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Journal articles on the topic 'Automatic boiler for biomass pellets'
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1
Moreira, Bruno Rafael de Almeida, Ronaldo da Silva Viana, Victor Hugo Cruz, Paulo Renato Matos Lopes, Celso Tadao Miasaki, Anderson Chagas Magalhães, Paulo Alexandre Monteiro de Figueiredo, et al. "Anti-Thermal Shock Binding of Liquid-State Food Waste to Non-Wood Pellets." Energies 13, no. 12 (June 25, 2020): 3280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13123280.
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The development and implementation of strategies to assist safe and effective transport and storage of pellets in containers and indoor facilities without heating systems are challenging. This study primarily aimed to reshape the organic fraction of municipal solid waste into a liquid-state binder in order to develop freezing–defrosting-proof non-wood pellets. The introduction of the standard solution of food waste into the process of pelleting consisted of stirring it together with the residual biomass from distillation of cellulosic bioethanol or alternatively spraying very fine droplets on the layer of the starting material before it entered the pilot-scale automatic machine at 200 MPa and 125 °C. The addition by spraying of carbohydrate-rich supplement boiled for five minutes caused the pellets to show increases in apparent density (1250.8500 kg·m−3), durability (99.7665%), and hydrophobicity (93.9785%), and consistently prevented them from suffering severe mechanical fracture by thermal shock. The fractal dimension of breakpoints, cracks, and delamination on the finished surface for these products was the smallest at 1.7500–1.7505. Sprayed pellets would fall into the strictest grid of products for residential heat-and-power units, even after freezing and defrosting. The conclusion is therefore that spraying can spectacularly ensure the reliability of liquid-state food waste as an anti-thermal shock binder for non-wood pellets.
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Mirowski, Tomasz, Marta Jach-Nocoń, Iwona Jelonek, and Adam Nocoń. "The new meaning of solid fuels from lignocellulosic biomass used in low-emission automatic pellet boilers." Polityka Energetyczna – Energy Policy Journal 23, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.33223/epj/119620.
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Hays, Michael, John Kinsey, Ingrid George, William Preston, Carl Singer, and Bakul Patel. "Carbonaceous Particulate Matter Emitted from a Pellet-Fired Biomass Boiler." Atmosphere 10, no. 9 (September 11, 2019): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10090536.
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Biomass pellets are a source of renewable energy; although, the air pollution and exposure risks posed by the emissions from burning pellets in biomass boilers (BBs) are uncertain. The present study examines the organic species in fine particle matter (PM) emissions from an BB firing switchgrass (SwG) and hardwood (HW) biomass pellets using different test cycles. The organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC) content and select semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in filter-collected PM were identified and quantified using thermal-optical analysis and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), respectively. Fine PM emissions from the BB ranged from 0.4 g/kg to 2.91 g/kg of pellets burned of which 40% ± 17% w/w was carbon. The sum of GC–MS quantified SVOCs in the PM emissions varied from 0.13 to 0.41 g/g OC. Relatively high levels of oxygenated compounds were observed in the PM emissions, and the most predominant individual SVOC constituent was levoglucosan (12.5–320 mg/g OC). The effect of boiler test cycle on emissions was generally greater than the effect due to pellet fuel type. Organic matter emissions increased at lower loads, owing to less than optimal combustion performance. Compared with other types of residential wood combustion studies, pellet burning in the current BB lowered PM emissions by nearly an order of magnitude. PM emitted from burning pellets in boilers tested across multiple studies also contains comparatively less carbon; however, the toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the PM tested across these pellet-burning studies varied substantially, and produced 2–10 times more benzo[k]fluoranthene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene and indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene on average. These results suggest that further toxicological evaluation of biomass pellet burning emissions is required to properly understand the risks posed.
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Skopec, Pavel, Jan Hrdlička, and Michal Kaválek. "SPECIFIC EMISSIONS FROM BIOMASS COMBUSTION." Acta Polytechnica 54, no. 1 (February 28, 2014): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2014.54.0074.
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This paper deals with determining the specific emissions from the combustion of two kinds of biomass fuels in a small-scale boiler. The tested fuels were pellets made of wood and pellets made of rape plant straw. In order to evaluate the specific emissions, several combustion experiments were carried out using a commercial 25 kW pellet-fired boiler. The specific emissions of CO, SO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> were evaluated in relation to a unit of burned fuel, a unit of calorific value and a unit of produced heat. The specific emissions were compared with some data acquired from the reference literature, with relatively different results. The differences depend mainly on the procedure used for determining the values, and references provide no information about this. Although some of our experimental results may fit with one of the reference sources, they do not fit with the other. The reliability of the references is therefore disputable.
