Academic literature on the topic 'Automated Meter Reading (AMR)'

El món de les comunicacions per la xarxa elèctrica (CXE) pot ser dividit en tres grans tipus: CXE en baix voltatge (CXE-BV), en mig voltatge (CXE-MV) i en alt voltatge (CXE-AV). En aquests últims anys, les CXE-BV han atret una gran expectació, ja que les seves capacitats han fet d'aquesta tecnologia una bona opció com alternativa pel bucle local d'accés i pel desplegament de xarxes d'àrea local, focalitzades aquestes últimes en l'entorn domèstic. A més, les CXE-BV inclouen un conjunt d'aplicacions de baixa velocitat orientades a l'operador, com la lectura automàtica de comptadors (LAC), distribució de càrrega, facturació dinàmica, etc. Per altra banda, les CXE-MV i CXE-AV, històricament lligades a tasques de telecontrol i teleprotecció, s'estan començant a considerar com un canal de comunicacions eficient i fiable. El desenvolupament de sistemes digitals i els esforços d'estandardització estan fent d'aquests canals un medi atractiu per a que els operadors elèctrics ofereixin serveis de comunicacions, ja que no necessiten invertir en infraestructura perquè la xarxa elèctrica ja està desplegada.<br/>En aquesta Tesi s'introduiran i es comentaran les particularitats de les tres xarxes elèctriques, després, es mostraran al lector les solucions tecnològiques existents pels canals de BV basats en la norma Europea CENELEC així com pels canals d'AV, mostrant que els sistemes actuals de LAC ofereixen una diversitat freqüencial molt baixa i que els mòdems CXE-AV estan ancorats en estendards antiquats.<br/>Aquest treball es mou per les tres topologies de la xarxa, particularment, en aplicacions orientades a la banda CENELEC, en mesura i modelat de canal, i en mesura i disseny del nivell físic per sistemes CXE-BV, CXE-MV i CXE-AV respectivament. Els sistemes actuals que exploten la banda CENELEC ofereixen mecanismes d'explotació de la diversitat freqüencial del canal molt limitats o nuls, donant lloc a una baixa robustesa en front a interferències i soroll de fons acolorit. Aquest treball proposa un esquema de modulació multiportadora que, mantenint una complexitat baixa, ofereix unes altes prestacions permetent un bon nivell d'explotació de la selectivitat freqüencial. Per al que a CXE-MV respecta, aquesta Tesi desenvolupa un model de canal determinístic-estadístic pels anells urbans de distribució de potència i, finalment, en sistemes CXE-AV, aquest treball proposa, basat en mesures de canal i proves de camp, un nivell físic de banda ampla capaç de incrementar la velocitat de comunicació mentre manté una baixa densitat espectral de potència limitant així la interferència a altres sistemes.<br/>PARAULES CLAU: Power line communications (PLC), low voltage (LV), medium voltage (MV), high voltage (HV), automatic meter reading (AMR), orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), multicarrier spread spectrum (MC-SS), communication system design, channel measurements, channel modeling, scattering parameters.<br>El mundo de las comunicaciones por la red eléctrica (CRE) puede ser dividido en tres grandes tipos: CRE en bajo voltaje (CRE-BV), en medio voltaje (CRE-MV) y en alto voltaje (CRE-AV). En estos últimos años, las CRE-BV han atraído una gran expectación, ya que sus capacidades han hecho de esta tecnología una buena opción como alternativa para el bucle local de acceso y para el despliegue de redes de área local, focalizadas estas últimas en el entorno doméstico. Además, las CRE-BV incluyen un conjunto de aplicaciones de baja velocidad orientadas al operador como la lectura automática de contadores (LAC), distribución de carga, facturación dinámica, etc. Por otro lado, las CRE-MV y CRE-AV, históricamente ligadas a tareas de telecontrol y teleprotección, se están empezando a considerar como un canal de comunicaciones eficiente y fiable. El desarrollo de sistemas digitales y los esfuerzos de estandarización están haciendo de estos canales un medio atractivo para que los operadores eléctricos ofrezcan servicios de comunicaciones, ya que no necesitan invertir en infraestructura porque la red eléctrica ya está desplegada.