Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Autofagia'
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Lima, Taiane Berguermaier de. "Autofagia na carcinogênese bucal." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/164889.
Full textAutophagy is a catabolic process to digest the cell components and proteins that are no functional anymore. Autophagy maintains the homeostasis in order to cells survive in stressful conditions. In view of the biological functions of autophagy identified to date, the relationship between cellular autophagy and neoplasia is probably among the most studied, due to the dual role that autophagy exerts on the development of cancer. Cell autophagy can act as a tumor suppressor mechanism, or as a key mechanism for the survival of neoplastic cells. However, it is not known in potentially malignant lesions how the autophagic process is controlled. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess the autophagic process in oral cancer and potentially malignant oral lesions and to correlate with clinical parameters and the evolution of these lesions. For this purpose, the immunohistochemical technique was used to evaluate the percentage of cells positive for the LC3-II marker in the normal mucosa, leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma samples. Seven samples of normal buccal mucosa, 51 leukoplakia and 120 squamous cell carcinomas were evaluated. For the squamous cell carcinomas analysis, a tissue microarray with 2 cylinders of each patient was constructed. We observed increased levels of autophagy in oral squamous cell carcinoma (p <0.001) in relation to the other groups, however no association with the prognosis and survival of these patients was detected. Among the leukoplakias, we observed a higher percentage of positive cells in the intermediate layer of dysplastic leukoplakias (p = 0.0319) and in the basal layer of lesions with worse prognosis (p = 0.0133). We conclude that autophagy levels increase during the process of oral carcinogenesis and are correlated with the worse behavior of leukoplakia
Silva, Filipa Alexandra Almeida. "Autofagia: mecanismos e funções na imunidade." Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/4472.
Full textA autofagia é um processo catabólico, caracterizada pela digestão intracelular de organelos e estruturas da própria célula. Assim, podem ser eliminados organelos que deixaram de ser essenciais à atividade celular. Apesar da autofagia ser usualmente considerada um mecanismo de sobrevivência, nos últimos anos tem sido implicada em numerosos outros aspetos biológicos, tais como, defesa do hospedeiro, imunidade inata e adaptativa, remodelação celular e até mesmo em cenários clínicos, como doenças neurodegenerativas, doenças infecciosas, neoplasias, entre outras. Nesta revisão serão descritos os mecanismos moleculares, regulação e funções imunológicas da autofagia, bem como implicações patológicas da desregulação do mecanismo autofágico. Autophagy is a catabolic process, characterized by the digestion of intracellular organelles and cell structures, resulting in elimination of organelles that are no longer essential for cellular activity. Autophagy is usually regarded as a survival mechanism. Nevertheless, in recent years autophagy has been implicated in several other biological processes, such as host defense, innate and adaptative immunity, cellular remodeling and even in clinical settings, such as neurodegenerative disorders, infectious diseases and neoplasias. In this review, the molecular mechanisms of autophagy, its regulation and immune functions will be described. It will also be adressed how autophagy deregulation may lead to pathology.
Chiela, Eduardo Cremonese Filippi. "Papel da autofagia na senescência celular." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/104795.
Full textAutophagy is the process of degradation of own cellular components and appears to modulate senescence and apoptosis induced by different types of injury, including DNA damage. At a population level, autophagy occurs soon after the damage to the genome, while senescence is chronic response of cells that resist to cell death. To date , no study has demonstrated the role of autophagy in senescence indeed, especially considering an integrated analysis with cell death and the occurrence of these mechanisms at the level of single cells. This thesis consists of two main objectives. Initially, we developed a method to evaluate the shape and size of nuclei of eukaryotic cells in culture, called Morphometric Analysis Nuclear, which was validated for the analysis of apoptosis, senescence and nuclear irregularities. The second objective was to evaluate the role of autophagy in senescence and cell death induced by DNA damage in glioblastoma cells, and the molecular mechanisms behind this relationship. For this, cells stably expressing the autophagy marker GFP- LC3 were treated for 3h with the DNA alkylating agent Temozolomide (TMZ), the drug of choice against glioblastomas, followed by replating in drug-free medium. TMZ induced autophagy and transient activation of AMPK-ULK1 axis and p38 MAPK, accompanied by chronic suppression of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. The treatment with TMZ induced an increase of several markers of cellular senescence at long term, whose kinetics was analyzed and integrated correlative manner. TMZ also increased ROS levels which mediated, at least in part, the induction of senescence and autophagy . Considering the relationship between autophagy and senescence, we observed a strong negative correlation between the mechanisms at the population level. On the other hand, at a single cell level this correlation was not observed. Through the monitoring of single cells we also observed an orchestrated reduction of autophagy, independently of the senescent phenotype acquisition. This reduction occured before, during or after increasing the cell area featuring cellular senescence, showing that the reduction of autophagy is not required for the acquisition of the senescent phenotype. Finally , activation of the autophagy increased pro- senescent effect of TMZ, while autophagy inhibition triggered apoptosis and reduced senescence, suggesting that autophagy protects cells from cell death and allows senescence entry after treatment with TMZ. In this sense, we also discuss here the importance of comprehensive and integrated analysis of changes in mechanisms of proliferation and cell death induced by autophagy inhibition. In conclusion , autophagy and senescence responses appear to be induced by the same signal but with different kinetics after DNA damage, establishing a negative correlation at a population level that is not confirmed at the level of single cells.
Pizarro, Barahona Marcela Beatriz. "Cardiotoxicidad por doxorrubicina : efecto sobre la autofagia basal." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2016. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/142484.
Full textDoxorrubicina es un efectivo agente quimioterápico ampliamente utilizado en el tratamiento de diversos tipos de cáncer. Sin embargo, su cardiotoxicidad es el principal factor limitante y puede presentarse como una cardiomiopatía aguda o crónica. En este último caso, el paciente puede desarrollar cardiomiopatía dilatada e incluso insuficiencia cardíaca. Múltiples mecanismos participan en la cardiotoxicidad inducida por doxorrubicina, entre los que se incluyen formación de especies reactivas del oxígeno (ROS), alteraciones en la estructura sarcomérica, disfunción mitocondrial, sobrecarga de calcio y un conjunto de alteraciones en diferentes procesos intracelulares que conducen a la muerte de cardiomiocitos por apoptosis y/o necrosis. Actualmente se ha propuesto a la autofagia como una forma alternativa de muerte celular. Sin embargo, para considerarla como tal, es necesario analizarla en el contexto en el cual se desarrolla y la magnitud y/o duración del estímulo que la provoca. La autofagia es un proceso fundamental para la célula. La autofagia basal degrada proteínas de vida media larga, organelos envejecidos y material intracelular, permitiendo la reutilización del material citoplasmático. Sin embargo, en condiciones desfavorables, como la privación de nutrientes o carencia de factores de crecimiento, este proceso se activa para proporcionar sustratos para la síntesis de proteínas y ATP para restablecer la homeostasis celular. La autofagia es un proceso dinámico que procede con el secuestro de material citoplasmático dentro de vacuolas de doble membrana llamadas autofagosomas, que al fusionarse con los lisosomas, degradan el material incorporado. Diferentes vías de señalización regulan la autofagia, siendo la vía de la PI3K/AKT/mTOR una de las más importantes para inhibir este proceso. En la literatura no está claro el efecto de la doxorrubicina sobre la autofagia debido principalmente a las diferencias en los modelos de estudio. Dado el papel fundamental de la autofagia basal en la homeostasis celular, es relevante investigar cómo la doxorrubicina altera este proceso y su relación con la muerte del cardiomiocito. Para realizar esta investigación, en cultivos primarios de cardiomiocitos de rata neonata se expusieron a doxorrubicina 1 μM por 24 h o curso temporal, para caracterizar el tipo de muerte celular gatillada por doxorrubicina y posteriormente determinar el efecto sobre la autofagia. Los resultados mostraron que el tratamiento con doxorrubicina 1 μM por 24 horas produjo un aumento de la muerte de los cardiomiocitos por necrosis, lo que se evidenció por incrementos en la liberación de LDH, disminución del contenido de ATP y por un aumento en la marca anexina V-FITC al compararlos con la condición control. Además se observó muerte por apoptosis, con un aumento máximo en los niveles de la proteína caspasa 3 fragmentada a las 6 horas, respecto de su condición control. Para investigar el efecto de doxorrubicina sobre la autofagia se evaluaron los niveles de las proteínas LC3 y p62 por Western blot. Los resultados mostraron menores niveles de ambas proteínas a las 24 horas de exposición con respecto de la situación control. Estos resultados no son concluyentes para establecer que la autofagia está inhibida. Por lo tanto, para aclarar este punto se determinaron los niveles de LC3 y p62 en condición de flujo autofágico, es decir utilizando el inhibidor de la fusión autofagosoma-lisosoma, bafilomicina A durante el mismo período de tiempo de exposición a doxorrubicina. Los resultados mostraron que en la condición doxorrubicina más bafilomicina A, los niveles de las proteínas LC3 y p62 fueron menores que en la situación control más bafilomicina A. De acuerdo a las condiciones en que se mantuvieron los cardiomiocitos, los resultados indican que doxorrubicina inhibió la autofagia basal. Para relacionar el efecto inhibitorio de doxorrubicina sobre la autofagia con la muerte celular, se determinó el porcentaje de muerte por liberación de LDH, inhibiendo la autofagia con bafilomicina A, 3-metiladenina y con un siRNA para beclin 1. Los resultados mostraron que al inhibir la autofagia en presencia de Doxorrubicina aumentó aún más el porcentaje de muerte de los cardiomiocitos. Por el contrario, la utilización del inductor de la autofagia rapamicina disminuyó el porcentaje de muerte. Estos resultados indican que la autofagia es importante para la sobrevida del cardiomiocito y que su inhibición con doxorrubicina favorece la muerte celular. Por último, doxorrubicina aumentó los niveles de la forma fosforilada de AKT y p70S6K y disminuyó los niveles de Beclin, sugiriendo que la doxorrubicina además activa la vía transduccional que regula negativamente a la autofagia. En conclusión, los resultados indican que la doxorrubicina inhibe la autofagia basal y contribuye a la muerte del cardiomiocito. Estos resultados se podrían postular como un nuevo mecanismo que permitiría explicar la cardiotoxicidad de este antineoplásico
Doxorubicin is an effective chemotherapeutic drug widely used in the treatment of several types of cancer. However, its cardiotoxicity represents the mayor limiting factor. Cardiotoxicity may develop as either acute or chronic cardiomyopathy. In the last case, the patient developes dilated cardiomyopathy and eventually heart failure. Multiple mechanisms have been proposed in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, sarcomere structure alterations, mitochondrial dysfunction, calcium overload and a set of other alterations in key intracellular processes. All of them lead to the loss of cardiomyocytes by apoptosis and/or necrosis. Autophagy has been proposed as alternative form of cell death. However, it is important to bear in mind the context in which it takes place and the magnitude and/or exposure time of the stimulus. Autophagy is an essential cell process. Basal autophagy degrades long half-life proteins, aged and dysfunctional organelles and intracellular materials allowing their reutilization. However, under unfavorable conditions such as starvation or lack of growth factors, this process increases its activity by providing substrates for the synthesis of novel proteins and ATP to restore cell homeostasis. Autophagy is a dynamic process involving the engulfment of cytoplasmic materials within double membrane vacuoles called autophagosomes. Then, they fused with lysosomes to degrade the sequestered material. Different signaling pathways regulate autophagy, being the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway one of the most important to inhibit this process. In the literature, it remains unclear the effect of doxorubicin on cardiomyocyte basal autophagy due to the different experimental models and conditions used in those works. Given the key role of basal autophagy on cell homeostasis, it is important to investigate if doxorubicin can alter this process and its relationship with cardiomyocyte death. To this end, cultured rat neonatal cardiomyocytes were exposed to doxorubicin 1 μM per 24 hours to investigate the type of cell death triggered by doxorubicin and subsequently to determine the effect on basal autophagy. The results showed that doxorubicin treatment for 24 h stimulated cardiomyocyte death by necrosis, as evidenced by increased LDH release, a drop in ATP content and by increased annexin V-FITC staining relative to control. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis was also observed, reaching a peak in the levels of cleaved caspase 3 after 6 h treatment with doxorubicin. To study the effect of doxorubicin on autophagy, LC3 and p62 protein levels by assessed by Western blot. The results showed that doxorubicin reduced the levels of both proteins after 24 hours of exposure respect to controls. However, we cannot conclude that autophagy is inhibited. To clarify this point we determined LC3 and p62 protein levels under conditions of autophagy flux, using bafilomycin A. The results showed autophagy flux was also inhibits by doxorubicin. These results suggest that doxorubicin inhibits cardiomyocyte basal autophagy. To investigate the relationship between the inhibitory effect of doxorubicin on autophagy and cardiomyocyte death, the percentage released LDH was evaluated using bafilomycin A, 3-methyladenine or a siRNA for Beclin1. The results showed that the inhibition of autophagy with bafilomycin A, 3-methyladenine or siRNA for beclin 1 in the presence of doxorubicin increased even more the percentage of dead cardiomyocytes. On the other hand, the use of the inductor of autophagy rapamicyn decreased cardiomyocyte death triggered by doxorubicin. These data suggest that basal autophagy is important for cardiomyocyte survival and its inhibition promotes cell death. Finally, we found that doxorubicin stimulated AKT and p70S6K phosphorylation and decreased beclin 1 protein levels, suggesting that doxorubicin also activates this signaling pathway to negatively regulate cardiomyocyte autophagy. In summary, the results showed that doxorubicin inhibits basal autophagy and contributes to cardiomyocyte death and represent a new mechanism to explain doxorubicin cardiotoxicity
Conicyt; Fondap
Rodríguez, Villarroel Andrea Elizabeth. "Estudio de los mecanismos de regulación de la autofagia por BAG3." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2015. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/136770.
Full textAutor no autoriza el acceso a texto completo de su documento
La macroautofagia (autofagia) es una vía de reciclaje caracterizada por la formación de vesículas de doble membrana denominadas autofagosomas que secuestran estructuras citoplasmáticas marcadas para su degradación. La formación del autofagosoma requiere la actividad de proteínas relacionadas con la autofagia (Atg) que median algunas de las cuatro etapas principales de la autofagia: iniciación, nucleación, expansión y cierre. La proteína MAP1LC3B (referida sólo como LC3) es una de las Atg más importantes ya que ayuda a elongar la membrana y reclutar al cargo. Su forma lipidada (LC3-II) se encuentra en ambas superficies del autofagosoma (externa e interna) donde se degrada con su cargo cuando el autofagosoma se fusiona con el lisosoma. La autofagia se regula principalmente por modificaciones post-traduccionales y modificaciones lipídicas de las proteínas Atg. Además, en algunos escenarios, la inducción de la autofagia se acompaña de aumentos en los niveles de mRNA de ciertos genes asociados a la autofagia, como LC3, ATG5 o ATG12. Sin embargo, prácticamente se desconocen los mecanismos que controlan la traducción de las proteínas Atg. Estudios recientes con la cochaperona Bag3 han mostrado controlar la degradación selectiva de proteínas mal plegadas a través de autofagia, incluyendo huntingtina con expansiones de poli-Q y SOD1 mutante. El mecanismo involucra la asociación de Bag3 a dineína y microtúbulos para el transporte de proteínas mal plegadas a los agresomas, facilitando su eliminación por la autofagia. Además del papel en el plegamiento y degradación de proteínas, recientemente se ha descrito que la chaperona Hsp70 regula la traducción de proteínas. Los últimos trabajos muestran que Bag3 es una proteína que induce la lipidación LC3 pero no hay antecedentes sobre el mecanismo utilizado. En esta tesis se estudió cómo Bag3 controla la autofagia en células HeLa. Para este fin Bag3 se silenció con un siRNA ó shRNA, o se expresó con plasmidios. Los niveles de mRNA, proteínas y estado de fosforilación de varias proteínas Atg, particularmente de LC3I y LC3II, mTOR y AMPK. Además, se determinó si Bag3 es necesaria para la inducción de la autofagia en condiciones de estrés como la privación de nutrientes e inhibición del proteasoma. Los resultados mostraron que Bag3 mantiene los niveles basales de la proteína LC3 en células HeLa, controlando la traducción de su mRNA. El efecto de Bag3 es aparentemente específico para LC3 dado que otras proteínas Atg no fueron afectadas. De hecho, la conversión de LC3I a LC3II por inductores autofagia, como la privación de nutrientes y la inhibición del proteosoma, no se observó afectada. Se concluye que Bag3 regula niveles proteicos totales de LC3, manteniendo su traducción
Macroautophagy (autophagy) is a recycling pathway characterized by the formation of double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes, which sequester cytoplasmic structures targeted for destruction. Autophagosome formation requires the activity of autophagy-related proteins (Atg), which are shown to participate in the four major steps: initiation, nucleation, expansion and closure. MAP1LC3B (referred only as LC3) is most important Atg protein, aiding to elongate the membrane and recruit the cargo. The lipidated form of LC3 (LC3-II) lies on both surfaces of autophagosome (external and internal) where it degrades with its cargo when the autophagosome fuses with the lysosome. Autophagy is mainly regulated by post-translational modifications and lipid modifications of Atg proteins. Moreover, in some scenarios, the induction of autophagy is accompanied by an increase in the mRNA levels of certain genes associated to autophagy, such as LC3, ATG5 or ATG12. However, less work has done on the study of mechanisms controlling translation of the Atg proteins. In recent studies, Bag3 has shown to control the selective degradation of misfolded proteins by autophagy, including polyQ-expanded huntingtin and mutant SOD1. The mechanism involves Bag3 association to dynein and microtubules to transport misfolded proteins to the aggresomes and facilitates their clearance by autophagy. Besides the role in folding and degradation of proteins, recently has shown a role of the Hsp70 chaperone in the regulation of the translation of proteins. The last reports show that Bag3 is a protein that induces LC3 lipidation but little is known about the mechanisms used. In the present work, we study how Bag3 controls the autophagy pathway in HeLa cells. Bag3 was knockdown with siRNA or shRNA, or expressed with plasmids. mRNA levels, protein levels and phosphorylation status of several Atg, particularly of LC3I and LC3II, mTOR and AMPK were evaluated. In addition, it was determined whether Bag3 is required for the induction of autophagy in stress conditions such as nutrient deprivation and inhibition of the proteasome. Our results showed that Bag3 maintains the basal protein levels of LC3 in HeLa cells, controlling the translation of its mRNA. This effect was apparently specific for LC3 because the levels of other Atg proteins remained unchanged. The LC3I conversion to LC3II did not alter by autophagy inductors such as nutrient deprivation or proteasome inhibition. We concluded that Bag3 maintains the basal protein levels of LC3, controlling the translation of its mRNA
Conicyt Fondecyt Fondap Proyecto Anillo ACT 1111
Nuñez, Carla Evelyn Coimbra 1979. "Regulação anômala da autofagia em tecido adiposo na obesidade." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/309044.
Full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: A obesidade e caracterizada pelo acumulo excessivo de gordura no organismo, podendo resultar em dano a saúde. Mudança socioeconômica, ocorrida nos últimos cinquenta anos tem contribuído para o aumento da prevalência da obesidade, a qual e hoje considerada um dos principais problemas de saúde publica no mundo. O acumulo progressivo de ácidos graxos no tecido adiposo, e eventualmente, em outros sítios anatômicos não especializados na estocagem de energia sob a forma de gordura como, por exemplo, o fígado e o músculo, e associado à ativação de uma resposta inflamatória subclinica que desempenha papel importante na indução da resistência a insulina. Esta, por sua vez, e considerada o mecanismo fisiopatogênico unificador de uma serie de doenças comumente associadas à obesidade, tais como o diabetes mellitus, a aterosclerose, a esteatohepatite nao-alcoolica, entre outros. A inflamação subclinica desempenha um papel central na indução da resistência a insulina em obesos. Atualmente o estresse de reticulo endoplasmático e a ativação da sinalização do TLR4 vêm sendo identificados como potenciais mecanismos ativadores da inflamação sub-clinica associada à obesidade. No ambiente intracelular a ativação dos sinais inflamatórios disparados por ambos, estresse de reticulo endoplasmático ou TLR4, podem associar-se, modulando ou sendo modulado por outros eventos. Um desses eventos e a autofagia que se caracteriza como um processo celular finamente regulado e desempenha um papel importante no controle de varias funções da célula, tais como, reciclagem de organelas, disponibilidade de nutrientes e diferenciação celular. Um estudo recente demonstrou a existência de aumento na atividade autofágica em tecido adiposo de pessoas obesas e propôs a associação causal entre autofagia e resistência a insulina. A redução da adiposidade e o mecanismo mais eficiente para reduzir à resistência a insulina em pessoas obesas. Entretanto, o impacto da redução de adiposidade sobre a regulação da autofagia no tecido adiposo não e conhecido. Neste estudo, a regulação da autofagia no tecido adiposo durante o emagrecimento foi observada em duas etapas distintas. Inicialmente, um modelo animal de obesidade induzida por dieta, submetido posteriormente, a restrição calórica de 40% durante quinze dias. Animais obesos alimentados ad libitum, apresentaram aumento dos marcadores de autofagia no tecido adiposo, o que foi revertido na restrição calórica. De forma diversa, a restrição ocasionou o aumento da autofagia nos animais magros. A reintrodução de alimentação ad libitum foi suficiente para reduzir a autofagia nos animais magros, mas não nos obesos, cuja supra-regulacao da autofagia foi mais uma vez observada. Na segunda parte do estudo, autofagia foi avaliada em fragmentos de tecido adiposo subcutâneo de pacientes obesos selecionados para cirurgia bariátrica colhidos no ato da cirurgia e apos um ano, aproximadamente. Foram incluídos no estudo nove pacientes obesos não-diabeticos e seis pacientes obesos diabéticos. Assim como no modelo animal, obesidade em humanos foi associada a um aumento dos marcadores de autofagia no tecido adiposo os quais foram reduzidos apos a perda de peso. Assim, na vigência da obesidade ocorre uma regulação anômala da autofagia, estando aumentada durante alimentação ad libitum e reduzindo-se com a restrição alimentar
Abstract: Obesity, defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair life quality, is one of the major public health problems in modern world. It results from an imbalance between food intake and energy expenditure leading to the progressive accumulation of fatty acids in the adipose tissue and in some tissues that are not specialized in energy storage, such as liver and muscle. Insulin resistance is one of the main outcomes of obesity and is regarded as the main mechanism connecting diseases that are commonly associated with obesity, such as, type 2 diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, among others. Subclinical inflammation plays a major role in the induction of insulin resistance in obesity. Recently, endoplasmic reticulum stress and the activation of TLR4 signaling have been identified as potential triggering mechanisms for obesity-associated subclinical inflammation. At the intracellular environment activation of inflammatory signaling triggered by either endoplasmic reticulum stress or TLR4 signaling can integrate and modulate or be modulated by other cellular events. One such event is autophagy which is a highly regulated process that plays an important role in the control of a wide range of cellular functions such as organelle recycling, nutrient availability and tissue differentiation. A recent study has shown an increased autophagic activity in the adipose tissue of obese subjects, and a role for autophagy in obesity associated insulin resistance was proposed. Body mass reduction is the most efficient approach to tackle insulin resistance in over-weight subjects; however, the impact of weight loss in adipose tissue autophagy is unknown. In this study we used a two-step approach to evaluate adipose tissue autophagy during body mass reduction. First, a mouse model of diet-induced obesity and diabetes was submitted to a fifteen-day, 40% caloric restriction. At base-line, markers of autophagy were increased in obese mice as compared to lean controls. Upon caloric restriction, autophagy increased in the lean mice, while decreasing in the obese mice. The reintroduction of ad libitum feeding was sufficient to rapidly reduce autophagy in the lean mice and increase autophagy in the obese mice. In the second part of the study, autophagy was evaluated in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of nine obese-non-diabetic and six obese-diabetic subjects undergoing bariatric surgery for body mass reduction. Specimens were collected during the surgery, and approximately one year later. As in the mouse model, human obesity was associated with increased autophagy and body mass reduction led to an attenuation of autophagy in the adipose tissue. Thus, while caloric restriction leads to increased autophagy in the adipose tissue in lean subjects, in obesity, autophagy is defectively regulated, being increased during ad libitum feeding and reduced upon caloric restriction
Doutorado
Clinica Medica
Doutora em Ciências
Nunes, Priscila Rezeck [UNESP]. "Efeito do estresse oxidativo sobre autofagia em tecido placentário." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/148980.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Introdução: A gestação é uma condição fisiológica que pode apresentar maior suscetibilidade ao desequilíbrio entre fatores pró e antioxidativos, evoluindo assim com dano celular e resposta inflamatória. A autofagia é um processo que elimina organelas e proteínas danificadas do citoplasma, com potente mecanismo anti-inflamatório responsável pela manutenção da homeostase celular. A autofagia pode controlar a inflamação por meio da inibição da ativação do inflamassoma, complexo essencial para a liberação de citocinas pró-inflamatórias. Assim, alterações nesses processos podem relacionar-se com disfunções celulares e doenças sistêmicas. Objetivos: Este projeto teve como objetivo avaliar se a exposição de explantes placentários a diferentes concentrações de peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) é capaz de induzir autofagia e levar a ativação do inflamassoma NLRP3. Métodos: Explantes placentários de gestantes normais obtidos após o parto foram cultivados em diferentes concentrações de H2O2 por 4 e 24 h após a avaliação da viabilidade dos mesmos nesses períodos. As enzimas superóxido dismutase (SOD) e catalase foram avaliadas nos sobrenadantes das culturas após 4 h. As expressões gênicas de marcadores de autofagia (LC3-II, beclin-1 e p62), do inflamassoma (NLRP3 e caspase-1) e das citocinas IL-1β, IL-10 e TNF-α foram avaliadas por RT-qPCR. Os níveis de gonadotrofina coriônica (hCG), proteína de choque térmico 70 (Hsp70) e citocinas IL-1β, IL-10 e TNF-α foram determinados por ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA) após 24 h de cultura. Resultados: Os níveis de LDH foram crescentes conforme o tempo de cultura, sendo que as culturas de 24 h apresentaram-se com viabilidade celular adequada para o estudo. Os níveis proteicos de catalase e Hsp70, bem como a expressão gênica de LC3-II, beclin-1 e p62 apresentaram níveis crescentes e relacionados às maiores concentrações de H2O2. As concentrações proteicas de SOD, hCG e TNF-α foram maiores nas culturas com 100 µM de H2O2. A expressão gênica de TNF-α, IL-1β, NLRP3 e caspase-1 foram elevadas em 1000 µM de H2O2. Além disso, a expressão proteica de IL-1β também foi maior nessa concentração. As concentrações gênicas e proteicas de IL-10 decresceram de acordo com o aumento da concentração de H2O2. Conclusões: Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o H2O2 é capaz de induzir o estado de estresse oxidativo placentário, induzir autofagia, ativar o inflamassoma e assim aumentar a produção de citocinas inflamatórias.
