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Journal articles on the topic 'Autism spectrum disorders – South Africa'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Chambers, Nola J., Amy M. Wetherby, Sheri T. Stronach, Nonyameko Njongwe, Shuaib Kauchali, and Richard R. Grinker. "Early detection of autism spectrum disorder in young isiZulu-speaking children in South Africa." Autism 21, no. 5 (June 22, 2016): 518–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361316651196.

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Culturally appropriate tools are needed for detecting symptoms of autism spectrum disorder in young South African children. The objectives of this study were to (1) adapt and translate into isiZulu existing measures for detecting early signs of autism spectrum disorder, (2) use the measures to characterize and compare behavioural profiles of young isiZulu-speaking children with and without autism spectrum disorder and (3) compare symptom profiles across sampling procedures. Measures were translated and adapted into isiZulu and used to evaluate 26 isiZulu-speaking children, 15 children with no reported developmental concerns and 11 referred for suspected autism spectrum disorder. A video-recorded observation of children and caregivers in their home environment was also made. Based on best-estimate diagnoses, 10 children were classified as autism spectrum disorder and 16 as non-autism spectrum disorder. The children with autism spectrum disorder presented with significantly more autism spectrum disorder red flags than the non-autism spectrum disorder group according to parent report and systematic ratings of red flags. Significant correlations between parent report and observational measures of red flags were observed. More red flags were observed during structured evaluations than home observations in the autism spectrum disorder group. Findings provide a foundation for tool translation and adaptation in South Africa and identifying social communication markers to detect autism spectrum disorder in young isiZulu-speaking children.

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Viljoen, Marisa, Soheil Mahdi, David Griessel, Sven Bölte, and Petrus J. de Vries. "Parent/caregiver perspectives of functioning in autism spectrum disorders: A comparative study in Sweden and South Africa." Autism 23, no. 8 (May 2, 2019): 2112–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361319829868.

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Functional outcomes in autism spectrum disorder can be highly variable given the heterogeneous nature of autism spectrum disorder and its interaction with environmental factors. We set out to compare parent/caregiver perceptions of functioning in two divergent countries that participated in the International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health (ICF) Core Set for Autism Spectrum Disorder development study. We focused on the frequency and content of items reported, and hypothesized that environmental factors would most frequently be reported as barriers to functioning in low-resource settings. Using frequency and qualitative content analysis, we compared data from South Africa ( n = 22) and Sweden ( n = 13). Frequency agreement was seen in three activities and participation categories, and one environmental factor. Obvious frequency differences were observed in one environmental factors category, six body functions categories and three activities and participation categories. Only three ICF categories (immediate family, attention functions, products and technology for personal use) differed in content. Contrary to our hypotheses, few differences in perspectives about environmental factors emerged. The universality of our findings supports the global usefulness of the recently developed ICF Core Sets for Autism Spectrum Disorder. We recommend that more comparative studies on autism spectrum disorder and functioning should be conducted, and that similar comparisons in other disorders where Core Sets have been developed may be valuable.

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Viviers, Mari, Marguerite Jongh, Lindsay Dickonson, Roxanne Malan, and Tamaryn Pike. "Parent-reported feeding and swallowing difficulties of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (aged 3 to 5 years) compared to typically developing peers: a South African study." African Health Sciences 20, no. 1 (April 20, 2020): 524–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v20i1.59.

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Background: Research on aspects of neurodevelopment such as feeding and swallowing difficulties in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) is limited in low and middle income countries such as South Africa. Method: A descriptive comparative group design was used to investigate feeding and swallowing difficulties of young children with ASD in comparison to typically developing peers. The Brief Autism Mealtime Behavioural Inventory (BAMBI) was used. Results: Findings indicated a significant difference in the severity of feeding and swallowing difficulties between the two groups. Difficulties such as food selectivity, sensory processing difficulties, oral-motor difficulties and symptoms of dysphagia were iden- tified. The findings added to the existing global literature on feeding and swallowing difficulties in young children with ASD but provide a unique first perspective on these difficulties in South African children with ASD. Conclusion: Findings also highlighted the use of the BAMBI as an adjunct clinical tool to encourage comprehensive parental report during feeding assessment in this population. Cultural adaptation of the BAMBI for future use in African countries should be considered. A better local understanding of the parental perspective on the multidimensional nature of the feeding and swallowing difficulties displayed by young children with ASD was obtained. Keywords: Parent-reported feeding; swallowing difficulties; Autism Spectrum Disorders; South Africa.

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Abubakar, Amina, Derrick Ssewanyana, and Charles R. Newton. "A Systematic Review of Research on Autism Spectrum Disorders in Sub-Saharan Africa." Behavioural Neurology 2016 (2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3501910.

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The burden of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is not well known. We carried out a systematic review of the literature to identify published work from SSA. We have systematically searched four databases, namely, Medline, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Child Development & Adolescent Studies, through EBSCO and identified studies from across SSA. Based on predefined inclusion criteria, 47 studies were included in this review. Most of the identified studies (74%) were conducted in only 2 African countries, that is, South Africa and Nigeria. Additionally, most of these studies (83%) were carried out in the last decade. These studies had four major themes: development of measurement tools of ASD in Africa, examining the prevalence of ASD, identifying risk factors and risk markers, and examining psychosocial issues. We identified only a single population level study aimed at documenting the prevalence of ASD and could not identify a single case-control study aimed at examining a comprehensive set of potential risk factors. All intervention studies were based on very small sample sizes. Put together, our findings suggest that current evidence base is too scanty to provide the required information to plan adequately for effective intervention strategies for children with ASD in Africa.

