Journal articles: 'Automated en route ATC'

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Ahlstrom, Ulf. "Experimental Evaluation of the AIRWOLF Weather Advisory Tool for En Route Air Traffic Controllers." Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors 5, no. 1 (2015): 18–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000070.

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The objective of this study was to examine the potential benefits for air traffic controllers from the use of automated weather advisories. In a part-task simulation, we used a weather support tool called Automatic Identification of Risky Weather Objects in Line of Flight (AIRWOLF) that (a) detects conflicts between aircraft and hazardous weather, (b) alerts the controller, and (c) generates automatic weather advisories. During the simulation, air traffic control (ATC) subject matter experts responded to AIRWOLF alerts and either provided weather advisories to pilots via radio in two main conditions or provided data link communication in a third control condition. Automated advisories (a) eliminate the need for a manual production of weather advisories; (b) reduce the production time, voice duration, and overall advisory duration; and (c) reduce the cognitive workload associated with the dissemination of weather advisories. The results showed that the AIRWOLF tool could support air traffic controller weather avoidance actions and provide accurate and timely weather advisories to pilots. The weather advisory tool could support en route controllers for the safe, efficient, and strategic efforts required to handle adverse weather conditions in the en route environment.

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Barrer, John N. "Use of Path Objects for Air Traffic Control." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1703, no. 1 (2000): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1703-01.

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A path object is a set of instructions plus the values of associated parameters that would be used by an aircraft’s flight management system (FMS) or area navigation (RNAV) computer to construct a flight trajectory on the basis of the values of the parameters provided by the pilot or air traffic control (ATC) system. The concept of path objects and its applicability for development of FMS- or RNAV-based flight paths for aircraft routes are described. The use of path objects requires only a small number of parameters for specification of an RNAV route, and the computer then calculates the resulting flight path. Because most RNAV routes are just variations of the same basic shapes, many RNAV routes can be generated from a single path object by changing just one or two parameters. This offers the capability to reduce the size of the navigation database by a significant amount. This also allows the dynamic alteration of three-dimensional FMS-RNAV routes instead of radar vectoring, which represents a significant improvement in ATC procedures. Because of the compact expressions for the path objects, these procedures could be used in a voice communications environment as well as a data link environment. A path object can be thought of as a high-level language with which aircraft and ATC systems communicate flight path intentions. The concept of FMS- or RNAV-stored path objects is a change in thinking about the role of avionics technology. It offers a means of including the precision of the FMS-RNAV technology in the ATC system during the transition from today’s system to the future’s fully automated control system. This is an enabling technology that improves the ability to use and maintain FMS-RNAV in its role as a vital component of the ATC system. It has the potential to enhance future air traffic management-communication navigation surveillance concepts and applications.

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Kumar, Pramesh, Alireza Khani, and Gary A. Davis. "Transit Route Origin–Destination Matrix Estimation using Compressed Sensing." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 10 (2019): 164–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119845896.

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The development of an origin–destination (OD) demand matrix is crucial for transit planning. With the help of automated data, it is possible to estimate a stop-level OD matrix. We propose a novel method for estimating transit route OD matrix using automatic passenger count (APC) data. The method uses [Formula: see text] norm regularizer, which leverages the sparsity in the actual OD matrix. The technique is popularly known as compressed sensing (CS). We also discuss the mathematical properties of the proposed optimization program and the complexity of solving it. We used simulation to assess the accuracy and efficiency of the method and found that the proposed method is able to recover the actual matrix within small errors. With increased sparsity in the actual OD matrix, the solution gets closer to the actual value of the matrix. The method was found to perform more efficiently even for different demand patterns. We also present a real numerical example of OD estimation of the A Line Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) route in Twin Cities, MN.

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Lehtola, Ville V., Jakub Montewka, and Johanna Salokannel. "Sea Captains’ Views on Automated Ship Route Optimization in Ice-covered Waters." Journal of Navigation 73, no. 2 (2019): 364–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463319000651.

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Safety in ice-covered polar waters can be optimised via the choice of a ship's route. This is of utmost importance for conventional as well as autonomous ships. However, the current state of the art in e-Navigation tools has left two open questions. First, what essential information are these tools still missing, and second, how they are seen by sea captains. In order to address these questions, we organised an ice navigation workshop to systematically collect routing justifications given by and waypoints planned by experienced sea captains that are particularly seasoned in ice navigation. Here, we report the outcome of that workshop. Our key findings include the reasoning and the commentary of the participants in looking for a better and safer route. These comments shed light upon both the official and unofficial code of conduct in open waters and boil down into a list of additional prerequisite information if further steps towards system autonomy are sought. Finally, the expert-planned waypoints are to be published alongside this paper to act as a benchmark for future maritime studies.

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Zafar, Nazir Ahmad, Fahad Alhumaidan, and Sher Afzal Khan. "Z Specification of Gate and Apron Control Management at Airport." Abstract and Applied Analysis 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/530619.

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Modelling of an air traffic control (ATC) system is an open issue and has become a challenging problem due to its complexity and increase of traffic at airports and in airspace. Consequently, automated ATC systems are suggested to improve efficiency ensuring the safety standards. It is reported that the number of collisions that occurred at airports surface is three times larger than in airspace. Further, it is observed that gates and aprons congestions cause significant delays at airports; hence, effective monitoring and guidance mechanisms are required to control ground air traffic. In this paper, formal procedure of managing air traffic from gate to enter in the active area of airport for taxiing is provided using Z notation. An integration of gate and apron controllers is described to manipulate the information for correct decision making and flow management. Graph theory is used for representation of airport topology and appropriate routs. In static part of the model, safety properties are described in terms of invariants over the critical data types. In dynamic model, the state space is updated by defining pre- and postconditions ensuring the safety. Formal specification is analysed using Z/Eves tool.

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Tian, Xiancai, Baihua Zheng, Yazhe Wang, Hsiao-Ting Huang, and Chih-Chieh Hung. "TRIPDECODER: Study Travel Time Attributes and Route Preferences of Metro Systems from Smart Card Data." ACM/IMS Transactions on Data Science 2, no. 3 (2021): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3430768.