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Lyubov, V. K., A. N. Popov, and E. I. Popova. "Study the Еfficiency of the Вoiler Вurning Вiofuels and Рeat." Ecology and Industry of Russia 23, no. 3 (March 12, 2019): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2019-3-20-25.
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The results of experimental research thermal and environmental performance of the boiler "Firematic 60" burning pellets, bark, pressed wood sanding dust, granulated peat and sod peat and black pellets of hydrolytic lignin are presented. The research identified the heat balance components of the boiler and gaseous emissions during burning solid fuels. The emissions of solid particles and the content of soot particles are studied. Energy survey found boiler provides high thermal and environmental performance during burning biofuels and granulated peat that should be used for buildings heating; especially in the conditions of North-Arctic region. The organization of production of black pellets of hydrolytic lignin allowed to obtain high-quality fuel from biomass wasted 40–60 years ago.
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Brázdil, Marian, Ladislav Šnajdárek, Petr Kracík, and Jirí Pospíšil. "AUTOMATIC BIOMASS BOILER WITH AN EXTERNAL THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR." Acta Polytechnica 54, no. 1 (February 28, 2014): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2014.54.0006.
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This paper presents the design and test results of an external thermoelectric generator that utilizes the waste heat from a small-scale domestic biomass boiler with nominal rated heat output of 25 kW. The low-temperature Bi2Te3 generator based on thermoelectric modules has the potential to recover waste heat from gas combustion products as effective energy. The small-scale generator is constructed from independent segments. Measurements have shown that up to 11 W of electricity can be generated by one segment. Higher output power can be achieved by linking thermoelectric segments. The maximum output power is given by the dew point of the flue gas. The electrical energy that is generated can be used, e.g., for power supply or for charging batteries. In the near future, thermoelectric generators could completely eliminate the dependence an automated domestic boiler system on the power supply from the electricity grid, and could ensure comfortable operation in the event of an unexpected power grid failure.
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Chengguo, Fu, Feng Yipeng, Tian Yishui, Liang Mingchao, and Zhang Zhengchuan. "Design of a 1 t/h Biomass Chain Boiler and ιts Fuel Adaptability Analysis." Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 13, no. 5 (2020): 132–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.25103/jestr.135.17.
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The arch is an important component of a biomass boiler. Initial arch design of most boilers is generally gained through manual computation, thus resulting in uncertain reasonability of flue gas flow. Moreover, biomass fuels in the market have instable characteristics, which influence the utilization of biomass energies considerably. To address the problems concerning reasonable flue gas flow caused by the collaborative design of arch and air staging and the combustion adaptability of fuels, a cold modeling experiment of a 1 t/h biomass boiler under different staged air distribution ratios when the rear arch coverage varies was conducted using Fluent software in this study after thermal performance computation and initial structural design of grate and furnace. Furthermore, a boiler performance test based on main fuels and a combustion adaptation test of auxiliary fuels were also performed. The experiments show that the best flue gas flow in the furnace is achieved when the rear arch coverage is 60% and the primary–secondary air distribution ratio is 4:6. The mean boiler efficiency and the mean boiler heat output are 81.26% and 715.76 kW/h by using Pinus koraiensis pellets, wood–straw mixed pellets, and cotton straw briquettes as main fuels; and the tested pollutant emissions are in compliance with the limits of the national standard. The results of the combustion adaptation test reveal that the excessive particle size, the high ash content and the relatively low calorific value of biomass molded fuels are all against the combustion of biomass boilers. Fuel upgrading based on washing process and other methods is suggested. This study can provide references to the performance optimization of traditional small-scale biomass chain heating boilers.
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Senila, Lacrimioara, Ioan Tenu, Petru Carlescu, Oana Raluca Corduneanu, Emanuel Petru Dumitrachi, Eniko Kovacs, Daniela Alexandra Scurtu, et al. "Sustainable Biomass Pellets Production Using Vineyard Wastes." Agriculture 10, no. 11 (October 26, 2020): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10110501.