Introduction: Pregnancy is a physiological condition characterized by increased susceptibility to oxidative stress, which can lead to cell damage and inflammatory response. Autophagy is a process that removes damaged organelles and proteins from the cytoplasm. It works as potent anti-inflammatory mechanism, responsible for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Autophagy can control inflammatory responses by regulating the activation of inflammasome, an essential complex for pro-inflammatory cytokine release. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether placental explants exposure to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is able to induce autophagy and inflammasome activation. Methods: Placental explants achieved from normal pregnant women after delivery were cultured in different concentrations of H2O2 for 4 and 24 h after viability evaluation for these periods. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase were evaluated in culture supernatants after 4 h. Gene expressions of autophagy markers (LC3-II, beclin-1 and p62), inflammasome (NLRP3 and caspase-1) and IL-1β, IL-10 and TNF-α were assessed by RT-qPCR. Levels of chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), heat shock protein (Hsp70) and IL-1β, IL-10 and TNF-α were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) after 24 h of culture. Results: LDH levels were increased according to culture time, and the 24 h cultures presented adequate cell viability for the study. The protein levels of catalase and Hsp70, as well as the gene expression of LC3-II, beclin-1 and p62 presented increasing levels and related to the higher concentrations of H2O2. Protein concentrations of SOD, hCG and TNF-α were higher in cultures with 100 μM of H2O2. Gene expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, NLRP3 and caspase-1 were raised in 1000 μM of H2O2. In addition, IL-1β protein expression was also higher at this concentration. Gene and protein concentrations of IL-10 decreased as the H2O2 concentration increased. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that H2O2 is able to induce a state of placental oxidative stress, induce autophagy, activate the inflammasome and then increase the production of inflammatory cytokines.
FAPESP: 2014/25611-5
Nunes, Priscila Rezeck. "Efeito do estresse oxidativo sobre autofagia em tecido placentário." Botucatu, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/148980.
Full textResumo: Introdução: A gestação é uma condição fisiológica que pode apresentar maior suscetibilidade ao desequilíbrio entre fatores pró e antioxidativos, evoluindo assim com dano celular e resposta inflamatória. A autofagia é um processo que elimina organelas e proteínas danificadas do citoplasma, com potente mecanismo anti-inflamatório responsável pela manutenção da homeostase celular. A autofagia pode controlar a inflamação por meio da inibição da ativação do inflamassoma, complexo essencial para a liberação de citocinas pró-inflamatórias. Assim, alterações nesses processos podem relacionar-se com disfunções celulares e doenças sistêmicas. Objetivos: Este projeto teve como objetivo avaliar se a exposição de explantes placentários a diferentes concentrações de peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) é capaz de induzir autofagia e levar a ativação do inflamassoma NLRP3. Métodos: Explantes placentários de gestantes normais obtidos após o parto foram cultivados em diferentes concentrações de H2O2 por 4 e 24 h após a avaliação da viabilidade dos mesmos nesses períodos. As enzimas superóxido dismutase (SOD) e catalase foram avaliadas nos sobrenadantes das culturas após 4 h. As expressões gênicas de marcadores de autofagia (LC3-II, beclin-1 e p62), do inflamassoma (NLRP3 e caspase-1) e das citocinas IL-1β, IL-10 e TNF-α foram avaliadas por RT-qPCR. Os níveis de gonadotrofina coriônica (hCG), proteína de choque térmico 70 (Hsp70) e citocinas IL-1β, IL-10 e TNF-α foram determinados por ensaio imunoenz... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Mestre
Silva, Bruno Jorge de Andrade. "Papel da autofagia na resposta imune ao Mycobacterium leprae." Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 2012. https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/6978.
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Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
A hanseníase é uma doença infecciosa crônica que pode se manifestar em diferentes formas clínicas e há evidências de que o estabelecimento das diferentes formas clínicas seja direcionado por mecanismos inatos da resposta imune. Os macrófagos de pacientes tuberculóides (BT) e lepromatosos (LL) parecem ter um comportamento diferente em relação à bactéria. Enquanto nos pacientes LL são encontrados macrófagos altamente parasitados, em BT poucos ou raros bacilos são encontrados. O IFNγ é capaz de ativar diversos mecanismos microbicidas nos macrófagos, entre eles a autofagia. Estudos de microscopia eletrônica demonstraram a presença de fagossomos com dupla membrana em macrófagos expostos ao M. leprae, o que sugere um possível envolvimento da autofagia na modulação da resposta. No presente estudo foi avaliado o papel da autofagia na resposta imune ao M. leprae através de estudos utilizando a linhagem monocítica THP- 1, monócitos de indivíduos saudáveis e macrófagos de pacientes LL e BT. A análise ultraestrutural de lesões de pele de pacientes LL e BT mostrou haver um número maior de autofagossomos em células de lesão de paciente BT quando comparado aos de LL e tecido normal. A análise por imunoperoxidase ou Western blotting revelou uma maior expressão tecidual do marcador de autofagossomos LC3 nos pacientes BT, quando comparados aos LL. Adicionalmente, foi observado um aumento na expressão de LC3 em macrófagos obtidos ex vivo de paciente BT, na presença ou não de IFNγ. A estimulação com o M. leprae foi capaz de induzir a autofagia nos macrófagos THP-1, mas não de forma dose dependente. O tratamento com IFNγ em células previamente estimuladas com o M. leprae foi capaz de aumentar a expressão de LC3 em relação aos estímulos sozinhos, ou ao controle, em monócitos e macrófagos THP-1. O pré-tratamento com os inibidores autofágicos wortmanina ou 3-metiladenina foi capaz de reduzir a expressão de LC3 induzida por IFNγ. O IFNγ promoveu a co-localização M. leprae-LC3 nos macrófagos, mas não na presença da wortmanina. Em adição, na presença de ambos IFNγ e M. leprae, houve uma maior expressão de Atg3, a enzima responsável pela lipidação de LC3. A indução de autofagia com IFNγ foi capaz de aumentar a secreção das citocinas próinflamatórias IL-6, IL-12p40 e TNF em macrófagos THP-1. O IFNγ, em células previamente estimuladas com o M. leprae, foi capaz de aumentar a secreção de IL-15 em relação aos estímulos sozinhos ou ao controle, mas não a secreção de IL-10. O bloqueio da autofagia com 3-metiladenina levou à redução dos níveis de IL-15 em resposta ao estímulo com IFNγ e M. leprae, mas também não afetou a produção de IL-10. Adicionalmente, o tratamento com IFNγ foi capaz de reduzir o percentual de associação do M. leprae aos macrófagos THP-1. Em conjunto, esses dados indicam que em macrófagos estimulados com M. leprae, a citocina IFN induz a produção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias, entre elas a IL-15, que contribuem para o aumento da atividade microbicida da célula hospedeira através da indução de autofagia. Tais achados podem contribuir para a maior compreensão dos mecanismos associados à imunopatogênese da hanseníase.
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease that can present different clinical forms and there is evidence that the establishment of different clinical forms is driven by host innate mechanisms. Macrophages from tuberculoid (BT) and lepromatous (LL) patients seem to have a different behavior in relation to the bacteria. While in LL patients there are highly infected macrophages, in BT rare or few bacilli are found. IFNγ can activate various microbicidal mechanisms in macrophages, including autophagy. Electron microscopy studies showed the presence of phagosomes with double membrane in macrophages exposed to M. leprae, suggesting a possible involvement of autophagy in the immunomodulatory response. In the present study we evaluated the role of autophagy in the immune response to M. leprae through studies using the THP-1 monocytic cell line and monocytes from healthy subjects and LL and BT macrophages. Ultrastructural analysis of skin lesions of LL and BT patients showed a higher number of autophagosomes in cells from skin lesions of BT patient compared to LL patient or normal tissue. Immunoperoxidase or Western blotting analysis revealed a greater tissue expression of the autophagosome marker LC3 in BT patients when compared with LL. Additionally, there was an increase on LC3-punctae expression in ex vivo macrophages from BT patient, in the presence or absence of IFNγ. M. leprae stimulation induced autophagy in THP-1 macrophages but not in a dose dependent manner. IFNγ treatment in M. leprae-stimulated cells increased LC3-punctae expression compared with stimuli alone or non-stimulated monocytes and THP-1 macrophages. The pre-treatment with autophagic inhibitors wortmannin or 3-methyladenine was able to reduce IFNγ-induced LC3 expression. IFNγ treatment promotes M. leprae-LC3 colocalization in THP-1 macrophages, but did not in the presence of wortmannin. In addition, in the presence of both IFNγ and M. leprae, there was a higher expression of Atg3, the enzyme responsible for LC3 lipidation. Autophagy induction with IFNγ increased the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-12p40 and TNF in THP-1 macrophages. IFNγ treatment in M. lepraestimulated cells was able to increase IL-15 secretion in relation to non-stimulated cells, but not IL-10. Autophagic blockage by 3-methyladenine led to decreased IL-15 levels in response to stimulation with IFNγ and M. leprae, but did not affect the IL-10 production. In addition, IFNγ treatment led to reduction on macrophage-M. leprae association. Together, these data indicate that in M. leprae-stimulated macrophages, IFNγ induces the production of proinflammatory cytokines including IL-15, which contribute to host cell increase in microbicidal activity by autophagy induction. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms associated with leprosy immunopathogenesis.
Souto, Xênia Macedo. "Participação da autofagia na interação Toxoplasma gondii-célula hospedeira." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ, 2013. https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/9096.
Full textFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
Toxoplasma gondii é um protozoário parasito intracelular obrigatório, agente causador da toxoplasmose, uma das zoonoses mais difundidas no mundo, podendo ser transmitido por via transplacentária, fecal-oral ou por carnivorismo. Durante a resposta imune do hospedeiro, ocorre a formação de cistos teciduais, possibilitando assim a manutenção do parasito no interior da célula hospedeira, sem ocorrência da fusão fagolisossomal. A autofagia, processo de degradação de componentes celulares, é crucial para a homeostase celular. Recentemente, vem sendo proposta a participação da via autofágica na interação de diferentes patógenos, como o T. gondii, com suas células hospedeiras. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o papel da via autofágica na interação de T. gondii com macrófagos e células musculares esqueléticas (CME e C2C12), células envolvidas na infecção natural in vivo. A autofagia nas células hospedeiras foi avaliada na presença ou na ausência de indutores autofágicos (rapamicina ou estresse nutricional), durante a infecção pelo T. gondii. Ambos os estímulos foram capazes de inibir a infecção e a proliferação intracelular do parasito nos diferentes tipos celulares Foi observado ainda que a infecção na presença ou na ausência de estímulo induziu a autofagia em macrófagos e CME, indicando que este processo possa regular naturalmente a manutenção intracelular do parasito, auxiliando-o, por exemplo, na captação de nutrientes da célula hospedeira. Adicionalmente, os aspectos morfológicos das culturas de macrófagos e CME infectadas tratadas com rapamicina ou submetidas a estresse nutricional sugerem a eliminação do T. gondii por mecanismos que envolvem tanto a autofagia da célula hospedeira quanto a do parasito. Dessa forma, os resultados do presente trabalho sugerem a indução da autofagia da célula hospedeira como um mecanismo regulador importante durante a infecção, representando, no entanto, a sua exacerbação, uma via de eliminação desse parasito. Além disso, os nossos resultados encorajam a utilização da rapamicina como modelo para o estudo da autofagia in vivo durante a infecção aguda pelo T. gondii
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, one of the most widespread zoonoses in the world and can be transmitted by transplacental, fecal-oral or carnivorism routes. During the host immune response, there is the formation of tissue cysts, thus enabling the maintenance of parasite within the host cell without occurrence of phagolysosomal fusion. Autophagy, the degradation process of cellular components, is critical for cellular homeostasis. Recently, the autophagy has been proposed to participate during the interaction between different pathogens, such as T. gondii, with their host cell. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the role of the autophagic pathway in the interaction of T. gondii with macrophages and skeletal muscle cells (C2C12 and CME), cells involved in natural infection in vivo. Host cells autophagy was assessed in the presence or absence of autophagic inductors (rapamycin or nutritional stress) during the infection with T. gondii. Both stimuli were able to inhibit infection and proliferation of the intracellular parasite in different cell types. It was also observed that the infection in the presence or absence of stimulation induced autophagy in macrophages and CME, indicating that this process may naturally regulate the maintenance of intracellular parasites, assisting him, for example, in the nutrients uptake from the host cell. Additionally, the morphological aspects of cultures of infected macrophages and CME treated with rapamycin or subjected to nutritional stress suggest the elimination of T. gondii by mechanisms involving both, host cell and parasite autophagy. Thus, the present results suggest the induction of host cell autophagy as an important regulatory mechanism during the infection, however its exacerbation can represent one route of parasite elimination. Furthermore, our results encourage the use of rapamycin as a model for in vivo autophagic studies during acute infection of T. gondii.
Portovedo, Mariana 1987. "Modulação da autofagia hipotalâmica em camundongos alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/244469.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas
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Resumo: O hipotálamo mediobasal é conhecido como o local primário que coordena o balanço entre a ingestão alimentar e o gasto energético. Nesse contexto, dietas com alto conteúdo de ácidos graxos saturados são apontadas como fatores dietéticos importantes responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento da obesidade. Dados recentes demonstraram que a autofagia, um processo que regula a homeostase celular por degradar organelas e proteínas disfuncionais, é crucial para a manutenção da funcionalidade de neurônios hipotalâmicos AgRP e POMC, que por sua vez, são responsáveis por coordenar o balanço energético corporal. Nesse trabalho, avaliamos a distribuição e o conteúdo de proteínas da maquinaria da autofagia em um modelo animal de obesidade induzida por dieta hiperlipídica com 8 ou 16 semanas de dieta e também em resposta a injeções intracerebroventriculares de ácido graxo esteárico. Demonstramos que a exposição crônica à dieta hiperlipídica levou ao aumento da expressão de marcadores inflamatórios e diminuição de autofagia. Além disso, o tratamento intracerebroventricular com ácido esteárico parece ser capaz de diminuir a autofagia em hipotálamo, sugerindo que ácidos graxos saturados podem ser os responsáveis pela diminuição da autofagia encontrada nos animais obesos. Por fim, a indução de autofagia em animais obesos com rapamicina foi capaz de melhorar a homeostase da glicose e reverter parâmetros inflamatórios e metabólicos, sem alterar o peso e a ingestão alimentar dos animais. Entender os mecanismos celulares e moleculares destes processos é crucial para identificar novos alvos terapêuticos para a obesidade
Abstract: The mediobasal hypothalamus is known as the primary site which coordinates the balance between food ingestion and energy expenditure. In this context, diets with high content of saturated fatty acids are pointed as the main diet factor responsible for the development of obesity. Recent data have shown that autophagy, a process which regulates cellular homeostasis by degrading dysfunctional proteins and organelles, is crucial to maintain the functionality of hypothalamic AgRP and POMC neurons, which in turn are responsible for coordinate body energy homeostasis. In this study we evaluated the hypothalamic distribution and content of autophagy's machinery proteins in an animal model of diet-induced obesity at 8 or 16 weeks of high-fat diet and in response to intracerebroventricular injections of a saturated fatty acid. We demonstrate that chronic exposure to a high-fat diet can lead to an increased expression of inflammatory markers and downregulation of autophagy. Also, intracerebroventricular treatment with stearic acid appears to contribute to the decrease of hypothalamic autophagy, suggesting that saturated fatty acids can contribute to the downregulation of autophagy found in obese mice. Finally, induction of autophagy in obese mice with rapamycin was able to improved glucose homeostasis and reverse inflammatory and apoptosis markers, the main mechanisms involving dysregulation of energy balance related to hypothalamic neurons, while no weight loss was observed during the treatment
Mestrado
Metabolismo e Biologia Molecular
Mestra em Ciências da Nutrição e do Esporte e Metabolismo
Bordin, Diana Lilian. "Ativação de autofagia com oxaliplatina em células de câncer colorretal." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/96855.
Full textTumor cells are constantly exposed to nutrients and oxygen concentration fluctuations at tumor microenvironment. Through activation of different signaling pathways, tumor cells undergo metabolic reprogramming to tolerate hostile conditions imposed by tumor microenvironment. One of the activated signaling pathways in such conditions is autophagy, which has been considered one of the central mechanisms of cell survival in stress conditions. Furthermore, many anticancer drugs, like alkylanting agents, have been implicated in autophagy induction. Despite autophagy contribution to cell survival, the autophagic pathway activation for prolonged periods may contribute to cell death, which creates extensively debates about the role of autophagy in cancer. In the present work we intended to evaluate the role of autophagy induced in colorectal cancer cells HCT116 grown continuously in low glucose concentration and treated with the alkylating agent oxaliplatin. Our results showed that autophagy induced in HCT116 cells in these conditions plays a cytoprotective role, contributing to oxaliplatin resistance. The activation of autophagy by oxaliplatin in low glucose concentration was able to maintain the intracellular levels of ATP and to reduce apoptotic cell death. The combined use of pharmacologic inhibitors or an activator of autohophagy with oxaliplatin was capable to sensitize HCT116 cells treated in low glucose concentration, increasing apoptotic cell death. Moreover, autophagy induction by oxaliplatin was mediated by the activation of AMPK and inhibition of mTOR. Our data demonstrate that autophagy activation in colorectal cancer cells HCT116 exposed to low glucose concentration contributes to the tolerance of oxaliplatin. These data also suggest that the manipulation of autophagic pathway, through its inhibition or hyperstimulation, may provide an effective manner of limiting tumor progression and increase chemotherapy effectiveness.
Thomé, Marcos Paulo. "Análise de autofagia pela razão de fluorescências do marcador laranja de acridina uma ferramenta in silico para análise da evolução tumoral." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/131962.
Full textAutophagy is a dynamic process of degradation of cellular components that is involved in developmental processes and various diseases. Therefore, a better understanding of autophagy is needed to allow its manipulation for therapeutic purposes. Several methods have been developed and extensively employed in determining various aspects of the autophagic process, but the lack of rapid and quantitative autophagy assays has impaired the development of autophagy-targeting therapies. Acridine orange (AO) is a cell permeable metachromatic fluorophore that fluoresces red in Acidic Vesicular Organelles (AVOs) and green in the remaining of the cell. Therefore, AO staining is a fast and cheap method to assess AVO mass in a cell, which increases upon autophagy induction. Since the specificity of AO staining for measuring autophagy has been questioned, we developed a ratiometric analysis of autophagy, considering the red-to-green fluorescence ratio to quantify data obtained from AO flow cytometry. This method measured with accuracy the increase in autophagy induced by rapamycin, which was blocked by the lysosome acidification inhibitor bafilomycin A1 as well as stable knockdown of genes that regulate different steps in the autophagy pathway. In comparison to the most-commonly used threshold, that considers only the absolute red fluorescence, the results obtained with our proposed threshold setting had higher correlation with well-established specific methods for autophagy quantification, such as LC3-I to LC3-II conversion, SQSTM1 degradation and GFP-LC3 puncta formation assay. This new way of AO data analysis will allow this simple assay to be used as an initial and objective method for evaluating the late step of the autophagic process in individual cells, complementing other methods.