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In this article, we target at recovering the exact routes taken by commuters inside a metro system that are not captured by an Automated Fare Collection (AFC) system and hence remain unknown. We strategically propose two inference tasks to handle the recovering, one to infer the travel time of each travel link that contributes to the total duration of any trip inside a metro network and the other to infer the route preferences based on historical trip records and the travel time of each travel link inferred in the previous inference task. As these two inference tasks have interrelationship, most of existing works perform these two tasks simultaneously. However, our solution TripDecoder adopts a totally different approach. TripDecoder fully utilizes the fact that there are some trips inside a metro system with only one practical route available. It strategically decouples these two inference tasks by only taking those trip records with only one practical route as the input for the first inference task of travel time and feeding the inferred travel time to the second inference task as an additional input, which not only improves the accuracy but also effectively reduces the complexity of both inference tasks. Two case studies have been performed based on the city-scale real trip records captured by the AFC systems in Singapore and Taipei to compare the accuracy and efficiency of TripDecoder and its competitors. As expected, TripDecoder has achieved the best accuracy in both datasets, and it also demonstrates its superior efficiency and scalability.

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Jauch, Jens, Felix Bleimund, Michael Frey, and Frank Gauterin. "Automated Longitudinal Control Based on Nonlinear Recursive B-Spline Approximation for Battery Electric Vehicles." World Electric Vehicle Journal 10, no. 3 (2019): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj10030052.

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This works presents a driver assistance system for energy-efficient ALC of a BEV. The ALC calculates a temporal velocity trajectory from map data. The trajectory is represented by a cubic B-spline function and results from an optimization problem with respect to travel time, driving comfort and energy consumption. For the energetic optimization we propose an adaptive model of the required electrical traction power. The simple power train of a BEV allows the formulation of constraints as soft constraints. This leads to an unconstrained optimization problem that can be solved with iterative filter-based data approximation algorithms. The result is a direct trajectory optimization method of which the effort grows linearly with the trajectory length, as opposed to exponentially as with most other direct methods. We evaluate ALC in real test drives with a BEV. We also investigate the energy-saving potential in driving simulations with ALC compared to MLC. On the chosen reference route the ALC saves up to 3.4% energy compared to MLC at same average velocity, and achieves a 2.6% higher average velocity than MLC at the same energy consumption.

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Zhou, Jinkai, Xuebo Lai, and Joseph Y. J. Chow. "Multi-Armed Bandit On-Time Arrival Algorithms for Sequential Reliable Route Selection under Uncertainty." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 10 (2019): 673–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119850457.

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Traditionally vehicles act only as servers in transporting passengers and goods. With increasing sensor equipment in vehicles, including automated vehicles, there is a need to test algorithms that consider the dual role of vehicles as both servers and sensors. The paper formulates a sequential route selection problem as a shortest path problem with on-time arrival reliability under a multi-armed bandit setting, a type of reinforcement learning model. A decision-maker has to make a finite set of decisions sequentially on departure time and path between a fixed origin-destination pair such that on-time reliability is maximized while travel time is minimized. The upper confidence bound algorithm is extended to handle this problem. Several tests are conducted. First, simulated data successfully verifies the method, then a real-data scenario is constructed of a hotel shuttle service from midtown Manhattan in New York City providing hourly access to John F. Kennedy International Airport. Results suggest that route selection with multi-armed bandit learning algorithms can be effective but neglecting passenger scheduling constraints can have negative effects on on-time arrival reliability by as much as 4.8% and combined reliability and travel time by 66.1%.

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Gutesa, Slobodan, Branislav Dimitrijevic, Joyoung Lee, Yuchuan Zhang, Cecilia Feeley, and Lazar Spasovic. "Smart Arrival Notification System for Americans with Disabilities Act Passenger Paratransit Service with a Consumer Mobile Device." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2650, no. 1 (2017): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2650-05.

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This research presents an arrival notification system for paratransit passengers with disabilities. Almost all curb-to-curb paratransit services have a significantly large pickup time window, ranging from 20 to 40 min from the scheduled time and producing substantial passenger waiting times. The arrival notification system presented in this study delivers an automated voice call to a registered user once the paratransit vehicle is in proximity to the pickup location. The system utilizes the Google Traffic application programming interface (API) for the vehicle arrival estimation. Unlike other vehicle arrival notification systems in the state of the practice, the proposed system is compact and does not require additional equipment such as radio transmitting and positioning devices. The proposed system, which uses consumer mobile devices with the Android or iOS platform, is designed to exploit commercial cellular network service (i.e., 3G and 4G-LTE). In addition to the passenger notification, the proposed system provides paratransit drivers with real-time route guidance information developed through the Google Maps API. Field evaluation conducted in Essex County, New Jersey, revealed significant reduction in passenger waiting time. The passenger waiting time was reduced by 15 to 20 min. In addition, the accuracy of the notification system was tested. During the test, in almost all cases, the vehicle arrived 1 min earlier than the proposed arrival time.

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I.L., Byzov. "ASSESSMENT OF THE EXPECTED WORKLOAD OF THE ATC SECTORS IN THE AREA OF YEKATERINBURG EN-ROUTE ATC CENTRE." Chronos 6, no. 2(52) (2021): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.52013/2658-7556-52-2-13.

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This article is devoted to the assessment of the expected workload of the ATC sectors in the area of Yekaterinburg en-route ATC centre. The expected intensity of aircraft traffic flows during peak hours is assessed using the system of mathematical models based on the revealed patterns in accordance with the results of observations on the number of handled aircraft. The actual ATM problems for the new airspace structure have been revealed. Recommendations for improving the airspace structure of Yekaterinburg en-route ATC centre have been developed.

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Yang, Yi, Ying Nan, and Ming Tong. "Cooperative Route Planning for Multiple Aircraft in a Semifree ATC System." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3521905.

