Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Auto waves'

As futuras redes de acesso sem-fio, como a quinta geração de telefonia celular (5G), estão introduzindo e consolidando diversas tecnologias, tais como a operação em ondas milimétricas, picocélulas e o emprego massivo de antenas para diversidade espacial e temporal. Todas essas mudanças trazem desafios para a capacidade dos enlaces presentes nessas redes, como o backhaul e fronthaul. Nas últimas gerações, o ifronthaul tem utilizado Rádio-sobre-Fibra Digital (D-RoF, Digital Radio-over Fiber). Entretanto, neste novo paradigma, o processo de digitalização pode vir a consumir uma largura de banda excessiva e a transmissão analógica dos sinais de RF sobre a fibra se torna uma solução mais atrativa. Ao mesmo tempo, WDM-PON (Wavelength-Division-Multiplexing Passive-Optical-Network) é uma proeminente alternativa para o futuro das PONs, especialmente considerando o seu emprego como fronthaul. Para reduzir a necessidade de diversos transmissores diferentes, várias técnicas de auto-alimentação para obtenção de fontes ópticas agnósticas em comprimento de onda têm sido propostas. O presente trabalho faz um estudo de topologias de auto-alimentação com dupla cavidade para operarem como fronthaul analógico nas futuras redes de acesso sem-fio. Simulações numéricas utilizando o software Optisystem demonstram a viabilidade destas topologias em diversos cenários previstos para estas redes de acesso, especialmente considerando a operação em ondas milimétricas. Transmissões bem sucedidas foram obtidas para sinais ASK, M-PSK e M-QAM em frequências de microondas (1,25, 2,5 e 5 GHz) e ondas milimétricas (38 e 60 GHz) com vazões de 155 Mbps a 10 Gbps utilizando modulação direta e modulação externa.
Future radio access networks, such as the fifth generation mobile network (5G), are introducing and consolidating disruptive technologies, such as millimeter wave operation, dense picocell coverage and massive use of antennas for spatial and temporal diversity. These new technologies present a challenge for the capacity of the links that are present on these networks, including backhaul and fronthaul. In the latest cellular network generations, the fronthaul was typically implemented by Digital Radio-over-Fiber (D-RoF) technique. However, in this future context, the digitalization process would require a prohibitive bandwidth and the analog transmission of RF signals over the fiber can be a more attractive solution when compared to D-RoF. At the same time, Wavelength-Division-Multiplexing PON (WDM-PON) is prominent alternative for the future of PONs, especially considering its use as fronthaul. In order to avoid employing numerous distinct transmitters, several self-seeding techniques have been proposed to achieve colorless optical sources. This dissertation presents a numerical study of double-cavity self-seeding topologies to serve as analog fronthaul for future radio access networks. Numerical simulations using the software Optisystem demonstrate the feasibility of these topologies in various scenarios envisioned for these access networks, especially considering operation in millimeter waves. Successful transmission was achieved for ASK, M-PSK and M-QAM signals at microwave (1.25, 2.5 and 5 GHz) and millimeter wave (38 and 60 GHz) frequencies with throughput of 155 Mbps to 10 Gbps using direct and external modulation.

La thèse contribue aux recherches scientifiques et technologiques poursuivies dans le contexte opérationnel des projets collaboratifs ALCASAR et LANCASTER réalisés en partenariat avec les entreprises Rakon, Frec'n'sys, Siltronix, SENSeOR et l'Université Claude Bernard (Lyon 1). L’enjeu d'ALCASAR consiste à réaliser des composants à ondes élastiques de surface (SAW) à base d'AlN épitaxié sur saphir pour deux types d'applications : d'une part des résonateurs à produit Q.f maximal pour des sources de fréquence à bruit de phase minimum, d'autre part des capteurs passifs interrogés à distance pour mesures physiques à très haute température (supérieure à 650°C). Les plages de fréquences de ces composants sont situées au voisinage de 1GHz et 4.6GHz. L’enjeu de LANCASTER est sensiblement similaire, les différences étant le matériau utilisé pour le substrat (Langatate) et les plages de fréquences (500MHz et 1GHz). Dans les applications visées, une encapsulation collective (WLP : Wafer Level Packaging) est envisagée et, dans le cas spécifique du capteur à haute température, cette encapsulation comportera les antennes nécessaires à l'interrogation à distance par communication RF. L'objectif essentiel de la recherche consiste en l'optimisation de la réponse des composants à ondes élastiques par rapport aux contraintes différentielles induites par l'encapsulation lorsque les conditions environnementales, et notamment la température, varient
This thesis contributes to scientific and technological research in the context of the ALCASAR and LANCASTER collaborative projects carried out in partnership with the companies Rakon, Frecnsys, Siltronix, SENSeOR and Claude Bernard University (Lyon 1). The challenge of ALCASAR is to produce surface elastic wavelength components (SAW) based on epitaxial AlN on sapphire for two types of applications. The first part will be to maximize the Qf product of resonators for frequency sources with noise of on the other hand, passive sensors interrogated at a distance for physical measurements at very high temperatures (above 650 ° C.). The frequency ranges of these components are located between 1 GHz and 4.6 GHz. LANCASTER 's stake is fundamentally similar, the differences being the material used for the substrate (Langatate) and the frequency ranges (500 MHz and 1 GHz). In the intended applications, WLP: Wafer Level packaging is provided and, in the specific case of the high temperature sensor. The main objective of the research is to optimize the response to the elastic wave components with respect to the differential stresses induced by the encapsulation when the environmental conditions, and in particular the temperature, vary

Savaime susidarančių lokalizuotų struktūrų valdymas deterministiškai (reguliariai) arba stochastiškai (atsitiktinai) osciliuojančiais laukais, kurių vidutinė vertė yra nulis, yra plačiai paplitęs įvairiose terpėse. Disertacijoje nagrinėjami savame susidarantys bistabilūs frontai disipatyviose sistemose, kurios aprašomos netiesinėmis parabolinėmis diferencialinėmis lygtimis su dalinėmis išvestinėmis. Disertacijos tikslas yra ištirti kryptingo bistabilių frontų dreifo valdymo nuliniais laukais galimybes, taikant kompiuterinį modeliavimą bei analitinius metodu. Tikslui pasiekti buvo sudaryti matematinis bei skaitinis modeliai, sukurta programinė įranga ir skaitiškai ištirtos savaiminių bistabilių frontų valdymo galimybės, naudojant periodinius, kvaziperiodinius ir stochastinius nulinius laukus.
Spatio-temporal control of the self-ordered structures by use of the time-dependent oscillatory fields of zero-time average, either deterministic (temporally regular) or noisy (temporally irregular) ones, has today become a fundamental field of multidisciplinary research in a wide variety of the highly nonlinear systems of the different physical origin. The self-ordered bistable fronts in the essentially dissipative systems of the reaction-diffusion type, that are formulated by parabolic partial differential equations, are investigated in the dissertation. The objective of the research is to investigate new possibilities of controlling the directed net motion of the self-ordered bistable fronts by the deterministic and stochastic zero-mean ac forces using computer modeling and analytic tools. In order to achieve the objective mathematical and numerical models were applied, computer software was created and new possibilities of controlling the directed net motion of bistable fronts by use of the zero-average periodic, quasi-periodic and bounded noise fields were investigated.