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5

Odintsova, M. A. "Mental disorders against the background of different strategies of government regulation to counter the spread of COVID-19." Современная зарубежная психология 10, no. 2 (2021): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/jmfp.2021100203.

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The article includes a literary review of scientific works devoted to the study of specific features of the motivational and personal sphere of mothers with children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), published in a number of countries in Africa and the Middle East. The author describes the difficulties faced by mothers in the process of education and treatment of their autistic children in these regions of the world; provides statistics on the extension of autism among the child population in South Africa, Saudi Arabia and Iran. The article presents studies assessing the degree of influence of religious and cultural aspects on the parents’ perception of their "special" children in Israel and Somalia.

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Heslop, Jenna, and Munyane Mophosho. "Communication strategies used by specialised preschool teachers for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in South Africa." Allied Health Scholar 2, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 20–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21913/tahs.v2i1.1561.

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Aim and Background: The study aimed at expanding our understanding of the communication strategies used by teachers of pre-schoolers with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) in Johannesburg, South Africa. By describing the use of current practices, our study aimed to provide recommendations for the development of support in the classroom, including Allied Health services. Methods: Through homogeneous purpose sampling, five qualified teachers were recruited from public and private pre-schools in Johannesburg. The data were gathered through semi-structured qualitative interviews, combined with observations from the classroom. A qualitative descriptive design, with the combination of both data sets and thematic analysis were used. Results: One overarching theme emerged from the data: Diversity. With three sub-themes: range of communication strategies, communication difficulties, and feelings and perceptions related to interacting with children with ASD. Diversity was prominently displayed in the children’s communication and needs, in the successful use of multi-modal communication strategies used by teachers and in the teachers’ feelings and perceptions related to the children. Teachers’ skills and comfort level in communicating with children with diverse needs, is foundational to successful communication and learning. Allied Health support for teachers in classrooms and workforce strategies for teachers will assist in supporting teachers of young children in classrooms. Key Words: autism spectrum disorder, communication strategies, teachers, pre-schoolers

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7

Hampton, Lauren H., Michal Harty, Elizabeth A. Fuller, and Ann P. Kaiser. "Enhanced milieu teaching for children with autism spectrum disorder in South Africa." International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 21, no. 6 (February 6, 2019): 635–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17549507.2018.1559357.

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Dawson-Squibb, John-Joe, and Petrus J. de Vries. "A comparative feasibility study of two parent education and training programmes for autism spectrum disorder in a low-resource South African setting." Autism 24, no. 8 (July 28, 2020): 2269–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361320942988.

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Despite the clear need for post-diagnostic parent/carer education and training in autism spectrum disorder, the evidence base is small, particularly in low-resource settings. Furthermore, few studies have examined the feasibility of intervention implementation. Here, we performed a comparative feasibility study of two Parent Education and Training programmes in a low-resource South African setting. EarlyBird/EarlyBird Plus, a UK-developed programme was compared to Autism Cares, a locally developed programme. The aims were to (1) examine acceptability, adaptation and perform limited efficacy testing and (2) use a multi-stakeholder panel and new autism spectrum disorder Parent Education and Training evaluation framework checklist to compare the programmes. A mixed-method, quasi-experimental design collected pre, post and 3-month follow-up data. Measures included standardised and custom-designed quantitative and qualitative data. In total, 18 parents participated in the EarlyBird/EarlyBird Plus programmes and 11 in Autism Cares. Strong parental acceptability for both programmes was found and adaptation suggestions were provided. Limited efficacy testing showed positive changes for parental stress, knowledge of autism spectrum disorder and child changes. The multi-stakeholder panel rated EarlyBird/EarlyBird Plus superior for next-step research based on implementation feasibility. Our findings contribute to the limited evidence base for autism spectrum disorder Parent Education and Training in low-resource environments and underline the need for evidence base of programmes to include not only intervention outcomes but also procedural and implementation outcomes. Lay Abstract After a diagnosis of autism, it is an important first step to give families information about autism and skills to help them support their child. These interventions are called Parent Education and Training programmes. Little is known about these programmes or if they can make a difference to families, particularly in countries with few autism resources. In this study, we compared two Parent Education and Training programmes in South Africa. EarlyBird/EarlyBird Plus was developed in the United Kingdom, and Autism Cares in South Africa. We wanted to know if parents found the programmes useful, and if any changes were required. We collected information from parents through questionnaires and interviews before and after the group. We also asked a panel of experts (including parents) to compare the programmes. In total, 18 parents attended the EarlyBird/EarlyBird Plus group and 11 attended the Autism Cares group. Parents found both programmes helpful and made suggestions for improvements. Parents showed less stress, more knowledge of autism, and saw improvements in their children. The expert panel rated EarlyBird/EarlyBird Plus as better because it was more supportive of parents and was seen as easier to run in the country. Our study showed that Parent Education and Training programmes are important, but that researchers must study not only the outcomes but also the implementation needs of these programmes.