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This paper presents the Semifree Flight theory used in a civil air traffic control (ATC) system to improve the capability of the traditional Free Flight mode. The progressiveness and hidden defects of the “Free Flight” model in civil aviation are analysed, and the Semifree Flight ATC system mode is introduced. Moreover, this paper presents the collaborative route planning method, which is the most important method used in the Semifree Flight ATC system. This collaborative route planning method can plan routes for each aircraft (either in flight or just before achieving flight) in real time, and the routes can satisfy all the safety constraints. The final numerical simulations verify the correctness and practicability of the Semifree Flight theory and the collaborative route planning method.

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Niedringhaus, William P. "ValidatingairspaceAnalyzer Metrics for En Route ATC Sector Complexity." Air Traffic Control Quarterly 20, no. 2 (2012): 125–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/atcq.20.2.125.

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Bowden, Vanessa, Luke Ren, and Shayne Loft. "Supervising High Degree Automation in Simulated Air Traffic Control." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 62, no. 1 (2018): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931218621019.

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Implementing high degree automation in future air traffic control (ATC) systems will be crucial for coping with increased air traffic demand and maintaining safety. However, issues associated with the passive monitoring role assumed by operators in these systems continue to be of concern. Passive monitoring can lead to a range of human operator performance problems when overseeing automation. The performance cost when human operators are placed in a passive monitoring role has been conceptualized as the out-of-the-loop (OOTL) performance problem: where adding more automation to a system makes it less likely that the operator will notice an automation failure and intervene appropriately (Endsley & Kiris, 1995). The OOTL performance problem has been attributed to numerous factors including vigilance decrements, fatigue, task disengagement, and poor situation awareness. This study tested two different approaches to addressing the OOTL performance problem associated with high degree automation in a simulation of en-route ATC (ATC-labAdvanced; Fothergill, Loft, & Neal, 2009). Following a 60-min training and practice session, 115 university student participants completed two 30-min ATC scenarios; one under manual control and one where they supervised high degree automation (counterbalanced order). The automation performed all acceptances for aircraft entering the sector of controlled airspace, handed off all departing aircraft, and resolved all conflicts between aircraft pairs that would otherwise have violated the minimum safe separation standards (except for a single automation failure event). Participants were instructed that the automation was highly reliable, but not infallible. The first aim was to confirm that while high degree automation can reduce workload, it can also lead to increased task disengagement and fatigue when compared to manual control. Furthermore, to determine how well participants supervised the automation, the conflict detection automation failed once late in the automation scenario. This failure involved two aircraft violating the minimum lateral and vertical separation standard and being missed by the automation. We expected to find that participants would fail to detect this conflict more often, or be slower to detect it, when under automation conditions, compared to a comparable conflict event presented when under manual control. Our second aim was to investigate whether these costs of automation could be ameliorated by techniques designed to improve task engagement. Participants were assigned to one of three automation conditions, including automation with (1) no acknowledgements, (2) acknowledgments, or (3) queries. In the no acknowledgements condition, automation failure monitoring was the only task performed. In the acknowledgements condition, similar to Pop et al. (2012), participants were additionally instructed to click to acknowledge each automated action, thereby potentially improving engagement by adding an active component to an otherwise passive monitoring task. In the queries condition, participants were queried regarding the past, present, and future state of aircraft on the display. The goal was to help participants maintain an accurate mental model (aka. situation awareness) when using automation. We found that automation reduced workload, increased disengagement and fatigue, and impaired detection of a single conflict detection failure event compared to manual task performance. Consistent with previous research, this shows that as a higher degree of automation is added to a system, it becomes less likely that the operator will notice automation failures and intervene appropriately (e.g. Pop et al., 2012). The first intervention tested whether adding automation acknowledgement requirements to the task made it easier for participants to detect and resolve a single automation failure event. The results showed that there was no difference between automation with and without acknowledgement requirements on workload, task disengagement, fatigue, and the detection of the automation failure event. The second intervention tested whether adding queries regarding aircraft on the display would improve failure detection performance. The queries intervention successfully reduced task disengagement and trended towards reducing fatigue, while workload was maintained at a level similar to that of manual control. These findings suggest that the manipulation successfully reduced some of the subjective deficits associated with the passive monitoring of automation. However, there was a significant cost to participants’ ability to detect and resolve the automation failure event relative to manual performance, where half the participants in the queries condition missed the automation failure entirely, compared to 25% in the no queries condition. Response times to detect the failure event were also considerably longer when queries were included compared to no queries. One explanation is that the queries condition may have been engaging to the point of distraction. This is supported by qualitative information provided by participants, where 40% mentioned that they found the queries to be distracting. Future studies may wish to examine the effectiveness of auditory queries instead of visual queries, potentially with verbal instead of typed responses. This may allow queries to reduce task disengagement and fatigue while potentially improving participants’ ability to intervene to automation failures.

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Fukushima, S. "Electronic flight progress strip prototype for en route ATC." IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 38, no. 1 (2002): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/7.993233.

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Ratcliffe, S. "The Air Traffic Capacity of Two-Dimensional Airspace." Journal of Navigation 47, no. 1 (1994): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300011103.

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At the present day European ATC is exercised by a multiplicity of more-or-less autonomous control centres. ‘Flow Regulation’ is used roughly to match traffic demand to the capacity of the en-route ATC and of the destination airport. The ATC authority at the point of departure for a remote destination cannot however give any guarantee that the pilot will be able to follow his chosen trajectory. The filed flight plan and the departure clearance have been described as a ‘licence to get into the sky and see what happens’.

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Ababneh, Jafar. "Application of Naïve Bayes, Decision Tree, and K-Nearest Neighbors for Automated Text Classification." Modern Applied Science 13, no. 11 (2019): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v13n11p31.