Barbosa, Ligia Araujo [UNESP]. "Modulação da proliferação, apoptose e autofagia de linfocitos T por RAGE." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/110823.
Full textmoleculares (PRR) reconhecido principalmente por seu envolvimento na patogênese de complicações secundárias do Diabetes Mellitus. Sua ativação está relacionada à modulação da resposta imune-inflamatória, promovendo ativação, migração e maturação de leucócitos; e induzindo a liberação de citocinas inflamatórias. A sinalização via RAGE também está relacionada à regulação dos processos de sobrevivência, apoptose e autofagia celular. Pouco se sabe sobre o papel de RAGE na regulação desses processos em células da resposta imune adaptativa e, especificamente, em linfócitos T. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar a influência da ativação de RAGE na biologia de células T. Para isso, observamos seus efeitos na modulação da proliferação, apoptose e autofagia, e a contribuição da ativação de NF-κB na indução desses processos. Células de linhagem de linfócitos T (JM/Jurkat) foram estimuladas com os ligantes de RAGE BSA-AGE (100 e 200 μg/mL) e S100b (10 μg/mL). A estimulação também foi realizada mediante a pré-ativação do receptor de células T (TCR). Experimentos de ganho de função foram realizados por meio da transfecção transitória das células com um vetor plasmidial de RAGE. A proliferação celular foi determinada por ensaio de exclusão com azul de Trypan. A apoptose foi avaliada através da detecção da fragmentação do DNA pelo método TUNEL e da expressão de p53, Bax e Bcl-2 por Western blot. Ainda por Western blot, observamos a expressão de proteínas características do processo de autofagia, p62 e LC3; e de p50, subunidade do fator de transcrição NF-κB. O estímulo com BSA-AGE e S100b não alterou a proliferação e a viabilidade, mas, em células transfectadas, esse estímulo tendeu a aumentar a proliferação e a viabilidade, sobretudo após a pré-ativação das células. O BSA-AGE e o S100b produziram efeitos distintos sobre a apoptose a depender da pré-ativação e do período...
RAGE (Receptor for advanced glycation endproducts) is a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) that is especially recognized for its involvement in the pathogenesis of secondary complications of Diabetes Mellitus. Its activation is related to the modulation of immune-inflammatory responses, by promoting activation, maturation and migration of leukocytes, as well as the induction of inflammatory cytokines. RAGE signaling is also related to the regulation of cellular processes like survival, apoptosis and autophagy. Little is known about the role of RAGE in the regulation of these processes in cells of the adaptive immune response, specifically in T lymphocytes. Our main purpose was to evaluate the influence of RAGE activation in T cell biology. We observed the role of this receptor in the modulation of proliferation, apoptosis and autophagy, and the contribution of NF-kB in the induction of these processes. A human cell line of T lymphocytes (JM/ Jurkat) were stimulated with the RAGE ligands: BSA-AGE (100 and 200 μg/mL) and S100B (10 μg/mL). The stimulation was also performed after pre-activation of the T cell receptor (TCR). Gain of function experiments were performed by transient transfection of cells with a plasmid vector to increase RAGE expression. Cell proliferation was determined by Trypan blue dye exclusion assay. Apoptosis was assessed by the detection of DNA fragmentation by the TUNEL method, and p53, Bax and Bcl-2 expression by Western blotting. Also by Western blotting, we observed the effect of RAGE on the expression of autophagy-related proteins, p62 and LC3, and on the expression of p50, subunit of the transcription factor, NF-κB. The stimulation with BSA- AGE and S100b did not alter the proliferation and viability, but, in transfected cells, this stimulation tended to increase proliferation and viability, especially after the cell pre-activation. BSA-AGE and S100b had distinct effects on apoptosis depending on the...
Sunahara, Karen Krist Sary. "Influência da insulina sobre a autofagia em modelo experimental de diabetes." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5160/tde-24102014-120112/.
Full textDiabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by hyperglycemia associated to a lack or ineffectiveness of insulin. DM is marked by changes in several cellular processes that need to be better understood. Autophagy pathway in macrophages from different tissues was studied with the purpose to verify whether treatment with insulin is capable of modulating this process. Bone marrow derived macrophages (BMM), bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and splenic tissue macrophages from Wistar rats, diabetic (alloxan, 42 mg/kg, iv, 10 days) and diabetic rats treated with insulin were studied. To characterize the model and evaluate the effect of insulin upon the autophagic process, the following analyzes were performed: (a) glucose levels, number of leukocytes in peripheral blood, BAL cell number; (b) concentrations of cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alfa, IL-6, IL-4, IL-10, cytokineinduced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC)-1 and CINC-2 in the supernatant of BAL fluid by ELISA; (c) characterization of BAL alveolar macrophage (AM) surface antigens (MHCII, pan macrophage marker KiM2R, CD11b) and autophagic markers (microtubule-associated protein light chain (LC)3, gene/protein associated to autophagy (ATG) by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy (d) study of macrophages diferenciated from bone marrow by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy; (e) the architecture of spleen and macrophages from red pulp by immunohistochemical techniques associated to confocal microscopy. Evaluating these results together, the autophagic pathway appears to be innovative for therapeutic target. In this study, it was observed that insulin exerted diverse effects on macrophages from different tissues: increased expression of LC3 in AM recovered from BAL and was unable to change the autophagic activity of macrophages from the red pulp of the spleen in diabetic rats. BMM from diabetic rats behaved in an antagonistic way compared to control animals: BMM M1 type decreased their autophagy content while M2 macrophages increased autophagic levels and insulin treatment did not alter the level of LC3 expression. In conclusion, treatment with a single dose of insulin was able to induce autophagy in alveolar macrophages, but insufficient for recovering baseline levels of autophagy in bone marrow derived macrophages and macrophages from the red pulp of the spleen
Verzeletti, Andrelise. "Evolução aromática e autofagia/autólise durante a segunda fermentação de espumantes." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2014. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/900.
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The Serra Gaucha region shows an excellent oenological aptitude for the production of high quality wines and sparkling wines. Sparkling wines process involves a second fermentation with gas and ethanol production, and several biological and chemical transformations that influence the organoleptic properties of the final product. After the second fermentation sparkling wines mature in contact with the lees (sur lie) for long periods during which yeasts autophagy/autolysis occurs. In this work we evaluate the physic-chemical characteristics and volatile compounds during the second fermentation and maturation of sparkling wines, as well as the dynamics of yeast population and the expression of autophagic/autolytic related genes. For this purpose second fermentations were conducted by the traditional method using a base wine elaborated with Pinot Noir, Chardonnay and Riesling Italic and the S. cerevisiae EC1118 commercial strain. Samples were collected at 0, 7, 15, 30, 60, 90, 135, 180, 270 and 360 days of fermentation, and evaluated with respect to the basic physic-chemical characteristics, volatile compounds (27 compounds), yeast population, and the concentration of phenolic compounds and protein/peptides. The expression of autophagy/autolysis related genes during the second fermentation and the beginning of maturation was determined by qRT-PCR. The results showed that the second fermentation involved an initial adaptation period of 7 days followed by an important increment in the alcoholic concentration during 30 days. During the fermentation and maturation it was observed a reduction in total acidity and a small increase of volatile acidity that led to a pH increase in the final product. A significant variation in several volatile compounds was detected during second fermentation and maturation of sparkling wines, with a reduction in esters after 90 days. Multivariate analysis showed that sparkling wines suffer important modifications during second fermentation. After 270 days of maturation sparkling wines exhibited a reduction in the concentration of 1-propanol, 2-methyl-1-buthanol, 3- methyl-1-buthanol, ethyl octanoate, decanoic acid, and dodecanoic acid, and an increase in the concentration of diethyl succinate, ethyl dodecanoate and phenylethanol. Increase in the concentration of phenolic compounds during maturation, can affect wine color. Yeast population (UFC/mL) exhibited an important increase during the fermentation period followed by a drastic reduction (~80%) in the next 30 days. However, the total number of cells remained constant between 30 and 90 days, a rapidly decrease after this period indicating yeast autolysis. The reduction of yeast cells was accompanied by an increase in the concentration of proteins/peptides in wine, which stabilized at 270 days. The evaluation of expression of a group of genes related with the autophagic process indicated that both micro and macroautophagy are induced during the second fermentation with an increase of macroautophagy at the end of the fermentation period, accompanying the decrease in yeast viability.
Barbosa, Ligia Araujo. "Modulação da proliferação, apoptose e autofagia de linfocitos T por RAGE /." Araraquara, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/110823.
Full textBanca: Guiseppe Alexandre Romito
Banca: Daniela Leal Zandim-Barcelos
Resumo: moleculares (PRR) reconhecido principalmente por seu envolvimento na patogênese de complicações secundárias do Diabetes Mellitus. Sua ativação está relacionada à modulação da resposta imune-inflamatória, promovendo ativação, migração e maturação de leucócitos; e induzindo a liberação de citocinas inflamatórias. A sinalização via RAGE também está relacionada à regulação dos processos de sobrevivência, apoptose e autofagia celular. Pouco se sabe sobre o papel de RAGE na regulação desses processos em células da resposta imune adaptativa e, especificamente, em linfócitos T. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar a influência da ativação de RAGE na biologia de células T. Para isso, observamos seus efeitos na modulação da proliferação, apoptose e autofagia, e a contribuição da ativação de NF-κB na indução desses processos. Células de linhagem de linfócitos T (JM/Jurkat) foram estimuladas com os ligantes de RAGE BSA-AGE (100 e 200 μg/mL) e S100b (10 μg/mL). A estimulação também foi realizada mediante a pré-ativação do receptor de células T (TCR). Experimentos de ganho de função foram realizados por meio da transfecção transitória das células com um vetor plasmidial de RAGE. A proliferação celular foi determinada por ensaio de exclusão com azul de Trypan. A apoptose foi avaliada através da detecção da fragmentação do DNA pelo método TUNEL e da expressão de p53, Bax e Bcl-2 por Western blot. Ainda por Western blot, observamos a expressão de proteínas características do processo de autofagia, p62 e LC3; e de p50, subunidade do fator de transcrição NF-κB. O estímulo com BSA-AGE e S100b não alterou a proliferação e a viabilidade, mas, em células transfectadas, esse estímulo tendeu a aumentar a proliferação e a viabilidade, sobretudo após a pré-ativação das células. O BSA-AGE e o S100b produziram efeitos distintos sobre a apoptose a depender da pré-ativação e do período...
Abstract: RAGE (Receptor for advanced glycation endproducts) is a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) that is especially recognized for its involvement in the pathogenesis of secondary complications of Diabetes Mellitus. Its activation is related to the modulation of immune-inflammatory responses, by promoting activation, maturation and migration of leukocytes, as well as the induction of inflammatory cytokines. RAGE signaling is also related to the regulation of cellular processes like survival, apoptosis and autophagy. Little is known about the role of RAGE in the regulation of these processes in cells of the adaptive immune response, specifically in T lymphocytes. Our main purpose was to evaluate the influence of RAGE activation in T cell biology. We observed the role of this receptor in the modulation of proliferation, apoptosis and autophagy, and the contribution of NF-kB in the induction of these processes. A human cell line of T lymphocytes (JM/ Jurkat) were stimulated with the RAGE ligands: BSA-AGE (100 and 200 μg/mL) and S100B (10 μg/mL). The stimulation was also performed after pre-activation of the T cell receptor (TCR). Gain of function experiments were performed by transient transfection of cells with a plasmid vector to increase RAGE expression. Cell proliferation was determined by Trypan blue dye exclusion assay. Apoptosis was assessed by the detection of DNA fragmentation by the TUNEL method, and p53, Bax and Bcl-2 expression by Western blotting. Also by Western blotting, we observed the effect of RAGE on the expression of autophagy-related proteins, p62 and LC3, and on the expression of p50, subunit of the transcription factor, NF-κB. The stimulation with BSA- AGE and S100b did not alter the proliferation and viability, but, in transfected cells, this stimulation tended to increase proliferation and viability, especially after the cell pre-activation. BSA-AGE and S100b had distinct effects on apoptosis depending on the...
Mestre
Criollo, Céspedes Alfredo. "Regulación de la autofagia por el receptor del inositol trisfosfato (IP3R)." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2009. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/105178.
Full textLa macroautofagia, comúnmente referida como “autofagia” es la principal vía de degradación de proteínas, organelos y material citoplasmático, permitiendo de este modo el reciclaje del material intracelular. Este proceso consiste en el englobamiento de fracciones citosólicas por una estructura multimembranar llamada “autofagosoma”, el cual posteriormente se fusiona con el lisosoma para formar el “autofagolisosoma”. Luego el material comprendido en el autofagolisosoma es degradado por enzimas hidrolíticas. Un estudio mostró que la inhibición de la enzima inositolmonofosfatasa (IMPasa) usando litio y L690.330, inducía una disminución de los niveles basales del IP3 y en consecuencia la generación de autofagia. Nuestros resultados confirmaron estos datos previos, demostrando que el pre tratamiento con mio-inositol revierte la autofagia inducida por litio y L-690.330. Además se demuestra que el pre tratamiento con mio-inositol también revertía la autofagia inducida por privación de nutrientes. IP3 es ligando de su receptor de IP3 (IP3R), el cual es el principal canal de Ca2+ a nivel del retículo endoplásmico. El principal objetivo de esta tesis es evaluar el rol del IP3R en la regulación de la autofagia. Los resultados mostraron que la disminución de los niveles proteicos del IP3R usando siRNA específicos, así como el tratamiento con antagonistas químicos del IP3R, tales como xestosponginas B y C, estimulaban significativamente el aumento en los niveles de autofagia. Además, xestospongina B, así como también la privación de nutrientes, indujo una pérdida en la interacción entre Bcl-2 y Beclin-1, los cuales interactúan en condiciones basales. El tratamiento con xestospongina B no perturbó los niveles de Ca2+, tanto en retículo endoplásmico como en el citosol, concluyendo que la autofagia inducida por xestospongina B es independiente de una fluctuación del Ca2+. Los experimentos de inmunoprecipitación mostraron que Beclin-1 (regulador clave en la inducción de la autofagia) interactúa tanto con IP3R así como con Bcl-2 en condiciones basales, y la interacción de este complejo es atenuado bajo condiciones de privación de nutrientes o por tratamiento con ABT737, el cual es un mimetizador de dominios BH3. Este resultado sugiere la presencia de un complejo proteico en la regulación de la autofagia. El papel del retículo endoplásmico en el desarrollo de la autofagia toma gran significancia debido al reclutamiento de proteínas clave (IP3R, Beclin-1 and Bcl-2). La relación entre autofagia y estrés de retículo no es clara y por lo tanto se evaluó el efecto de agentes inductores de estrés de retículo en la inducción de la autofagia. Los resultados mostraron que tunicamicina, tapsigargina y brefeldina-A (agentes inductores de estrés de retículo) activaron el UPR (respuesta a proteínas mal plegadas) e indujeron autofagia. La disminución de los niveles de proteínas claves en el desarrollo de la autofagia (Atg5, Atg10, Atg12, Vps34 y Beclin-1) usando específicos RNAs interferentes atenuaron la autofagia inducida por agentes inductores de estrés de retículo y xestospongina B. Además, la sobreexpresión de Bcl-2 y Bcl-XL con destinación a retículo endoplásmico atenuó la autofagia inducida por xestospongina B e inhibidores de la IMPasa. Esta tesis muestra novedosos resultados, los cuales dan cuenta de un complejo proteico IP3R/Beclin-1/Bcl-2 en la regulación de la autofagia.
Macroautophagy (herein referred to as “autophagy”) is the major catabolic pathway for entire organelles, long-lived/ aberrant proteins and superfluous portions of the cytosol. It consists of the stepwise engulfment of substrate elements into distinctive multimembraned “autophagosomes”, which after fusion with lysosomes form singlemembraned autophagolysosomes. Into the autophagolysosome, the engulfed material is degradated by lisosomal hidrolytic enzymes, leading the recyclage of intracellular material. A study has suggested that myo-inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) could regulate autophagy because inhibition of inositol monophosphatase (IMPasa) by lithium or L-690.330 stimulates autophagy through the depletion of IP3. Our results have confirmed that the reduction of intracellular IP3 levels by IMPasa inhibitors (lithium and L.690.330) stimulates autophagy, whereas the enhancement of IP3 levels by pre treatment whit mio-inositol inhibits the lithium and L.690.330 effect. Moreover we have demostred that autophagy induced by nutrient privation was also inhibited by treatment with mio-inositol, but the effect of nutrient privation in the intracellular IP3 basal levels was not evaluated. IP3 acts on the IP3 receptor (IP3R), an IP3‑activated Ca2+ channel of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and consequently we wanted to evaluate de roll of IP3R in the regulation of autophagy. The results obtained in this thesis show that knockdown of the IP3 receptor (IP3R) with specifics small interfering RNAs and pharmacological IP3R antagonist (xestospongin B and C) are a strong stimulus for the induction of autophagy, in addition, xestospongin B (like nutrient starvation) induced loss in the interaction between Beclin-1 and Bcl-2. Moreover, the autophagy promoted by xestospongin B not produced alterations in the steady-state Ca2+ levels in the ER or in the cytosol, therefore the autophagy induced by xestospongin B was Ca2+-independent. Immunoprecipitation assays shown that Beclin- 1 (key protein in the regulation of autophagy) interacts with IP3R and Bcl-2 in basal conditions, and this interaction may be attenuated both by nutrient starvation or ABT737 treatment, which is a mimetic compound of BH3. These results suggest the presence of a protein complex in the regulation of autophagy. The treatment whit ER stressors such as tunicamycin, thapsigargin and brepheldine A induced Unfolded Protein Responses (UPR) and autophagy. The autophagy induced by these agents showed to be IRE1α dependent, but the inhibition of autophagy showed an increase in the cell death, indicating a pro survival function of the autophagy upon endoplasmic reticumum stress conditions. The autophagy induced by treatment with xestospongin B and ER stressors was inhibited by knockdown of Atg5, Atg10, Atg12, Vps34 and Beclin-1, which are keys proteins in the autophagic process. We have also evaluated the roll of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL in the inhibition of autophgy, and the results showed that Autophagy triggered by IMPasa inhibitors and xestospongin B was inhibited by Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL over expression specifically targeted to ER but not Bcl-2 or Bcl-XL proteins targeted to mitocondria. Altogether, these results suggest that IP3R form a regulator complex with Bcl-2 and Beclin-1, which exerts a major role in the physiological control of autophagy
Gatica, Mizala Damián. "Papel de Herp en la degradación de beclin-1 mediante el sistema ubiquitina-proteosoma." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2012. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/113494.
Full textMemoria de título de bioquímico
La autofagia es un proceso fisiológico clave para la sobrevida celular frente a diferentes tipos de estrés. Este proceso degradativo consiste en el reclutamiento de proteínas, lípidos y organelos completos en vesículas de doble membrana para la posterior degradación lisosomal de su contenido. Una de las proteínas más importante en la regulación de la autofagia es Beclin-1/ATG6. En condiciones basales, Beclin-1 se encuentra unido a Bcl-2/Bcl-XL. La disociación de estas proteínas es indispensable para la activación de la autofagia. Tanto Beclin-1 como Bcl-2 son reguladas por modificaciones post-traduccionales que permiten su disociación. Dentro de estas modificaciones la poli-ubiquitinación en Lys63 de Beclin-1 promueve su disociación de Bcl-2 y la activación de la autofagia. Por otra parte, tanto la generación de estrés de retículo endoplasmático (RE) como la acumulación de agregados proteicos inducen autofagia. La respuesta a proteínas mal plegadas (UPR) restablece el normal funcionamiento del RE mediante distintas vías de señalización como la vía de degradación de proteínas del RE (ERAD), la cual elimina las proteínas mal plegadas dentro del RE al ser retrotranslocarlas hacia el citoplasma y poli-ubiquitinarlas para su degradación proteosomal. La acción del ERAD ocurre a través de un complejo formado por diferentes proteínas, entre ellas Herp y la ubiquitina ligasa Hrd-1/Synoviolina. El sistema ubiquitina-proteosoma modifica post-traduccionalmente proteínas, uniéndolas covalentemente a una pequeña proteína denominada ubiquitina. La unión de varias subunidades de ubiquitina unidas por su Lys48 es conocida como poli-ubiquitinación en Lys48 y está generalmente asociada a la degradación proteosomal de la proteína marcada. Por otra parte, otros tipos de cadenas de poli-ubiquitina unidas por su Lys63 tendrían funciones de señalización. Herp es una proteína integral de membrana asociada al RE, la cual aumenta significativamente sus niveles en respuesta al estrés del RE y activarse la vía UPR. Herp posee un dominio análogo a ubiquitina (ULD), el cual lo vincularía al ERAD. El dominio ULD de Herp regula positivamente la poli-ubiquitinación dependiente de Hrd-1 y de esta manera aumenta la degradación de sustratos específicos de esta enzima. Estudios recientes en nuestro laboratorio mostraron que Herp actúa como un regulador negativo de la autofagia y que los niveles de Beclin-1 aumentan significativamente en su ausencia. El objetivo de esta tesis fue establecer el mecanismo a través del cual Herp regula negativamente la autofagia. Con este fin se prepararon células HeLa “knock-down” (KD) para Herp mediante la expresión de un shRNA específico. También se utilizaron siRNA específicos para Herp con el fin de reducir los niveles de esta proteína en células HeLa “wild-type”. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que Herp regula positivamente la poli-ubiquitinación en Lys48 de Beclin-1. Ni la privación de glucosa ni la disminución de Hrd-1 mediante un siRNA específico produjeron diferencias en la poli-ubiquitinación de Beclin-1. La inhibición del proteosoma con MG132 indujo un aumento en la cantidad de Beclin-1 en células controles, mientras que las células Herp KD no presentaron diferencias con respecto al control, sugiriendo que la poli-ubiquitinación por Lys48 de Beclin-1 conduce a su degradación proteosomal. Sin embargo al activar la autofagia por privación de glucosa las células tratadas con el siRNA de Herp o siRNA de Herp y Hrd-1 en conjunto mostraron una tendencia al aumento en la autofagia, mientras que las células transfectadas con el siRNA de Hrd-1 mostraron una disminución de la activación de la autofagia. En conclusión los resultados solo comprueban parcialmente la hipótesis propuesta. Si bien se observó que Herp regula negativamente la autofagia mediante la poli-ubiquitinación en Lys48 de Beclin-1 y su consiguiente degradación proteosomal, la ubiquitin ligasa Hrd-1 no sería la encargada de la poli-ubiquitinación en Lys48 dependiente de Herp.