<br/>En esta Tesis se introducirán y se comentarán las particularidades de las tres redes eléctricas, luego, se mostrarán al lector las soluciones tecnológicas existentes para los canales de BV basados en la norma Europea CENELEC así como para los canales de AV, mostrando que los sistemas actuales de LAC ofrecen una diversidad frecuencial muy baja y que los módems CRE-AV están anclados en estándares anticuados.<br/>Este trabajo se mueve por las tres topologías de red, particularmente, en aplicaciones orientadas a la banda CENELEC, en medida y modelado de canal, y en medida y diseño del nivel físico para sistemas CRE-BV, CRE-MV y CRE-AV respectivamente. Los sistemas actuales que explotan la banda CENELEC ofrecen mecanismos de explotación de la diversidad frecuencial del canal muy limitados o nulos, dando lugar a una escasa robustez frente a interferencias y ruido de fondo coloreado. Este trabajo propone un esquema de modulación multiportadora que, manteniendo una complejidad baja, ofrece unas altas prestaciones permitiendo un buen nivel de explotación de la selectividad frecuencial. Por lo que a CRE-MV respecta, esta Tesis desarrolla un modelo de canal determinístico-estadístico para los anillos urbanos de distribución de potencia y, finalmente, en sistemas de CRE-AV, este trabajo propone, basado en medidas de canal y pruebas de campo, un nivel físico de banda ancha capaz de incrementar la velocidad de comunicación mientras mantiene una baja densidad espectral de potencia limitando así la interferencia a otros sistemas.<br/>PALABRAS CLAVE: Power line communications (PLC), low voltage (LV), medium voltage (MV), high voltage (HV), automatic meter reading (AMR), orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), multicarrier spread spectrum (MC-SS), communication system design, channel measurements, channel modeling, scattering parameters.<br>The world of Power line communications (PLC) can be divided into three main types: low voltage PLC (LV-PLC), medium voltage PLC (MV-PLC) and high voltage PLC (HV-PLC). These last years, LV-PLC has attracted a great expectation since its wideband capabilities has made this technology a suitable choice for last-mile access and in-home communications. Moreover, LV-PLC also includes a utility oriented low frequency and low speed applications, such as automatic meter reading (AMR), load distribution, dynamic billing and so on. On the other hand, MV-PLC and HV-PLC, historically oriented to teleprotection and telecontrol tasks, are being considered as a reliable communication channel. The development of digital equipment and the standardization efforts are making those channels an attractive medium for electrical utilities telecommunications services, since the network, as well as in LV-PLC, is already deployed. <br/>In this PhD dissertation, the three different PLC topologies are reviewed and the different communications techniques in such channels exposed. Then, a deep technological review of existing AMR solutions for the European CENELEC band, as well as HV-PLC systems is given, showing that existing AMR systems deliver low frequency diversity and HV-PLC systems are anchored in old fashioned standards.<br/>This work walks around the three topologies, specifically, CENELEC band utility oriented applications, channel measurement and modeling and channel measurement and physical layer design, regarding LV-PLC, MV-PLC and HV-PLC respectively. Existing CENELEC compliant systems deliver low or none frequency diversity mechanisms, yielding in a low robustness against colored noise and interference. This work propose a multicarrier based physical layer approach that, while keeping the complexity low, delivers high performance allowing a great level of frequency diversity. Focusing on MV-PLC, a hybrid deterministic-statistical channel model for urban underground rings is developed and, finally, in HV-PLC systems, this work proposes, based on measurements and field tests, a wideband physical layer in order to increase data rate while keeping low both the power spectral density and possible interference to other systems.<br/>KEYWORDS: Power line communications (PLC), low voltage (LV), medium voltage (MV), high voltage (HV), automatic meter reading (AMR), orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), multicarrier spread spectrum (MC-SS), communication system design, channel measurements, channel modeling, scattering parameters.