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Kukanov, A. A. "Influence of cultural and religious aspects on the perception of autism in children by parents in Africa and the Middle East." Современная зарубежная психология 10, no. 2 (2021): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/jmfp.2021100202.

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The article includes a literary review of scientific works devoted to the study of specific features of the motivational and personal sphere of mothers with children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), published in a number of countries in Africa and the Middle East. The author describes the difficulties faced by mothers in the process of education and treatment of their autistic children in these regions of the world; provides statistics on the extension of autism among the child population in South Africa, Saudi Arabia and Iran. The article presents studies assessing the degree of influence of religious and cultural aspects on the parents’ perception of their "special" children in Israel and Somalia.

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10

Smith, Lesia, Susan Malcolm-Smith, and Petrus J. de Vries. "Translation and cultural appropriateness of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2 in Afrikaans." Autism 21, no. 5 (May 25, 2016): 552–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361316648469.

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Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2 is the ‘gold standard’ autism spectrum disorder observational assessment, and it is increasingly used in South Africa. However, its use is limited to English speakers, as it has not been translated into the country’s other 10 official languages. Moreover, the cultural appropriateness of this tool has not been explored in South Africa. The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2 was translated into Afrikaans and assessed for cultural appropriateness to the ‘coloured’ population from low-middle socioeconomic status backgrounds in the Western Cape Province. Using a mixed-methods approach, three components associated with method bias in the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2 were investigated: language used, social interactions and activities, and materials. An ethnographic investigation of play, social interaction and social activities was conducted in a community sample ( n = 40), and the Afrikaans Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2 was pre-piloted in a clinical sample ( n = 7). Results highlighted unique aspects of the language (‘Kaaps’) that need to be considered during Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2 administration. The social interaction demands of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2 appeared appropriate, and sufficient familiarity with Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2 materials and activities was found to support the use of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2. Guidelines for administration of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2 to this population were generated to improve cultural sensitivity and cultural appropriateness and to reduce method bias.

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11

Ramseur II, Kevin, Petrus J. de Vries, Jessy Guler, Nokuthula Shabalala, Noleen Seris, and Lauren Franz. "Caregiver descriptions of joint activity routines with young children with autism spectrum disorder in South Africa." Pediatric Medicine 2 (March 2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/pm.2019.03.04.

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12

Louw, Kerry-Ann, Judith Bentley, Katherine Sorsdahl, and Colleen M. Adnams. "Prevalence and patterns of medication use in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders in the Western Cape, South Africa." Journal of Child & Adolescent Mental Health 25, no. 1 (July 2013): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/17280583.2013.767265.

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13

Fourie, Lurike, Carla Kotzé, and Deborah Van der Westhuizen. "Clinical and demographic factors associated with sexual behaviour in children with autism spectrum disorders." South African Journal of Psychiatry 23, no. 1 (February 6, 2017): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v23i1.862.

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<p><strong>Introduction:</strong> The sexual behaviour and development of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have been mostly overlooked in research and practice. This study aimed to determine the association between certain clinical and demographic factors found in a sample of children with ASDs, and their reported sexual behaviour (RSB).</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> The study was conducted at a school in Gauteng, South Africa, for learners with ASDs. Two questionnaires completed by caregivers/parents enquired about family stability, clinical profile and RSB (if any) in their child. RSB was analysed via three domains: self-care, socio-sexual skills and actual RSB, with additional information from school records.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> Of the 107 questionnaires distributed, only 31 parents responded and 24 agreed to participate. The 24 (100%) children included 10 pubertal and 14 pre-pubertal children, of which 18 (<em>n</em> = 18) had more stable primary caregiver statuses as well as more stable socioeconomic and family environments. Two of the 14 pre-pubertal children had abnormal self-care, whereas none of the 10 pubertal children had any abnormal self-care. Eight of the 18 children from more stable environments displayed abnormal sexual behaviours. Of the 6 children from less stable environments, two displayed more abnormal socio-sexual skills, whereas 9 of the 18 children from more stable environments displayed more abnormal sexual behaviour. In contrast with the postulated hypothesis that children from less stable socioeconomic and family environments would exhibit more abnormal sexual behaviours, this study did not find any evidence of such a relationship or association.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> ASDs are characterised by deficits in communication and social skills. These may lead to an affected individual struggling to develop appropriate sexual behaviour. If specific risk factors that contribute to the development of abnormal sexual behaviour can be identified, one can try to modify/prevent these where some degree of prevention or alleviation may be possible.</p>

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14

Van Biljon, Sumari, Alta Kritzinger, and Salomé Geertsema. "A retrospective case report on demographic changes of learners at a school for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in the Gauteng Province." South African Journal of Childhood Education 5, no. 1 (September 4, 2015): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajce.v5i1.349.