Autophagy is a key physiological process for cell survival under different types of stress. This process consists in the recruitment of various cytoplasmatic components such as proteins, lipids and organelles into double-membrane vesicles which fuse with lysosomes enabling the degradation of its content. One of the most important regulatory proteins in autophagy is Beclin-1/ATG6. In basal conditions, Beclin-1 interacts with its repressor protein Bcl-2/Bcl-XL. The dissociation of these two proteins is indispensable for autophagy initiation and development. Both Beclin-1 and Bcl-2 are subjected to different post-translational modifications, which regulate their dissociation. Among these modifications, the Lys63 poly-ubiquitination of Beclin-1 promotes dissociation from Bcl-2 and autophagy activation. The generation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the subsequent accumulation of misfolded proteins is a well known autophagy activating signal. In order to maintain homeostasis to the ER during stress, the unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated. The UPR accomplishes this task by a series of signaling pathways such as ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD), which degrades misfolded proteins inside the ER by retro-translocation of them to the cytoplasm and poly-ubiquitination for proteosomal degradation. ERAD is controlled by a series of proteins in the ER such as Herp and the ubiquitin-ligase Hrd-1/Synoviolin. The ubiquitin-proteasome system modifies proteins by the attachment of the small protein ubiquitin. Attaching several subunits of ubiquitin to each other by their Lys48 is called Lys48 poly-ubiquitination and is normally recognized as a signal for proteasome degradation. In the other hand, Lys63 poly-ubiquitination of proteins is related to other signaling process. Herp is an integral ER protein, whose levels are significantly increased during ER stress and UPR activation. Herp contains an ubiquitin-like domain (ULD) which has been associated with ERAD. Herp ULD domain controls Hrd-1 dependant poly-ubiquitination, increasing the poly-ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of specific substrates of Hrd-1. Our recent studies have shown that Herp is a novel negative regulator of autophagy and Beclin-1 levels are up-regulated in the absence of Herp. The aim of the present work was to establish how Herp negatively regulates autophagy. To this end, Herp knock-down (KD) HeLa cells were prepared by expressing a specific shRNA. Specific siRNA were also used to silence Herp expression in HeLa wild-type cells. Our results show Herp positively regulates Beclin-1 Lys48 poly-ubiquitination. Both glucose deprivation and Hrd-1 siRNA treatment did not have any effect in Beclin-1 poly-ubiquitination. Proteasome inhibition with MG132 induces Beclin-1 levels in control cells, while Herp KD cells do not show any differences. These data suggest that Beclin-1 lysine-48 poly-ubiquitination leads to its proteasome degradation. Glucose deprivation showed an increase in autophagy activation cells treated with a Herp siRNA or Hrd-1 and Herp siRNA treated cells. However, Hrd-1 siRNA treatment alone showed impaired autophagy activation. In conclusion, our results only prove the hypothesis partially. The results suggest Herp negatively regulates autophagy through Beclin-1 Lys48 poly-ubiquitination and consequent proteasomal degradation, but the ubiquitin ligase Hrd-1 would not be responsible Herp mediated Beclin-1 Lys48 poly-ubiquitination.
Fondap
Torrealba, Cárdenas Natalia Belén. "Mecanismos de degradación del receptor de ryanodina tipo 2 : participación de la autofagia mediada por cheperonas." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2011. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/112093.
Full textEl receptor de ryanodina tipo 2 (RyR2) desempeña un papel crucial en el corazón ya que permite la salida de calcio desde el retículo sarcoplasmático para activar la contracción, por tanto la regulación de sus niveles es vital para el buen funcionamiento del cardiomiocito. El RyR2 cardiaco se degrada en patologías como la isquemia/reperfusión (I/R), por tanto el balance entre los diferentes sistemas de degradación de proteínas puede ser trascendental en su homeostasis. Para determinar si el lisosoma, a través de la autofagia mediada por chaperonas (AMC) participa en la degradación del RyR2 se utilizaron cultivos primarios de cardiomiocitos de ratas estimuladas con geldanamicina (GA). Esta droga es un clásico inductor de esta vía degradativa. En presencia de GA, el contenido del RyR2 disminuye 50% respecto al control. La prevención del aumento de especies reactivas del oxígeno (EROs) generadas por GA evitó la degradación del RyR2. Sin embargo, esta inhibición de EROs no impidió la activación de la AMC observados previamente en presencia de GA. Por otra parte, la presencia de GA aumentó la aparición de fragmentos del RyR2 en el citosol, lo cual no se observó al inhibir la generación de EROs. A diferencia de lo observado en el modelo de I/R, las calpaínas no estarían implicadas en la proteólisis del RyR2, dado que no se observó aumento en su activación en presencia de GA. Sin embargo, se determinó la participación de las presenilinas en la proteólisis del RyR2 durante el estímulo con GA. El conjunto de estos datos sugieren que el aumento de las EROs podrían mediar la oxidación de RyR2. Las presenilinas podrían estar implicadas en la proteólisis intramembrana que permitiría la salida de los fragmentos de RyR2 al citosol para su posterior degradación a través de la autofagia mediada por chaperonas.
Ryanodine receptor type 2 (RyR2) has a key role in the heart, releasing calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to activate myocardial contraction. Therefore, RyR2 level and activity are required for the proper cardiomyocyte function and an adequate balance between its synthesis and degradation is important in calcium homeostasis. Our aim was to determine the involvement of chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) on RyR2 degradation. To test this, primary cultured cardiomyocytes were exposed to geldanamycin (GA) to induce CMA. Our results show that GA decreased in 50% RyR2 level as compared to control. The antioxidant n-acetyl cisteine also prevented RyR2 degradation but no increase in LAMP-2A levels were observed. ROS inhibition also induced a decrease in cytosolic fragments of RyR2. No increase in calpain activity was detected using α-spectrin as specific substrate. However, the role of presenilin on RyR2 degradation was evidenced using the specific inhibitor compound E. Taken together, these data suggest that ROS increase could mediate RyR2 oxidation and presenilins could be implicated in RyR2 intramembrane proteolysis which allowed the release of RyR2 fragments to the cytosol and to induce its degradation through CMA.
FONDAP; FONDECYT
Schmitz, Ariana Ern. "Estudo dos efeitos do consumo de frutose e de seu metabólito metilglioxal em modelos neuronais." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2017. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/178966.
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A frutose é um monossacarídeo presente naturalmente em alimentos como frutas, cana-de-açúcar, beterraba, mel, entre outros. Por ter sabor mais doce que a glicose e a sacarose, a indústria alimentícia utiliza a frutose como um de seus principais adoçantes, fazendo com que o consumo de frutose tenha aumentado de forma alarmante nas últimas décadas. O consumo de bebidas adoçadas contendo grandes quantidades de frutose, principalmente refrigerantes, é considerado um dos principais fatores associados ao desenvolvimento de síndrome metabólica e diabetes. Além disso, por ser uma molécula mais reativa que a glicose, o consumo de frutose está associado ao aumento na formação de metabólitos intermediários tóxicos, dentre os quais, o metilglioxal (MGO). O MGO parece estar associado ao desenvolvimento e a progressão de diabetes e doença de Alzheimer, uma vez que indivíduos portadores dessas patologias apresentam concentrações aumentadas de MGO no plasma e no líquido cefalorraquidiano. Além disso, dados prévios do nosso grupo e da literatura já demonstraram que o MGO prejudica os sistemas antioxidantes da glioxalase (Glo1/Glo2) e da tiorredoxina (Trx/TRxR), levando a degradação das proteínas tiorredoxina e glioxalase 2. Porém, estes efeitos foram investigados somente em linhagens celulares, e não há dados com o uso de sistemas mais complexos, como estudos in vitro com tecidos ou in vivo. Além disso, o efeito do MGO sobre a enzima antioxidante GR ainda é desconhecido e, visto que a GR apresenta estrutura muito similar a TrxR, e também por possuir cisteínas reativas, é possível que o MGO também afete a atividade e expressão da GR. Dessa forma, no presente trabalho objetivou-se investigar os efeitos do consumo crônico de frutose in vivo sobre o perfil metabólico e os parâmetros comportamentais de camundongos. Além disso, foram investigados em modelos in vitro de fatias hipocampais os efeitos do MGO sobre os sistemas da glioxalase, da tiorredoxina e da glutationa redutase. E ainda, investigou-se em modelo de células neurais HT22, se as diminuições dos níveis de Trx1 e Glo2, induzidos pelo MGO, poderiam ser mediados por degradação proteassomal ou autofágica, bem como se esses efeitos são mediados pela indução da ativação da proteína cinase ativada por AMP (AMPK). Os dados obtidos demonstram que o consumo de frutose em camundongos causa diminuição do consumo alimentar, aumento do consumo calórico e do peso corporal, aumento de colesterol total e da fração LDL, aumento dos níveis de glutationa e da atividade da Glo1 no fígado, aumento da atividade da glutationa peroxidase no córtex pré-frontal, bem como induz aumento da atividade locomotora. Com relação ao MGO, foi demonstrado que o tratamento in vitro de fatias de hipocampo com MGO compromete a atividade e o imunoconteúdo de GR em fatias hipocampais, diminui os níveis de glutationa (GSH) e induz uma rápida e robusta resposta das proteínas GR, Glo1, Glo2, Gr e TrxR1. Além disso, nossos dados demonstram que existe um claro efeito sinérgico entre e toxicidade induzida pelo MGO e a inibição da GR e da TrxR, sugerindo a toxicidade induzida pelo MGO é mediada pela depleção de antioxidantes celulares. Com relação aos estudos in vitro com células HT22, foi demonstrado que o MGO induz autofagia via ativação de AMPK, e que a Trx1 e a Glo2 são degradadas através da autofagia. Dessa maneira, a partir dos dados apresentados neste estudo, conclui-se que o consumo de frutose está relacionado a alterações no perfil lipídico e causa alterações comportamentais relacionadas ao aumento da locomoção. Além disso, nossos dados reforçam a hipótese de que alterações no ambiente redox podem ser o principal mecanismo de toxicidade induzido pelo MGO através de sua ação sobre os sistemas redutores de tiol GSH/GR e Trx/TrxR, bem como a indução da degradação proteica através da ativação de autofagia, mediada via AMPK.
Abstract : Fructose is a monosaccharide naturally present in foods such as fruits, sugarcane, beets, honey, among others. Because it tastes sweeter than glucose and sucrose, the food industry uses fructose as one of its main sweeteners, causing fructose consumption to rise alarmingly in the last decades. The consumption of sweetened beverages containing large amounts of fructose, mainly soft drinks, is considered one of the main factors associated with the development of metabolic syndrome and diabetes. In addition, because fructose is a more reactive molecule than glucose, the consumption of fructose is associated with an increase in the formation of toxic intermediate metabolites, among them methylglyoxal (MGO). MGO appears to be associated with the development and progression of diabetes and Alzheimer's disease, since individuals with these conditions have increased concentrations of MGO in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. Furthermore, previous data from our group and the literature have demonstrated that MGO seems to impair the antioxidant systems of glyoxalase (Glo1/Glo2) and thioredoxin (Trx/TRxR), leading to the degradation of the proteins thioredoxin and glioxalase 2. However, these effects were investigated only in cell lines, and there are no data with the use of more complex systems, such as in vitro studies with tissues or in vivo studies. Also, the effect of MGO on the antioxidant enzyme glutathione reductase (GR) is still unknown and, since GR has a structure very similar to TrxR, and also because it has reactive cysteines, it is possible that MGO also affects the activity and expression of GR. Thus, the present work aimed to investigate the effects of chronic consumption of fructose in vivo on the metabolic profile and behavioral parameters of mice. In addition, the effects of MGO on the glyoxalase, thioredoxin and glutathione reductase systems were investigated in in vitro models of hippocampal slices. Furthermore, it was investigated in a neural HT22 cell model if the MGO-induced decreases in the levels of Trx1 and Glo2 was mediated by proteassomal or autophagic degradation, as well as whether those effects were mediated by the induction of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation. The data obtained demonstrate that the consumption of fructose in mice causes a decrease in food consumption, an increase in caloric intake and body weight, increase in total cholesterol and LDL fraction, increase of glutathione (GSH) levels and Glo1 activity in the liver, increase in the activity of the glutathione peroxidase in the prefrontal cortex, as well as an increase in locomotor activity. With respect to MGO, we found that in vitro treatment of hippocampal slices with MGO has compromised the activity and immunocontent of GR, decreased GSH levels and induced a rapid and robust response of GR, Glo1, Glo2, and TrxR1. In addition, our data demonstrate that there is a clear synergistic effect between MGO-induced toxicity and inhibition of GR and TrxR, suggesting that MGO-induced toxicity is mediated by depletion of cellular antioxidants. With respect to in vitro studies with HT22 cells, it has been shown that MGO induces autophagy via AMPK activation, and that Trx1 and Glo2 are degraded through autophagy. Thus, from the data presented in this study, it is concluded that the consumption of fructose is related to changes in the lipid profile and causes behavioral changes related to increased locomotion. In addition, our data reinforce the hypothesis that changes in the redox environment may be the main mechanism of toxicity induced by MGO through its action on GSH / GR and Trx / TrxR thiol reducing systems, as well as the induction of protein degradation through autophagy activation, mediated through AMPK activation.
Araújo, Ana Jérsia. "Mecanismos envolvidos na indução de morte celular por desacetilnemorona em células de câncer colorretal." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2013. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/15725.
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The desacetylnemorone (HCRH) is an abietane diterpene with para-quinone ring in its structure, and then classified as a tanshinone that are often described by their broad spectrum of biological activities. The diterpene HCRH was isolated and identified for the first time in 1971 from roots of plants of the genus Salvia, however its biological activity has not been yet fully characterized. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anticancer potential of desacetylnemorone isolated from the roots of the plant Hyptis carvalhoi. The present study evaluated the cytotoxic potential of the diterpene HCRH in several tumor and normal cell lines using the MTT assay and its possible mechanism of action. After 72 hours of incubation, the tested compound showed IC50 values ranging from 3.91 to 32.01 µM in colon tumor (HCT-116) and leukemic (HL-60) cells, respectively. While for normal cells IC50 values ranged from 35.68 µM in V-79 to higher than 72 µM in 3T3-L1 and PBMC cells. In colon tumor cells (HCT-116), the diterpene showed antiproliferative potential of time-dependent manner, leading to increased number of cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle and a substantial decrease in DNA synthesis. These effects were accompanied by changes in the levels of cyclins and CDKs, in addition to the increase in the levels of proteins p21waf1/cip1 and p27kip1, independent of p53 activation. Among the initial events induced by diterpene HCRH are the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the induction of DNA damage with subsequent activation of death pathways. Thus, we can suggest that desacetylnemorone has potent antiproliferative activity associated with ROS generation leading to DNA damage, which prevents cell cycle progression and drive cells to the process of death by apoptosis and autophagy.
A desacetilnemorona (HCRH) é um diterpeno abietano com anel para-quinona em sua estrutura, sendo então classificada como tanshinona que são frequentemente descritas pelo seu amplo espectro de atividades biológicas. O diterpeno HCRH foi isolado e identificado pela primeira vez em 1971 a partir das raízes de plantas do gênero Salvia, no entanto sua atividade biológica ainda não havia sido descrita previamente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial anticâncer da desacetilnemorona isolada das raízes da planta Hyptis carvalhoi. O presente estudo avaliou o potencial citotóxico do diterpeno HCRH em várias linhagens de células tumorais e normais pelo teste do MTT e seu possível mecanismo de ação. Após 72 horas de incubação, o composto testado apresentou valores de CI50 que variaram de 3,91 a 32,01 µM em células tumorais de cólon (HCT-116) e leucêmicas (HL-60), respectivamente. Enquanto que para células normais esses valores foram de 35,68 µM para a linhagem V-79 e maiores que 72 µM para linhagens 3T3-L1 e CMSP. Em células tumorais de cólon (HCT-116), o diterpeno mostrou potencial antiproliferativo de maneira tempo-dependente, induzindo aumento do número de células na fase G0/G1 do ciclo celular e uma diminuição expressiva da síntese de DNA. Esses efeitos foram acompanhados por alterações nos níveis de ciclinas e CDKs, além do aumento nos níveis das proteínas p21waf1/cip1 e p27kip1, independente da ativação de p53. Dentre os eventos iniciais induzidos pelo diterpeno HCRH estão a geração de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) e a indução de dano ao DNA, com posterior ativação das vias de morte. Com isso podemos sugerir que a desacetilnemorona apresenta potente atividade antiproliferativa que provavelmente se inicia com a geração de EROs levando ao dano de DNA, o que impede a progressão do ciclo celular e encaminha as células aos processos de morte por apoptose e autofagia.
Zamame, Ramirez Jofer Andree. "Autofagia em células tumorais um mecanismo de carcinogênese e resistência aos quimioterápicos /." Botucatu, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/150380.
Full textResumo: Autophagy is a dynamic physiological macromolecular process, whereby intracellular substrates are exposed to lysosomes for degradation and recycling of damaged organelles, alleviating cellular stress conditions. Several studies have shown that autophagy plays a critical role in tumoral cell survival, performing a protective role by correcting carcinogenic damages. However, this physiological process can be subverted in some cells, leading to the promotion of carcinogenesis or allowing cell escape by increasing its resistance to chemotherapeutics. This review covers the basic mechanisms and genes involved in autophagy as well as the controversial findings on their role tumor cells; we also reviewed the processes by which drug resistance may be determined, for a better understanding of how autophagy works and how it can be handled as an antitumor therapeutic intervention.
Mestre
CAROCCIA, NATASCIA. "Antidepressants targeting the ubiquitin-proteasome-autophagy pathway increase mesothelioma response to chemotherapy." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2488197.
Full textIl mesotelioma maligno (MM) è una neoplasia molto aggressiva con una prognosi sfavorevole e una sopravvivenza media di 6-12 mesi dopo la diagnosi. L'efficacia del trattamento di prima linea (pemetrexed e cis-platino) aumenta la sopravvivenza di soli 2-3 mesi poiché la marcata resistenza delle cellule del MM all'apoptosi, indotta da chemioterapici, limita la risposta alla terapia. Recentemente, abbiamo dimostrato che il rilascio di calcio (Ca2+) dal reticolo endoplasmatico (ER) ai mitocondri, un evento cruciale nel processo di morte apoptotica delle cellule, è alterato nelle cellule del MM. Allo stesso modo, diversi studi hanno messo in evidenza un ruolo chiave del processo autofagico nel MM, nel quale un’autofagia potenziata consente alle cellule di sopravvivere a stimoli citotossici, conferendogli così resistenza alla morte cellulare. In questo lavoro, abbiamo mostrato che alcuni antidepressivi (AD), DCMI e sertralina, e antipsicotici (AP), clozapina e aloperidolo, presentano effetti anti-autofagici che aumentano l'apoptosi nelle cellule del MM trattate con pemetrexed e cis-platino, da solo o in combinazione. Inoltre, abbiamo dimostrato che nelle cellule del MM l'autofagia induce la degradazione del recettore inositolo 1,4,5-trisfosfato di tipo III (IP3R3), il principale protagonista nel rilascio di Ca2+ dall’ER al citosol e ai mitocondri, riducendo l'apoptosi. D'altra parte, abbiamo visto che gli AD, inibendo la degradazione mediata dall’autofagia e dal sistema ubiquitina-proteasoma (UPS), aumentano i livelli di IP3R3, un effetto che porta ad un aumento del trasferimento di Ca2+ dall'ER ai mitocondri e che favorisce l'apoptosi. In conclusione, i nostri risultati suggeriscono che la chemio-resistenza nel MM sia principalmente correlata a livelli ridotti, o ad un’attività ridotta, dell'IP3R3 e alla conseguente diminuzione delle concentrazioni di Ca2+ mitocondriale, che rendono le cellule tumorali incapaci di eseguire l'apoptosi. Pertanto, l'inibizione della degradazione dell’IP3R3, mediata dal sistema autofagia-UPS, nelle cellule del MM potrebbe stabilizzare il recettore e ripristinare la suscettibilità all'apoptosi indotta dalla chemioterapia. Dunque, proponiamo che gli AD e gli AP, in combinazione con i farmaci chemioterapici, possano rappresentare un'interessante nuova strategia terapeutica per il MM.
SANTOS, Marta Estevão dos. "Estudo da via da autofagia no contexto da ataxia espinocerebelosa do tipo 2." Master's thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/61172.
Full textSpinocerebellar ataxia type 2 is an autosomal dominant disease and comprises a group of 9 neurodegenerative diseases called polyglutamine diseases. These hereditary pathologies are characterized by an expansion of the cytosine-adenine-guanine triplet located in the coding region of the affected genes, which produces abnormally long glutamine sequences in the corresponding protein. In spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 disease, the gene that is affected is ATXN2, which codes for the ataxin-2 protein. In normal situations, this protein plays important regulatory roles within the cell. However, when it is mutated, it tends to accumulate in the form of protein aggregates, which cannot be efficiently degraded and become toxic to the cell. Autophagy is a system responsible for the cleaning and maintenance of cellular homeostasis, however, in polyglutamine diseases it is dysregulated, leading to an increase in pathological aggregation. Thus, it cannot carry out a correct cellular degradation, which eventually contributes to the progression of the disease. Many strategies and therapeutic targets have been investigated as a way to activate this process and allow the elimination of these pathological aggregates, but few alternatives have reached clinical trials. The main objective of this project is to study the autophagic pathway in the context of spinocerebellar ataxia type 2, namely the pathway state and to study its activation as a new therapeutic strategy for this disease. In order to study the autophagic flow, chloroquine was added in the cellular model under study, thus inhibiting the autophagic process, which led to an increase in the number of cells with protein aggregates. Immunohistochemistry was also performed on postmortem human brain tissue samples from a patient with spinocerebellar ataxia type 2, in which autophagic markers were used to study their expression. Once again, protein aggregates were observed, reinforcing the idea that autophagy is a key pathway in this group of diseases. On the other hand, in order to restore the normal functioning of autophagy and thus to protect the cells of these toxic aggregates, a gene was introduced that allows the activation of this pathway. For this, the spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 cell model was transfected with a plasmid containing this gene. The results proved to be promising, leading to a decrease in the number of cells with aggregates of ataxin-2 and a decrease in the levels of mutant ataxin-2 in cells. This study aims to open up new research possibilities not only for spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 but also for all other polyglutamine diseases and possibly for other neurodegenerative diseases that have also an accumulation of toxic aggregates.
Lima, Michelle de Souza. "Avaliação da indução de autofagia em células de câncer de pulmão em resposta ao tratamento com cisplatina." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/104831.
Full textAutophagy has been the target of extensive investigation in oncology researches due to its dual role in tumorigenesis. Recent findings have demonstrated that autophagy can be activated by chemotherapeutical agents and that this activation may influence cellular responses and affect the results of therapy. The roles played by autophagy in response to chemotherapy are controversial and dependent on cell type and context. Autophagy could act as a defense mechanism in an attempt to avoid the stress caused by DNA damage, but it could also lead to cell death depending on damage extent. Cisplatin is one of the most effective chemotherapeutical agents used to treat several types of tumors including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In the present study we investigated the role of autophagy induction by cisplatin in H460 lung cancer cells. For this purpose, cisplatin was combined with the autophagy inducer rapamycin which resulted in autophagy overstimulation, considerably decreasing cell viability. Besides, the pharmacological inhibitors of autophagy 3-methyladenine and chloroquine were also used. Autophagy inhibition by 3-methyladenine had no effect on cell viability. However the treatment with chloroquine increased cell viability in comparison to cisplatin treatment only. Together these results suggest that autophagy induced by cisplatin contributes to lung cancer cells elimination.