<p>Detta examensarbete har genomförts vid Mälarenergi Elnät AB i Västerås. Undersökningen föranleddes av regeringsbeslutet om att elmätare måste avläsas en gång per månad från 2009. Konsekvensen för Mälarenergi är att de måste investera i ett automatiskt mätinsamlingssystem. Syftet med projektet har varit att skapa en generell investeringsmodell för att ekonomiskt utvärdera ett antal mätinsamlingssystem. I rapporten har Milabs, Seneas, Enermets, HM Powers, Iprobes samt Techems och Viterras system analyserats. Resultaten från investeringskalkylen visar att Mälarenergi kommer att göra en förlust på 5-8 MSEK/år under hela projektets livslängd (15 år). Den största delen av investeringen utgörs av hårdvarukostnader (50 %), medan drift- och underhållskostnader samt logistikkostnader utgör 20 % respektive 25 %. Mälarenergi Elnät bör budgetera 1 500-1 950 SEK/mätpunkt för projektet, beroende på systemval. En känslighetsanalys visar att driftskostnad och livslängd är avgörande faktorer, vilket medför att det är viktigare att satsa på ett robust och säkert system än det billigaste.</p>

BIZARRIA, J. W. P. Leitura automatizada de medidores de consumo de energia elétrica eletromecânicos. 2006. 255 f. Tese (Doutorado) - Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2006. Este trabalho aborda o projeto conceitual de um sistema voltado para a leitura automatizada de medidores de consumo de energia elétrica eletromecânicos, residenciais, com transdutores por indução acoplados a registradores mecânicos ciclométricos, sendo esse sistema denominado de Sistema Automatizado para Leitura de Medidores Eletromecânicos (SALME). Nessa abordagem, são explorados conceitos que visam contribuir para a evolução desse tipo de medidor e de outros, aos quais esses conceitos possam ser estendidos. Os elementos desse sistema oferecem contribuição voltada para a busca de soluções dos atuais problemas existentes, principalmente no que se refere à automatização dos processos de aquisição de dados do consumo de energia elétrica, e no combate às fraudes. O SALME está fundamentado numa arquitetura de sistema distribuído que separa o medidor em duas unidades: uma destinada para a medição do consumo; outra para a visualização dos dados referentes à leitura do medidor. O modelo de aplicação dessa arquitetura prevê a instalação da unidade de medição no âmbito da via pública, sendo a unidade de visualização instalada no âmbito da unidade consumidora. A instalação da unidade de medição no âmbito da via pública dificulta a implementação e utilização de circuitos não autorizados, que impeçam ou interfiram na medição dos corretos valores de consumo de energia elétrica, a serem utilizados para a cobrança desse insumo. A instalação da unidade de visualização no âmbito da unidade consumidora proporciona ao consumidor a leitura do medidor, prevista para esse tipo de aplicação. Nesse sistema, a leitura do medidor é automatizada, de forma que a aquisição dos dados de leitura dos consumos pode ser realizada no âmbito da via pública, por meio do uso de coletores de dados ou por interligação a sistemas de comunicação que utilizam redes de longa distância. Para a comunicação com os coletores de dados, é prevista a utilização da radiação infravermelha como meio de comunicação sem fio. A automatização da leitura dos medidores é fundamentada no conceito de leitura eletrônica do registrador mecânico ciclométrico, sendo exploradas abordagens que envolvem: a conversão optoeletrônica analógica; a aquisição e o processamento de imagens, e a conversão optoeletrônica digital. Os resultados obtidos nos ensaios práticos efetuados com os protótipos dos elementos do SALME foram satisfatórios, sendo validados os princípios de funcionamento desses elementos, ratificando os conceitos propostos, mostrando que os objetivos previstos neste trabalho foram alcançados em toda a sua plenitude.<br>BIZARRIA, J. W. P. Automated reading of electromechanical electric energy consumption meter. 2006. 