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Limited research has been published about the demographic characteristics of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in South Africa. Describing the profiles of learners from a school for children with ASD may contribute to local knowledge in the field. A retrospective comparative design was utilised to compare the demographic characteristics of learners over two time intervals: 1992-2002 (Group 1, n=32) and 2003-2014 (Group 2, n=109). A total of 141 historical admission records in paper-based files were reviewed. Results indicated that there is a large male gender bias (8.4:1) in learners, which increased over the years. The age of the child when parents first became concerned and the age at diagnosis and assessment at school increased over both time periods. There was also an increase in the diversity of home languages after 2002. Parental qualifications decreased, but social class improved in recent years. The low qualification of a mother was associated with an advanced age of the child at school entry. The data serves as a point of reference for future studies about the characteristics of school children with ASD in South Africa.

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Franz, Lauren, Konyin Adewumi, Nola Chambers, Marisa Viljoen, Joy Noel Baumgartner, and Petrus J. de Vries. "Providing early detection and early intervention for autism spectrum disorder in South Africa: stakeholder perspectives from the Western Cape province." Journal of Child & Adolescent Mental Health 30, no. 3 (September 2, 2018): 149–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/17280583.2018.1525386.

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Schlebusch, L., A. E. Samuels, and S. Dada. "South African families raising children with autism spectrum disorders: relationship between family routines, cognitive appraisal and family quality of life." Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 60, no. 5 (April 27, 2016): 412–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jir.12292.

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De Jager, Petronella, and Janet Condy. "The influence of executive function challenges on the behavioural adaptation of one learner with autism spectrum disorder." South African Journal of Childhood Education 7, no. 1 (March 22, 2017): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajce.v7i1.437.

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<p><span>In South Africa, many learners with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) attend mainstream and private schools. This study explores the influence of executive function (EF) challenges experienced by one learner with ASD on his behavioural adaptation in an inclusive school environment. An interpretive case study approach was followed to help understand one unique ASD learner and explain the complexity of the behavioural adaptation challenges that he was experiencing. Observations and an interview were used as data collection methods. During data analysis, themes were identified within each section of the transcript. The processes of coding and categorising were employed to find connections and similarities between all the data collected. The results indicate that Learner T experienced EF challenges. Without acquiring and implementing appropriate EF skills, he found it difficult to exhibit appropriate social behaviour in the inclusive learning environment. The study attempts to debunk misconceptions people may have regarding the behavioural adaptability of ASD learners in an inclusive school environment.</span></p>

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18

Allers, Eugene, Christer Allgulander, Sean Exner Baumann, Charles L. Bowden, P. Buckley, David J. Castle, Beatrix J. Coetzee, et al. "13th National Congress of the South African Society of Psychiatrists, 20-23 September 2004." South African Journal of Psychiatry 10, no. 3 (October 1, 2004): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v10i3.150.