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Nowadays, many applications that use large data have been developed due to the existence of the Internet of Things. These applications are translated into different languages and require automated text classification (ATC). The ATC process depends on the content of one or more predefined classes. However, this process is problematic for the Arabic translation of the data. This study aims to solve this issue by investigating the performances of three classification algorithms, namely, k-nearest neighbor (KNN), decision tree (DT), and na&iuml;ve Bayes (NB) classifiers, on Saudi Press Agency datasets. Results showed that the NB algorithm outperformed DT and KNN algorithms in terms of precision, recall, and F1. In future works, a new algorithm that can improve the handling of the ATC problem will be developed.

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Najafi, Fazil T., Fadi Emil Nassar, and Paul Kaczorowski. "Paying Equitably for Urban Congestion through National Road Pricing System." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1558, no. 1 (1996): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196155800109.

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Automated toll collection (ATC) systems have been implemented successfully in the United States to collect tolls on bridges and at tunnels and turnpikes. A conceptual national automated road pricing system (NARPS) is described. NARPS consists of a nationwide application of an integrated and coordinated ATC system. Its primary purpose is to collect variable tolls on congested urban roads to improve traffic distribution and the overall efficiency of the highway system. The components of the proposed system are transponders, detectors, and processors used to automatically identify approaching vehicles at normal speed, calculate applicable tolls, and maintain local data bases of all tolls and vehicles to be processed remotely in a control center. A nationwide application of an integrated ATC system offers numerous significant advantages: cost savings, efficiency, traffic management, and a host of secondary applications that are not feasible with localized ATC systems. The management of the system is simplified by billing only drivers who exceed a threshold toll amount, thereby exempting the majority of drivers in rural and other areas.

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Endsley, Mica R., and Mark D. Rodgers. "Situation Awareness Information Requirements Analysis for En Route Air Traffic Control." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 38, no. 1 (1994): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129403800113.

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Situation awareness is a fundamental requirement for effective air traffic control forming the basis for controller decision making and performance. To develop a better understanding of the role of situation awareness in air traffic control, an analysis was performed to determine the specific situation awareness requirements for air traffic control. This was conducted as a goal-direct task analysis in which the major goals, subgoals, decisions and associated situation awareness requirements for En Route Air Traffic Control (ATC) were delineated based on elicitation from eight experienced Air Traffic Control Specialists. This effort was supported by available task analyses and video-tapes of simulated air traffic control tasks. A determination of the major situation awareness requirements for En Route ATC was developed from this analysis, providing a foundation for future system development which seeks to enhance controller situation awareness and provides a basis for the development of situation awareness measures for air traffic control.

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Mark, David M. "Automated Route Selection for Navigation." IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine 1, no. 9 (1986): 2–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/maes.1986.5005198.

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Salas-García, J., J. Garfias, R. Martel, and L. Bibiano-Cruz. "A Low-Cost Automated Test Column to Estimate Soil Hydraulic Characteristics in Unsaturated Porous Media." Geofluids 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6942736.

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The estimation of soil hydraulic properties in the vadose zone has some issues, such as accuracy, acquisition time, and cost. In this study, an inexpensive automated test column (ATC) was developed to characterize water flow in a homogeneous unsaturated porous medium by the simultaneous estimation of three hydraulic state variables: water content, matric potential, and water flow rates. The ATC includes five electrical resistance probes, two minitensiometers, and a drop counter, which were tested with infiltration tests using the Hydrus-1D model. The results show that calibrations of electrical resistance probes reasonably match with similar studies, and the maximum error of calibration of the tensiometers was 4.6% with respect to the full range. Data measured by the drop counter installed in the ATC exhibited a high consistency with the electrical resistance probes, which provides an independent verification of the model and indicates an evaluation of the water mass balance. The study results show good performance of the model against the infiltration tests, which suggests a robustness of the methodology developed in this study. An extension to the applicability of this system could be successfully used in low-budget projects in large-scale field experiments, which may be correlated with resistivity changes.

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Cox, M. E., R. C. Rawlings, P. van der Kraan, and C. Lefas. "GPS : Can it Contribute to European ATC?" Journal of Navigation 45, no. 2 (1992): 205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300010705.

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This paper commences by outlining the developments expected in en-route navigation capabilities in Western Europe and describes the current provision of surveillance employing monopulse SSRS. Following a brief review of GPS characteristics, it then considers the use of ADS, in conjunction with GPS, as an alternative and/or supplement to these ground-based systems. In the light of a simple cost comparison, it suggests that the space-based system could be very advantageous, particularly where new routes are to be established in areas with little or no ATS infrastructure. A final section discusses the possibility of using GPS for height-monitoring purposes as will be necessary when a reduced vertical separation minimum of iooo ft, is employed above FL290 in Europe, and elsewhere.

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Besada, Juan, Andres Soto, Gonzalo de Miguel, Jesus Garcia, and Emmanuel Voet. "ATC trajectory reconstruction for automated evaluation of sensor and tracker performance." IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine 28, no. 2 (2013): 4–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/maes.2013.6477864.

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Pérez-Castán, Rodríguez-Sanz, Gómez Comendador, and Arnaldo Valdés. "ATC Separation Assurance for RPASs and Conventional Aircraft in En-Route Airspace." Safety 5, no. 3 (2019): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety5030041.

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Remotely-piloted aircraft systems (RPASs) present interesting and complex challenges for air traffic management. One of the most critical aspects of the integration of RPASs in non-segregated airspace is safety assessments. This paper lays out a methodology for estimating the minimum protection distance (MPD) that is required to avoid potential conflicts between RPASs and conventional aircraft. The MPD determines the final moment that air traffic control may instruct a RPAS to start climbing with a fixed rate of climb (ROC) to avoid separation minima infringement. The methodology sets out a conflict-resolution algorithm to estimate the MPD. It also models the impact of communication, navigation, and surveillance requirements on the MPD. The main difference between RPASs and conventional aircraft is that the former needs additional communication between the RPAS and pilot in the form of a required Comand and Control link performance (RLP). Finally, the authors carried out Monte Carlo simulations to estimate the value of the MPD only for the head-on encounter, which is the worst scenario. The results showed that the main factors affecting the MPD were RLP and ROC. By increasing RLP and decreasing ROC it was possible to reduce the MPD from 28 to 17 nautical miles; however, the variation in the MPD was not linear.