Les moteurs thermoacoustiques sont des oscillateurs autonomes constitués d'un résonateur acoustique partiellement occupé par un matériau poreux (stack) soumis à un important gradient de température grâce à un apport de chaleur externe. Lorsque le gradient de température imposé le long du stack devient supérieur à un certain gradient critique, appelé seuil de déclenchement, l'interaction fluide-parois se traduit par l'amplification d'une onde acoustique auto-entretenue de fort niveau sur le mode le plus instable du résonateur. L'objet des travaux présentés dans ce mémoire est double. D'une part, il est de proposer un formalisme pour la description du fonctionnement de moteurs thermoacoustiques facilement généralisable à l'ensemble de ces systèmes, qu'ils soient à ondes stationnaires ou à ondes progressives. D'autre part, il est de proposer une approche expérimentale pour la caractérisation du noyau thermoacoustique (incluant le stack et la portion de guide inhomogène en température), qui permette de décrire le comportement de systèmes thermoacoustiques sans formuler d'hypothèses sur la forme du champ de température ou la géométrie du stack.Une modélisation analytique des conditions marginales de stabilité et du taux d'amplification de l'onde est tout d'abord proposée, basée sur l'écriture des matrices de transfert des différents éléments qui constituent le moteur. Ces matrices de transfert associées aux conditions aux limites du système étudié conduisent à une équation caractéristique dont la forme dépend de la géométrie de moteur considérée. La solution de cette équation est une pulsation acoustique complexe dont la partie imaginaire correspond au coefficient d'amplification thermoacoustique.La mesure de la matrice de transfert du noyau thermoacoustique constitue la partie expérimentale des travaux exposés. Elle est réalisée pour différentes conditions de chauffage au moyen d'une méthode à quatre microphones. Dans un premier temps, les résultats expérimentaux sont introduits dans le modèle développé précedemment pour prédire le seuil de déclenchement de divers moteurs thermoacoustiques équipés de ce noyau. Les résultats obtenus grâce à cette méthode sont très proches des observations expérimentales, validant ainsi le banc de mesure et le modèle décrivant les conditions de stabilité. Dans un second temps, les données expérimentales sont utilisées pour affiner un modèle analytique décrivant les mécanismes couplés de propagation acoustique et de transport de la chaleur dans le noyau thermoacoustique : ceci permet notamment d'ajuster les valeurs de paramètres acoustiques et thermiques au moyen d'une méthode inverse.Au-delà du seuil de déclenchement, l'amplification et la saturation de l'onde résultent pour une bonne part du transport de chaleur thermoacoustique et de la convection forcée liée à la génération d'un écoulement redressé (vent acoustique), ces deux mécanismes étant généralement responsables d'une dynamique d'évolution complexe de l'amplitude de pression acoustique au cours du régime transitoire. La dernière partie de ces travaux est consacrée à l'introduction de ces deux effets dans le modèle décrit ci-avant, donnant ainsi accès à la description du régime transitoire de l'onde. Une modélisation simplifiée des transports de chaleur associés au vent acoustique de Rayleigh est notamment proposée, qui permet de montrer que cet effet joue vraisemblablement un rôle important dans la dynamique des régimes transitoires observés expérimentalement dans un générateur thermoacoustique quart d'onde.

Dans les systèmes parcourus par un flux d'énergie ou de matière, des phénomènes d'auto-organisation sont possibles. Le système quitte son état d'équilibre thermodynamique, ses composants s'organisent en " structures dissipatives ", aussi appelées des " patterns ". En optique, on observe de tels " patterns " dans les dimensions transverses des faisceaux laser lors de leur propagation dans certains matériaux nonlinéaires.Nous étudions ici les patterns observés dans un système photoréfractif à simple rétroaction optique. Le faisceau incident et le faisceau réfléchi par le miroir interfèrent dans le cristal photoréfractif et modifient ses propriétés électro-optiques. Cette modification influence en retour la propagation des faisceaux. Si le faisceau incident est suffisamment intense, le système dépasse le seuil dit d' " instabilité de modulation " : l'observation du faisceau retour montre que l'intensité lumineuse s'est auto-organisée en structures géométriques remarquables, en patterns.Deux axes de recherche sont approfondis. Premièrement, nous étudions l'influence d'un moment angulaire orbital du faisceau incident (appelé alors un faisceau " vortex ") sur le pattern. Cette propriété du faisceau influe sur le phénomène d'auto-organisation et sur la dynamique des structures transverses obtenues. Un modèle numérique du mélange d'onde donne des résultats cohérents avec l'expérience. Deuxièmement, nous étudions le régime très fortement non linéaire, c'est-à-dire dans le cas d'un pompage gaussien classique mais très intense. Nous montrons par une analyse statistique que l'état turbulent observé loin du seuil est parcouru par des événements intenses, des ondes scélérates.

Le sujet de cette thèse porte sur les phénomènes d’auto-organisations d’ondes optiques non-linéaires. Ce travail principalement théorique et numérique repose sur différents formalismes de turbulenced’ondes, les singularités Hamiltoniennes et diverses expériences.Une première partie de la thèse porte sur les processus irréversibles de thermalisation et de conden-sation d’ondes. Le phénomène de condensation se caractérise par la formation d’une structure cohérenteà grande échelle (condensat) qui reste immergée dans une mer de fluctuations aux petites échelles (parti-cules non condensées). En dépit des longueurs de propagation rédhibitoires pour atteindre l’état d’équilibrecondensé, nous avons mis en évidence expérimentalement et théoriquement un phénomène de pré-condensation qui a lieu loin de l’équilibre etqui joue un rôle précurseur pour l’état d’équilibre asymptotique. Par ailleurs, sur la base d’observations ex-périmentales récentes du phénomène de nettoyage de faisceau dans une fibre optique multimode, nousavons développé une approche cinétique de turbulence d’ondes prenant en compte le désordre structu-rel du matériau. La théorie révèle que le désordre entraîne une accélération significative du processus decondensation permettant d’expliquer l’effet de nettoyage de faisceau. Les expériences effectuées reportentl’observation d’une transition de la distribution thermique vers la condensation, avec une fraction macro-scopique de puissance condensée dans le mode fondamental. Nous avons aussi étudié l’impact d’une ré-ponse fortement non-locale (ou non-instantanée) sur la propagation d’un speckle, ce qui a permis d’iden-tifier un mécanisme d’émergence spontanée de cohérence de phase à longue portée.Une seconde partie des travaux est centrée sur le phénomène d’attraction de polarisation lors de l’in-jection d’ondes incohérentes aux deux extrémités d’une fibre optique. La dynamique spatio-temporelle desondes partiellement polarisées contra-propagatives relaxe vers un état stationnaire où se produit un phé-nomène d’auto-polarisation survenant au point milieu de la fibre. Ce phénomène est lié à la présence desingularités dans le système Hamiltonien associé à l’état stationnaire
The subject of this thesis concerns the study of phenomena of self-organization of incoherentoptical waves. This work is essentially theoretical and numerical and relies on different formalisms of waveturbulence theory, the Hamiltonian singularities, and different experiments.The first part of the thesis deals with the irreversible processes of thermalization and condensation ofincoherent waves. The phenomenon of condensation is characterized by the formation of a large scale co-herent structure (condensate) that remains immersed in a sea of small scale fluctuations (uncondensedparticules). In spite of the large propagation lengths required to reach the condensed equilibrium state, wehave identified theoretically and experimentally in atomic vapors a phenomenon of pre-condensation thatoccurs far from thermal equilibrium and that plays the role of a precursor for the asymptotic equilibriumstate. On the other hand, on the basis of recent experimental observations of the effect of beam self-cleaningin multimode optical fibers, we have developed a kinetic wave turbulence approach that accounts for theimpact of a structural disorder of the material. The theory reveals that disorder leads to a significant ac-celeration of the condensation process, which can explain the beam self-cleaning effect. Our experimentsreport the observation of the transition from the thermal distribution toward condensation with a macro-scopic fraction of condensed power into the fundamental mode. We have studied the impact of a highlynonlocal (or non-instantaneous) response on the nonlinear propagation of a speckle beam, which allowedus to identify a mechanism of spontaneous emergence of long-range phase coherence.The second part of the manuscript is based on a phenomenon of polarization attraction when two in-coherent waves are injected at both ends of an optical fiber. The spatio-temporal dynamics of the counter-propagating partially polarized waves relax toward a quasi-stationary state characterized by a phenomenonof self-polarization that occurs just in the middle point of the optical fiber. This effect is related to the pre-sence of singularities in the Hamiltonian system associated to the stationary state