Silva, Andrew Oliveira. "Silenciamento de XIAP potencializa os efeitos da superexpressão de TP53 na redução da proliferação e aumento da morte celular em gliomas." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/150622.
Full textKnaut, Jhônatas LuÃs. "Avaliação do efeito citotóxico de lectinas extraÃdas de leguminosas sobre células de gliomas C6." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2016. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/163046.
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Gliomas, tumores originados de células gliais (astrócitos, oligodendrócito ou epêndima), são os tumores cerebrais primários mais comuns. Lectinas são proteÃnas de reconhecimento e ligação especÃficos a carboidratos. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar o possÃvel efeito citotóxico das lectinas ConA, ConBr, ConM, CoxyL, ConGF, DSL (nativa e recombinante), DwL, DvioL, DmrL, DLL, DrfL e CTL, que são extraidas de plantas leguminosas, sobre células C6 de glioma de rato, um glioma com caracterÃsticas astrocitárias. Após 24h de incubação com as respectivas lectinas e nas concentrações de 10, 30, 50 e 100µg/mL, foi observado que apenas a lectina CTL não provocou redução da viabilidade, avaliada através do teste de redução do MTT. Baseado na potência de ação citotóxica observada nesse screening as lectinas ConA, ConBr, DvioL e DSL recombinante foram escolhidas para realizar o mesmo teste do MTT, porém também nos tempos 1, 3, 6 e 12 horas, sendo então selecionadas as lectinas ConA e Dviol para investigação das possÃveis vias de morte celular envolvidas. Dessa forma, através de ensaios de microscopia de fluorescência, citometria de fluxo e microscopia eletrônica conclui-se que o principal mecanismo responsável pelo efeito citotóxico de ConA e DvioL é a indução de morte celular autofágica, efeito obtido a partir das concentrações de 30µg/mL. Ao realizar ensaios com as lectinas desnaturadas, concluiu-se que o efeito biológico depende da estrutura terciária da lectina, porém, mais estudos sobre a importância do sÃtio de reconhecimento a carboidratos devem ser realizados, uma vez que os ensaios de bloqueio do sÃtio de ligação ao açúcar não mostraram claramente uma ação bloqueadora do efeito citotóxico de ConA e DvioL. Os resultados também mostraram que DvioL possui maior potência em relação a ConA na indução de morte autofágica. Este trabalho sugere DvioL com uma molécula com potencial para fututros estudos de terapia anti-tumoral.
Abstract : Gliomas, tumors originating from glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes or ependymal) are the most common primary brain tumors. Lectins are proteins of specific recognition and binding to carbohydrates. The aim of this study was to analyze the possible cytotoxic effect of the lectins ConA, ConBr, ConM, CoxyL, ConGF, DSL (native and recombinant), DWL, DvioL, DmrL, DLL, DrfL and CTL, which are extracted from leguminous plants, on C6 rat glioma cells, which have astrocytes features. After 24 hours of incubation with the respective lectins and at concentrations of 10, 30, 50 and 100µg/mL, it was observed that only the CTL lectin did not cause reduction in viability as measured by MTT test. Based on the potency of cytotoxic activity observed in this screening, ConA, ConBr, DvioL and DSL recombinant lectins were chosen for the same MTT test after 1, 3, 6 and 12 hours incubation, and then ConA and Dviol lectins were selected for further investigation concerning the possible cell death pathways involved. Thus, by fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry and electron microscopy assays, it was concluded that the main mechanism responsible for the cytotoxic effect of ConA and DvioL is the induction of autophagic cell death, the effect obtained from the concentration of 30µg/mL. When performing tests with denatured lectins, it was concluded that the biological effect depends on the tertiary structure of the lectin. However, further studies regarding the role of the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) deserve to be conducted, since the CRD blocking protocol did not completely abrogated the cytotoxic action of ConA and DvioL. The results also showed that DvioL have greater potency compared to the ConA to induce autophagic death. This study suggests DvioL as a potential molecule to undertake future studies for anti-tumor therapy.
Knaut, Jhônatas Luís. "Avaliação do efeito citotóxico de lectinas extraídas de leguminosas sobre células de gliomas C6." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2016. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/168634.
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Gliomas, tumores originados de células gliais (astrócitos, oligodendrócito ou epêndima), são os tumores cerebrais primários mais comuns. Lectinas são proteínas de reconhecimento e ligação específicos a carboidratos. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar o possível efeito citotóxico das lectinas ConA, ConBr, ConM, CoxyL, ConGF, DSL (nativa e recombinante), DwL, DvioL, DmrL, DLL, DrfL e CTL, que são extraidas de plantas leguminosas, sobre células C6 de glioma de rato, um glioma com características astrocitárias. Após 24h de incubação com as respectivas lectinas e nas concentrações de 10, 30, 50 e 100µg/mL, foi observado que apenas a lectina CTL não provocou redução da viabilidade, avaliada através do teste de redução do MTT. Baseado na potência de ação citotóxica observada nesse screening as lectinas ConA, ConBr, DvioL e DSL recombinante foram escolhidas para realizar o mesmo teste do MTT, porém também nos tempos 1, 3, 6 e 12 horas, sendo então selecionadas as lectinas ConA e Dviol para investigação das possíveis vias de morte celular envolvidas. Dessa forma, através de ensaios de microscopia de fluorescência, citometria de fluxo e microscopia eletrônica conclui-se que o principal mecanismo responsável pelo efeito citotóxico de ConA e DvioL é a indução de morte celular autofágica, efeito obtido a partir das concentrações de 30µg/mL. Ao realizar ensaios com as lectinas desnaturadas, concluiu-se que o efeito biológico depende da estrutura terciária da lectina, porém, mais estudos sobre a importância do sítio de reconhecimento a carboidratos devem ser realizados, uma vez que os ensaios de bloqueio do sítio de ligação ao açúcar não mostraram claramente uma ação bloqueadora do efeito citotóxico de ConA e DvioL. Os resultados também mostraram que DvioL possui maior potência em relação a ConA na indução de morte autofágica. Este trabalho sugere DvioL com uma molécula com potencial para fututros estudos de terapia anti-tumoral.
Abstract : Gliomas, tumors originating from glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes or ependymal) are the most common primary brain tumors. Lectins are proteins of specific recognition and binding to carbohydrates. The aim of this study was to analyze the possible cytotoxic effect of the lectins ConA, ConBr, ConM, CoxyL, ConGF, DSL (native and recombinant), DWL, DvioL, DmrL, DLL, DrfL and CTL, which are extracted from leguminous plants, on C6 rat glioma cells, which have astrocytes features. After 24 hours of incubation with the respective lectins and at concentrations of 10, 30, 50 and 100µg/mL, it was observed that only the CTL lectin did not cause reduction in viability as measured by MTT test. Based on the potency of cytotoxic activity observed in this screening, ConA, ConBr, DvioL and DSL recombinant lectins were chosen for the same MTT test after 1, 3, 6 and 12 hours incubation, and then ConA and Dviol lectins were selected for further investigation concerning the possible cell death pathways involved. Thus, by fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry and electron microscopy assays, it was concluded that the main mechanism responsible for the cytotoxic effect of ConA and DvioL is the induction of autophagic cell death, the effect obtained from the concentration of 30µg/mL. When performing tests with denatured lectins, it was concluded that the biological effect depends on the tertiary structure of the lectin. However, further studies regarding the role of the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) deserve to be conducted, since the CRD blocking protocol did not completely abrogated the cytotoxic action of ConA and DvioL. The results also showed that DvioL have greater potency compared to the ConA to induce autophagic death. This study suggests DvioL as a potential molecule to undertake future studies for anti-tumor therapy.
Moura, Andrea Felinto. "Bioprospecção de compostos isolados de Combretum fruticosum com potencial antiproliferativo em células tumorais in vitro." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2015. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/11263.
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The use of substances from natural products has grown over the years, being the basis of therapeutic products. Lignans are molecules with large pharmaceutical use, which has aroused interest in search of new drugs to treat diseases. Much interest has been focused on their effectiveness as an antineoplastic agent. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro anticancer potencial of compounds isolated from ethanolic extract of Combretum fruticosum, as well as, to study the possible mechanisms of action of a dibenzylbutyrolactone type lignan, trachelogenin, in colorectal cancer cells. The fractionation of the ethanolic extract of C. fruticosum resulted in the isolation of seven compounds: three triterpenes, two mixtures of β-sitosterol and stigmasterol steroids and two lignans Among them, the lignan, trachelogenin showed higher cytotoxic activity, with IC50 values ranging from 0.8 to 32.4 µM in glioblastoma (SF-295) and leukemic (HL-60) cells, respectively. While in normal cells (3T3-L1 and PBMC cells) the IC50 values were greater than 64.3 µM. The antiproliferative profile of different times of incubation was performed in SF-295 and HCT-116 cells. The cytotoxic effect on SF-295 cells was only observed after 72 hours of incubation, whereas in HCT-116 cells, this effect was observed after 48 hours, and it was enhanced after 72 hours of incubation. Before these results, analyzing cell cycle profile, membrane integrity, phosphatidylserine externalization and expression of proteins related to cell death by apoptosis in HCT-116 cells, it was not observed significantly changed, suggesting that the antiproliferative effect of this lignan is not related to mechanisms of cell death such as apoptosis and/or necrosis. Autophagy seems to be one of the cell death mechanisms involved in the antiproliferative effect of trachelogenin, because we observed an increase on number and size of acidic vesicular organelles (AVO) as well as the expression of proteins recruited during autophagy (LC3 A and B-II and Beclin-1) in cells treated with trachelogenin, although this seems not to be the only process involved. Therefore, we conclude that trachelogenin showed potent antitumor activity in vitro, and this effect may be related to the induction of autophagy. However, further tests should be conducted to confirm these proposals and to evaluate its mechanism of action and the therapeutic potential of this molecule better.
A utilização de substâncias derivadas de produtos naturais tem crescido com o passar dos anos, formando a base dos produtos terapêuticos. As lignanas são moléculas com amplo uso farmacêutico, o que tem despertado interesse na pesquisa e busca de novos fármacos no tratamento de doenças. Muito interesse tem sido focado na sua eficácia como agente antineoplásico. Com isso, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o potencial anticâncer in vitro de compostos isolados a partir do extrato etanólico dos talos da Combretum fruticosum, bem como, estudar os possíveis mecanismos de ação da trachelogenina, uma lignana do tipo dibezilbutirolactona, em células de câncer colorretal (HCT-116). O fracionamento do extrato etanólico da C. fruticosum resultou no isolamento de sete compostos: três triterpenos, duas misturas dos esteroides β-sitosterol e estigmasterol e duas lignanas. Dentre eles, a trachelogenina mostrou maior atividade citotóxica, apresentando valores de CI50 que variaram de 0,8 a 32,4 µM em células tumorais de glioblastoma (SF-295) e leucêmicas (HL-60), respectivamente, após 72 horas de incubação. Enquanto que, para células não tumorais (3T3-L1 e CMSP) esses valores foram maiores que 64,3 µM. O perfil antiproliferativo em diferentes períodos de incubação foi realizado em células SF-295 e HCT-116. O efeito citotóxico em células SF-295 foi observado apenas após 72 horas de incubação, enquanto que, em células HCT-116, esse efeito foi observado após 48 horas, sendo intensificados após 72 horas de incubação. Diante desses resultados, em células HCT-116, a análise do perfil do ciclo celular, integridade de membrana, externalização da fosfatidilserina e expressão de proteínas relacionadas ao processo de morte celular por apoptose não apresentou alterações significativas, sugerindo que o efeito antiproliferativo desta lignana não está relacionado com processos de morte por apoptose e/ou necrose. A autofagia parece estar envolvida no mecanismo antiproliferativo da trachelogenina, visto que foi possível verificar um aumento do número e do tamanho de organelas vesiculares ácidas (AVOs) bem como um aumento da expressão de proteínas recrutadas durante a autofagia (LC3 A e B II e Beclina-1) nas células tratadas com a trachelogenina, embora não pareça ser o único processo envolvido. Logo, podemos concluir que a trachelogenina apresentou potente atividade anticâncer in vitro, e este efeito pode estar relacionado com a indução da autofagia. No entanto, outros testes devem ser realizados para confirmar as propostas acima apresentadas e para uma melhor avaliação do mecanismo de ação e do potencial terapêutico desta molécula.
Rodríguez, Villarroel Andrea Elizabeth. "Estrés de retículo endoplásmico : una nueva vía para activar la autofagia mediada por chaperona." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2008. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/105248.
Full textPara mantener la integridad, la célula debe controlar la cantidad y calidad de las proteínas. El Retículo Endoplásmico (RE) es el organelo en donde se sintetizan todas las proteínas transmembrana y la mayoría de las proteínas secretadas. Cuando se altera la homeostasis del Retículo Endoplásmico se produce una acumulación de proteínas mal plegadas en su lumen. Como respuesta a este estrés se activa una vía de señalización RE-núcleo, en la que se bloquea la expresión general, aumenta la expresión de chaperonas y se activan las vías proteolíticas del proteasoma y macroautofagia. Un método para producir Estrés en el Retículo Endoplásmico (ERE) es la eliminación del calcio reticular, necesario para el correcto plegamiento proteico. La autofagia mediada por chaperonas (AMC) es un sistema proteolítico que requiere la acción de chaperonas citosólicas para seleccionar, desplegar y dirigir proteínas mal plegadas al interior del lisosoma. Sus actores principales son el receptor lisosomal Lamp2A y la chaperona Hsc70. Se ha descrito la activación de AMC durante la privación prolongada de suero y durante el estrés oxidativo, pero no existen antecedentes de la activación durante el ERE, lo cual constituye el objetivo de esta tesis. Se usó como modelo de estudio células NIH3T3. En estas células se indujo ERE con Tapsigargina (TG), eliminando el calcio en el RE. Mediante western blot se comprobó la aparición de Chop, un factor transcripcional usado clásicamente como marcador de ERE. TG no aumentó la muerte celular, pero produjo un bloqueo en la división celular, deteniendo el ciclo en la etapa G1. Lo anterior se observó mediante citometría de flujo, usando yoduro de propidio como trazador. Mediante inmunocitoquímica y western blot se observó un aumento en los niveles totales de Lamp2A. Esto se relaciona al aumento de Lamp2A en la fracción lisosomal. Además la chaperona Hsc70 se relocaliza hacia la fracción lisosomal en respuesta al estímulo con TG. Estos eventos, el aumento del receptor Lamp2A y relocalización de la chaperona Hcs 70, se han relacionado anteriormente con aumento en la actividad de AMC. Células que expresan constitutivamente un iRNA contra Lamp2A, lo que las hace deficientes en AMC, aumentan la macroautofagia basal. La compensación de macroautofagia es mayor durante un evento de ERE. La mayor actividad de la macroautofagia se refleja en una menor expresión de Chop, que pudiese estar siendo degradado por macroautofagia. Células carentes de ATG5, que no activan macroautofagia, aumentan los niveles totales de Lamp2A. Este es un mecanismo compensatorio, que activa la AMC cuando la macroautofagia no está presente. Sin embargo, la TG disminuyó los niveles totales de Lamp2A. Este inesperado comportamiento puede estar ligado a la activación del proteasoma. En síntesis, esta tesis muestra el primer indicio de la activación de AMC durante un evento de ERE. Esta activación esta dada principalmente por un aumento en los niveles de Lamp2A, que solo se ha visto durante estrés oxidativo. Además muestra que las vías degradativas se comunican para eliminar las proteínas mal plegadas durante el ERE
To maintain the integrity, cells must control the quantity and quality of the proteins. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is the organelle where all transmembrane protein and the most secretory protein are synthesized. Disturbances in the ER homeostasis lead to the accumulation of disfolding proteins in its lumen. In response to this stress a reticulum-nucleus signaling pathway is activated, inducing the selective expression of some genes (i.e. those related to chaperones) and the stimulation of proteolytic systems, including proteasome and macroautophagy. The removal of the calcium reticulum, necessary for the correct protein folding, produces ER stress. Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) is another proteolytic system that requires the action of cytosolic chaperones to select, unfold and pull the unfolded substrate into the lysosomes. Its principal actors are the lysosomal receptor Lamp2A and the chaperone Hsc70. CMA is activated by long serum deprivation and oxidative stress. However it remains unknown whether CMA is stimulated during the ER stress, which it is the main aim of this thesis. The NIH3T3 cells were the study model used. In these cells, Thapsigargin (TG) induces ER stress through the removal ER calcium. Western blot showed an increase in the Chop level, a classic ER stress transcriptional factor. TG didn’t stimulate cell death but arrested cell cycle at G1 stage. This was showed through FACS, using propidium iodide dye. Immunocytochemistry and western blot studies showed that TG increases the Lamp2A total levels. Another observation is the increase of Lamp2A level in the lysosomal fraction. Also, we have seen increases in the hsc70 localization in to the lysosomal fraction. These events, the rise in Lamp2A levels and Hsc70 lysosomal localization, previously have being related with an increase in the CMA activity. Constitutive Lamp2A-siRNA cells, CMA deficient cells, increased basal macroautophagy. Also this macroautophagy compensation is most important during ER stress. The higher macroautophagy activity was associated with low expression of Chop, showing a probable degradation the Chop by macroautophagy. ATG5 knock out cells, macroautophagy deficient cells, showed an increase in the Lamp2A total levels. This cells revealing a compensatory effect of the CMA when the macroautophagy is inactive. However, TG produces a decrease of the levels of Lamp2A.This unexpected behavior is probably related to the proteasome activation. In synthesis, this tesis show by the first time the CMA activation during ER stress. This activation is related to the total Lamp2A increase, only before seen in oxidative stress. Also we show the connection between the proteolytic pathways in the unfolding protein degradation, during ER stress
Weel, Ingrid Cristina. "Avaliação do inflamassoma NLRP3 e autofagia em placentas de gestantes portadoras de pré-eclâmpsia." Botucatu, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/143845.
Full textResumo: A pré-eclâmpsia (PE) é uma síndrome clinicamente identificada por hipertensão arterial e proteinúria e está associada à produção excessiva de citocinas proinflamatórias, deficiência na produção de citocinas reguladoras e aumento nos níveis séricos de anticorpos antifosfolípides (aPLs) em pacientes com PE grave. Os aPLs são uma família de autoanticorpos que reagem com proteínas ligantes de fosfolipídios, sendo seu principal alvo a beta-2 glicoproteina I (β2GPI). Estes anticorpos são responsáveis por inibir a diferenciação do sinciciotrofoblasto e restringir a migração trofoblástica, resultando em remodelação anormal das arteríolas espiraladas, alteração característica da PE. O inflamassoma é um complexo proteico que promove a secreção das citocinas proinflamatórias interleucina-1 beta (IL-1β) e interleucina 18 (IL-18) e, também a secreção da proteína “high-mobility group box 1” (HMGB1) após ativação por patógenos e/ou produtos endógenos associados ao dano celular. A autofagia é uma via de degradação celular ou de eliminação de organelas e proteínas através de processos lisossomais que são importantes para a manutenção da homeostase celular, promovendo a sobrevivência das células em resposta ao estresse. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos: 1. Investigar as proteinas relacionadas ao inflamassoma e à autofagia em placenta de gestantes portadoras de pré-eclâmpsia e de normotensas; 2. Avaliar a relação existente entre inflamassoma e autofagia em células de trofoblasto extravil... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Preeclampsia (PE) is a syndrome clinically identified by hypertension and proteinuria and is associated with excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines, deficiency in the production of regulatory cytokines, and increased serum levels of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) in patients with severe forms of PE. aPLs are a family of autoantibodies that react with phospholipid binding proteins, which the main target is beta 2 glycoprotein-I (β2GPI). These antibodies are responsible for inhibiting the differentiation of syncytiotrophoblast and restrict trophoblast migration, resulting in abnormal remodeling of the spiral arterioles, characteristic alteration in PE. The inflammasome is a protein complex that promotes the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and interleukin 18 (IL-18), and also the secretion of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein after activation by pathogens and/or endogenous products associated with cellular damage. Autophagy is a pathway of cell degradation or elimination of organelles and proteins by lysosomal processes that are important for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis by promoting the survival of cells in response to stress. The objectives of the present study are: 1. To investigate the proteins related to inflammasome and autophagy in placenta from pregnant women with PE and from normotensive control; 2. To evaluate the relationship between inflammasome and autophagy in human extravillous trophoblast cel... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
Silva, Carolliny Moura da. "Autofagocitose e estresse oxidativo no sistema nervoso central de ratos idosos submetidos ao exercício físico moderado." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5160/tde-09062015-144939/.
Full textAging is a multifactorial process characterized by gradual and continuous loss of ability to perform physiological functions and trigger adaptive responses leading to functional and structural damage of various organs that constitute the biological system, including the central nervous system. Exercise training has been widely speculated for its ability to improve physiological function, which ameliorate age-associated physiological impairments, such as decreased autophagy pathway and increased oxidative stress that collaborate with the neurodegenerative process. Thus, this study aims to establish the relationship between moderate aerobic exercise training protocols (regular practice, prevention and stabilization), proteasomal activity, autophagy and oxidative stress in aged rats, in the presence or absence of rotenone. Results suggest that exercise applied after rotenone exposure decreases the levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the hippocampus, motor cortex and substantia nigra, accompanied by an increase in glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in the hippocampus; decreases activity of the proteasome and does not alter autophagy. Exercise training applied before neurodegenerative stimulus increases GPx activity in hippocampus, motor cortex, locus coeruleus and cervical spinal cord; decreases proteasome activity in hippocampus, substantia nigra and locus coeruleus, as well as decreases LC3II levels in substantia nigra. Regular exercise practice promoted increase in H2O2 levels in almost all studied areas, except motor cortex and lumbar spinal cord, as well as reduced GPx activity in brain areas. In conclusion, results for the exercise applied before exposure to rotenona appear to have greater benefits regarding the analyzed cellular parameters
SCAGLIOTTI, ARIANNA. "Analyzing the impact of metronomic scheduling and dosing of 5-Fluorouracil and Vinorelbine in triple-negative breast cancer and endothelial cells." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/304796.