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Kim, Woo-Sun, and Ki-Chan Nam. "A Development on the ATC Operation Strategy of the Automated Container Terminal." Journal of Korean navigation and port research 30, no. 3 (2006): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5394/kinpr.2006.30.3.235.

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Siangsuebchart, Songkorn, Sarawut Ninsawat, Apichon Witayangkurn, and Surachet Pravinvongvuth. "Public Transport GPS Probe and Rail Gate Data for Assessing the Pattern of Human Mobility in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region, Thailand." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (2021): 2178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042178.

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Bangkok, the capital city of Thailand, is one of the most developed and expansive cities. Due to the ongoing development and expansion of Bangkok, urbanization has continued to expand into adjacent provinces, creating the Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR). Continuous monitoring of human mobility in BMR aids in public transport planning and design, and efficient performance assessment. The purpose of this study is to design and develop a process to derive human mobility patterns from the real movement of people who use both fixed-route and non-fixed-route public transport modes, including taxis, vans, and electric rail. Taxi GPS open data were collected by the Intelligent Traffic Information Center Foundation (iTIC) from all GPS-equipped taxis of one operator in BMR. GPS probe data of all operating GPS-equipped vans were collected by the Ministry of Transport’s Department of Land Transport for daily speed and driving behavior monitoring. Finally, the ridership data of all electric rail lines were collected from smartcards by the Automated Fare Collection (AFC). None of the previous works on human mobility extraction from multi-sourced big data have used van data; therefore, it is a challenge to use this data with other sources in the study of human mobility. Each public transport mode has traveling characteristics unique to its passengers and, therefore, specific analytical tools. Firstly, the taxi trip extraction process was developed using Hadoop Hive to process a large quantity of data spanning a one-month period to derive the origin and destination (OD) of each trip. Secondly, for van data, a Java program was used to construct the ODs of van trips. Thirdly, another Java program was used to create the ODs of the electric rail lines. All OD locations of these three modes were aggregated into transportation analysis zones (TAZ). The major taxi trip destinations were found to be international airports and provincial bus terminals. The significant trip destinations of vans were provincial bus terminals in Bangkok, electric rail stations, and the industrial estates in other provinces of BMR. In contrast, electric rail destinations were electric rail line interchange stations, the central business district (CBD), and commercial office areas. Therefore, these significant destinations of taxis and vans should be considered in electric rail planning to reduce the air pollution from gasoline vehicles (taxis and vans). Using the designed procedures, the up-to-date dataset of public transport can be processed to derive a time series of human mobility as an input into continuous and sustainable public transport planning and performance assessment. Based on the results of the study, the procedures can benefit other cities in Thailand and other countries.

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McLaren, Ian, and I. Gorlach. "Development of a Tool Changer for a Reconfigurable Machine Tool." Applied Mechanics and Materials 798 (October 2015): 324–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.798.324.

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Automated tool changing of CNC machines reduces the cycle time of operations as most processes require a number of different tools to complete a task. The machine can be pre-loaded with the required tools and programmed to automatically retrieve the tools as required. CNC machines will often run unattended or work too quickly for manual intervention, so it is important that safety features and checks are built in to prevent damage. The purpose of this research project was to modify a tool changing system for a reconfigurable machine tool (RMT), which was previously developed in the Department of Mechatronics. The RMT is capable of performing milling, drilling and electric discharge machining (EDM). In this research, the automated tool changer (ATC) was developed and successfully integrated into the RMT, and interfaced with the machine controller. The redesigned ATC is able to provide fast, reliable and safe tool changing for a variety of tools.

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Vogt, Joachim, Tim Hagemann, and Michael Kastner. "The Impact of Workload on Heart Rate and Blood Pressure in En-Route and Tower Air Traffic Control." Journal of Psychophysiology 20, no. 4 (2006): 297–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803.20.4.297.

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This paper reports three studies on the application of ambulatory monitoring in air traffic control (ATC). The aim of the first study was to explore a set of psychophysiological measures with respect to ATC workload sensitivity and feasibility at the workplace. Nearly all physiological measures showed the expected changes during work. Significant positive correlations were found between cardiovascular responses and the number of aircraft under control, especially heavy, fast, climbing, and descending aircraft. The following en-route (Study 2) and tower (Study 3) simulations identified the relative impact of air traffic features. Heart rate, systolic blood pressure, self-reported concentration, and upset were significantly higher in the simulations with 12 aircraft continuously under control compared to only 6. A high versus low number of potential conflicts between aircraft in the en-route setting (Study 2) also caused significant increases of heart rate, systolic blood pressure, self-reported concentration, and upset. On the basis of these results, a new workload model for air traffic controllers was suggested and implemented.

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Majumdar, Arnab, Washington Y. Ochieng, Gérard McAuley, Jean Michel Lenzi, and Catalin Lepadatu. "The Factors Affecting Airspace Capacity in Europe: A Cross-Sectional Time-Series Analysis Using Simulated Controller Workload Data." Journal of Navigation 57, no. 3 (2004): 385–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463304002863.

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Air traffic in Europe is increasing at a rapid rate and traffic patterns no longer display pronounced daily peaks but instead exhibit peak spreading. Airspace capacity planning can no longer be for the peak period but must consider the whole day. En route airspace capacity in the high density European air traffic network is determined by controller workload. Controller workload is primarily affected by the features of the air traffic and ATC sector. This paper considers the air traffic and ATC sector factors that affect controller workload throughout the whole day. A simulation study using the widely used Reorganized ATC Mathematical Simulator (RAMS) model of air traffic controller workload is conducted for the Central European Air Traffic Services (CEATS) Upper Area Control Centre region of Europe. A cross-sectional time series analysis of the simulation output is conducted with corrections for temporal autocorrelation in the data. The results indicate that a subset of traffic and sector variables and their parameter estimates can be used to predict controller workload in any sector of the CEATS region in any given hour.