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List of abstacts and authors:1. Integrating the art and science of psychiatryEugene Allers2. Chronic pain as a predictor of outcome in an inpatient Psychiatric populationEugene Allers and Gerhard Grundling3. Recent advances in social phobiaChrister Allgulander4. Clinical management of patients with anxiety disordersChrister Allgulander5. Do elephants suffer from Schizophrenia? (Or do the Schizophrenias represent a disorder of self consciousness?) A Southern African perspectiveSean Exner Baumann6. Long term maintenance treatment of Bipolar Disorder: Preventing relapseCharles L. Bowden7. Predictors of response to treatments for Bipolar DisorderCharles L. Bowden8. Aids/HIV knowledge and high risk behaviour: A Geo-graphical comparison in a schizophrenia populationP Buckley, S van Vuuren, L Koen, J E Muller, C Seller, H Lategan, D J H Niehaus9. Does Marijuana make you go mad?David J Castle10. Understanding and management of Treatment Resistant SchizophreniaDavid J Castle11. Workshop on research and publishingDavid J Castle12. From victim to victor: Without a self-help bookBeatrix Jacqueline Coetzee13. The evaluation of the Gender Dysphoric patientFranco Colin14. Dissociation: A South African modelA M Dikobe, C K Mataboge, L M Motlana, B F Sokudela, C Kruger15. Designated smoking rooms...and other "Secret sins" of psychiatry: Tobacco cessation approaches in the severely mentally illCharl Els16. Dual diagnosis: Implications for treatment and prognosisCharl Els17. Body weight, glucose metabolism and the new generation antipsychoticsRobin Emsley18. Neurological abnormalities in first episode Schizophrenia: Temporal stability and clinical and outcome correlatesRobin Emsley, H Jadri Turner, Piet P Oosthuizen, Jonathan Carr19. Mythology of depressive illnesses among AfricansSenathi Fisha20. Substance use and High school dropoutAlan J. Flisher, Lorraine Townsend, Perpetual Chikobvu, Carl Lombard, Gary King21. Psychosis and Psychotic disordersA E Gangat 22. Vulnerability of individuals in a family system to develop a psychiatric disorderGerhard Grundling and Eugene Allers23. What does it Uberhaupt mean to "Integrate"?Jürgen Harms24. Research issues in South African child and adolescent psychiatryS M Hawkridge25. New religious movements and psychiatry: The Good NewsV H Hitzeroth26. The pregnant heroin addict: Integrating theory and practice in the development and provision of a service for this client groupV H Hitzeroth, L Kramer27. Autism spectrum disorderErick Hollander28. Recent advances and management in treatment resistanceEric Hollander29. Bipolar mixed statesM. Leigh Janet30. Profile of acute psychiatric inpatients tested for HIV - Helen Jospeh Hospital, JohannesburgA B R Janse van Rensburg31. ADHD - Using the art of film-making as an education mediumShabeer Ahmed Jeeva32. Treatment of adult ADHD co-morbiditiesShabeer Ahmed Jeeva33. Needs and services at ward one, Valkenberg HospitalDr J. A. Joska, Prof. A.J. Flisher34. Unanswered questions in the adequate treatment of depressionModerator: Dr Andre F JoubertExpert: Prof. Tony Hale35. Unanswered questions in treatment resistant depressionModerator: Dr Andre F JoubertExpert: Prof. Sidney Kennedy36. Are mentally ill people dangerous?Sen Z Kaliski37. The child custody circusSean Z. Kaliski38. The appropriatenes of certification of patients to psychiatric hospitalsV. N. Khanyile39. HIV/Aids Psychosocial responses and ethical dilemmasFred Kigozi40. Sex and PsychiatryB Levinson41. Violence and abuse in psychiatric in-patient institutions: A South African perspectiveMarilyn Lucas, John Weinkoove, Dean Stevenson42. Public health sector expenditure for mental health - A baseline study for South AfricaE N Madela-Mntla43. HIV in South Africa: Depression and CD4 countM Y H Moosa, F Y Jeenah44. Clinical strategies in dealing with treatment resistant schizophreniaPiet Oosthuizen, Dana Niehaus, Liezl Koen45. Buprenorphine/Naloxone maintenance in office practice: 18 months and 170 patients after the American releaseTed Parran Jr, Chris Adelman46. Integration of Pharmacotherapy for Opioid dependence into general psychiatric practice: Naltrexone, Methadone and Buprenorphine/ NaloxoneTed Parran47. Our African understanding of individulalism and communitarianismWillie Pienaar48. Healthy ageing and the prevention of DementiaFelix Potocnik, Susan van Rensburg, Christianne Bouwens49. Indigenous plants and methods used by traditional African healers for treatinf psychiatric patients in the Soutpansberg Area (Research was done in 1998)Ramovha Muvhango Rachel50. Symptom pattern & associated psychiatric disorders in subjects with possible & confirmed 22Q11 deletional syndromeJ.L. Roos, H.W. Pretorius, M. Karayiorgou51. Duration of antidepressant treatment: How long is long enough? How long is too longSteven P Roose52. A comparison study of early non-psychotic deviant behaviour in the first ten years of life, in Afrikaner patients with Schizophrenia, Schizo-affective disorder and Bipolar disorderMartin Scholtz, Melissa Janse van Rensburg, J. Louw Roos53. Treatment, treatment issues, and prevention of PTSD in women: An updateSoraya Seedat54. Fron neural networks to clinical practiceM Spitzer55. Opening keynote presentation: The art and science of PsychiatryM Spitzer56. The future of Pharmacotherapy for anxiety disordersDan J. Stein57. Neuropsychological deficits pre and post Electro Convulsive Therapy (ECT) thrice a week: A report of four casesUgash Subramaney, Yusuf Moosa58. Prevalence of and risk factors for Tradive Dyskinesia in a Xhosa population in the Eastern CapeDave Singler, Betty D. Patterson, Sandi Willows59. Eating disorders: Addictive disorders?Christopher Paul Szabo60. Ethical challenges and dilemmas of research in third world countriesGodfrey B. Tangwa61. The interface between Neurology and Psychiatry with specific focus on Somatoform dissociative disordersMichael Trimble62. Prevalence and correlates of depression and anxiety in doctors and teachersH Van der Bijl, P Oosthuizen63. Ingrid Jonker: A psychological analysisL. M. van der Merwe64. The strange world we live in, and the nature of the human subjectVasi van Deventer65. Art in psychiatry: Appendix or brain stem?C W van Staden66. Medical students on what "Soft skills" are about before and after curriculum reformC W van Staden, P M Joubert, A-M Bergh, G E Pickworth, W J Schurink, R R du Preez, J L Roos, C Kruger, S V Grey, B G Lindeque67. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) - Medical management. Methylphenidate (Ritalin) or Atomoxetine (Strattera)Andre Venter68. A comprehensive guide to the treatment of adults with ADHDW J C Verbeeck69. Treatment of Insomnia: Stasis of the Art?G C Verster70. Are prisoners vulnerable research participants?Merryll Vorster71. Psychiatric disorders in the gymMerryl Vorster72. Ciprales: Effects on anxiety symptoms in Major Depressive DisorderBruce Lydiard

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Guler, Jessy, Petrus J. de Vries, Noleen Seris, Nokuthula Shabalala, and Lauren Franz. "The importance of context in early autism intervention: A qualitative South African study." Autism 22, no. 8 (September 15, 2017): 1005–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361317716604.

