorders, mouse strains with targeted deletion of ASD genes have become an essential tool to investigate the molecular and neurodevelopmental mechanisms underlying ASD. Here we will review the most relevant genetic mouse models developed by targeted inactivation of ASD-associated genes, and discuss their importance for the development of novel pharmacological therapies of these disorders.
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Nurfalah, Ridan, Sri Rahayu, and Muhammad Faittullah Akbar. "The Analysis of Adult Autism Spectrum Disorders Screening Using Neural Network." SinkrOn 4, no. 1 (October 16, 2019): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.33395/sinkron.v4i1.10148.
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One of the increasing developmental disorders in Indonesia is Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), developmental disorder characterized by difficulties to conduct verbal and non-verbal communication and social interaction. This disorder cannot be tolerated and requires early treatment to reduce its development. However, ASD treatments required ineffective treatment costs and waiting times diagnosis were lengthly. One effective alternative diagnosis isto use the screening technology to determine the early symptoms of ASD disorders. The rapid development of the number of ASD cases around the world required researchers to determine a dataset with behavioral properties to update the screening process. Thus, the purpose of this study is to predict the success of screening performed on adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) using the researchers’ results dataset, so that the dataset could be used as a benchmark for the success of the ASD screening process. The method used is machine learning neural network method with 100 training cycle, learning rate 0,01 and momentum 0,9 resulted in a classification accuracy of 96.00%
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Höglund Carlsson, Lotta, Fritjof Norrelgen, Liselotte Kjellmer, Joakim Westerlund, Christopher Gillberg, and Elisabeth Fernell. "Coexisting Disorders and Problems in Preschool Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/213979.
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Objectives. To analyze cooccurring disorders and problems in a representative group of 198 preschool children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) who had had interventions at a specialized habilitation center.Methods. Parents and children were seen by a research team. Data were based on parental interviews, pediatric assessments, and tests of the child. Information on autistic symptoms, general cognitive function, speech and language, motor function, epilepsy, vision, hearing, activity level, behavior, and sleep was collected.Results. Three ASD categories were used: (1) autistic disorder (AD), (2) autistic-like condition (ALC) or Asperger syndrome, and (3) one group with autistic symptoms/traits but not entirely all its criteria met for ASD. Children with autism had a mean of 3.2 coexisting disorders or problems, the ALC/Asperger group had a mean of 1.6, and children with autistic traits had a mean of 1.6. The most common disorder/problems in the total group pertained to language problems (78%), intellectual disability (ID) (49%), below average motor function (37%), and severe hyperactivity/ADHD (33%).Conclusions. The results accord with the concept of early symptomatic syndromes eliciting neurodevelopmental clinical examination (ESSENCE), and highlight the need of considering ASD in a broad perspective taking also other cooccurring developmental disorders into account.
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Tripi, Gabriele, Sylvie Roux, Domenica Matranga, Laura Maniscalco, Pasqualino Glorioso, Frédérique Bonnet-Brilhault, and Michele Roccella. "Cranio-Facial Characteristics in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 5 (May 9, 2019): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8050641.
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Background: Cranio-facial anomalies frequently occur in neurodevelopmental disorders because both face and brain are derived from neuroectoderm. The identification of differences in the facial phenotype of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) may reflect alterations in embryologic brain development in children with ASD. Methods: we evaluated 33 caucasian children with ASD using a 2D computerized photogrammetry. Anthropometric euclidean measurements and landmarks located on the soft tissue of the face and head, were based on five cranio-facial indexes. Relationships between anthropometric z-scores and participant characteristics (i.e., age, Global IQ, severity of autistic symptoms measured using the CARS checklist) were assessed. Results: Cephalic index z-score differed significantly from 0 in our ASD group (p = 0.019). Moreover, a significant negative correlation was found between Facial Index z-score and CARS score (p = 0.003); conversely, a positive correlation was found between Interchantal Index z-score and CARS score (p = 0.028). Conclusion: our measurements shows a dolichocephalic head shape which is not correlated with autism severity. Importantly, two craniofacial markers were significantly correlated with autism severity: increased orbital hyperthelorism and decrease of height of the facial midline. These data support previous findings of craniofacial anomalies in autism spectrum disorder suggesting an “ASD facial phenotype” that could be used to improve ASD diagnoses.
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Silva de Souza, Wnilma, and Adriana Maria Cunha da Silva. "INCIDENCE OF AUTISTA SPECTRUM DISORDER – ASD." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 7, no. 10 (October 31, 2019): 260–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol7.iss10.1769.
Full textAbstract:
People with disabilities have long-term limitations that may obstruct and / or hinder their integration into society. Among the many existing deficiencies is Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD), which is a neurological disorder characterized by impaired communication, social interaction, and behavioral change. In this sense, the present work proposes to show the percentage of children and adolescents enrolled in the school system in the city of Paulo Afonso-Ba, in kindergarten, elementary I and II, diagnosed with ASD, besides knowing the history, the diagnosis and the treatment of autism. To this end, a bibliographic search was performed with searches in the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) databases, in the CAPES Journal Portal and Google Scholar, using the keywords: autism, ASD, autistic, and search in the Diagnostic Manual and Statistical Analysis of Mental Disorders - DSM V (2013). Then a descriptive analysis of the collected data was performed. However, according to research it is observed that the incidence of autism cases has increased significantly during the last decades.