It is well known that high-speed liquid jetting is one of the most powerful techniques available to cut or penetrate material. Recently, it has been conjectured that high-speed liquid jets may be beneficial in improving combustion in such applications as SCRAM jets and direct injection diesel engines. Although there are practical limitations on maximum jet velocity, a fundamental study of the characteristics of high-speed liquid fuel jets and their auto-ignition feasibility is necessary. Important benefits could be increased combustion efficiency and enhanced emission control from improved atomisation. The generation of high-speed liquid jets (water and diesel fuel) in the supersonic to hypersonic ranges by use of a vertical single stage powder gun is described. The effect of the projectile velocity and projectile mass on the jet velocity is found experimentally. Jet exit velocities from a range of different nozzle inner profiles and nozzle hardness are thoroughly examined. The characteristics and behaviour of the high-speed liquid jet and its leading bow shock wave have been studied with the aid of a shadowgraph technique. This provides a clearer picture of each stage of the generation of hypersonic liquid jets. It makes possible the study of hypersonic diesel fuel jet characteristics and their potential for auto-ignition. The fundamental processes by which a supersonic liquid jet is generated by projectile impact have been investigated. The momentum transfer from the projectile to the liquid and the shock wave reflection within the nozzle cavity are the key items of interest. A new one-dimensional analysis has been used in order to simplify this complex and difficult problem. The impact pressure obtained from the projectile was firstly derived. Then, an investigation of the intermittent pressure increase in a closed end cavity and a simple stepped, cross-sectional nozzle were carried out. The nozzle pressure and final jet velocity were estimated and compared to a previous method and to experimental results. Some interesting characteristics found in the experiments relate well to those anticipated by the analysis. The characteristics of a hypersonic diesel fuel jet and its leading edge shock wave were assessed for their potential for auto-ignition using fuel with cetane numbers from 50-100. The investigations were performed at normal ambient air and at elevated air (110 ???C) temperature. So far, there is no sign of auto-ignition that may occur because of the temperature rise of the induced shock.

Problem The year 1886 is regarded the birth year of the modern automobile. Since then, there have been many innovations that have seen the surface and some that have had an influential effect in changing the paradigm itself. One of the major disruptions the world is talking about currently is in the transport industry, with ‘autonomous vehicles’ (often referred to as self- driving or driverless cars). The automobile industry has embarked upon a period of significant innovation and change. It is extremely important to understand what exactly this change means for the auto industry, the customers and the society and be prepared for this next big wave of a change. Purpose The main purpose of this paper is to increase the understanding of how the fundamental changes of driver replacement system has an effect on the auto industry (the auto business and customers) Research Question “How technological advances have led to business model changes in the auto industry” “How Advanced driver assistance system technology has an effect on the business model change in the auto industry” Research design/ methodology A multi qualitative method with inductive approach is used. To analyse the auto industry data is collected and supported by narrative inquiry strategy with in-depth interviews, and secondary document sources. Since the data is analysed over a period of time, a longitudinal time horizon is chosen. The philosophy governing this thesis is that of pragmatism with an awareness that interpretation is involved. Conclusion Since the 1970’s most of the innovations since then have been incremental. The beginning of technological diffusion from Information and Communications Technology industry from the 1990’s has resulted in some radical/ revolutionary technological innovations. There have been only two innovations, Internal Combustion Engines and Mass production that has had a significant change in the way business is seen and done. The other technological innovations have contributed to the change in either one side of the business model canvas or none. The current trend of Advanced Driver Assistance System technology is focused on replacing the driver and electric engines replacing Internal combustion engines , a pattern is that is seen from the history where horses were replaced by engines. The use of self-driving cars and electric engines would create a new paradigm in the auto industry. Research limitations implications The cause-effect relation between business model and technological change is not analysed. The research is analysed with the principle that a technological change would lead to a business model change. Non-technological innovations that has resulted in a business model change is not discussed. Contribution of technological innovations to change in revenue model is not discussed in detail.

Cette étude novatrice consiste à mettre en oeuvre dans un même protocole expérimental, trois techniques de caractérisation non destructive en simultané : l’émission acoustique, la thermographie infrarouge et les ultrasons pour la caractérisation de l’endommagement des matériaux Composites à fibres continues et à Matrice Polymère (CMP) à plis croisés [0/90]S. Chaque technique a permis demontrer sa potentialité à révéler l’endommagement dépendant de ses spécificités intrinsèques. L'émission acoustique a été utilisée sous sa forme classique et couplée avec une classification de données obtenue par les k-means et la carte de Kohonen. La thermographie infrarouge a été étudiée selon ses deux formes passive et active, les méthodes ultrasonores ont été exploitées en termes d’amplitude et de vitesse des ondes longitudinales et des ondes de Lamb respectivement. Il a été montré que l’approche multitechnique adoptée dans ce travail est très intéressante pour obtenir un diagnostic complet sur l’état de santé du matériau au repos et sous différents niveaux de chargement mécanique en traction. Il s’est avéré aussi que l’aspect « complémentarité » entre les trois techniques était plus envisageable que celui de la « redondance ». La fusion des données a été utilisée pour avoir une prise de décision fiable, complète et plus crédible sur les différents mécanismes d’endommagement susceptibles d’apparaître dans un matériau CMP. Ceci n’a été possible que pour les deux techniques d’imagerie, le C-scan ultrasonore et la thermographie infrarouge. En conclusion, les résultats montrent que ces trois techniques sont potentiellement capables de qualifier l’état d’endommagement du matériau, mais qu’elles ne le quantifient pas de la même manière
This innovative study consists to implement in the same experimental procedure three non destructive techniques simultaneously: acoustic emission, infrared thermography and ultrasonic waves for the characterization of damage in cross ply Polymer Composite Materials (PCM) [0/90]S. Each technique has demonstrated its potential to reveal the damage that depends on its intrinsic characteristics. Acoustic emission has been used in its classical form and coupled with a data classification obtained by k-means and Kohonen map. Infrared thermography has been studied using both passive and active forms, ultrasonic methods have been used by exploiting amplitude and velocity of longitudinal and Lamb waves respectively. It has been shown that the adopted multi-technique approach is veryinteresting to obtain a full diagnostic of the health state of the material before and after uniaxial mechanical loading. The “complementarity” aspect between the three used techniques is showed more interesting that “redundancy” aspect. The data fusion theory was used to have a reliable, comprehensive and credible decision about the different damage mechanisms may appear in PCM material. This has been possible only for the two imaging techniques, ultrasonic C-scan and infrared thermography. All in all, the results show that these three techniques are potentially able to describe the damage state of the material, but they don’t quantify it with the same manner