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The majority of individuals with autism spectrum disorder live in low- and middle-income countries and receive little or no services from health or social care systems. The development and validation of autism spectrum disorder interventions has almost exclusively occurred in high-income countries, leaving many unanswered questions regarding what contextual factors would need to be considered to ensure the effectiveness of interventions in low- and middle-income countries. This study qualitatively explored contextual factors relevant to the adaptation of a caregiver-mediated early autism spectrum disorder intervention in a low-resource South African setting. We conducted four focus groups and four in-depth interviews with 28 caregivers of young children with autism spectrum disorder and used thematic analysis to identify key themes. Eight contextual factors including culture, language, location of treatment, cost of treatment, type of service provider, support, parenting practices, and stigma emerged as important. Caregivers reported a preference for an affordable, in-home, individualized early autism spectrum disorder intervention, where they have an active voice in shaping treatment goals. Distrust of community-based health workers and challenges associated with autism spectrum disorder-related stigma were identified. Recommendations that integrate caregiver preferences with the development of a low-cost and scalable caregiver-mediated early autism spectrum disorder intervention are included.

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Soeker, Mogammad Shaheed. "A descriptive, qualitative study of the challenges that individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder experience when transitioning from skills training programs into the open labor market in Cape Town, South Africa." Work 65, no. 4 (April 23, 2020): 733–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/wor-203127.

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21

Mthombeni, Zinhle Cynthia, and Augustine Nwoye. "Black South African caregivers’ understanding and responses to their children with autism spectrum disorder symptoms: a qualitative study." South African Journal of Psychology 48, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0081246317696453.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate Black South African caregivers’ understanding and approaches to securing a cure for their children with autistic spectrum disorder symptoms. Qualitative data were collected focusing on exploring caregivers’ narratives. A purposive sampling technique was used to draw study participants who were of Black South African background and had a child with a diagnosis of an autistic spectrum disorder. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data collected and to give analytical meaning to the narratives. The results yielded four dominant themes regarding the level of caregivers’ understanding of autistic spectrum disorder and the options they followed in searching for the cure of their children’s illness. The study drew attention to the feelings of frustration experienced by caregivers in their discovery that the use of both indigenous and Western approaches to autistic spectrum disorder symptoms yielded little benefits. Given these findings, a number of recommendations were made to improve policy and practice in the mental health treatment of children with autistic spectrum disorder symptoms among Black South African clients.

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Abubakar, Amina, Derrick Ssewanyana, Petrus J. de Vries, and Charles R. Newton. "Autism spectrum disorders in sub-Saharan Africa." Lancet Psychiatry 3, no. 9 (September 2016): 800–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30138-9.

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Alhazmi, Ayman, Reneva Petersen, and Kirsten A. Donald. "Quality of life among parents of South African children with autism spectrum disorder." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 30, no. 4 (March 22, 2018): 226–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/neu.2018.5.

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AbstractObjectiveTo describe the quality of life (QOL) of South African parents caring for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as compared with parents of typically developing (TD) children from the same community.MethodsA cross-sectional study was done evaluating the QOL of parents of 52 children (26 parents of children with ASD versus 26 parents of TD children) using a structured measure, (World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment-BREF).ResultsThe mean age of the children with ASD was 64.9 months (SD 14.5) versus 60.1 months (SD 13.5) for TD group. There was a male predominance among group of children with ASD (48 boys, four girls). The mean parental age of the ASD group was 32.9 years (SD 7.8) compared with 33.8 years (SD 6.8) for the TD group. As compared with parents of the TD children, parents of children with ASD had lower mean QOL scores in the four QOL domains: physical, psychological, social and environmental health (p<0.0001). the domain where the discrepancy between groups was greatest was the physical domain Where the mean score was 52.1 (SD 18.7) in the ASD group and 92 (SD 10.4) in the TD group. Lower income, severity level of ASD and lack of access to school placement of children with ASD were found significantly associated with parents’ QOL domains.ConclusionQOL of parents of children with ASD is significant lower than that of the parents of their TD peers across all domains and is an important component in management of the family which needs to be explored and addressed.

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Stathopoulos, Sofia, Renaud Gaujoux, Zander Lindeque, Caitlyn Mahony, Rachelle Van Der Colff, Francois Van Der Westhuizen, and Colleen O'Ryan. "DNA Methylation Associated with Mitochondrial Dysfunction in a South African Autism Spectrum Disorder Cohort." Autism Research 13, no. 7 (June 3, 2020): 1079–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2310.

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Schlebusch, Liezl, Shakila Dada, and Alecia E. Samuels. "Family Quality of Life of South African Families Raising Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder." Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 47, no. 7 (April 3, 2017): 1966–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3102-8.

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Nicholas, J. S., L. King, L. Carpenter, W. Jenner, and J. Charles. "Characteristics of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders in South Carolina." American Journal of Epidemiology 163, suppl_11 (June 1, 2006): S20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/163.suppl_11.s20-c.

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NICHOLAS, J., L. KING, L. CARPENTER, W. JENNER, and J. CHARLES. "Characteristics of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders in South Carolina." Annals of Epidemiology 15, no. 8 (September 2005): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2005.07.031.

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Olivier, L., L. M. G. Curfs, and D. L. Viljoen. "Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Prevalence rates in South Africa." South African Medical Journal 106, no. 6 (May 25, 2016): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/samj.2016.v106i6.11009.