255 f. Thesis (Doctoral) - Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2006. This work embodies a conceptual design of a system focalized in automatic reading of electromechanical electric energy consumption meter, residential, with inductive transducers coupled together with cyclic mechanical registers, being that system called by Automated System for Reading of Electromechanical Meter (ASREM). On that approach are explored concepts that aim to contribute for evolution of that type of meter and others of which those concepts can be extended. The elements of that system offer contribution dedicated for the search of solutions of the current problems, mainly referring to automation of data acquisition processes of electric power consumption, and against to swindle. ASREM is based on architecture of distributed system that splits the meter into two units, being one destined to consumption measurement and other for visualization of the data related to the meter reading. The model of application of that architecture, foresees the installation of a measurement unit in the ambit of public electrical network, being the unit of visualization installed in the ambit of consumer demand. The installation of measurement unit in the ambit of public electrical network, obstructs the implementation and use of non authorized circuits that prevent or interfere in the measurement of correct values of electric power consumption to be utilized for the collection of that tariff. The installation of unit for visualization in the ambit of consumer demand, provides to the consumer the reading of the meter foreseen for that type of application. On that system the reading of the meter is automated, so that the acquisition of the reading data of the consumptions it can be accomplished in the ambit of public electrical network, by means of usage either by data collectors or by interconnection to communication systems that use long distance networks. For the communication with the data collectors that is forecasted the utilization of infrared radiation as a mean of wireless communication. The automation of meters reading is based on concept of electronic reading of the cyclic mechanical register, being explored approaches that involve: the analogical optoelectronic conversion, acquisition and image processing, and digital optoelectronic conversion. The results obtained in the practical tests performed with the prototypes of ASREM elements, were satisfactory, being validated the principles of operation of those elements, ratifying the proposed concepts, showing that the objectives foreseen in this work were fully reached.

Smart Grid (SG) is an electrical grid enhanced with information and communication technology capabilities, so it can support two-way electricity and communication flows among various entities in the grid. The aim of SG is to make the electricity industry operate more efficiently and to provide electricity in a more secure, reliable and sustainable manner. Automated Meter Reading (AMR) and Smart Electric Vehicle (SEV) charging are two SG applications tipped to play a major role in achieving this aim. The AMR application allows different SG entities to collect users’ fine-grained metering data measured by users’ Smart Meters (SMs). The SEV charging application allows EVs’ charging parameters to be changed depending on the grid’s state in return for incentives for the EV owners. However, both applications impose risks on users’ privacy. Entities having access to users’ fine-grained metering data may use such data to infer individual users’ personal habits. In addition, users’ private information such as users’/EVs’ identities and charging locations could be exposed when EVs are charged. Entities may use such information to learn users’ whereabouts, thus breach their privacy. This thesis proposes secure and user privacy-preserving protocols to support AMR and SEV charging in an efficient, scalable and cost-effective manner. First, it investigates both applications. For AMR, (1) it specifies an extensive set of functional requirements taking into account the way liberalised electricity markets work and the interests of all SG entities, (2) it performs a comprehensive threat analysis, based on which, (3) it specifies security and privacy requirements, and (4) it proposes to divide users’ data into two types: operational data (used for grid management) and accountable data (used for billing). For SEV charging, (1) it specifies two modes of charging: price-driven mode and price-control-driven mode, and (2) it analyses two use-cases: price-driven roaming SEV charging at home location and price-control-driven roaming SEV charging at home location, by performing threat analysis and specifying sets of functional, security and privacy requirements for each of the two cases. Second, it proposes a novel Decentralized, Efficient, Privacy-preserving and Selective Aggregation (DEP2SA) protocol to allow SG entities to collect users’ fine-grained operational metering data while