Bioengineering
M.S.
Raman spectroscopy is an effective optical analysis of the biochemically specific characterization of tissues without contrast agents or exogenous dyes. Applications of Raman spectroscopy include analysis and biomarker investigation, disease diagnosis and surgical guidance. One major challenge in Raman spectroscopy is removing inherent fluorescence background present in samples to acquire Raman signatures. In some tissues, like liver, kidney and darkly pigment skin, the auto-fluorescence background is strong enough to overwhelm the Raman peaks in conventional Near-Infrared (NIR) Raman systems. Recent publications have shown that using Raman systems with excitation sources with wavelengths beyond 830 nm and short-wave infrared (SWIR) InGaAs Array detectors resulted in dramatically reduced auto-fluorescence. The unique characteristics of Raman signals collected from SWIR systems versus NIR Raman systems requires inspection of the suitability of spectral pre-processing techniques. This thesis focused on the development of spectral processing techniques at three different steps; 1) detector background & noise reduction; 2) Auto-fluorescence background subtraction; 3) detection of outlier measurements to assist statistical classification. Detector background and noise reduction was compared between two different techniques, and a direct subtraction method resulted in better performance to reduce fixed pattern noise unique to InGaAs arrays. For the aim 2, three different algorithms for fluorescence background removal were developed, and a modified polynomial fitting method was found to be most appropriate for the low signal-to-noise (SNR) spectra. Finally, local outlier factor(LOF), a multivariate statistical outlier metric, was implemented in a two-stage fashion, and shown to be effective at identifying raw measurement errors and Raman spectra outliers. The overall outcome of this thesis was the evaluation of spectral processing techniques for SWIR Raman spectroscopy systems, and the development of specific techniques to optimize data quality and best prepare spectra for statistical analysis.
Temple University--Theses

L'objectif de cette thèse est de réaliser des hétérostructures packageless par l'intermédiaire d'une couche protectrice contre les environnements atmosphériques néfastes tels que l'oxydation et l'humidité mais aussi dans les milieux agressifs à hautes températures. La première hétérostructure envisagée dans cette étude, utilise le principe des ondes isolées. Le silicium a été employé en combinaison avec le ZnO car il offre de bonnes propriétés électroacoustiques mais aussi la possibilité de travailler à de hautes fréquences. Ainsi, cette configuration AlN/IDT/ZnO/Si a été principalement choisie pour des applications en environnements néfastes et intégrable dans la technologie CMOS. Par ailleurs, une couche de protection d'AlN permettra à l'onde de se confiner dans la couche active de ZnO et de rester insensible à la surface mais sensible à la température. Le ZnO étant toutefois conducteur à haute température (> 400°C), cette hétérostructure reste peut applicable en milieux sévères à haute température. C'est pourquoi une seconde hétérostructure packageless utilisant comme base l'IDT/AlN/Saphir a été étudiée dans ce manuscrit. Il s'agit donc de protéger les IDTs par un film mince contre les phénomènes d'agglomération des électrodes à hautes températures (1000 °C)
The objective of this thesis is to realize heterostructures packageless through a protective layer against harmful atmospheric environments such as oxidation and moisture and also in aggressive environments (high temperatures). The first heterostructure considered in this study, uses the principle of wave isolated. Silicon was used in combination with ZnO as it offers good performances and the possibility to work at high frequencies. Thus, this configuration AlN/IDT/ZnO/Si was chosen for applications in environments with harmful and integrated in CMOS technology. In addition, a protective layer of AlN allows the wave is confined in the active layer of ZnO and remains insensitive to the surface but sensitive to temperature. However, ZnO is conductive at high temperature (> 400 ° C) wich is limited her utilization in harsh environments. This is why a second packageless heterostructure using the IDT/AlN/sapphire has been studied in this manuscript. It is therefore to protect the IDTs by a thin film against the phenomena of agglomeration of the electrodes at high temperatures (1000 ° C)

Les ondes de surface ont été observées pour la première fois par Wood en 1902 qui note des anomalies dans le spectre de diffraction d'une lumière continue sur un réseau métallique. Pour certaines longueurs d'onde, le spectre diffracté présente des lignes noires que Fano interprète quelques années plus tard (1941) comme dues à l'excitation d'ondes de surface. De façon analogue, on peut exciter par laser de façon résonante une onde plasma de surface à la surface d'un plasma sur-dense créé par interaction laser-solide, si les conditions d'excitation de l'onde sont satisfaites. L'onde de surface se propage le long de l'interface plasma-vide et se caractérise par un champ électrique résonant haute-fréquence localisé. Dans ce travail, la dynamique du plasma et les champs associés à l'excitation par laser de l'onde de surface sont décrits numériquement avec des simulations bidimensionnelles Particule-In-Cell dans lesquelles la surface du plasma est initialement pré-structurée de sorte à satisfaire les conditions d'excitation de l'onde de surface. L'intensité laser a été variée entre Iλ2 =10^15 et 10^20 μm^2/Wcm^2 afin d'étudier la transition entre un régime d'excitation non-relativiste et relativiste. Les simulations dans lesquelles l'onde de surface est excitée sont comparées à celles où elle ne l'est pas et le couplage du laser avec la cible est analysé. Pour différents paramètres du laser et de la cible, nous avons considéré les quatre aspects suivants de l'interaction laser plasma : i) l'absorption laser et le champ électrique à la surface du plasma, ii) le champ magnétique quasi-statique généré, iii) le chauffage électronique et iiii) l'accélération des ions. Nous avons démontré la possibilité d'exciter une onde plasma de surface pour une large gamme d'intensité laser. Lorsque l'onde de surface est excitée, la composante perpendiculaire à la surface du plasma du champ électrique est amplifiée par rapport au champ laser sur la surface plasma-vide d'un facteur allant de 3. 2 à 7. 2 selon les cas. L'absorption augmente également fortement de 27% lorsque l'onde de surface n'est pas excitée à 73% lorsqu'elle l'est pour Iλ2=10^19 μm^2/Wcm^2 par exemple. Cette étude nous a permis de définir les conditions optimales pour lesquelles le couplage entre le laser et l'onde de surface est le plus efficace. Elles correspondent au régime d'intensité laser relativiste dans lequel le mécanisme d'absorption principale est le " vacuum heating " : les particules gagnent de l'énergie en oscillant dans le champ électrique perpendiculaire à la cible. En présence de l'onde de surface, cette oscillation est fortement augmentée par la présence du champ localisé de l'onde de surface plus intense que le celui du laser. La possibilité de créer des champs magnétiques quasi-statiques auto-générés en présence d'une onde de surface a de plus été étudiée analytiquement et les résultats ont été comparés à ceux des simulations. Les structures de champ obtenues suggèrent que l'intensité du champ magnétique généré induit un confinement partiel des particules sur la surface de la cible lorsque l'onde de surface est excitée. Enfin, nous avons observé un effet induit par l'excitation de l'onde de surface encore plus fort dans des cibles minces dans lesquelles les électrons peuvent circuler d'un bord à l'autre de la cible et interagir plusieurs fois avec le champ de l'onde. Le champ de charge d'espace ainsi créé au cours de l'interaction induit une augmentation importante de l'énergie des ions émis sur les deux faces de la cible mince. L'ensemble de ce travail nous a permis de montrer que l'excitation d'une onde de surface par interaction laser-plasma structuré est un mécanisme physique prometteur pour augmenter l'énergie des particules émises. C'est un point particulièrement intéressant pour les applications liées à la production de protons énergétiques telles que la thérapie hadronique ou à celle d'électrons de hautes énergies indispensables dans le processus de fusion inertiel dans lequel le schéma de l'allumeur rapide est utilisée
Surface waves in solids were first observed by Wood in 1902 as an anomaly in the diffraction of a continuous light source from a metal grating: the diffracted spectrum presented dark lines corresponding to certain wavelengths, which were later explained (Fano, 1941) in terms of the excitation of a surface wave sustained by the grating. Similarly to the metal grating case, a surface plasma wave (SPW) can be resonantly excited by a laser pulse at the surface of a laser-produced over-dense plasma, if the correct matching conditions are provided. SPWs propagate along the plasma-vacuum interface and are characterized by a localized, high frequency, resonant electric field. In the present work we describe numerically the dynamics of the plasma and the field distribution associated to SPW excitation, using two-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations, where the plasma surface is initially pre-formed so that the SPW excitation conditions are fulfilled. We examine the surface wave excitation for a large range of laser intensities (Iλ2 =10^15-10^20 μm^2/Wcm^2) in order to study the transition from the non-relativistic to the relativistic regime. The simulations in which the wave is resonantly excited are compared to cases in which the resonant conditions are not provided and the coupling of the laser with the target is analyzed. We have considered the following aspects of the laser-plasma interaction, for different laser and target parameters: i) the laser absorption and the electric field at the surface ii) the generation of a quasi-static magnetic field iii) the electron heating and iiii) the ion acceleration. The possibility to excite a surface plasma wave on a structured target for a large range of laser energies has been demonstrated. In the cases where the surface wave is excited the electric field component normal to the target is amplified at the surface by a factor ranging from 3. 2 to 7. 2 with respect to the laser field. The absorption is also increased,for example it raises from 27% when the SPW is not excited up to 73% for Iλ^2=10^9 μm^2/Wcm^2. We have defined the optimal conditions for efficient coupling which increase laser absorption, that correspond to the relativistic laser intensities (Iλ^2>10^19 μm^2/Wcm^2). In this regime the main absorption mechanism is vacuum heating, associated to particles oscillating in the field perpendicular to the target, which is enhanced by the stronger, localized field of the SPW. The generation of a quasi-static magnetic field has been studied analytically and compared to the result of PIC simulations. The different field structure in presence of a SPW and for a flat target suggests that the enhanced field strength has caused partial confinement of particles at the target surface when SPW is present. The effects of the surface wave are more pronounced in thin laminar targets where electrons recirculate into the target interacting several times with the wave. Efficient electron heating increases the energy of the ions which are accelerated at both the irradiated and not irradiated target surface by the hot electrons space charge field. For the thinnest target (3. 5 μm) the ion cut-off energy is about 14 Mev, approximately twice the value obtained when the SPW is not excited