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Tonnsen, Bridgette L., Andrea D. Boan, Catherine C. Bradley, Jane Charles, Amy Cohen, and Laura A. Carpenter. "Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders Among Children With Intellectual Disability." American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 121, no. 6 (November 1, 2016): 487–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-121.6.487.

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Abstract Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) often co-occur with intellectual disability (ID) and are associated with poorer psychosocial and family-related outcomes than ID alone. The present study examined the prevalence, stability, and characteristics of ASD estimates in 2,208 children with ASD and ID identified through the South Carolina Autism and Developmental Disabilities Network. The prevalence of ASD in ID was 18.04%, relative to ASD rates of 0.60%–1.11% reported in the general South Carolina population. Compared to children with ASD alone, those with comorbid ID exhibited increased symptom severity and distinct DSM-IV-TR profiles. Further work is needed to determine whether current screening, diagnostic, and treatment practices adequately address the unique needs of children and families affected by comorbid ASD and ID diagnoses.

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Ruparelia, Kavita, Amina Abubakar, Eben Badoe, Muideen Bakare, Karren Visser, Diane C. Chugani, Harry T. Chugani, et al. "Autism Spectrum Disorders in Africa: Current Challenges in Identification, Assessment, and Treatment." Journal of Child Neurology 31, no. 8 (March 15, 2016): 1018–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883073816635748.

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Nicholas, J. S., J. M. Charles, L. A. Carpenter, L. B. King, and W. Jenner. "Prevalence and Characteristics of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders in South Carolina." Annals of Epidemiology 17, no. 9 (September 2007): 747–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.07.075.

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Poovathinal, Suresh A., Ayyappan Anitha, Rose Thomas, Monica Kaniamattam, Nisha Melempatt, Alka Anilkumar, and Menon Meena. "Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in a semiurban community in south India." Annals of Epidemiology 26, no. 9 (September 2016): 663–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2016.07.003.

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Makombe, Chipo Belindah T., Nokuthula Shabalala, Marisa Viljoen, Noleen Seris, Petrus J. de Vries, and Lauren Franz. "Sustainable implementation of early intervention for autism spectrum disorder through caregiver coaching: South African perspectives on barriers and facilitators." Pediatric Medicine 2 (August 2019): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/pm.2019.07.08.

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Williams, K., M. Helmer, G. W. Duncan, J. K. Peat, and C. M. Mellis. "Perinatal and maternal risk factors for autism spectrum disorders in New South Wales, Australia." Child: Care, Health and Development 34, no. 2 (March 2008): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2007.00796.x.

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Santos, Pollyanna Almeida Costa dos, Dânae Longo, Ana Paula Carneiro Brandalize, and Lavínia Schüler-Faccini. "MTHFR C677T is not a risk factor for autism spectrum disorders in South Brazil." Psychiatric Genetics 20, no. 4 (August 2010): 187–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ypg.0b013e32833a2220.

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Dawson-Squibb, John-Joe, Eugene L. Davids, Ashley J. Harrison, Maggie A. Molony, and Petrus J. de Vries. "Parent Education and Training for autism spectrum disorders: Scoping the evidence." Autism 24, no. 1 (May 9, 2019): 7–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361319841739.

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Empowering families of children with autism spectrum disorder through education and training is best practice. A wide range of Parent Education and Training programmes are delivered around the globe, but there is limited knowledge about the characteristics of these programmes, or about the research methods and outcomes used to evaluate them, particularly in countries outside the United States. We, therefore, performed a scoping review of all peer-reviewed Parent Education and Training publications outside the United States. A search was conducted between March and May 2017. Four reviewers extracted data and performed a mixed-methods quality appraisal of publications. Thirty-seven publications representing 32 unique programmes were identified. Publications described a highly diverse range of Parent Education and Training programmes across 20 countries and all continents except South America. The majority were group-based, but varied significantly in goals, modalities and duration. The majority of studies (86.4%) reported positive outcomes in relation to the core study objectives and only two studies reported some negative findings. Quality appraisal rated only 27% of studies to have met all the methodological quality criteria. Implementation factors such as manualisation, fidelity and cost were commented on infrequently. In spite of the clear need for Parent Education and Training programmes, our findings show that the research evidence-base in autism spectrum disorder outside the United States is relatively small, non-representative and in need of methodological quality improvements.

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Nair, Femina KMB, PA Suresh, and Moinak Banerjee. "Genetic variation of ITGB3 is associated with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) in South Indian children." Molecular Cytogenetics 7, Suppl 1 (2014): P109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1755-8166-7-s1-p109.

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Travis, Julia, and Martha Geiger. "The effectiveness of the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD): A South African pilot study." Child Language Teaching and Therapy 26, no. 1 (February 2010): 39–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265659009349971.

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de Vries, Marlene, Belinda Joubert, Marise Cloete, Sumien Roux, Beth Baca, Julie Hasken, Ronel Barnard, et al. "Indicated Prevention of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in South Africa: Effectiveness of Case Management." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 1 (December 23, 2015): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010076.

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Sharma, Umesh, and Rashmi Rangarajan. "Teaching students with autism spectrum disorders in South Asia: a scoping study and recommendations for future." International Journal of Developmental Disabilities 65, no. 5 (October 9, 2019): 347–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20473869.2019.1641017.