preserving users’ privacy. DEP2SA uses the homomorphic Paillier cryptosystem to ensure the confidentiality of the metering data during their transit and data aggregation process. To preserve users’ privacy with minimum performance penalty, users’ metering data are classified and aggregated accordingly by their respective local gateways based on the users’ locations and their contracted suppliers. In this way, authorised SG entities can only receive the aggregated data of users they have contracts with. DEP2SA has been analysed in terms of security, computational and communication overheads, and the results show that it is more secure, efficient and scalable as compared with related work. Third, it proposes a novel suite of five protocols to allow (1) suppliers to collect users accountable metering data, and (2) users (i) to access, manage and control their own metering data and (ii) to switch between electricity tariffs and suppliers, in an efficient and scalable manner. The main ideas are: (i) each SM to have a register, named accounting register, dedicated only for storing the user’s accountable data, (ii) this register is updated by design at a low frequency, (iii) the user’s supplier has unlimited access to this register, and (iv) the user cancustomise how often this register is updated with new data. The suite has been analysed in terms of security, computational and communication overheads. Fourth, it proposes a novel protocol, known as Roaming Electric Vehicle Charging and Billing, an Anonymous Multi-User (REVCBAMU) protocol, to support the priced-driven roaming SEV charging at home location. During a charging session, a roaming EV user uses a pseudonym of the EV (known only to the user’s contracted supplier) which is anonymously signed by the user’s private key. This protocol protects the user’s identity privacy from other suppliers as well as the user’s privacy of location from its own supplier. Further, it allows the user’s contracted supplier to authenticate the EV and the user. Using two-factor authentication approach a multi-user EV charging is supported and different legitimate EV users (e.g., family members) can be held accountable for their charging sessions. With each charging session, the EV uses a different pseudonym which prevents adversaries from linking the different charging sessions of the same EV. On an application level, REVCBAMU supports fair user billing, i.e., each user pays only for his/her own energy consumption, and an open EV marketplace in which EV users can safely choose among different remote host suppliers. The protocol has been analysed in terms of security and computational overheads.

碩士<br>中國文化大學<br>建築及都市計畫研究所<br>94<br>The upcoming management of building or tower is along with the developing of computer technology and the level up of equipments. The maintenance and operation of equipments are changing from worker checking to intelligent automatic controller. In the past, the usage amount of water, electric or gas manually written down is replaced by the Automatic Meter Reading System (AMRS) for recording and billing in recent years. The modern trend for the information transmission record is transformed man-power of transcribing way by the past multi-labor forces and concentrated to the central supervisory system AMRS. In recent years the network technology is vigorous development, urged the various countries' energy company to study and develop the Internet transfer mode for straightly reading and receiving the data of energy and service request from the user, thus many types of AMR system are developed under this demand. However, the application of the intelligent AMR system for the monitoring, immediate interruption, or reloading control in meter and company terminal is not fully available yet. The aim of this study attempted to set up the energy utility controlling system including water, electricity and gas by the system design method performing. The intelligent tables were selected and the meter was connected with the energy company by the way of Internet. The way was to design one AMR system for providing the user easy accessing and browsing, and carrying on the real-time monitoring, readout the values, immediate interruption, or reloading control in work station through the homepage and manual dream. This AMR system was tested in lab by the simulation the water, electricity and gas used current capacity to perform the monitoring, data readout, immediate interruption, and reloading control.

碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>資訊科學與工程學系所<br>101<br>Smart Grid&apos;&apos;s efforts to establish the direction for governments, how to integrate ICT smart meter system to establish energy management platform for power users is an important issue. Since the power on behalf of the majority of the energy (the other one&apos;&apos;s energy consumption compared to the bulk transport), so energy management platform will become the future carbon reduction industry, the main driving directions, how to build a complete industrial value chain is the development of the industry focus. And by the power companies, equipment manufacturers and government policies in order to complete a healthy ecosystem, is the need for the current national priority; On the other hand, how to get consumers to quickly and effectively get their electricity consumption data analysis, use electricity more for efficient, energy-saving and carbon reduction is also the current national industry, the main goal. In addition to saving the current power monitoring system for the application of technical attention, in particular, Taipower also complete planning for the smart grid, and Taiwan for the campus, public institutions, large commercial office buildings and other electrical parts manufacturing customers save energy and reduce carbon applications , has gradually considerable results. These areas of carbon reduction are quite sound control systems use electrical equipment to achieve the best power efficiency

Ο στόχος της διπλωματικής αυτής είναι η περιγραφή της αναδυόμενης τεχνολογίας PLC (PowerLine Communication). Η τεχνολογία αυτή με τη χρήση του πανταχού παρόντος ηλεκτρικού δικτύου προσφέρει ακόμα και σε απομακρυσμένους χρήστες πληθώρα ευρυζωνικών υπηρεσιών και πρόσβαση στο διαδίκτυο, αποτελώντας μια ανταγωνιστική επιλογή τρόπου επικοινωνίας. Για την κατανόηση της PLC τεχνολογίας αρχικά κρίνουμε απαραίτητη την λεπτομερή περιγραφή της δομής του ηλεκτρικού δικτύου, του εξοπλισμού που απαιτείται για την εφαρμογή της και των αρχιτεκτονικών της. Στη συνέχεια γίνεται αναφορά στα προβλήματα που παρουσιάζονται και χρήζουν αντιμετώπισης. Επιπρόσθετα, γίνεται σύντομη παρουσίαση των εναλλακτικών υπηρεσιών και σύγκριση των PLC με αυτές. Η μετάδοση μέσω ηλεκτροφόρων καλωδίων προσφέρει ένα μεγάλο εύρος ζώνης, παρέχοντας μία γκάμα πολυάριθμων υπηρεσιών, όπως το έξυπνο σπίτι ή το AMR (Automatic Meter Reading) για τη διευκόλυνση τόσο των οικιακών χρηστών όσο και των επιχειρησιακών. Η χρήση των γραμμών ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας ως τηλεπικοινωνιακό κανάλι απαιτεί την εφαρμογή των κατάλληλων τεχνικών πρόσβασης. Οι πιο διαδεδομένες τεχνικές είναι οι FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access), TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) και CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) . Η παρούσα διπλωματική επικεντρώθηκε στην TDMA και την FDMA με διαμόρφωση σήματος OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) η οποία ονομάζεται OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access). Πραγματοποιήθηκαν εξομοιώσεις σε Matlab διάφορων αλγορίθμων αναλογικής δικαιοσύνης με τεχνική OFDMA και ταυτόχρονη εξομοίωση της TDMA. Στόχος είναι να συγκρίνουμε τους αλγόριθμους αυτούς ως προς το συνολικό ρυθμό μετάδοσης και τη δικαιοσύνη κατανομής των πόρων στους χρήστες. Από τη σύγκριση αυτή προκύπτει ότι η τεχνική TDMA αποδίδει λιγότερο, ενώ από τους υπόλοιπους αλγόριθμους τα καλύτερα αποτελέσματα επιφέρει ο αλγόριθμος των Bill et al., με ισορροπία του συνολικού ρυθμού μετάδοσης και της επιθυμητής δικαιοσύνης.<br>Main goal of this diploma thesis is the description of the up and coming PLC (PowerLine Communication) technology. This technology offers access to the web and to several broadband services to even distant and isolated users, by exploiting the power line grid, widely spread to nearly all surface land sites, consisting this way a competitive communication alternative. For a better comprehension of the PLC technology, this work starts with a detailed description of the power line grid, the several PLC technology architectures and the necessary equipment for their application. Following this work, there is a reference to any possible problems that need to be overcome and a short comparative presentation of the PLC technology versus other alternatives to it. The data transmission over electricity lines offers a wide bandwidth and thus it may support a variety of applications, as the smart home and AMR (Automatic Meter Reading) for the proper service of either domestic or industrial users. The use of electricity power lines as a communication channel necessitates the application of multiple access Strategies as FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access), TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) and CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), which are currently the most popular. This thesis is focused on TDMA and FDMA with OFDM signal modulation. This technique is called OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access). Several proportional rate constraints algorithms were simulated in Matlab applying both OFDMA and TDMA strategies in order to compare these algorithms in terms of the maximized total throughput and the fair allocation of resources to the end users (fairness). From this comparison it comes up that TDMA technique is less efficient, whereas from the other algorithms the most efficient is the one of Bill et al., that offers a good balance between total throughput and fairness.