Une bonne compréhension des interactions entre les ondes à la fréquence cyclotronique ionique (FCI) (40-80MHz) et le plasma de bord est nécessaire pour injecter de fortes puissances dans un plasma de fusion en continu. Les objectifs de cette thèse étaient de modéliser séparément, avec Comsol Multiphysics, mais de façon compatible le couplage d'ondes et la formation de gaines radiofréquences (RF), qui rétroagissent sur le couplage, pour aboutir à terme à une modélisation auto-cohérente. Modéliser le couplage de l'onde rapide nécessite une description détaillée de l'antenne émettrice (2D ou 3D) et du plasma environnant par une approche pleine onde en plasma froid. L'absorption des ondes sortant du domaine de simulation est émulée par des couches parfaitement adaptées, rendues compatibles avec un tenseur diélectrique plasma. Les tendances expérimentales des résistances de couplage des antennes de Tore Supra sont qualitativement reproduites mais l'efficacité de couplage est surestimée. Parallèlement une description novatrice auto-cohérente, incluant les effets des gaines RF, de la propagation de l'onde lente et de la polarisation DC (Direct Current) du bord d'un plasma magnétisé a été développée avec le minimum d'ingrédients physiques. Dans le cas des antennes Tore Supra, le couplage du code avec TOPICA a permis d'expliciter qualitativement certaines observations inattendues sur un écran de Faraday dont le schéma électrique visait à minimiser les gaines RF. Un transport de courants DC dans la SOL est apparu nécessaire pour expliquer les structures radiales des mesures. Les barreaux coupés sont les éléments de l'antenne responsable de l'augmentation du potentiel plasma
A correct understanding of the interactions between the edge plasma and the ion cyclotron (IC) waves (40-80MHz) is needed to inject reliably large amount of power required for self-sustainable fusion plasmas. These thesis objectives were to model separately, with Comsol Multiphysics, but in compatible approaches the wave coupling and the radio-frequency (RF) sheath formation to anticipate development of a single code combining both. Modelling of fast wave coupling requires a detailed description of the antenna (2D or 3D) and of the plasma environment by a full wave approach for a cold plasma. Absorption of outgoing waves is emulated by perfectly matched layers, rendered compatible with a plasma dielectric tensor. Experimental trends for the coupling resistance of the antennas of Tore Supra are qualitatively reproduced but the coupling efficiency is overestimated. In parallel a novel self-consistent description, including RF sheaths, of the interplay between the cold wave propagation and DC biasing of the magnetized edge plasma of a tokamak was developed with the minimum set of physics ingredients. For Tore Supra antenna cases, the code coupled with TOPICA allowed to unveil qualitatively some unexpected observations on the latest design of Tore Supra Faraday screens whose electrical design was supposed to minimize RF sheaths. From simulations, a DC (Direct Current) current transport appears necessary to explain the radial structures of measurements. Cantilevered bars have been identified as the design element in the antenna structure enhancing the plasma potential