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Lund, Crick, Piet Oosthuizen, Alan J. Flisher, Robin Emsley, Dan J. Stein, Ulla Botha, Liezl Koen, and John Joska. "Pathways to Inpatient Mental Health Care Among People With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders in South Africa." Psychiatric Services 61, no. 3 (March 2010): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ps.2010.61.3.235.

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Ganie, Yasmeen, Colleen Aldous, Yusentha Balakrishna, and Rinus Wiersma. "The Spectrum of Ovotesticular Disorders of Sex Development in South Africa: A Single-Centre Experience." Hormone Research in Paediatrics 87, no. 5 (2017): 307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000466693.

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Solomon, Mabapa, Mbhenyane Getrude, L. Pieter, Mamabolo Lesly, and Amey Alphonse. "Iodine Status of Rural School children in Vhembe District of Limpopo Province, South Africa." Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal 2, no. 2 (August 14, 2014): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/crnfsj.2.2.07.

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Iodine is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormone. Iodine deficiency develops due to imbalance between dietary iodine intake and thyroid requirements. Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) includes a wide spectrum of abnormalities in the physical and cognitive development of human.

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May, Philip A., Kari J. Hamrick, Karen D. Corbin, Julie M. Hasken, Anna-Susan Marais, Lesley E. Brooke, Jason Blankenship, H. Eugene Hoyme, and J. Phillip Gossage. "Dietary intake, nutrition, and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in the Western Cape Province of South Africa." Reproductive Toxicology 46 (July 2014): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.02.002.

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Baird, Gillian, Emily Simonoff, Andrew Pickles, Susie Chandler, Tom Loucas, David Meldrum, and Tony Charman. "Prevalence of disorders of the autism spectrum in a population cohort of children in South Thames: the Special Needs and Autism Project (SNAP)." Lancet 368, no. 9531 (July 2006): 210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(06)69041-7.

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May, Philip A., Marlene M. de Vries, Anna-Susan Marais, Wendy O. Kalberg, Colleen M. Adnams, Julie M. Hasken, Barbara Tabachnick, et al. "The continuum of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in four rural communities in south africa: Prevalence and characteristics." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 159 (February 2016): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.12.023.

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Kim, Young-Pyo. "The Study on Characteristics in Articles related to the Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders in South Korea." International Journal of Child Welfare Promotion and Management 2, no. 2 (October 31, 2018): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21742/ijcwpm.2018.2.2.09.

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Maritska, Ziske, Bintang Arroyantri Prananjaya, and Nita Parisa. "The First Look in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Geographical Distribution in National Reference Hospital, South Sumatera Region, Indonesia." Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research 4, no. 2 (April 2, 2020): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32539/bsm.v4i2.108.

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Background. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized with disorders in cognitive, behaviour, and social interaction. It is estimated to affect 1:160 children worlwide. Despite its increasing trend, the exact cause of it is yet to be known. Objective. This study wished to identify the geographical distribution of ASD cases in Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Hospital as one of the national reference hospitals in Indonesia for South Sumatera region. Methods. Medical records of the patients who are diagnosed with ASD during 2014-2018 was observed in order to identify the patientsâ€™ residential area. Results. There were 107 patients who were clinically diagnosed of having ASD during 2014-2018 in Dr Mohammad Hoesin Hospital, Palembang. Based on its residential area, ASD cases were mostly found in Palembang as the capital city of South Sumatera Province. Conclusion. ASD is found in small and big cities across the South Sumatera province, implying its common occurrence. The varied prevalence could be signifying the role of different related risk factors identified in the area.

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Moreno-Ramos, Oscar A., Ana María Olivares, Neena B. Haider, Liga Colombiana de Autismo, and María Claudia Lattig. "Whole-Exome Sequencing in a South American Cohort Links ALDH1A3, FOXN1 and Retinoic Acid Regulation Pathways to Autism Spectrum Disorders." PLOS ONE 10, no. 9 (September 9, 2015): e0135927. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135927.

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Oshodi, Yewande Olufunmilayo, Elizabeth Adebola Campbell, and Foluso Ebun Afolabi Lesi. "Strategies for Autism Diagnosis and Care in Resource Deprived Settings in Africa: An Overview." Adolescent Psychiatry 9, no. 1 (May 31, 2019): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210676609666181220125513.

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Background and Goals: Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) exist in Africa as they do everywhere in the world. Historically they have been under recognized and under studied. The aim of this paper is to review the existing challenges of ASD care and diagnosis in Africa, with a view to describing workable unique strategies deployable within the continent. Methods: We present an overview of the existing medical literature and summarize key findings in relation to the topic of ASD in Africa. First, as a preliminary step, we highlight key findings from previous epidemiological surveys. Second, we undertook a review of relevant available evidence from the various African regions. When the authors were familiar with additional local or regional scientific works, these were also used and referenced. Discussion: There has been a growing awareness of the extent to which ASDs exist and have an impact on affected individuals and their families. There are many barriers to diagnosis and effective interventions. These include lack of trained personnel, stigma and cultural beliefs regarding etiology, disparities in resources between urban and rural areas, and poverty. Nonetheless, partnerships to support research and the development of culturally appropriate interventions can be developed and strengths exist in the communities that can be harnessed to improve care.

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