Full textTriple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents the most malignant subtype of breast cancer, often associated with short disease-free survival. The maximum tolerated dose, used as standard-of-care chemotherapy (STD), remains the primary therapeutic option for TNBC patients, even though it fails to block distant recurrences, which is the first cause of death. Recently, it has been tested a different therapeutic approach, called metronomic chemotherapy (mCHT), where the minimum biological effective dose of the chemotherapeutic agent is given as a continuous administration without drug-free breaks. So far, the results show a strong stabilization of cancer growth and improved cancer patients’ quality of life. mCHT has direct cytotoxic effects on tumors and inhibits endothelial cell proliferation. In this thesis we investigated, for the first time, the effect of the mCHT administration of 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) plus Vinorelbine (VNR) in endothelial and TNBC cell lines in comparison to the STD treatment. In particular, it has been shown that the mCHT administration of 5-FU and VNR both in single and in combination affects endothelial and TNBC cells at doses significantly lower than the STD one. Despite the low doses used, mCHT 5-FU+VNR is more effective than the STD in inhibiting cell migration and colony formation of both endothelial and TNBC cells. To simulate TNBC and endothelial cells' crosstalk, we utilized an indirect co-culture, which showed that medium conditioned by TNBC cells treated with mCHT 5-FU+VNR completely blocks endothelial cells migration and colony formation. We also pointed out that the modality of cell death of endothelial and TNBC cells depends on the schedule of treatment. In particular, the mCHT combination promotes endothelial’ apoptosis, whereas TNBC switches the modality of cell death from apoptosis, induced by STD, to autophagy, also activating senescence. In conclusion, mCHT 5-FU+VNR is more efficient than the STD in controlling cell proliferation, migration, and regrowth capacity after treatment of HUVECs and TNBC cells, suggesting better control of tumor growth and relapses. These data also highlight the molecular mechanisms that underlie the best efficacy of metronomic therapy towards the standard one.
Assumpção, José Antonio Fagundes. "Avaliação da relação entre a autofagia e PPARƔ na manutenção das propriedades tumorais no modelo de câncer colorretal in vitro." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2014. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/15684.
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O processo autofágico possui um papel dinâmico e dualístico na progressão do câncer, dependendo do seu estágio de desenvolvimento. Nos estágios iniciais, a autofagia tem um papel supressor de tumores pela remoção de organelas e proteínas defeituosas que tenham capacidade de alterar o metabolismo celular. Já em tumores bem estabelecidos, a autofagia se relaciona fortemente com a sobrevivência das células tumorais no microambiente adverso no qual se encontram, bem como com a manutenção de um estado metabólico acelerado. No câncer de mama o processo autofágico pode ser modulado através de receptores nucleares chamados PPAR, fator de transcrição que regula a expressão de diversos genes essenciais para diferenciação, proliferação e sobrevivência celular, além de influenciar o metabolismo lipídico e não lipídico. O papel conjunto e a relação entre autofagia e PPARɣ no estabelecimento e progressão do câncer colorretal, todavia, ainda precisa ser determinado. Células de linhagem de câncer colorretal (Caco-2) foram tratadas com o indutores e inibidores de autofagia e do PPARɣ durante 24 horas. Após tratamento, diversas propriedades tumorais, como morte celular, proliferação, ciclo celular, produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio e o perfil de células tronco tumorais foram aferidos através de citometria de fluxo. A expressão de PPARɣ e LC3 (principal marcador autofágico) foram analisadas por Immunoblotting. Nossos resultados mostraram que na linhagem de câncer colorretal Caco-2, a ativação PPARɣ leva a indução de autofagia e que a inibição autofágica resulta em aumento da expressão de PPARɣ, como visto na expressão de PPARɣ e LC3 e na regulação de corpúsculos lipídicos e vesículas acídicas. Além disso, as propriedades tumorais analisadas (morte, proliferação, ciclo celular, produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio e perfil de células-tronco) foram alteradas tanto pela indução ou inibição da via autofágica, quanto pela modulação de PPARɣ. A inibição da autofagia teve como consequência um aumento da proliferação celular, da produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio e dos fenótipos CD44+, bem como do índice de morte celular. Portanto, nossos dados sugerem que autofagia e metabolismo lipídico são processos inter-relacionados, mas que afetam as propriedades tumorais do câncer colorretal de maneira diferencial e de forma independente. Neste modelo, a via autofágica parece desempenhar papel crucial na sobrevivência, estabelecimento e progressão tumoral do câncer colorretal. ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
The autophagic pathway shows a dynamic and dualistic role in cancer progression, depending on its developmental stage. In early stages, autophagy acts as a tumor suppressor, removing defective organelles and proteins with potential to alter the cellular metabolism. In the other hand, well-established tumors show the autophagy process to be related with cancer cell survival in the harsh microenviroment in which they are found, and this cellular process also contributes to maintain an accelerated metabolic state. In breast cancer, the autophagic process is modulated by nuclear receptors called PPAR, transcription factors that regulate the expression of many genes essential for differentiation, proliferation and cell survival, as well as influencing lipid and non-lipid metabolism. The cooperative action and the relationship between autophagy and PPARɣ role in the establishment and progression of colorectal cancer, however, remains to be determined. To clarify this relationship, lineage cells from colorectal cancer (Caco-2) were treated with inducers and inhibitors of autophagy and PPARɣ for 24 hours. After treatment, several tumor properties, such as cell death, proliferation, cell cycle, production of reactive oxygen species and the profile of cancer stem cells were measured by flow cytometry. The expression of PPARɣ and LC3 (main autophagic marker) also was analyzed by Immunoblotting. Our results showed that the in Caco-2 colorectal cancer cell line, activation of PPARɣ leads to induction of autophagy and that autophagic inhibition leads to a higher PPARɣ expression, as seen by the expression of LC3 and PPARɣ, lipid bodies regulation and also by formation of acidic vesicles. Moreover, the analyzed tumor properties were modified either by induction or inhibition of autophagy route, as well as by PPARɣ modulation. The autophagic inhibition resulted in increased cell proliferation process, production of reactive oxygen species and CD44 + phenotypes, as well as cell death. Therefore, our data suggest that autophagy and lipid metabolism are interrelated processes that affect the tumoral properties of colorectal cancer differential and independently. In this model, the autophagic pathway seems to play a crucial role in colorectal cancer’s survival, establishment and progression.
Gonçalves, Rosângela Mayer. "O papel da autofagia na resistência de gliomas ao tratamento com temozolomida e inibidor de histonas desacetilases." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/153333.
Full textGlioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most frequent and aggressive type of primary brain tumor which has been associated with a dismal prognosis. In this study, we tested the efficacy of combining temozolomide (TMZ) with suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) - an inhibitor of HDACs 1, 2, 3, and 6 approved for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma - in the viability of tumor cells. The data showed that potentiation synergism between TMZ e SAHA was not achieved due to activation of protective autophagy in vitro. The SAHA/TMZ treatment promoted arrest in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle as soon as 48 h after drug exposure whereas apoptosis was only detected after long-lasting exposure (≥96 h). In addition, SAHA and TMZ induced autophagy as detected by flow cytometry of acridine orange stained cells and immunodetection of the lipidated form of LC3 as well as decreases in p62/SQSTM1. Autophagy preceded apoptosis, and by blocking the termination step of autophagy with chloroquine promoted a significant reduction in the viability of glioma cells which was accompanied by increased apoptosis in SAHA/TMZ treatment. Overall, the herein presented data demonstrate that autophagy impairs the efficacy of combined TMZ/SAHA, and inhibiting this phenomenon could provide novel opportunities to improve the therapeutic potential of these compounds.
Valenzuela, Bassi Rodrigo Andrés. "Regulación de la autofagia del cardiomiocito por ligandos farmacológicos del receptor activado por proliferadores peroxisomales gama (PPARγ)." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2011. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/105221.
Full textDiversos estudios clínicos han revelado que las tiazolidinedionas, fármacos para el tratamiento de la diabetes de tipo 2 y resistencia a insulina, podrían reducir la morbimortalidad cardiovascular. Su mecanismo de acción es a través de la activación de los Receptores Activados por Proliferadores Peroxisomales (PPARs), los cuales son factores transcripcionales activados por ligandos. En el sistema cardiovascular, los PPARs se expresan de forma variable y juegan un importante papel en la regulación del metabolismo energético y en la respuesta inflamatoria. Durante diversos estados patológicos como por ejemplo en el infarto al miocardio, el tratamiento con tiazolidinedionas ha mostrado efectos cardioprotectores ya que reducen la hipertrofia y el área infartada y atenúan la respuesta inflamatoria cardiaca. Estos antecedentes sugieren un importante papel de PPARγ durante el remodelado cardiaco, proceso fisiopatológico que consiste en un cambio estructural y funcional del tejido, caracterizado por fibrosis, hipertrofia y pérdida progresiva de los cardiomiocitos. Se ha sugerido que la apoptosis es el principal mecanismo de muerte celular en el corazón pero últimamente se ha avanzado en los estudios de la participación de la autofagia o “muerte programada de tipo II”. Sin embargo, la autofagia se describió inicialmente como un proceso fisiológico clave para la sobrevida celular durante la privación de aminoácidos, diferenciación celular y desarrollo. Consiste en un proceso dinámico y programado que procede con el secuestro de proteínas citoplasmáticas y organelos enteros dentro de vacuolas de doble membrana, que posteriormente se fusionan con los lisosomas formando los autolisosomas. Todos estos elementos capturados en las vacuolas son degradados por proteasas lisosomales y removidos de la célula por exocitosis. Evidencias recientes han mostrado que los agonistas de PPARγ podrían inducir la autofagia en algunas líneas celulares. Sin embargo, aún no queda claro si la autofagia es realmente un proceso de muerte o un mecanismo de sobrevida celular. Dado que prácticamente se desconoce si la activación de PPARγ regula la autofagia cardiaca, en esta tesis se postuló como hipótesis que “El agonista farmacológico de PPARγ rosiglitazona induce la autofagia del cardiomiocito, protegiéndolo de la muerte”. Los objetivos específicos propuestos fueron: • Estudiar in vitro el efecto de agonistas farmacológicos de PPARα y/o PPARγ en la viabilidad del cardiomiocito de rata. • Determinar si rosiglitazona induce autofagia en el cardiomiocito y si ésta se relaciona con sobrevida celular. • Investigar si la estimulación con rosiglitazona afecta la viabilidad de cardiomiocitos expuestos a estrés nutricional, estrés hiperosmótico o a isquemia/reperfusión simulada. El modelo experimental utilizado fue cultivo primario de cardiomiocitos de ratas neonatas tratados con rosigllitazona en un rango creciente de concentraciones y de tiempo. La autofagia se evaluó mediante procesamiento de la proteína LC3 endógena, cambio en la distribución y degradación de la proteína GFP-LC3 en cardiomiocitos transducidos con el adenovirus GFP-LC3. Los resultados mostraron que PPARγ está presente en cardiomiocitos de ratas y que es transcripcionalmente activo, lo cual se demostró mediante un plasmidio reportero que contiene el elemento de respuesta para este factor transcripcional. Además, rosiglitazona estimuló temprana y progresivamente la autofagia en los cultivos primarios de cardiomiocitos, determinada por el procesamiento de la proteína endógena LC3-I, efecto similar al observado en repuesta al tratamiento con rapamicina. Rosiglitazona también incrementó la distribución punteada de LC3-GFP, sin embargo no disminuyó la fluorescencia de la proteína LC3-GFP en los cardiomiocitos transducidos con el adenovirus LC3-GFP. Por otra parte, rosiglitazona no modificó de forma significativa los niveles intracelulares de ATP y ni afectó la viabilidad basal del cardiomiocito. El tratamiento con gemfibrozilo, tampoco modificó su viabilidad. Para determinar si la inducción de autofagia tiene un efecto en la viabilidad del cardiomiocito, los cultivos celulares se expusieron a estrés mecánico por hiperosmolaridad y se midió la viabilidad. El estrés hiperosmótico indujo de manera rápida y potente la muerte de las células cardiacas. Sin embargo, rosiglitazona y gemfibrozilo no previnieron este efecto. La muerte de las células cardiacas inducida por el estrés hiperosmótico es mediante apoptosis, lo que se demostró la evaluación por citometría de flujo de la subpoblación G1 en células permeabilizadas y tratadas con yoduro de propidio y determinación de potencial mitocondrial. Rosiglitazona y gemfibrozilo no previnieron la apoptosis del cardiomiocito inducida por estrés hiperosmótico. Rosiglitazona tampoco bloqueó la muerte celular inducida por isquemia y reperfusión simulada. Finalmente, los resultados obtenidos con el desarrollo de esta tesis permiten concluir que rosiglitazona induce la autofagia del cardiomiocito pero que ésta es insuficiente para modificar la viabilidad celular
Clinical studies showed that thiazolidinediones, drugs used for type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance treatment, can reduce cardiovascular morbid and mortality. These compounds are highly specific ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor gamma (PPARγ), a nuclear hormone receptor superfamily member. PPARs are variably expressed in the cardiovascular system and play an important role in both energetic metabolism regulation and inflammation response. In myocardial infarct, treatment with thiazolidinediones has cardioprotective effects reducing cardiac hypertrophy, infarcted area and inflammatory response. These data suggest an important role of PPARγ during cardiac remodeling. Remodeling is a physiopathological alteration in heart structure and function characterized by cardiomyocytes fibrosis, hypertrophy and death. Apoptosis has been described as the main cardiac cell death mechanism. However, recent studies have also described the participation of autophagy, also known as type II programmed cell death. Autophagy was first described as an adaptative physiological process during amino acids starvation. It has also been described its participation in cellular differentiation and development. Autophagy consists in the sequestration of cytoplasm portions and organelles within double membrane vesicles, named autophagosomes. These vesicles were subsequently fused with lysosomes forming the autofagosomes. All elements captured in these vesicles are degraded by lysosomal proteases and removed by exocytosis. Recent evidence has shown that PPARγ agonists could induce autophagy in some cells lines. However, is not clear whether autophagy is a mechanism for cell survival or death. Based on these antecedents we postulated the following hypothesis: “The pharmacological PPARγ agonist, rosiglitazone, induces cardiomyocyte autophagy protecting them from cell death”. The specific aims were: • To study in vitro the effects of PPARα and PPARγ pharmacological agonists on neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. • To determine whether rosiglitazone induces autophagy in cardiomyocyte and whether this process is related with cell viability. • To investigate if the stimulation with rosiglitazone affects cardiomyocyte viability when exposed to nutritional stress, hyperosmotic stress and simulated ischemia/reperfusion. The experimental models were primary cultures of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes treated with rosiglitazone at different concentrations and times. Autophagy was evaluated by endogenous LC3-I processing, and by change in adenoviral expressing GFP-LC3 distribution and degradation. Results showed that PPARγ is expressed and is transcriptionally active in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes as determined by western blot and activity of PPAR reporter plasmid. Furthermore, rosiglitazone stimulated early and progressively cardiac autophagy as determined by endogenous LC3-I processing. This effect was similar to that induced by rapamycin. Rosiglitazone also increased the GFP-LC3 punctuated pattern, but without decreasing GFP-LC3 fluorescence. On the other hand, rosiglitazone neither affects ATP levels nor viability of cardiomyocytes. Gemfibrozil treatment, also did not affect cardiomyocyte viability. To determine whether autophagy affects cardiomyocyte viability, cultured cells were exposed to hyperosmotic stress in the presence or absence of rosiglitazone or gemfobrozil, and viability was measured. Hyperosmotic stress induced a rapid decrease in cardiomyocyte viability. Cardiomyocyte death was also achieved by simulated ischemia/reperfusiom. Neither rosiglitazone nor gemfibrozil prevented cardiomyocyte death induced by both procedures. Hyperosmotic stress-induced cell death was characterized as apoptosis, as determined by mitochondrial potential decay and DNA fragmentation visualized by sub G1 population in propidium iodide-treated cells followed flow cytometry. Both rosiglitazone and gemfibrozil did not prevent the hyperosmotic stress-induced apoptosis. Finally, these results allow us to conclude that rosiglitazone induces cardiomyocyte autophagy but this process does not affect cardiomyocyte viability
Peña, Oyarzún Daniel. "Rol de BAG3 en la regulación del metabolismo muscular esquelético." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2014. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/134613.
Full textAutor no autoriza el acceso a texto completo de su documento hasta diciembre de 2015
La proteína co-chaperona Bag3 es un factor clave en el control de la autofagia selectiva, un proceso de degradación de proteínas y organelos activado en respuesta a distintos estresores, en tejidos altamente diferenciados, como el músculo esquelético. Este último tejido transforma la energía química del ATP en energía mecánica para la contracción, por lo que el control del metabolismo de la glucosa resulta fundamental para mantener su función fisiológica. En este sentido, insulina, a través de sus efectores intracelulares Akt y mTORC1, promueve el ingreso y metabolismo de la glucosa. No obstante, en condiciones de estrés nutricional la proteína AMPK activa la autofagia para aumentar el metabolismo celular por degradación de diversas macromoléculas. Prueba de esta relación funcional entre metabolismo y autofagia es que la inhibición de la autofagia lleva a resistencia a la insulina en células musculares esqueléticas. Por otro lado, existe evidencia que los ratones knock-out para Bag3 presentan una disminución en los niveles de glucosa e insulina circulantes, y mueren a las 3 semanas de nacimiento con deterioro muscular progresivo. Sin embargo, hasta hoy se desconoce si Bag3 regula el metabolismo energético de la célula, y si las vías que controlan ese metabolismo se relacionan con la autofagia. En vista de estos antecedentes, se investigó si Bag3 altera la señalización de la vía Akt-AMPK-mTORC1, produciendo efectos metabólicos y de autofagia en miotubos L6 (línea celular: músculo esquelético de rata). A través de ensayos de captura de 3H-2-desoxiglucosa, consumo de oxígeno y detección densitométrica de GLUT4-myc en superficie, se determinó que las células con niveles reducidos de Bag3 (RNA interferente) y sin insulina en el sistema, incorporaron mayor cantidad de glucosa por un incremento de transportadores Glut-4 en la membrana celular junto con una mayor capacidad oxidativa mitocondrial. Lo anterior es debido a un aumento de la activación basal de Akt, evidenciado por Western blot contra Fosfo-Ser-473. Además, estas células presentaron una menor capacidad de activar la autofagia debido a un procesamiento disminuido de LC3, además de una menor activación de AMPK (Fosfo-Thr-172) y una sobre-activación de mTORC1 (Fosfo-Ser-2448). Finalmente, en presencia de insulina (100 nM, 20 min), las células con niveles reducidos de Bag3 presentaron una incorporación deficiente de glucosa para la cantidad de transportador Glut-4 exportado a la membrana, y una menor capacidad oxidativa mitocondrial. En estas condiciones, Akt se activó de forma normal ante insulina, observándose sin embargo que AMPK y mTORC1 se activó e inactivó, respectivamente; comportamiento inverso respecto a lo normal. Con estos datos, se propone a Bag3 como un novedoso regulador del metabolismo y la autofagia muscular esquelética
The co-chaperone protein Bag3 is a key factor for the control of selective autophagy, a degradation process of proteins and organelles activated in response to stress, in highly differentiated tissues, as the skeletal muscle. The role of the latter is to transform the chemical energy from ATP into mechanical energy for contraction, thus the metabolism control of glucose is important to keep its biological function. In that way, the hormone insulin, by its intracellular effectors Akt and mTORC1, promotes the uptake and metabolism of glucose. However, in nutritional stress conditions the AMPK protein activate autophagy in order to increase cellular metabolism by macromolecular degradation. Proof of this functional relationship between metabolism and autophagy is that autophagy abrogation leads to insulin resistance in muscle cells. On the other hand, there is evidence that shows that Bag3 Knock-out mice present diminished glucose and insulin in blood, and die after 3 weeks from birth with progressive muscle wasting. However, it is not known yet whether Bag3 regulates energy metabolism in the cell, nor whether the pathways that control that metabolism are related with Bag3 mediated autophagy. With this in mind, we decided to determine if Bag3 was able to alter the Akt-AMPK-mTORC1 signaling pathway, leading to metabolic and autophagy effects, in L6 myotubes (cell line: skeletal muscle from rat). By 3H-2-desoxyglucose uptake, oxygen consumption and GLUT4-myc surface detection assays, we were able to determine that cells with reduced levels of Bag3 (interference RNA), and without insulin in the system, had increased glucose uptake because of an augmented Glut-4 translocation to the cell membrane, along with an enhanced mitochondrial oxidative capacity. This is explained by an increased Akt basal activation, evidenced by Phospho-Ser-473 western blot. Furthermore, these cells showed a diminished capacity to produce autophagy, because of a decreased LC3 processing, along with a diminished activation of AMPK (Phospho-Thr-172) and an over activation of mTORC1 (Phospho-Ser-2448). Finally, in the presence of insulin (100 nM, 20 minutes), cells with diminished levels of Bag3 showed a deficient glucose uptake for the amount of Glut-4 transporter exported to cell membrane, and a decreased mitochondrial oxidative capacity. Under these conditions, Akt protein increased its activation, as normal, but AMPK was activated and mTORC1 was inactivated, an inverted behavior with respect to normal metabolism. With these data, we propose Bag3 as a novel regulator of metabolism and autophagy in muscle
Fernandes, Michelle Casal. "Autofagia no Trypanosoma cruzi: produto do mecanismo de ação de naftoquinonas e da resposta ao estresse de pH e nutricional." Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 2012. https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/7034.
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Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
A doença de Chagas, causada pelo protozoário Trypanosoma cruzi, representa um sério problema de Saúde Pública na América Latina, cujo tratamento clínico é insatisfatório. Nesse contexto, muitos esforços têm sido dirigidos para o desenvolvimento de novas drogas visando o tratamento desta doença negligenciada. Na medicina popular, produtos naturais ricos em naftoquinonas têm sido utilizados no combate de diferentes doenças parasitárias. Nosso grupo vem investigando a atividade de naftoquinonas e derivados sobre formas tripomastigotas de T. cruzi. No presente estudo, dentre 32 hidroxinaftoquinonas que tiveram sua atividade tripanocida avaliada, o composto 1C foi o mais ativo (IC50/24h=77,3 ±6,8 μM). Estudos prévios do nosso grupo com outra classe de derivados de naftoquinonas apontaram para a naftoquinona triazólica (NT) como um composto promissor, sendo esta mais ativa que a droga padrão benznidazol. Nesta dissertação, o mecanismo de ação de NT foi estudado, sendo observados danos ultraestruturais em epimastigotas como a ruptura dos reservosomos, blebbing da membrana flagelar, desorganização do Golgi, aparecimento de estruturas membranares concêntricas no citosol e parasitos anormais com múltiplos flagelos. Diferentemente do tratamento com outras naftoquinonas, NT não induziu alterações na mitocôndria, dado este confirmado pela análise do potencial de membrana mitocondrial (Δm) por citometria de fluxo. Pela mesma técnica, ainda foram demonstrados o efeito de NT no bloqueio da mitose e no aumento da produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs). O principal fenótipo induzido pelo tratamento com essa naftoquinona foi o aparecimento de perfis de retículo endoplasmático envolvendo organelas, que juntamente com o aumento da marcação com monodansilcadaverina (MDC) observado, sugere a autofagia como parte do mecanismo de ação tripanocida da NT. O T. cruzi apresenta-se em três diferentes formas evolutivas e durante seu ciclo de vida é exposto a condições físico-químicas adversas como variações no pH e escassez de nutrientes. A avaliação do efeito de tais condições se constituiu em um dos objetivos deste estudo. Análises por citometria de fluxo demonstraram que epimastigotas submetidos a estresse de pH e escassez nutricional apresentaram um aumento na produção de EROs, sendo também observada uma queda do Δm apenas após estresse de pH. A microscopia eletrônica de transmissão revelou um inchaço mitocondrial com desorganização das cristas, presença de estruturas membranares concêntricas citosólicas e no interior de organelas, perfis de retículo endoplasmático envolvendo estruturas subcelulares, perda de eletrondensidade dos reservosomos com invaginação da sua membrana e intensa vacuolização citoplasmática. Estes fenômenos característicos de autofagia, reforçados pela ausência de ruptura de membrana plasmática, de fragmentação do DNA e pelo aumento na marcação de MDC, indicam que esta via participa da resposta do protozoário aos diferentes tipos de estresses induzidos.