Spatio-temporal control of the self-ordered structures by use of the time-dependent oscillatory fields of zero-time average, either deterministic (temporally regular) or noisy (temporally irregular) ones, has today become a fundamental field of multidisciplinary research in a wide variety of the highly nonlinear systems of the different physical origin. The self-ordered bistable fronts in the essentially dissipative systems of the reaction-diffusion type, that are formulated by parabolic partial differential equations, are investigated in the dissertation. The objective of the research is to investigate new possibilities of controlling the directed net motion of the self-ordered bistable fronts by the deterministic and stochastic zero-mean ac forces using computer modeling and analytic tools. In order to achieve the objective mathematical and numerical models were applied, computer software was created and new possibilities of controlling the directed net motion of bistable fronts by use of the zero-average periodic, quasi-periodic and bounded noise fields were investigated.
Savaime susidarančių lokalizuotų struktūrų valdymas deterministiškai (reguliariai) arba stochastiškai (atsitiktinai) osciliuojančiais laukais, kurių vidutinė vertė yra nulis, yra plačiai paplitęs įvairiose terpėse. Disertacijoje nagrinėjami savame susidarantys bistabilūs frontai disipatyviose sistemose, kurios aprašomos netiesinėmis parabolinėmis diferencialinėmis lygtimis su dalinėmis išvestinėmis. Disertacijos tikslas yra ištirti kryptingo bistabilių frontų dreifo valdymo nuliniais laukais galimybes, taikant kompiuterinį modeliavimą bei analitinius metodu. Tikslui pasiekti buvo sudaryti matematinis bei skaitinis modeliai, sukurta programinė įranga ir skaitiškai ištirtos savaiminių bistabilių frontų valdymo galimybės, naudojant periodinius, kvaziperiodinius ir stochastinius nulinius laukus.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq)
Nesta tese s?o apresentados e discutidos os resultados de correla??o do ru?do s?smico em dois contextos: regi?o intraplaca e Dorsal Meso-oce?nica. O m?todo de interferometria de cauda de onda (coda wave interferometry?CWI) tamb?m foi utilizado para os dados da regi?o intraplaca. A correla??o do ru?do permite recuperar a fun??o de Green emp?rica entre dois receptores , como se uma das esta??es atuasse como uma fonte (virtual). Esta t?cnica ?amplamente utilizado em sismologia para a imagem do subsolo e para monitorar mudan?as estruturais associadas principalmente com erup??es vulc?nicas e terremotos grandes (mb > 6.0). No estudo da regi?o intraplaca, fomos capazes de detectar mudan?as estruturais localizadas relacionadas com esta pequena sequ?ncia de terremotos, cujo evento principal ? de mR 3.7, no Nordeste do Brasil. N?s tamb?m mostramos que a normaliza??o de 1-bit de e o branqueamento spectral provoca perdas de detalhes na forma de onda e que a auto- correla??o de fase, que ? pouco sens?vel ? amplitude , parece ser mais sens?vel e robusta para a nossa an?lise. A an?lise de 6 meses de dados usando correla??es cruzadas detecta claramente altera??es do meio logo ap?s do evento principal, enquanto que as auto- correla??es essencialmente detectam altera??es ap?s 1 m?s. Estas mudan?as na correla??o cruzada e na auto-correla??o podem serexplicadas pela redistribui??o da press?o do fluido ocasionadas mudan?as hidromec?nicas e novos caminhos preferenciais para difus?o de press?o e fuidos , devido a terramotos que ocorrem mais tarde. No estudo da Dorsal Meso-oce?nica, investigamos as mudan?as estruturais associadas a um terremoto de mb 4,9 aolongo da falha transformante de S?o Paulo. Os dados foram registrados por a ?nica esta??o s?smica localizada a menos de 200 km da Dorsal Meso-oce?nica. Os resultados da auto-correla??o de fase por um per?odo de 5 meses, mostram uma forte mudan?a de meio co-s?smica seguido por uma recupera??o p?s-s?smica relativamente r?pida. Esta mudan?a do meio provavelmente est? relacionada aos danos causados pelo terremoto de mb 4.9. O processo de cicatriza??o (enchimento das novas fissuras) que durou 60 dias pode ser decomposto em duas fases, uma recupera??o r?pida na fase p?s-s?smica (de 70% em ~ 30 dias) precoce e uma recupera??o relativamente lenta depois (de 30% em ~ 30 dias) No estudo de interferometria de cauda de onda, monitoramos mudan?as temporais da subsuperf?cie causada pela sequ?ncia de pequenos terremotos intraplaca mencionado anteriormente. O m?todo foi validado com dados sint?ticos. Fomos capazes de detectar uma mudan?a da fonte de 2.5% e uma redu??o de 15% da quantidade dos espalhadores. A partir dos dados reais, observamos uma r?pida diminui??o da correla??o da cauda da onda ap?s do evento s?smico mR 3.7. Isso indica uma mudan?a r?pida do subsolo na regi?o da falha induzida pelo terremoto.
This thesis presents and discusses the results of ambient seismic noise correlation for two different environments: intraplate and Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The coda wave interferometry method has also been tested for the intraplate data. Ambient noise correlation is a method that allows to retrieve the structural response between two receivers from ambient noise records, as if one of the station was a virtual source. It has been largely used in seismology to image the subsurface and to monitor structural changes associated mostly with volcanic eruptions and large earthquakes. In the intraplate study, we were able to detect localized structural changes related to a small earthquake swarm, which main event is mR 3.7, North-East of Brazil. We also showed that the 1-bit normalization and spectral whitening result on the loss of waveform details and that the phase auto-correlation, which is amplitude unbiased, seems to be more sensitive and robust for our analysis of a small earthquake swarm. The analysis of 6 months of data using cross-correlations detect clear medium changes soon after the main event while the auto-correlations detect changes essentially after 1 month. It could be explained by fluid pressure redistribution which can be initiated by hydromechanical changes and opened path ways to shallower depth levels due to later occurring earthquakes. In the Mid-Atlantic Ridge study, we investigate structural changes associated with a mb 4.9 earthquake in the region of the Saint Paul transform fault. The data have been recorded by a single broadband seismic station located at less than 200 km from the Mid-Atlantic ridge. The results of the phase auto-correlation for a 5-month period, show a strong co-seismic medium change followed by a relatively fast post-seismic recovery. This medium change is likely related to the damages caused by the earthquake?s ground shaking. The healing process (filling of the new cracks) that lasted 60 days can be decomposed in two phases, a fast recovery (70% in ~30 days) in the early post-seismic stage and a relatively slow recovery later (30% in ~30 days). In the coda wave interferometry study, we monitor temporal changes of the subsurface caused by the small intraplate earthquake swarm mentioned previously. The method was first validated with synthetics data. We were able to detect a change of 2.5% in the source position and a 15% decrease of the scatterers? amount. Then, from the real data, we observed a rapid decorrelation of the seismic coda after the mR 3.7 seismic event. This indicates a rapid change of the subsurface in the fault?s region induced by the earthquake.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This dissertation is devoted to the study of wave planar fronts following the work developed by Aicardi in [Ai1]. She finds theses invariantsas a generalization of those introduced by Arnold for plane curves by using the Vassiliev Theory. In this work, we study and describe Aicardi's invariants as well as their properties. Moreover, by using the notions of bridges and chanel given in [MJ-RF] we obtain an alternative algorithm for the calculation os such invariants.
Esta dissertação é dedicada ao estudo dos invariantes de frentes de ondas planas seguindo o trabalho desenvolvido por F. Aicardi em [Ai1]. Ela encontra estes invariantes fazendo uma generalização dos invariantes de curvas planas introduzidos por Arnold utilizando a teoria de Vassiliev. Neste trabalho estudamos e descrevemos os invariantes de Aicardi, assim como suas propriedades. Além disso, utilizando as nações de pontes e canais de curvas dado em [MJ-RJ] apresentamos um algoritmo alternativo para o cálculo de tais invariantes.

The present final thesis discusses the transmission of a narrowly directional parametric sound beam through an amplitude-modulated ultrasonic wave, utilizing the effect of auto-demodulation in a nonlinear medium and ensuring the subsequent processing of the input signal for the parametric sound transmitter. Emphasis is placed on the mathematical tools that relate to parametric sound transmission in a nonlinear medium. The basic part of the thesis describes a parametric speaker and the associated amplitude modulation techniques, which constitute a major prerequisite for the processing of the transmitted signal. In the following section, the author then analyzes the computational intensity of these techniques, considering applicable hardware approaches. Finally, the fabrication and practical use of the proposed solution are discussed, including the measurement of typical parameters such as the spatial radiation characteristics, total harmonic distortion, and transmission channel bandwidth.

Le schéma d'allumage par choc pour la fusion par confinement inertiel utilise une impulsion laser intense à la fin d'une phase d'assemblage de combustible. Les paramètres clefs de ce schéma sont la génération d'une haute pression d'ablation, l'amplification de la pression du choc généré par un facteur supérieur à cent et le couplage du choc avec le point chaud de la cible. Dans cette thèse, de nouveaux modèles semi-analytiques sont développés afin de décrire le choc d'allumage depuis sa génération jusqu'à l'allumage du combustible. Tout d'abord, un choc sphérique convergent dans le coeur pré-chauffé de la cible est décrit. Le modèle est obtenu par perturbation de la solution auto-semblable de Guderley en tenant compte du nombre de Mach du choc élevé mais fini. La correction d'ordre un tient compte de l'effet de la force du choc. Un critère d'allumage analytique est exprimé en fonction de la densité surfacique du point chaud et de la pression du choc d'allumage. Le seuil d'allumage est plus élevé pour un nombre de Mach faible. Il est montré que la pression minimale du choc, lorsqu'il entre dans le coeur de la cible, est de 20Gbar. La dynamique du choc dans la coquille en implosion est ensuite analysée. Le choc se propage dans un milieu non inertiel avec un fort gradient de pression et une augmentation temporelle générale de la pression. La pression du choc est amplifiée plus encore durant la collision avec une onde de choc divergente provenant de la phase d'assemblage. Les modèles analytiques développés permettent une description de la pression et de la force du choc dans une simulation typique de l'allumage par choc. Il est démontré que, dans le cas d'une cible HiPER, une pression initiale du choc de l'ordre de 300 Mbar dans la zone d'ablation est nécessaire. Il est proposé une analyse des expériences sur la génération de chocs forts avec l'installation laser OMEGA. Il est montré qu'une pression du choc proche de 300Mbar est atteinte près de la zone d'ablation avec une intensité laser absorbée de l'ordre de 2 X 10(15) W.cm-2 et une longueur d'onde de 351 nm. Cette valeur de la pression est deux fois plus importante que la valeur attendue en considérant une absorption collisionnelle de l'énergie laser. Cette importante différence est expliquée par la contribution d'électrons supra-thermiques générés durant l'interaction laser/plasma dans la couronne. Les modèles analytiques proposés permettent une optimisation de l'allumage par choc lorsque les paramètres de la phase d'assemblage, sont pris en compte. Les diverses approches analytiques, numériques et expérimentales sont cohérentes entre-elles
The shock ignition concept in inertial confinement fusion uses an intense power spike at the end of an assembly laser pulse. the key feature of shock ignition are the generation of a high ablation pressure, the shock pressure amplification by at least a factor of a hundred in the cold fuel shell and the shock coupling to the hot-spot. in this theses, new semi-analytical hydrodynamic models are developed to describe the ignitor shock from its generation up to the moment of fuel ignition. A model is developed to describe a spherical concerging shock wave in a pre-heated hotspot. The self-similar solution developed by Guderley is perturbed over the shock Mach number Ms >>1. The first order correction accounts for the effects of the shock strength. An analytical ignition criterion is defined in terms of the shock strength ans th hot-spot areal density. The ignition threshold is higher when the initial Mach number of the shock is lower. A minimal shock pressure of 20 Gbar is needed when it enters the hot-spot. The shock dynamics in the imploding shell is the analyzed. The shock is propagating into a non inertial medium with a high radial pressure gradient and an averall pressure increase with time. The collision with a returning shock coming from the assembly phase enhances further the ignitor shock pressure. The analytica theory allows to des cribe the shock pressure and strength evolution in a typical shock ignition implosion. It is demonstrated that, in the case of the HiPER target design, a generation shock pressure near the ablation zone on the order of 300-400 Mbar is needed. An analysis of experiments on the strong shock generation performed on the OMEGA laser facility is presented. It is sown that a shock presssure close to 300 Mbar near the ablation zone has been reached with an absorbed laser intensity up to 2 x 10(15) W:cm-2 and a laser wavelength of 351 nm. This value is two times higher than the one expected from collisional laser absorption only. That significant pressure enhancement is explained by contribution of hot-electrons generated by non-linear laser/plasma interaction in the corona. The proposed analytical models allow to optimize the shock ignition scheme, including the inuence of the implosion parameters. Analytical, numerical and experimental results are mutualy consistent