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Arora, Nitin, Somansh Garg, Varad Sant, and Rohit Goyal. "Automated Optimum Route Generator and Data Analyzer." International Journal of Computer Applications 181, no. 48 (2019): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/ijca2019918654.

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Lee, Joong Yoon, Jang Keun Ahn, Young Won Park, Woo Dong Lee, and Jai Kyun Mok. "6.2.3 Application of Computer-Aided Systems Engineering to Develop Automated Train Control (ATC) System." INCOSE International Symposium 12, no. 1 (2002): 310–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2334-5837.2002.tb02475.x.

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Tarău, A. N., B. De Schutter, and J. Hellendoorn. "Route Choice Control of Automated Baggage Handling Systems." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2106, no. 1 (2009): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2106-09.

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Sun, Chengyu, and Bauke de Vries. "Automated human choice extraction for evacuation route prediction." Automation in Construction 18, no. 6 (2009): 751–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2009.02.009.

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V Dugani, Swaroopa, and Sunanda Dixit. "Automated Adaptive and Sequential Recommendation of Travel Route." International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology 46, no. 2 (2017): 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/22312803/ijctt-v46p118.

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Barnier, Nicolas, and Cyril Allignol. "Trajectory deconfliction with constraint programming." Knowledge Engineering Review 27, no. 3 (2012): 291–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269888912000227.

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AbstractAs acknowledged by the SESAR (Single European Sky ATM (Air Traffic Management) Research) program, current Air Traffic Control (ATC) systems must be drastically improved to accommodate the predicted traffic growth in Europe. In this context, the Episode 3 project aims at assessing the performance of new ATM concepts, like 4D-trajectory planning and strategic deconfliction.One of the bottlenecks impeding ATC performances is the hourly capacity constraints defined on each en-route ATC sector to limit the rate of aircraft. Previous works were mainly focused on optimizing the current ground holding slot allocation process devised to satisfy these constraints. We propose to estimate the cost of directly solving all conflicts in the upper airspace with ground holding, provided that aircraft were able to follow their trajectories accurately.We present a Constraint Programming model of this large-scale combinatorial optimization problem and the results obtained with the FaCiLe (Functional Constraint Library). We study the effect of uncertainties on the departure time and estimate the cost of improving the robustness of our solutions with the Complete Air Traffic Simulator (CATS). Encouraging results were obtained without uncertainty but the costs of robust solutions are prohibitive. Our approach may however be improved, for example, with a prior flight level allocation and the dynamic resolution of remaining conflicts with one of CATS’ modules.

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Mosier, Kathleen L., Earl L. Wiener, Alan W. Price, and Robert L. Helmreich. "Resource Management in the Highly Automated Airspace System." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 37, no. 1 (1993): 60–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129303700115.

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The introduction of highly sophisticated, glass cockpit aircraft has profoundly affected the flightdeck environment, and has changed the nature of crew resource management (CRM). CRM and decision making in advanced aircraft are qualitatively different from the same processes in older fleets. Automation also alters the nature of interaction among crewmembers, and between crewmembers and Air Traffic Control (ATC) These differences would seem to necessitate special training and procedures for CRM in glass cockpits. Moreover, training for managing automation cannot be merely an added module in current CRM programs. The effects of automation pervade throughout all aspects of resource management. Coincidentally, advances in the air traffic control system are altering the modern airspace environment. In the not-too-distant future, it will be possible for ATC computers to generate or amend clearances, which the Air Traffic Manager will send to the aircraft via datalink. The aircraft FMS (flight management system) will determine whether or not the clearance may be accepted, and its effects on fuel consumption, arrival time, etc. The role of the pilot will be to accept or reject the suggested clearance. The effects of automation on operator and team processes in both of these domains, as well as on the interaction between the domains, has only begun to be defined. Some of the issues already raised in the flightdeck realm, such as diffusion of responsibility among crewmembers, the breakdown of traditional roles and responsibilities as a result of familiarity with automation, or the possibility that crewmembers will “communicate” more with the automation than with each other, may only be exacerbated by increased automation in the air-ground communication link. The goal of this panel is to present an overview of some of the issues and questions to be resolved if resource management is to be a vital construct in the highly automated airspace system. To open discussion, the first panel member will present an overview of the general issues involved in the confluence of CRM and automation. Following, an industry representative will discuss one airline's specialized program to introduce crewmembers to the glass cockpit, and guide them in the appropriate use of automation. The measurement of CRM components specifically related to crew interaction with automation will be the focus of the third panelist. The analysis of CRM issues associated with equipment design, and, in particular, with the introduction of datalink communication systems, will be the next panel topic. Lastly, possible implications for human operators of the increasing sophistication and decision-making capabilities of automated systems in the air and on the ground will be introduced. The panel chair will summarize the major points and propose questions for discussion.

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Low, Victor Jian Ming, Hooi Ling Khoo, and Wooi Chen Khoo. "Statistical modelling of bus travel time with Burr distribution." ITM Web of Conferences 36 (2021): 01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20213601011.

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A better understanding of the travel time distribution shape or pattern could improve the decision made by the transport operator to estimate the travel time required for the vehicle to travel from one place to another. Finding the most appropriate distribution to represent the day-to-day travel time variation of an individual link of a bus route is the main purpose of this study. Klang Valley, Malaysia is the study area for the research. A consecutive of 7 months ten bus routes automatic vehicle location (AVL) data are used to examine the distribution performance. The leading distribution proposed for the research is the Burr distribution. Both symmetrical and asymmetrical distributions that have been proposed in existing studies are also used for comparison purposes. Maximum likelihood estimation is applied for parameter estimation while loglikelihood value, Akaike information criterion (AIC) and Bayesian information criterion (BIC) are applied for performance assessment of the distributions. Promising results are obtained by the leading model in all different kinds of operating environment and could be treated as the preliminary preparation for further reliability analysis.