Chagas’ disease, caused by the protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi, represents a severe Public Health problem in Latin America, being its clinical treatment unsatisfactory. In this framework, several efforts have been directed for the development of novel drugs for the treatment of this negllected disease. In the folk medicine, natural products containing naphthoquinones have been employed for the treatment of different parasitic illnesses. Our research group has been investigating the activity of naphthoquinones and derivatives against T. cruzi bloodstream trypomastigotes. In the present study, among 32 hydroxinaphthoquinones, evaluated for their trypanocidal activity, compound 1C was the most effective (IC50/24h=77,3 ± 6,8 μM). Previous studies by our group with another naphthoquinones class of derivatives, pointed to the triazolic naphthoquinone (NT) as a promising compound, being more active than the reference drug benznidazol (IC50/24h=103,6 ± 0,6 μM). In this work, the mechanism of action of NT was also studied, being many ultrastructural damage described in epimastigotes such as the rupture of the reservosomes membrane, blebbing in the flagellar membrane, Golgi disruption, the formation of concentric membranous structures in the cytosol and the appearance of abnormal parasites with multiple flagella. Differently from the treatment with other naphthoquinones, NT did not induce mitochondrial alterations, data confirmed by mitochondrial membrane potential (Δm) by flow cytometry. By the same technique, it was also demonstrated the effect of NT on mitosis blockage and in the increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The main phenotype induced by the treatment with this naphthoquinone was the appearance of endoplasmic reticulum profiles surrounding organelles associated with the increase in monodansylcadaverine (MDC) labeling observed, suggests that autophagy is involved in the trypanocidal effect of NT. T. cruzi presents three different evolutive forms, and during its life cycle is exposed to adverse physico-chemical conditions such as pH variation and the shortage of nutrients, being the evaluation of the effect of these conditions one of the goals of this study. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that epimastigotes submitted to pH stress and nutritional scarcity presented an increase in ROS generation, being also observed a decrease in Δm detected only after the pH stress. The transmission electron microscopy revealed the mitochondrial swelling with crists disorganization, the formation of membranous concentric structures in the cytosol or inside organelles, the appearance of endoplasmic reticulum profiles surrounding subcellular structures, loss of reservosome electrondensity with the invagination of its membrane, and the intense citoplasmic vacuolization. Such characteristic phenomena of autophagy, reinforced by the absence of the plasma membrane rupture, DNA fragmentation and increase in MDC labeling, indicate that this pathway participates in the protozoa response to different types of induced stresses.
Guimarães, Larissa Alves. "Potencial anticâncer de actinomicetos recuperados do sedimento da praia da Pedra Rachada, Paracuru, Ceará." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2013. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/8162.
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The sea sediment is an important source of microorganisms that synthesize secondary metabolites with biomedical proprieties. During the past 10 years, the coast of Ceará has been prospected for the pharmacological potential housed in sponges, tunicates and corals, but little data are available regarding that of the microorganisms. In the present study, crude extracts from actinomycetes recovered from sediment collected at Pedra Rachada Beach, Paracuru, Ceará State, were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against tumor cells in culture. Among the 26 extracts, 16 inhibited more than 65% of growth of HCT-116 cells. The extract derived from the strain BRA-090, which exhibited the highest percentage of cell growth inhibition (98.38%), showed IC50 of 0.19 µg/mL and was grown in large scale in order to isolate active principles. Chemical fractionation techniques, such as flash chromatography and HPLC, were applied to this extract, which led to identification of three known chromomycins (chromomycins A2, A3 and desmetilchromomycin A2) and also two molecular masses regarding probable new molecules of the same class. Chromomycin A2 (C-A2) was isolated and the cytotoxic activity was evaluated across a panel of cell lines, with IC50 ranging from 7.8 to 49.5 nM for exposures of 48 and 72h. For 24h exposure period, none of the IC50 values were found to be below 50 nM. C-A2 was also tested against the non-tumor line MRC-5 with IC50 of 109 nM. The MALME-3M cells, which showed the best activity after 48h incubation, was chosen to investigate the potent cytotoxic effect of C-A2 at concentrations of 10, 20, 30 and 40 nM. C- A2 reduced viability of MALME-3M cells in concentration dependent manner and increased the number of non-viable cells in the two highest concentrations tested. As for changes in the cell cycle, C-A2 induced, particularly for treatment with 40 nM, reduction of S phase and increase in G0/G1 phase. Morphological analysis of MALME-3M cells treated with C-A2, mainly at 30 and 40 nM, presented membrane blebs, cellular volume reduction and DNA fragmentation, which are features suggestive of apoptosis. Treatment with 30 nM also induced the appearance of several cell fragments resembling autophagosomes, may suggest the occurrence of autophagy.
O sedimento marinho é uma importante fonte de microrganismos produtores de metabólitos secundários com propriedades biomédicas. Os actinomicetos são bactérias Gram-positivas e filamentosas bem conhecidas como profícuos produtores de produtos naturais com diversas atividades biológicas. A costa do Ceará vem sendo investigada, há pouco mais de 10 anos, quanto ao potencial farmacológico abrigado em esponjas, tunicados e corais, porém há ainda poucos registros de microrganismos como foco da prospecção de produtos naturais bioativos. No presente trabalho, os extratos brutos produzidos a partir dos 26 actinomicetos recuperados do sedimento coletado na Praia da Pedra Rachada, no município do Paracuru, Ceará, foram testados quanto a sua citotoxicidade em células tumorais em cultura. Dos 26 estratos brutos testados, 16 inibiram mais que 65% do crescimento de células HCT-116. A cepa denominada BRA-090, cujo extrato teve o maior porcentual de inibição do crescimento celular (98,38%), apresentou CI50 de 0,19 µg/mL e foi selecionada para crescer em larga escala a fim de isolar o(s) princípio(s) ativo(s). O fracionamento químico utilizando técnicas como cromatografia flash e CLAE levaram a identificação de três cromomicinas conhecidas (cromomicinas A2, A3 e desmetilcromomicina A2) além de duas massas referentes a prováveis novas moléculas da mesma classe. A cromomicina A2 (C-A2) foi isolada e teve a sua atividade citotóxica avaliada para outras seis linhagens tumorais, com CI50 variando de 7,8 a 49,5 nM para exposições durante 48 e 72h de duração. Com 24h, não foi encontrado valor CI50 abaixo de 50 nM. A C-A2 também foi testada contra a linhagem não tumoral MRC-5, com CI50 de 109nM. As células MALME-3M, para qual se obteve a melhor atividade no tempo de 48h de incubação, foi a escolhida para investigar o potente efeito citotóxico de C-A2 nas concentrações de 10, 20, 30 e 40 nM de C-A2. A C-A2 mostrou reduzir a viabilidade de células MALME-3M de forma concentração-dependente, e aumentou o número de células não viáveis nas duas maiores concentrações testadas. Quanto as alterações no ciclo celular, C-A2 apresentou, em particular para o tratamento com 40 nM, redução da fase S e aumento da fase G0/G1. Na análise morfológica das células MALME-3M, sobremaneira aquelas expostas a concentrações de 30 e 40 nM, foram observadas diversas alterações, tais como blebs de membrana plasmática, redução do volume celular e fragmentação de DNA, características sugestivas de apoptose. No tratamento com 30 nM, diversos fragmentos celulares similares a autofagossomos estavam presentes, sugerindo, ainda, a ocorrência de autofagia.
Canales, Urriola Jimena Andrea. "Miofibroblastos cardiacos de rata adulta son resistentes a autofagia inducida por estimulación [beta]2-adrenérgica." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2010. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/105358.
Full textLos fibroblastos cardiacos son células que cumplen un rol fundamental en el mantenimiento de la homeostasis de la matriz extracelular del corazón. Luego de un daño al miocardio, además, participan activamente del remodelado cardiaco como tal o diferenciándose a miofibroblasto, un fenotipo celular que presenta características que lo hacen apto para funciones de cicatrización. Se ha observado que luego de un daño al miocardio, el corazón está expuesto a un mayor tono adrenérgico con la finalidad de compensar la disfunción adquirida por la injuria del tejido. Estudios de nuestro laboratorio han demostrado que la estimulación β2-adrenérgica por Isoproterenol induce autofagia en fibroblastos cardiacos de rata adulta, un proceso degradativo que se ha reportado capaz de perder su equilibrio en diversas patologías cardiovasculares. Por esto, se vuelve interesante determinar si estos mismos estímulos son capaces de inducir autofagia en miofibroblastos cardiacos, células que aparecen sólo cuando hay daño al miocardio. Los resultados muestran que tanto fibroblastos como miofibroblastos cardiacos presentan receptores adrenérgicos sólo del subtipo β2. Miofibroblastos cardiacos presentaron mayor número de receptores β2-adrenérgicos y con mayor afinidad por sus ligandos que fibroblastos cardiacos. En ambos fenotipos celulares los receptores mencionados se encuentran funcionales. En cuanto a la autofagia, los estímulos clásicos inductores de autofagia (rapamicina y/o privación de nutrientes) y la estimulación β2-adrenérgica por Isoproterenol inducen autofagia en fibroblastos. De modo distinto, estos inductores no fueron capaces de inducir autofagia en miofibroblastos cardiacos de rata adulta, aunque se encontró que en condiciones basales presentaban mayor nivel de autofagia que los fibroblastos. Los resultados demuestran que los miofibroblastos cardiacos son resistentes a la inducción de autofagia por estimulación β2-adrenérgica, lo que puede abrir una puerta para el entendimiento del rol de este proceso en estados patológicos del corazón.
Silva, Fábio Fernando Alves da. "Avaliação do papel de HSPB1 na modulação da autofagia induzida por PRL em células-beta." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46131/tde-24082018-092045/.
Full textType 1 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by glycemic dysregulation, which occurs due to an autoimmune destruction of beta-cells. Insulin therapy is the gold standard treatment for DM1. However, some DM1 patients do not respond efficiently to this treatment and suffer frequent episodes of severe hypoglycemia unawareness. Since this complication jeopardizes the quality of life of these people, Islet transplantation is a therapeutic alternative indicated to treat these patients. However, besides the lack of enough organ donors, the loss of beta cells during both the isolation as well as the infusion of islets into the recipient induce a great estresse and thus a significant cell death is one of the drawbacks of this procedure. Autophagy is a mechanism of recycling cytoplasmic components and is essential for cellular homeostasis. Under estresse conditions, this mechanism is activated above basal levels, promoting the degradation of protein aggregates and defective organelles, thus avoiding cell damage that could compromise cell viability. Studies carried out by our group have shown not only that PRL promotes cytoprotection in beta-cells, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines-induced apoptosis, but also that HSPB1 plays an essential role in this inhibition of apoptosis mediated by PRL after treatment with cytokines. Moreover, recent results from our laboratory showed an increase in autophagy levels in beta-cells after exposure to cytokines, as well as a restauration to normal levels in the presence of PRL. In order to better understand the role of PRL in the modulation of autophagy in these cells, the aim of this project is to study whether HSPB1 is also essential in the mechanism of autophagy regulation induced by PRL. Using MIN6 beta cell models where HSPB1 was silenced (MIN6-shHSPB1) or not (MIN6-SsC), we studied cell death by viability assays. Moreover, western blot assays were performed in order to assess levels of autophagy and autophagic flux markers in the cells.Our results showed that HSPB1 in one of the mediators of PRL-induced modulation of autophagy. Nevertheless, since hormonal treatment was still able to inhibit cytokinesinduced cell death even in the presence of chloroquin, an autophagy blocker, we conclude that autophagy is not a signaling pathway involved in PRl-induced beta-cell cytoprotection. Altogether, the results shown in this study may help to increase the knowledge of the molecular events induced by PRL in beta-cells, and may allow to infer new approaches to improve cytoprotection, culture and transplantation of these cells into type 1 diabetic patients.
Troncoso, Cotal Rodrigo Hernán. "IGF-1 inhibe in vitro e in vivo la autofagia cardiaca inducida por estrés nutricional." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2009. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/105183.
Full textLa autofagia es un proceso fisiológico clave para la sobrevida celular durante la privación de nutrientes (estrés nutricional), diferenciación celular y desarrollo. La autofagia se define como un proceso dinámico y programado que procede con el secuestro de proteínas citoplasmáticas y organelos dentro de vacuolas de doble membrana, que se contactan y fusionan con los lisosomas para formar los autolisosomas. Diferentes vías transduccionales regulan la autofagia, siendo la vía de la fosfatidilinositol 3-kinasa (PI3-K) una de las más importantes. La PI3-K clase III se requiere en los estadios tempranos de la generación del autofagosoma, mientras que la de clase I tiene un efecto inhibitorio dependiente de la proteína kinasa mTOR. En los últimos años, la autofagia también se ha definido como un proceso de muerte programada. El factor de crecimiento análogo a insulina tipo-1 (IGF-1), tiene diversas acciones sobre el corazón, destacando sus efectos prohipertrófico e inotrópico. Nuestro Laboratorio y otros grupos de investigación han demostrado que IGF-1 protege a los cardiomiocitos de la apoptosis inducida por distintas formas de estrés. Las acciones prohipertróficas y antiapoptóticas del IGF-1 son mediadas por un receptor de membrana que posee actividad tirosina kinasa intrínseca y una red transduccional compleja, integrada por las siguientes vías de señalización: a) PI3-K/PKB/mTOR, b) Raf/MEK/ERK y c) calcio. En la literatura existen evidencias contradictorias respecto a las acciones del IGF-1 sobre la autofagia y sus mecanismos en varios tipos celulares. Dado que prácticamente se desconoce si este factor de crecimiento regula la autofagia cardiaca, en esta tesis se postuló como hipótesis que “IGF-1 inhibe la autofagia cardiaca inducida por estrés nutricional”. Los objetivos específicos propuestos fueron: Estudiar in vitro si la vía transduccional PKB/mTOR es activada por IGF-1 en cardiomiocitos expuestos a estrés nutricional. Investigar in vitro el efecto del IGF-1 en el metabolismo y viabilidad del cardiomiocito expuesto a estrés nutricional. Determinar in vitro si IGF-1 regula negativamente la autofagia inducida por estrés nutricional. Estudiar in vivo el papel del IGF-1 en la autofagia inducida por estrés nutricional. Los modelos experimentales utilizados fueron cultivos primarios de cardiomiocitos de ratas neonatas expuestos a dos formas de estrés nutricional (privación de suero/glucosa o privación de suero/aminoácidos) y ratones transgénicos LID (“Liver IGF-1 deficiency”) y controles, ayunados por 48 h. Los ratones LID presentan una deficiencia selectiva en el gen de IGF-1 en el hígado que determina niveles plasmáticos de IGF-1 muy bajos en comparación a sus controles. Los resultados mostraron que el estrés nutricional por privación de suero/glucosa estimuló temprana y progresivamente la autofagia en cultivos primarios de cardiomiocitos determinada por el procesamiento de la proteína endógena LC3-I, efecto que no se observó en los cardiomiocitos expuestos al estrés nutricional por privación de suero/aminoácidos. El estrés nutricional por privación de suero/glucosa también incrementó la distribución punteada de LC3-GFP, disminuyó la fluorescencia de LC3-GFP en los cardiomiocitos transducidos con el adenovirus LC3-GFP pero no modificó los niveles de la proteína proautofágica beclin-1. La privación de suero/glucosa produjo una caída significativa en los niveles intracelulares de ATP y un aumento de la muerte celular, la cual que no tuvo las características bioquímicas de apoptosis. Sin embargo, el bloqueo de la inducción de autofagia con el inhibidor selectivo de PI3-K clase III 3-metiladenina incrementó la muerte de los cardiomiocitos expuestos a ambos tipos de estrés nutricional. Los dos tipos de estrés nutricionales disminuyeron tempranamente (1 h) los niveles basales de las formas fosforiladas de las proteínas PKB, p70-S6K y ERK, observándose sólo una recuperación paulatina de la fosforilación de ERK1 en los cardiomiocitos expuestos a privación de suero/glucosa. IGF-1 inhibió la autofagia, la muerte y recuperó los niveles intracelulares de ATP en los cardiomiocitos expuestos a estrés nutricional por privación de suero/glucosa. Este efecto fue selectivo ya que IGF-1 no recuperó los niveles intracelulares de ATP y la viabilidad de los cardiomiocitos privados de suero y aminoácidos. Por otra parte, IGF-1 estimuló las fosforilaciones de la PKB y p70-S6K en cardiomiocitos expuestos a estrés nutricional por privación de suero/glucosa, revelando que la vía transduccional mTOR está activa. Sin embargo, el efecto del IGF-1 sobre p70-S6K no se observó en los cardiomiocitos privados de suero y aminoácidos. En un modelo in vivo de estrés nutricional en el ratón, el ayuno por 48 h indujo autofagia en el corazón, siendo este efecto mayor en los ratones transgénicos LID en comparación a los controles silvestres. Además, estos ratones LID sometidos a estrés nutricional por 48 h presentaron mayor fosforilación de la proteína AMPK en el tejido cardiaco, efecto que podría estar asociado a una mayor inducción de autofagia. Finalmente, los resultados obtenidos con el desarrollo de esta tesis permiten concluir que IGF-1 es un regulador negativo de la autofagia del cardiomiocito inducida por privación de nutrientes
Autophagy is a key physiological process for cell survival during nutrient deprivation, cell differentiation and development. Autophagy is a dynamic and programmed process that involves the engulfment of cytoplasmic proteins and organelles within a double membrane vacuole, which are fused with lysosomes to form the autolysosomes. Autophagy is regulated by different signaling pathways being the most important the PI3-K pathway. PI3-K class III is required in the early steps of autophagosome formation, while PI3-K class I has an mTOR protein kinase-mediated inhibitory effect. In recent years autophagy has also been identified as a type II programmed cell death. Insulin-like growth factor type 1 (IGF-1) has different actions on the heart, being the most important its pro-hypertrophic and positive inotropic effects. Moreover, our laboratory and other research groups have shown that IGF-1 protects cardiac myocytes from apoptosis induced by different cell stresses. Pro-hypertrophic and antiapoptotic IGF-1 actions are mediated by a membrane receptor with intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and a complex signaling network, integrated by a) PI3-K/PKB/mTOR, b) Raf/MEF/ERK and c) Ca2+. In the literature conflicting evidence exists about the IGF-1 effects on autophagy and the mechanisms involved. Moreover, no information is available whether this growth factor regulates cardiac autophagy. Therefore, this thesis proposed as hypothesis that "IGF-1 inhibits the nutritional stress-induced cardiac autophagy". The specific aims were: To study in vitro whether PKB/mTOR transductional pathway is activated by IGF-1 in cardiac myocytes exposed to nutritional stress. To investigate IGF-1 in vitro effects on metabolism and viability in cardiac myocytes exposed to nutritional stress. To determine in vitro whether IGF-1 negatively regulates nutritional stress-induced autophagy. To study in vivo the role of IGF-1 on nutritional stress-induced autophagy. The experimental models were primary cultures of neonatal rat cardiac myocytes exposed to two forms of nutritional stresses (serum/glucose or serum/aminoacid deprivation), and transgenic mice LID (Liver IGF-1 Deficiency) on control mice starved for 48 h. The LID mice have a selective liver deficiency in IGF-1 gene that results in a lower IGF-1 plasma level than in control mice. Our results showed that nutritional stress by serum/glucose deprivation stimulated an early and progressive autophagy in primary cultures of neonatal rat cardiac myocytes, as determined by the processing of endogenous protein LC3-I. This effect was not observed in cardiac myocytes exposed to nutritional stress by serum/aminoacid deprivation. Nutritional stress by serum/glucose deprivation increased GFP-LC3 dot pattern and decreased GFP-LC3 fluorescence in cardiac myocytes transduced with an adenovirus overexpressing GFP-LC3, but any change was observed in the levels of the pro-autophagic protein beclin-1. The serum/glucose deprivation induced a significant decrease in intracellular ATP levels and an increase in cell death, which lacks the apoptotic biochemical features. However, inhibition of the induction of autophagy by 3-MA increased cell death in cardiac myocytes exposed to both types of nutritional stresses. Both types of nutritional stresses produced an early decrease (1 h) in phosphorylated forms of PKB, p70-S6K and ERK. Only a gradual recovery of ERK1 phosphorylation in cardiac myocytes exposed to deprivation of serum/glucose was observed. IGF-1 inhibited both autophagy and cell death, and recovered intracellular ATP levels in cardiac myocytes exposed to nutritional stress by serum/glucose deprivation. This effect was selective to this stress because IGF-1 did not recover intracellular ATP levels and viability in serum/aminoacid deprived cardiac myocytes. Moreover, IGF-1 stimulated PKB and p70-S6K phosphorylation in cardiac myocytes exposed to nutritional stress by serum/glucose deprivation, suggesting that mTOR transductional pathway was active. However, IGF-1 effect on p70-S6K was not observed in serum/aminoacid deprived cardiac myocytes. In an in vivo nutritional stress model produced by 48 h fasting, cardiac autophagy was induced. This induction was higher in transgenic LID mice as compared to control mice. In addition, the levels of phosphorylation of AMPK increased in cardiac tissue from 48 h fasted LID mice, effect that could be associated with a larger autophagy induction. Finally, these results allow us to conclude that IGF-1 inhibits nutrient deprivation-induced cardiac autophagy
Duque, Thabata Lopes Alberto. "Avaliação da participação da autofagia de células hospedeiras durante a infecção experimental por Trypanosoma cruzi." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/BUOS-97VFL9.
Full textA doença de Chagas é causada pelo protozoário Trypanosoma cruzi e representa um sério problema de saúde na América Latina, sendo considerada uma doença negligenciada cujo tratamento atual é insatisfatório e limitado. A sua principal causa de morbidade é a cardiomiopatia, caracterizada por danos nas células cardíacas e presença de infiltrados inflamatórios e fibrose. A interação parasito-célula hospedeira e o consequente estabelecimento da infecção dependem da fusão do vacúolo parasitóforo (VP) com o lisossomo, organela relacionada à endocitose e autofagia. A via autofágica consiste em um importante processo de degradação de macromoléculas e organelas, tendo sido recentemente associada à infecção pelo T. cruzi. No entanto, a participação efetiva da autofagia, assim como seu papel na infecção, não são conhecidas. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a participação da autofagia durante a infecção de macrófagos e células cardíacas (HMC) por T. cruzi. A pré-incubação com indutor farmacológico de autofagia (rapamicina) ou com meio de estresse nutricional (DMEM -/-) reduziu a infecção e a taxa endocítica em ambas as células, enquanto que a incubação posterior à infecção foi capaz de diminuir a proliferação do parasito apenas em HMC. A análise ultraestrutural apontou características autofágicas típicas como a predominância de autofagossomos e perfis de membrana concêntrica em células estimuladas pré-infecção, além da associação do VP ao autofagossomo, sugestivo de xenofagia. A imunomarcação para a proteína de autofagia LC3 foi mais abundante em células incubadas com os indutores de autofagia, variando a associação ao parasito nos diferentes tipos celulares e tempos. A imunolocalização por microscopia eletrônica revelou um aumento na expressão desta proteína após a infecção, localizadas no interior de autofagossomos. A análise da interrelação da via autofágica com a biogênese de corpúsculos lipídicos (importantes mediadores inflamatórios durante a infecção) indicou inibição da formação destas organelas em macrófagos, enquanto em HMC não ocorreu alteração do número. Os dados do presente trabalho identificam a autofagia como um processo importante que ocorre em resposta à infecção por T. cruzi e que parece atuar na resistência do hospedeiro, controlando a infecção em macrófagos e células cardíacas.