Dans cette thèse nous considérons l’équation des ondes amorties vectorielle sur une variété riemannienne compacte, lisse et sans bord. L’amortisseur est ici une fonction lisse allant de la variété dans l’espace des matrices hermitiennes de taille n. Les solutions de cette équation sont donc à valeurs vectorielles. Nous commençons dans un premier temps par calculer le meilleur taux de décroissance exponentiel de l’énergie en fonction du terme d’amortissement. Ceci nous permet d’obtenir une condition nécessaire et suffisante la stabilisation forte de l’équation des ondes amorties vectorielle. Nous mettons aussi en évidence l’apparition d’un phénomène de sur-amortissement haute fréquence qui n’existait pas dans le cas scalaire. Dans un second temps nous nous intéressons à la répartition asymptotique des fréquences propres de l’équation des ondes amorties vectorielle. Nous démontrons que, à un sous ensemble de densité nulle près, l’ensemble des fréquences propres est contenu dans une bande parallèle à l’axe imaginaire. La largeur de cette bande est déterminée par les exposants de Lyapunov d’un système dynamique défini à partir du coefficient d’amortissement
In this thesis we are considering the vectorial damped wave equation on a compact and smooth Riemannian manifold without boundary. The damping term is a smooth function from the manifold to the space of Hermitian matrices of size n. The solutions of this équation are thus vectorial. We start by computing the best exponential energy decay rate of the solutions in terms of the damping term. This allows us to deduce a sufficient and necessary condition for strong stabilization of the vectorial damped wave equation. We also show the appearance of a new phenomenon of high-frequency overdamping that did not exists in the scalar case. In the second half of the thesis we look at the asymptotic distribution of eigenfrequencies of the vectorial damped wave equation. Were show that, up to a null density subset, all the eigenfrequencies are in a strip parallel to the imaginary axis. The width of this strip is determined by the Lyapunov exponents of a dynamical system defined from the damping term

Les polyoxométallates (POM) sont des composés anioniques constitués par l’assemblage de polyèdres d’oxydes métalliques {MOy}, (avec M, MoVI ou WVI) reliés entre eux par des atomes d'oxygène. Les POM forment ainsi une classe remarquable de clusters d’oxydes métalliques inorganiques nanométriques, avec une grande variété de charges et de structures. Il est possible de former des systèmes hybrides incluant la partie inorganique du POM et une partie organique greffée, permettant d’apporter de nouvelles fonctionnalités aux POM, tel que l’auto-assemblage. Nous avons consacré ces travaux de thèse à la caractérisation de systèmes classiques, hybrides et auto-assemblés de POM par spectrométrie de masse couplée à la spectrométrie à la mobilité ionique (IMS-MS). Une première approche expérimentale par spectrométrie de mobilité ionique en tube de dérive (DTIMS) nous a permis de déterminer les sections efficaces de collisions (CCS) de POM étalons dans l’hélium et dans l’azote. Les CCS des étalons POM nous ont ensuite permis d’étalonner une cellule IMS de type Travelling Wave (TWIMS). L’analyse par IMS-MS de POM hybrides organiques-inorganiques seuls ou en présence de PdCl2 a mis en évidence la présence de systèmes auto-assemblés triangulaires [POM3·cation3], carrés [POM4·cation4] ou pentagonaux [POM5·cation5] avec différents états de charges. Des valeurs de CCS de ces auto-assemblages ont également pu être estimées à partir de l’étalonnage de la cellule TWIMS. Par une approche théorique, nous avons modélisé plusieurs structures de POM standards avec et sans contre-ion tetrabutylammonium (TBA+) par la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité (DFT). Les structures optimisées ont été utilisées afin de déterminer des CCS théoriques grâce au logiciel MOBCAL, auquel nous avons incorporé les atomes de molybdène et de tungstène pour lesquels nous avons optimisé de nouveaux paramètres de potentiel de Lennard Jones. La correspondance des CCS expérimentales et théoriques des structures de POM standards offre de nouvelles possibilités pour une attribution structurale pour les POM hybrides auto-assemblés par coordination en présence de cations métalliques
Polyoxometalates (POM) are anionic compounds formed by the assembly of metal oxide polyhedra {MOy}, (with M, MoVI or WVI) linked together by oxygen atoms. POM thus form a remarkable class of nanometric inorganic metal oxide clusters, with a wide variety of charges and structures. It is possible to form hybrid systems including the inorganic part of the POM and a grafted organic part, allowing new functionalities to be added to the POM, such as selfassembly. We have dedicated this thesis work to the characterization of standards, hybrid and self-assembled POM systems by mass spectrometry coupled to ion mobility spectrometry (IMS-MS). A first experimental approach using drift tube ion mobility spectrometry (DTIMS) allowed us to determine the collision cross sections (CCS) of standard POM in helium and nitrogen. The CCS of the POM standards then allowed us to calibrate an IMS cell of a Travelling Wave ion mobility instrument (TWIMS). The analysis by IMS-MS of organic-inorganic hybrid POMs alone or in the presence of transition metal cations revealed the presence of self-assembled triangular [POM3·cation3], square [POM4·cation4] or pentagonal [POM5·cation5] systems with different charge states. CCS values of these self-assemblies was estimated from the calibration of the TWIMS cell. Using a theoretical approach, we modelled several standard POM structures with and without tetrabutylammonium counterion (TBA+) using density functional theory (DFT). The optimized structures were used to determine theoretical CCS using the trajectory method of the MOBCAL software, in which we incorporated molybdenum and tungsten atoms for which we optimized new Lennard Jones potential parameters. The correspondence of experimental and theoretical CCS of standard POM structures offers new possibilities for structural attribution of self-assembled hybrid POM by coordination in the presence of metal cations