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Tarău, A. N., B. De Schutter, and J. Hellendoorn. "Decentralized route choice control of automated baggage handling systems." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 42, no. 15 (2009): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20090902-3-us-2007.0036.

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Li, Wei, Qin Luo, Qing Cai, and Xiongfei Zhang. "Using Smart Card Data Trimmed by Train Schedule to Analyze Metro Passenger Route Choice with Synchronous Clustering." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2018 (July 24, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2710608.

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The metro passenger route choice, influenced by both train schedule and time constraints, is important to metro operation and management. Smart card data (Automatic Fare Collection (AFC) data in metro system) including inbound and outbound swiping time are useful for analysis of the characteristics of passengers’ route choices in metro while they could not reflect the property of train schedule directly. Train schedule is used in this paper to trim smart card data through removing inbound and outbound walking time to/from platforms and waiting time. Thus, passengers’ pure travel time in accord with trains’ arrival and departure can be obtained. Synchronous clustering (SynC) algorithm is then applied to analyze these processed data to calculate passenger route choice probability. Finally, a case study was conducted to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Results showed the proposed algorithm works well to analyze metro passenger route choice. It was shown that passenger route choice during both peak period and flat period could be clustered automatically, and noise data are isolated. The probability of route choice calculated through SynC algorithm can be used to revise traditional model results.

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Rzаiеvа, Svitlаnа, Dmуtrо Rzаiеv, Valeriy Kraskevich, Andrii Roskladka, and Volodymir Gamaliy. "AUTOMATED LOGISTIC FLOW SYSTEM FOR TRADING ENTERPRISE." Cybersecurity: Education, Science, Technique 3, no. 7 (2020): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2663-4023.2020.7.7284.

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The article addresses one of the most pressing problems for a trading enterprise, namely the problem of routing logistics flows for efficient enterprise management. To optimize itineraries, we use state-of-the-art electronic navigation and mapping systems that can be implemented in modern computer technology, from online services available on any computer to mobile devices. Navigation and mapping systems are distributed software complexes with an array of information stored in database management systems. They involve millions of static objects and huge amounts of dynamic data around the world. To optimize the logistics flows, an algorithm for an automated routing system is described. This system solves the problems of automatic calculation of the construction and recognition of the optimal route between the specified points of its beginning and the end, tracking of movement on a given route and, in the case of congested roads, redirection of logistics flows. Based on the researches and experiments on the formation of a cognitive map in the human mind and the perception of the route description, an algorithm for storing and displaying route data is considered. This algorithm takes into account the personal psychology of perception of cartographic information. Developing an algorithm for describing the routing of trading enterprise traffic flows is creating a model of automatically found path between the predetermined points of its beginning and end. This mapping information is personalized, easy to read, fast to remember, and insensitive to user errors. The proposed algorithm is universal and can be used to solve a wide range of problems of logistic flows optimization.

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Zhou, Yan-cong, Yong-feng Dong, Hong-mei Xia, and Jun-hua Gu. "Routing Optimization of Intelligent Vehicle in Automated Warehouse." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2014 (2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/789754.

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Routing optimization is a key technology in the intelligent warehouse logistics. In order to get an optimal route for warehouse intelligent vehicle, routing optimization in complex global dynamic environment is studied. A new evolutionary ant colony algorithm based on RFID and knowledge-refinement is proposed. The new algorithm gets environmental information timely through the RFID technology and updates the environment map at the same time. It adopts elite ant kept, fallback, and pheromones limitation adjustment strategy. The current optimal route in population space is optimized based on experiential knowledge. The experimental results show that the new algorithm has higher convergence speed and can jump out the U-type or V-type obstacle traps easily. It can also find the global optimal route or approximate optimal one with higher probability in the complex dynamic environment. The new algorithm is proved feasible and effective by simulation results.

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Zhu, Guoming G., and Chengsheng Miao. "Real-Time Co-optimization of Vehicle Route and Speed Using Generic Algorithm for Improved Fuel Economy." Mechanical Engineering 141, no. 03 (2019): S08—S15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2019-mar-4.

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Making future vehicles intelligent with improved fuel economy and satisfactory emissions are the main drivers for current vehicle research and development. The connected and autonomous vehicles still need years or decades to be widely used in practice. However, some advanced technologies have been developed and deployed for the conventional vehicles to improve the vehicle performance and safety, such as adaptive cruise control (ACC), automatic parking, automatic lane keeping, active safety, super cruise, and so on. On the other hand, the vehicle propulsion system technologies, such as clean and high efficiency combustion, hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), and electric vehicle, are continuously advancing to improve fuel economy with satisfactory emissions for traditional internal combustion engine powered and hybrid electric vehicles or to increase cruise range for electric vehicles.

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Furth, Peter G., James G. Strathman, and Brendon Hemily. "Making Automatic Passenger Counts Mainstream." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1927, no. 1 (2005): 206–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105192700124.

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Although automatic passenger counters (APCs) have been used for many years, significant obstacles have hindered their becoming a mainstream source of data for monitoring ridership and peak load, estimating passenger miles, and other measures of passenger use important for transit management. The key to APC usefulness is the automatic, routine conversion of the APC data stream into a database of accurate counts. On the basis of case studies of transit agencies, five issues important to achieving this goal are analyzed: data structures, data accuracy, accuracy need and sampling requirements, controlling drift, and balancing algorithms. Balancing algorithms deal with routes with loop ends, negative loads, and rounding. Sampling and accuracy requirements related to passenger miles estimates for National Transit Database (NTD) reporting are also analyzed. The analysis shows that, for most agencies, NTD precision requirements can be met with a small level of fleet penetration, provided that measurement, screening, parsing, and balancing methods keep bias in load measurement below 8%.

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Byrne, Cristina L., and Linda G. Pierce. "An Examination of the Impact of Option Preference on Success in FAA ATC Academy Training." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 60, no. 1 (2016): 1487–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601341.