Deitos, Fabiane Taís Diesel. "Busca e análise de variantes genéticas potencialmente patológicas em um caso clínico de neurodegeneração com ataxia, distonia e paralisia ocular." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/50118.
Full textCoorientador : Prof. Dr. Ricardo L. R. Souza
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética. Defesa: Curitiba, 29/09/2017
Inclui referências : f. 40-44
Resumo: As doenças neurodegenerativas de início na infância podem ser de difícil diagnóstico, já que é comum apresentarem heterogeneidade de sintomas, quadro clinico com evolução tardia e bioquímica inconsistente. Uma das ferramentas moleculares que auxilia no diagnóstico dessas doenças é o sequenciamento completo do exoma, capaz de investigar e identificar mutações pontuais, pequenas inserções e deleções em genes codificadores de proteínas que possam estar envolvidas nas patologias pesquisadas. Resultados negativos em exomas nem sempre se devem à ausência de alterações patológicas no DNA. Desta forma, a reanálise é fundamental em casos em que exista uma desconfiança para certa patologia de origem genética. O caso clínico apresentado neste estudo não possui um diagnóstico definido e o exoma foi realizado na tentativa de esclarecer a causa dos sintomas e buscar um tratamento adequado. Durante a reanálise do exoma algumas mutações pontuais foram encontradas e destas, duas alterações no gene SQSTM1 (rs201239306 e rs370874635), responsável por codificar a proteína p62, foram selecionadas para uma investigação mais aprofundada, haja visto que ambas mutações apresentam baixa frequência populacional e poderiam alterar a função proteica. A proteína p62 atua em diversos processos celulares, entre eles a autofagia. Esta é responsável pela remoção de proteínas e organelas em processo de envelhecimento ou disfunção. Erros nesta via de degradação são fontes de uma grande variedade de doenças, incluindo as neurodegenerativas. A análise da variante rs201239306 (A426V), de herança paterna, demonstra uma grande possibilidade de causar deficiências na sua via de sinalização, uma vez que se encontra em domínio conservado em diversas espécies biológicas (UBA) e várias linhas de análise bioinformática suportam essa hipótese. A quantificação da proteína p62 revelou, em primeira análise, uma pequena diminuição da sua expressão na amostra da paciente, o que poderia indicar uma redução na sua tradução devido a alteração estar localizada na região 5'UTR. A quantificação de LC3 demonstrou, inicialmente, que a paciente possui um acúmulo desta proteína, indicando que a via autofágica está sendo afetada de alguma maneira. São necessários alguns testes complementares para concluir a base genética do caso clínico apresentado. Podemos sugerir, não obstante, segundo as análises apresentadas, uma disfunção na via de p62 como a causa da síndrome estudada. Palavras-chave: autofagia, exoma, sequestosome1, neurodegeneração, p62
Abstract: Early childhood neurodegenerative diseases may be difficult to diagnose, as they can present heterogeneity of symptoms, late evolution on clinical picture and inconsistent biochemistry. Exome sequencing is one of the available molecular tools to help in the diagnosis of these diseases as it is capable to identify point mutations, small insertions and deletions in genes encoding for proteins that may be involved in the pathologies under research. Negative results in exomes are not always due to the absence of pathological changes in DNA. Therefore, the reanalysis is fundamental in cases where there is a suspicion for a certain pathology of genetic origin. The clinical case presented in this study lacks a welldefined diagnosis and the exome was conducted to clarify the cause of the symptoms and search for an appropriate treatment. During this re-analysis, some specific mutations were found and two point mutations in the SQSTM1 gene (rs201239306 e rs370874635), that encodes the p62 protein, were selected for further investigation since they both present low allelic frequency and also can alter the protein function. p62 protein acts on several cellular processes including autophagy. Autophagy is the cellular process responsible for the removal of dysfunctional proteins and organelles in normal homeostasis or during aging. Errors in this pathway of degradation are sources of a wide variety of diseases including neurodegenerative diseases. The analysis of the variant rs201239306 (A426V) presented with a paternal inheritance, showed possibilities of causing deficiencies in its signaling pathway, as it changes a well conserved aminoacid in several biological species (UBA domain). The bioinformatics analysis supported this hypothesis either. The quantification of p62 protein levels showed, a small decrease in the first analysis, and could indicate a decrease in its translation due to the alteration in the 5'UTR region. LC3 quantification initially demonstrated that the patient has an accumulation of this protein, indicating that the autophagic pathway is being affected in some way. Complementary tests are needed to conclude the genetic basis of this clinical case. We can suggest, however, according to the reported analysis, a dysfunction in the p62 pathway as the cause of the studied syndrome. Key-words: autophagy, exome, sequestosome1, neurodegeneration, p62
Toro, Pávez Barbra Deborah. "Inhibición de la autofagia mediada por chaperonas genera sobreactivación de macroautofagia y sobrevida en cardiomiocitos expuestos a estrés nutricional." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2014. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/116885.
Full textAutorizada por el autor, pero con restricción para ser publicada a texto completo hasta diciembre de 2015, en el Portal de Tesis Electrónicas
El catabolismo de proteínas es un proceso celular fundamental que ha captado la atención de distintos investigadores en los últimos años. Existen dos mecanismos por los cuales la célula degrada proteínas defectuosas: uno extralisosomal, mediado esencialmente por el proteosoma, y otro denominado lisosomal, en el cual este organelo tiene un papel protagónico en la degradación de proteínas, especialmente en las de vida media prolongada. La célula utiliza tres vías para degradar las proteínas a través del lisosoma: macroautofagia, microautofagia y autofagia mediada por chaperonas (AMC). Esta última se activa bajo condiciones de estrés fisiológico tales como la privación de nutrientes. Proteínas citosólicas con una secuencia aminoacídica particular son reconocidas por un complejo de proteínas chaperonas y destinadas al lisosoma para ser degradadas vía AMC, esta última se distingue de la macroautofagia principalmente en que no requiere tráfico vesicular. Las proteínas sustrato a ser degradadas se unen a la proteína receptora LAMP-2A, presente en la membrana lisosomal por lo que tanto sus niveles como los de Hsc70 (chaperona requerida para este proceso proteolítico) en el lisosoma se relacionan directamente con la velocidad de degradación de AMC. El recambio de proteínas intracelulares es de particular importancia en células terminalmente diferenciadas como son los cardiomiocitos y las neuronas, pues cualquier desequilibrio induce la acumulación de proteínas anormales. Diferente es lo que ocurre en células con alta capacidad proliferativa, en las cuales este efecto se mitiga por dilución a través de múltiples divisiones celulares. La oxidación de proteínas es una consecuencia del metabolismo aeróbico, así como la producción de especies reactivas de oxígeno (EROs). Paralelamente, también se ha observado aumento de EROs en estados de estrés fisiológico, modificando las proteínas y favoreciendo su agregación al interior de la célula. Finalmente, este último proceso se asocia a diferentes estados patológicos por lo cual su remoción o la prevención de su formación son fundamentales para la sobrevida celular. Siendo la AMC un mecanismo involucrado en la degradación de proteínas especialmente bajo condiciones de estrés, se requiere establecer si ella se activa en cardiomiocitos privados de nutrientes, conocer cómo se regula y cuál es su interdependencia con la formación de EROs. Con esta finalidad, esta tesis tiene como hipótesis: “La privación de nutrientes estimula la autofagia mediada por chaperonas en el cardiomiocito como un mecanismo protector frente a daño oxidativo”.
The catabolism of proteins is a fundamental cellular process that has captured the attention of several researchers in the recent years. There are two mechanisms by which the cell degrades defective proteins: one extralysosomal, mediated primarily by the proteasome, and another called lysosomal, in which this organelle has a key role in protein degradation, especially in the long half-life proteins. In the last case, the cell may use three mechanisms to degrade proteins: macroautophagy, microautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). The latter is activated under physiological stress conditions such as nutrient deprivation. Cytosolic proteins with a specific amino acid sequence are recognized by a chaperone protein complex and destined into the lysosome for degradation via CMA, the latter is distinguished mainly from macroautophagy by requiring no vesicular traffic. The substrate protein to be degraded bind to the receptor protein LAMP-2A present in the lysosomal membrane, therefore substrate protein and Hsc70 levels (chaperone required for this proteolytic process) in the lysosome are directly related to the rate of degradation AMC. The turnover of intracellular proteins is of particular importance in terminally differentiated cells such as cardiomyocytes and neurons, since any imbalance induces the accumulation of abnormal proteins. In those cells with high proliferative capacity, this effect is mitigated by dilution through multiple cell divisions. The protein oxidation is a consequence of aerobic metabolism and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In parallel, it has been shown that the increase in ROS during physiological stress, modifying proteins and promoting their aggregation into the cells. Finally, this latter process is associated with various disease states for which removal or prevention of their formation are essential for cell survival. Being the AMC a mechanism involved in protein degradation, especially under stress, it is important to establish whether AMC is activated in nutrient-deprived cardiomyocytes, how is regulated and its interdependence with ROS generation. To this end, we propose the following hypothesis: "The deprivation of nutrients stimulates chaperone-mediated autophagy in cardiomyocytes as a protective mechanism against oxidative damage."
CONICYT FONDAP Anillo ACT 1111
Ceballos, Zúñiga Gabriel Ignacio. "Participación de lipoproteína de baja densidad oxidada (oxLDL) en la inducción de autofagia y sobrevida de miofibroblastos cardiacos." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2016. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/141716.
Full textLas enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) son la principal causa de muerte en el mundo. Los elevados niveles de colesterol y lipoproteína de baja densidad (LDL), que se han relacionado a un aumento de la cantidad de LDL oxidado (oxLDL) destacan entre los factores de riesgo. OxLDL se ha relacionado con el desarrollo de fibrosis cardíaca posterior al daño miocárdico y a la activación o inhibición del proceso autofágico en diferentes modelos celulares. Los miofibroblastos cardíacos (MFC) son células diferenciadas de fibroblastos cardíacos. Son los principales productores de matriz extracelular (MEC) luego del daño tisular, formando un tejido de cicatriz. Una vez terminada su función, los MFC mueren por apoptosis. Sin embargo, se ha identificado la persistencia de MFC en el corazón después del daño, condición que favorece el desarrollo de fibrosis. No hay evidencias que relacionen oxLDL, autofagia y sobrevida celular. En esta memoria se propuso la siguiente hipótesis: “oxLDL induce autofagia y aumenta la sobrevida en miofibroblastos cardiacos”. Los objetivos a desarrollar fueron: a) Evaluar el efecto de oxLDL en autofagia de MFC y b) Determinar el efecto de autofagia y oxLDL en sobrevida de MFC. Se trabajó con MFC estimulados con oxLDL a diferentes concentraciones y tiempos, con el fin de evaluar el efecto en el flujo autofágico. Para ello, se cuantificaron los niveles de LC3-I y LC3-II mediante Western blot. Se utilizó H2O2 como estímulo de muerte para estudiar los efectos de oxLDL y autofagia en la viabilidad celular por conteo con azul de Tripán. Los resultados de este trabajo indicaron que: a) oxLDL por sí solo no indujo activación de la autofagia, sin embargo disminuye la acumulación de LC3-II inducida por cloroquina. b) Autofagia inducida por rapamicina disminuye la viabilidad celular ante estímulo de muerte de H2O2. c) oxLDL no afecta la viabilidad celular ante estímulo de muerte H2O2, no obstante disminuye la muerte celular inducida por rapamicina y H202
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. A major risk factor in these diseases is high levels of cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and this has been correlated with high levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). OxLDL is linked to fibrosis development after myocardial injury and this has been correlated with activation or inhibition of autophagic process in various cellular models. Cardiac myofibroblasts (CMF) are a differentiated phenotype from cardiac fibroblasts (CF). They are the main extracellular matrix producers after tisular injury, MFC make a scar and then die via apoptosis. Nevertheless, CMF in cardiac tissue have been identified after their work, this condition promotes fibrosis development and cardiac failure. There is no evidence of relationship between oxLDL, autophagy and cellular survival. The following hypothesis was proposed to this work: “oxLDL induces autophagy activation and enhances cardiac myofibroblast survival”. Specifics objectives to answer the hypothesis were: a) To evaluate the effect of oxLDL on autophagy of MFC, and b) To determine the effects of oxLDL and autophagy on MFC survival. To fulfill the proposed objectives MFC were stimulated with oxLDL and its effects were observed on autophagic flux. LC3-I and LC3-II levels were quantified by Western blot. H2O2 was used as a death stimulus to observe oxLDL and rapamycin-induced autophagy on cellular survival the viable cells where counted by tripan blue method. The results of this works show that: a) oxLDL has no effect on LC3-II levels under normal conditions, but dimish LC3-II chloroquine-induced LC3-II accumulation. b) Rapamycin-induced autophagy dimishes cell survival on death stimulus H2O2. c) oxLDL has no effect on cell survival, but reverts loss of cell viability on MFC treated with H2O2 and rapamycin
Segat, Gabriela Cristina. "Avaliação da atividade citotóxica e antitumoral de acetohidroxamatos sintéticos em modelos in vitro e in vivo." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2017. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/176757.
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O tratamento do câncer ainda se apresenta como um grande desafio, principalmente devido à resistência das células tumorais aos quimioterápicos e à alta toxicidade dos tratamentos convencionais. Estes fatores têm impulsionado a pesquisa de novas estratégias terapêuticas na área da oncologia, focando principalmente em novas classes de medicamentos anticâncer. Alguns compostos que têm despertado interesse na área oncológica são os derivados de ácidos hidroxâmicos, uma vez que estes compostos têm apresentado efeito citotóxico e antitumoral, principalmente por meio de inibição de histona deacetilases. Neste trabalho foi investigado o efeito citotóxico in vitro de onze acetohidroxamatos, além do perfil farmacocinético e atividade antitumoral in vivo dos compostos mais promissores. Todos os compostos apresentaram atividade citotóxica frente às linhagens tumorais de melanoma (A375) e glioblastoma humano (U-87 MG) no ensaio de MTT, sendo que os compostos AKS 7, AKS 26 e AKS 61 destacaram-se pela alta potência e/ou pelas características físico-químicas promissoras, prosseguindo por esta razão para as próximas etapas. Destes, o composto AKS 61 foi o que apresentou capacidade antiproliferativa em concentrações mais baixas nos ensaios de Sulforrodamina B e de Clonogenicidade, além de apresentar menor citotoxicidade frente à linhagem não-tumoral de cardiomiócitos derivados de células-tronco pluripotentes induzidas (CMCiPS), tendo sido, portanto, selecionado para realizar alguns estudos mecanísticos in vitro. O AKS 61 bloqueou o ciclo celular de células da linhagem A375 de maneira bifásica (inicialmente em G2/M e posteriormente em G1), além de reduzir o potencial de membrana mitocondrial e induzir apoptose das células tratadas. Esse composto foi também eficaz em induzir autofagia após 24 horas de tratamento. A fim de avaliar o potencial antitumoral do AKS 61 in vivo, camundongos nude foram submetidos ao modelo de tumor xenográfico subcutâneo a partir da inoculação de células A375 e, em seguida, foram tratados com o composto AKS 61 pela via intravenosa (i.v.). O tratamento com AKS 61 (2 mg/kg, i.v.) não foi capaz de inibir o crescimento tumoral, provavelmente devido ao seu perfil farmacocinético desfavorável. Este composto apresentou tempo de meia vida plasmática inferior a quarenta minutos, acompanhada de uma alta taxa de eliminação total. Juntamente com a análise farmacocinética do AKS 61, foram também analisados os perfis dos compostos AKS 26 e AKS 7, sendo que este último apresentou o perfil mais favorável, inclusive apresentando biodisponibilidade pela via oral. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho evidenciam o potencial desta série de compostos derivados do ácido hidroxâmico e guiarão a otimização dessas moléculas, com o objetivo de obter um composto eficaz in vivo que apresente características farmacocinéticas mais favoráveis para a continuidade do desenvolvimento não-clínico.
Abstract : Cancer treatment is still challenging, mainly due to tumor resistance to chemotherapy and high toxicity of conventional therapy. These factors have driven the search of new therapy strategies and the discovery of better anticancer drugs. Some compounds that have aroused attention in oncology include the hydroxamic acid derivatives, once they have demonstrated cytotoxic and antitumor effect, mostly because of their histone deacetylases inhibition property. In the present study we have investigated the in vitro cytotoxic effect of eleven synthetic acetohydroxamates, as well as the in vivo pharmacokinetic profile and antitumor activity of most promising compounds. All compounds presented cytotoxic activity against A375 (human melanoma) and U-87 MG (human glioblastoma) cell lines in the MTT assay, and the compounds AKS 7, AKS 26 and AKS 61 stood out for their promising potency and/or physicochemical characteristics, therefore proceeding to the next steps. Of these, the compound AKS 61 was the one that presented the most favorable antiproliferative capacity in the Sulforhodamine B and Clonogenic assays, also presenting smaller cytotoxicity against the non-tumoral lineage CMCiPS (cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells), being therefore chosen to perform some mechanistic studies. AKS 61 was able to arrest the cell cycle of A375 cells biphasically (initially in G2/M and later in G1), in addition to inducing a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential and increasing apoptosis in treated cells. The compound was also capable of inducing autophagy after 24 hours of treatment. In order to assess the in vivo antitumor effect of AKS 61, nude mice were submitted to the xenographic tumor model (by A375 cells inoculation) and treated with the compound intravenously. AKS 61 treatment (2 mg/kg, i.v.) failed to inhibit tumor growth, probably because of its unfavorable pharmacokinetic profile. This compound presented a half-life time of less than 40 minutes, accompanied by a high clearance rate. Together with the pharmacokinetic analysis of AKS 61, the profiles of the compounds AKS 26 and AKS 7 were also analyzed, the latter having the most favorable profile and presenting oral bioavailability. These data show the potential anticancer effect of these hydroxamic acid derivatives and will guide the optimization of these molecules in order to obtain a more potent and effective in vivo compound associated with favorable pharmacokinetic characteristics to continue the nonclinical development.
Soto, Reyes Cristhoper Patricio. "Desarrollo de un modelo fenomenológico para la vía lisosomal de degradación de proteínas." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2018. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/168372.
Full textEl cultivo de células animales ha crecido continuamente en los últimos años, debido al avance en las técnicas de cultivo y al entendimiento de los procesos celulares. La venta de productos obtenidos a partir de estas técnicas deja importantes utilidades y la obtención de nuevos medicamentos deja grandes ganancias sociales. Dentro de los factores que ayudan a mejorar la productividad, se ha estudiado la posibilidad de intervenir los procesos de apoptosis y degradación de proteínas. En este contexto es donde cobra relevancia la obtención de modelos que estudien estas vías. En este documento se busca estudiar y modelar la degradación de proteínas via lisosomal. Para ello se realiza una investigación bibliográfica, se eligen los componentes del modelo, se plantean reacciones para poder deducir ecuaciones y simularlas. Se obtienen gráficos que describen diferentes procesos del sistema. Uno de los proncipales resultados fue la ratificación de que la degradación via lisosoma es más lenta que el replegamiento de proteínas. Las proteínas son degradadas entre 16 y 30 minutos luego de comenzada la simulación. Se logra describir tanto la generación de autolisosoma como la degradación de este. Se propone y realiza una simplificación de la formación del complejo Atg12Atg5Atg16, la que no altera visiblemente la degradación de autolisosoma. Por otra parte, se propone en un futuro modificar las condiciones gatillantes del estrés celular, con el fin de robustecer el modelo Finalmente se destaca la utilidad que puede tener un modelo de degradación de proteínas agregadas vía lisosomal. La aplicación de este podría generar utilidades y posicionar a la industria en un nivel más competitivo.
Lopes-Cararo, Eduardo. "O papel da autofagia no estresse oncogênico promovido por HRASG12V em queratinócitos humanos imortalizados por E6E7." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46131/tde-21062017-084659/.
Full textMutated RAS is the oncoprotein most found in solid tumors, which shows its huge tumorogenic potential. Despite of that, mutated RAS triggers a strong oncogenic stress, which very often drives cells to death instead of malignant transformation. Basically, the success of the Ras malignant transformation driving activity depends on a synergy between that mutated protein and inhibition of tumor suppression genes. This is the case of the interaction between HRASG12V and E6E7 proteins of HPV: It seems that HPV infection is an initial necessary condition for cervical cancer development and is also very frequent in head and neck carcinomas. The synergy between HRASG12V and E6E7, in pre-malignant keratinocytes, imbalances the homeostasis between pro-death subsystems, due oncogenic stress, and pro-survival subsystems that ensure new patterns of cellular robustness. In both cases, the process responsible for generating a malignant transformed cell or, more frequently, eliminating those cells carrying the combined characteristics, exposes the keratinocytes vulnerabilities. We showed in this work that the main actors of deleterious oncogenic stress triggered by HRASG12V activity are: Mitogenic, replicative and oxidative stresses; all of them induce DNA damage, hence cell cycle arrests until the cell cannot resist such injury any further, which leads to massive cell death. The intense mitogenic activity triggered by HRASG12Vcauses metabolic imbalance, which is responsible for an increase of oxidative species and replicative stress levels; the exogenous treatment with antioxidant NAC partially restored cell growth and cell survival, acting as a softener of the DNA damage caused by oxidative species. On the other hand, nucleoside supplementation strongly restored cell survival, suggesting that the aforementioned metabolic imbalance might be acting in the pool of nucleotides, hence it might be a possible cause of replicative stress. As an intrinsic survival mechanism, the autophagy is intensified in response to systemic imbalance triggered by HRASG12V activity. Through the autophagy defective subline, we showed that that mechanism both delays the increase of oxidative species and avoids their elevation to catastrophic highlevels. Furthermore, autophagy could strongly contribute to the recycling of basic substrates such as nucleotides, which might be mitigating the replicative stress. Nowadays, there is a debate on the role of autophagy promoting either malignant transformation or cell death depending on metabolic context. In this work, we showed an instance of the interaction between E6E7 and HRASG12V triggering autophagy pro-survival mechanisms and hence increasing general cell viability