Cette thèse porte sur l’étude des propriétés qualitatives des solutions des équations des ondes et de la chaleur semi-linéaires. Les résultats qui y sont décrits sont les suivants. Les deux premiers concernent l’existence et la description de dynamiques explosives de concentration en temps fini de l’état stationnaire à symétrie radiale dans le régime dit énergie surcritique ; en outre, pour l’équation des ondes la stabilité de ces phénomènes est étudiée dans le cas radial, et pour l’équation de la chaleur le cas plus général d’un domaine borné avec conditions de Dirichlet au bord est considéré. Le troisième porte sur la classification des dynamiques possibles près de l’état stationnaire radial pour l’équation de la chaleur dans le régime dit énergie critique, trois scénarios ayant lieu : la stabilisation, l’instabilité par explosion auto-similaire à profil explosif constant en espace, et l’instabilité par dissipation vers la solution nulle. Enfin, le quatrième a pour objet l’existence et la stabilité de profils explosifs auto-similaires non constants en espace pour l’équation de la chaleur dans le cas énergie surcritique
This thesis is devoted to the study of qualitative properties for solutions to the semilinear heat and wave equations. The results that are described are the following. The first two concern the existence and description of blow-up dynamics in which the radially symmetric stationary state is concentrated in finite time in the so-called energy supercritical regime; in addition, for the wave equation the stability of these phenomena is studied in the radial case, and for the heat equation the more general case of a bounded domain with Dirichlet condition at the boundary is considered. The third one deals with the classification of the possible dynamics near the radial stationary state for the heat equation in the so-called energy critical regime, where three scenarii occur: stabilization, instability by blow-up with the constant in space blow-up profile, and instability by dissipation to the null solution. Eventually, in the forth result we investigate the existence and the stability of self-similar blow-up profiles that are not constant in space, for the heat equation in the energy supercritical case

碩士
大同大學
機械工程學系(所)
97
Abstract The purpose of this thesis is to develop an automatic guide vehicle (AGV) that based on using different waves distance measurement method. And it can also actively following the user’s movement; whenever the user goes, it will automatically follow the user. The car can also maintain a certain distance to the user during the following activity. In order to achieve the feature of “auto-following”, utilization the different wave movement speed in the air between the “radio” and “ultrasonic” waves are used in this paper. A distance measurement system is developed here. When using the system, a set of projector is set up in the user’s waist, and a set of receivers are set in the car; use the transmitter and the receivers to determine and calculate the relative position and distance between the user and the car. Microchip PIC 18F452 is used as the control core, utilize the ultrasonic receivers set on both right and left sides of the car, determinate the relative positions between the user and the car; furthermore, with additional infrared ray sensors to determinate the distance with the barriers. “Fuzzy thinking” method is then used to control the motor, and achieving the function of automatic following and barriers dodging. This research adapted a self-made distance measurement system, successes developed an automatic guide vehicle that can automatically following the user, and maintain a certain distance; also includes the feature of barriers dodging.

碩士
國立成功大學
水利及海洋工程學系
89
Key features of an interactive window environment auto-processing system for the particle image velocimetry (PIV) were described. The system was based on the cross-correlation method and several algorithms, including window displacement iterative multigrid interrogation method, Gaussian curve-fitting method and multi-cross-correlation correction method. The velocity fields of the particles transition, source motion and rotation by simulation of image processing were calculated to check the accuracy and validity of the PIV auto-processing system. The proposed method was applied to the measurement of the wave motion. Experimental results were compared with existing wave theory to verity the validity of the proposed method. The advantages of the proposed method and the sources of error were discussed. According to the results, the multi-cross-correlation correction method suggested in this paper was able to increase data accuracy and avoid undesired error propagation.

碩士
國立中央大學
電機工程學系
105
With the growing popularity of the newborn hearing screening, R.O.C. Ministry of Health and Welfare subsidize infant hearing screening with Automated Auditory Brainstem Response. The Auditory Brainstem Response typically has seven waves when measured. Wave I、III and V are obvious than all the other waves. Detecting wave V is the common method used to identify hearing loss. Previous studies used Kalman Filter with Exponential Weighted Average in an AABR measurement system, but its detecting method still required manual screenshots. Therefore, the semi-automatic detecting method need to be improved. This study uses the Second Exponential Weighted Average approach to improve the detection of ABR signals under noisy condition. In addition to compare the kalman filter with Exponential Weighted Average, the proposed approach also compares Variance of a Single Point used to calculate in ABR. The compared three methods evaluated in this study are the Fast Fourier Transform method, Image and Pattern Analysis 99 method and the Differential method. The Differential method has been chosen for its fast processing speed and accuracy. In order to assess the feasibility of our approach, 5 male subjects with normal hearing and 1 male subject with hearing loss were participated in the first experiment. Wave V wave latencies were measured between 6 and 7.5ms. Although this method has longer latency (0.5ms), it can eliminate most noises, and the ABR waves are easier to be observed. It can automatically recognize and take screenshots to avoid undesired subjective human judgment. In the second experiment, ABR signals from 2 of previous 5 normal hearing subjects were measured in a hearing exam room without closing the door. With significant background noises in this situation, ABR signals were not measured as the result. Consequently, this study is carried out in hearing exam rooms, to avoid interference of background noises on the measurement of ABR signals. This algorithm and the auto-detection method developed from this study actually improve the previous research's problems about the waveforms which contained too many interference and need to take screenshot manually. Therefore, this study makes our system more complete.

A presente tese de mestrado insere-se no Mestrado em Gestão e apresenta o plano de negócios do projeto “.Wave”. Atualmente a indústria da música é fechada e pouco transparente. Os contratos de royalties são negociados à porta fechada, os pagamentos das plataformas digitais são notoriamente reduzidos e as receitas das músicas demoram meses a chegar ao criador. Este processo ineficiente resulta numa restrição de oportunidades de financiamento e torna-se muito difícil para os artistas manterem controlo dos seus direitos, principalmente numa fase inicial de carreira. Por outro lado, para nós, fãs, porque tem sido tão difícil investir em música? A .Wave é uma fintech de crowdinvesting para royalties de música. Por outras palavras, é um mercado de direitos de royalties que permite que proprietários de direitos de música vendam a sua parte diretamente a investidores e fãs. Desta maneira, a .Wave visa abrir a indústria da música, ao ajudar artistas a serem financiados imediatamente e a manterem 100% dos seus copyrights, enquanto que os fãs de música podem investir nos seus artistas favoritos e ganhar dinheiro sempre que a música for tocada.
This master’s thesis is part of the Master’s in Management and presents the business plan for the “.Wave” project. Currently the music industry is closed and not transparent. The royalty contracts are negotiated behind closed doors, payments from digital platforms are notoriously low and music revenues takes months to arrive to the creator. This inefficient process results in a restriction of funding opportunities and it is very difficult for artists to maintain control of their rights, especially at an early stage of their career. On the other hand, why has it been so difficult to invest in music? .Wave is a crowdinvesting fintech for music royalties. In other words, it is a royalty rights market that allows music rights owners to sell their share directly to investors and fans. In this way, .Wave aims to open the music industry, by helping artists to get funded immediately and keep 100% of their copyrights, while music fans can invest in their favourite artists and ear money each time the music is played.

碩士
國立清華大學
光電工程研究所
97
In this research, we used a “rigorous coupled wave analysis” to characterize the light extraction property of a two-dimension photonic crystal of GaN-based blue LED and optimize the geometric configuration of the photonic crystal via controlling the photonic band gap and the diffraction efficiency. An optimized geometric configuration of the photonic crystal obtained under such calculation is “grating pitch=250nm、optical thickness=(1.3/4*central wavelength)”the extraction efficiency achievable under such condition is 36.05%. This algorithm is more efficient than FDTD or other common by used algorithms. The optimized geometric configuration of the photonic crystal could serve as useful guidelines for fabrication and design.