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In 2014, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) modified the selection and placement process for newly hired air traffic controllers. Among other procedural changes, the way new hires were assigned to the air traffic options (i.e., en route vs. terminal) changed significantly from previous placement practices. This study looks at the reactions of students regarding their option placements under the new system. In particular, their original option preference, actual option assigned, satisfaction with their actual option placement, and intentions to switch options later on in their career were assessed with a brief survey. The relationship of their responses to these items and their first performance indicator (i.e., passing/failing at the Academy) was also examined.

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Redding, Richard E., John R. Cannon, and Thomas L. Seamster. "Expertise in Air Traffic Control (ATC): What is it, and how Can we Train for It?" Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 36, no. 17 (1992): 1326–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/107118192786749397.

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The Federal Aviation Administration has embarked on a major curriculum redesign effort to improve the training efficiency of en route air traffic controllers. Included in this effort was a comprehensive cognitive task analysis conducted in several phases, spanning several years. Eight different types of data collection and analysis procedures were used, resulting in an integrated model of controller expertise. This paper provides a description of controller expertise, and describes the training program under development. This is one of the first examples of cognitive task analysis being applied to study expertise in complex cognitive tasks performed in time-constrained, multi-tasking environments.

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Walker, W. J. V. "UK Airspace Planning – The New ICAO Airspace Classification System." Journal of Navigation 46, no. 3 (1993): 336–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300011760.

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Since the advent of large-scale commercial aviation in the mid 1940s, a system of routes has been developed between airports serving the major conurbations of the world. To prevent collision between aircraft using these routes and off-route traffic, protection is provided to the routes and to the vicinity of airports by means of controlled airspace, airways (AWYS), control areas (CTAS) and control zones (CTRS). Zones commence at ground level and the base an area is at a defined altitude. Inside this controlled airspace certain rules apply which are more stringent than those applied outside, and all movements are subject to Air Traffic Control (ATC).

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Luo, Chuanwen, Deying Li, Xingjian Ding, and Weili Wu. "Delivery Route Optimization with automated vehicle in smart urban environment." Theoretical Computer Science 836 (October 2020): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2020.05.050.

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Sarker *, B. R., and S. S. Gurav. "Route planning for automated guided vehicles in a manufacturing facility." International Journal of Production Research 43, no. 21 (2005): 4659–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207540500140807.

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Krozel, Jimmy, Steve Penny, Joseph Prete, and Joseph S. B. Mitchell. "Automated Route Generation for Avoiding Deterministic Weather in Transition Airspace." Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics 30, no. 1 (2007): 144–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.22970.

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Iakovlieva, L. V., T. O. Bahlai, and V. M. Holub. "Review for Ukrainian pharmaceutical market of hepatotropic drugs and determining the volumes of their consumption during 2016–2018 years." Farmatsevtychnyi zhurnal, no. 3 (July 9, 2020): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32352/0367-3057.3.20.01.

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Hepatobiliary system and biliary tract diseases are common both in the world and in Ukraine (280,000 patients). According to the ATC classification, hepatotropic drugs are divided into three subgroups: А05А, А05В и А05С. The aim of this study was to analyze the assortment of drugs for the pharmacotherapy of diseases of the liver and biliary tract and the volumes of their outpatient consumption during 2016‒2018 years in DDDs/1 000 inhabitants/day. Drugs used for toxic hepatitis and presented in the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine were analyzed. The volumes of their outpatient consumption according to the ATC/DDD methodology based on the «Pharmstandard» system of the «Morion» company were determined, which also made it possible to analyze the assortment of drugs, to determine their dosage forms and manufacturing countries, and to analyze packaging prices. ATC codes identified eight subgroups of drugs, and 158‒167 TNs represent them during 2016‒2018 years. The largest number of TNs were presented A05AA02 Ursodeoxycholic acid (27‒30 TNs, including 19‒21 of foreign origin), А05ВА03 Silymarin (21‒23 TNs, including 9‒11 of foreign origin) and А05ВА50 Different preparations (Essentiale and etc. 35, 37, 34 TNs, including 22, 23 и 20 of foreign origin). Among all drugs of hepatotropic action in Ukraine in the 2018 year, foreign drugs amounted 74 TNs (44,3%) and domestic – 93 TNs (55,7%). The drugs of this group are delivered to Ukraine from 17 countries, the largest part is delivered by Germany (32% of drugs), India (12%), Austria (9%), Italy (7%). According to dosage forms, this group of drugs in 2018 was represented by 17 forms, mainly for the oral route (12 forms), 4 forms – for intravenous injection, and one – rectal suppository. The most consumed were: Different preparations including combined 3.9 DID, Silymarin – 1.48‒1.95 DID, Different preparations (Essentiale ® N, Essentiale ® Forte N, Hofitol) – 1.84‒2.08 DID. The market of drugs used for diseases of the liver and biliary tract in Ukraine in the 2018 year was represented by eight subgroups of 167 TNs, 44.3% of which are foreign-made. Total preparations were presented in forms for the oral route (12 forms), 4 forms – for intravenous injection, and one – rectal suppository. Every year, the consumption of hepatotropic drugs increased slightly: from 8.12 DID to 9.23 DID.

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Zhu, Wei, Wei Wang, and Zhaodong Huang. "Estimating Train Choices of Rail Transit Passengers with Real Timetable and Automatic Fare Collection Data." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5824051.

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An urban rail transit (URT) system is operated according to relatively punctual schedule, which is one of the most important constraints for a URT passenger’s travel. Thus, it is the key to estimate passengers’ train choices based on which passenger route choices as well as flow distribution on the URT network can be deduced. In this paper we propose a methodology that can estimate individual passenger’s train choices with real timetable and automatic fare collection (AFC) data. First, we formulate the addressed problem using Manski’s paradigm on modelling choice. Then, an integrated framework for estimating individual passenger’s train choices is developed through a data-driven approach. The approach links each passenger trip to the most feasible train itinerary. Initial case study on Shanghai metro shows that the proposed approach works well and can be further used for deducing other important operational indicators like route choices, passenger flows on section, load factor of train, and so forth.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Automated en route ATC'

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