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Vineyards waste has a great importance as biomass, a renewable source of energy. In this paper eight vine shoot varieties were used for the production of pellets by densification of feedstock materials with four ranges of moisture contents (6–8%, 8–10%, 10–12% and 12–15%). A moisture content of 10% gave durability higher than 97.5% and a calorific value greater than 17 MJ kg−1 and the small durability was obtained for 6–8% moisture. The study shows the significant influence of water during densification. The physicochemical and energetic properties of pellets were evaluated in accordance with ISO 17225-6 (2014). The obtained pellets were also structurally characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). SEM analysis showed the formation of carbon microsphere after pelletization, due to the increase of bulk density and durability of pellets. Also, XRD analysis revealed the crystallinity of cellulose, while TGA analysis showed a total decomposition of pellets. The obtained pellets were burned in a domestic boiler and the flue gases were measured. The preliminary results showed that the vineyard residues had higher emissions, but below the admitted limits, with the exception of carbon monoxide content. The obtained results suggested that the biomass wastes can be used for the production of pellets, aiming to enhance the research for the manufacturing of these sustainable biofuels with some remarks regarding risk of corrosion and slag formation during prolonged use.
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Jach-Nocoń, Marta, Grzegorz Pełka, Wojciech Luboń, Tomasz Mirowski, Adam Nocoń, and Przemysław Pachytel. "An Assessment of the Efficiency and Emissions of a Pellet Boiler Combusting Multiple Pellet Types." Energies 14, no. 15 (July 23, 2021): 4465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154465.
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With sustainable energy being the key to reaching climate neutrality, the utilization of non-wooden biomass is a necessity. This article compares the emissions and efficiency of combusting a number of types of agrobiomass and wood pellets. A comparison was made on a moving grate pellet burner mounted in a boiler, where flue gas had a vertical flow via two pass heat exchangers with turbulization elements. Tests were conducted on wood pellets (ENPlus), miscanthus straw pellets, sunflower husk pellets, and corn stover pellets. During combustion, both wood and miscanthus pellets met the PN-EN 303-5:2012 emission and efficiency requirements. Corn stover pellets met the requirement on the nominal capacity. Sunflower husk pellets are characterized by excessive CO and particulate matter emissions. Sunflower husk pellets were the most problematic fuel from the point of view of the results of this research. During combustion of the miscanthus straw pellets there was a need to decrease the nominal heating capacity due to ash sintering.
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Juszczak, Marek, and Katarzyna Lossy. "Pollutant emission from a heat station supplied with agriculture biomass and wood pellet mixture." Chemical and Process Engineering 33, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 231–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10176-012-0020-3.
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Pollutant emission from a heat station supplied with agriculture biomass and wood pellet mixtureTests for combustion of hay and sunflower husk pellets mixed with wood pellets were performed in a horizontal-feed as well as under-feed (retort) wood pellet furnace installed in boilers with a nominal heat output of 15 and 20 kW, located in a heat station. During the combustion a slagging phenomenon was observed in the furnaces. In order to lower the temperature in the furnace, fuel feeding rate was reduced with unaltered air stream rate. The higher the proportion of wood pellets in the mixture the lower carbon monoxide concentration. The following results of carbon monoxide concentration (in mg/m3presented for 10% O2content in flue gas) for different furnaces and fuel mixtures (proportion in wt%) were obtained: horizontal-feed furnace supplied with hay/wood: 0/100 - 326; 30/70 - 157; 50/50 - 301; 100/0 - 3300; horizontal-feed furnace supplied with sunflower husk/wood: 50/50 - 1062; 67/33 - 1721; 100/0 - 3775; under-feed (retort) furnace supplied with hay/wood: 0/100 - 90; 15/85 - 157; 30/70 - 135; 50/50 - 5179; under-feed furnace supplied with sunflower husk/wood: 67/33 - 2498; 100/0 - 3128. Boiler heat output and heat efficiency was low: 7 to 13 kW and about 55%, respectively, for the boiler with horizontal-feed furnace and 9 to 14 kW and 64%, respectively, for the boiler with under-feed furnace.
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Hosseini Rahdar, Mohammad, and Fuzhan Nasiri. "Operation Adaptation of Moving Bed Biomass Combustors under Various Waste Fuel Conditions." Energies 13, no. 23 (December 1, 2020): 6352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236352.
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This paper analyzes a moving grate biomass boiler operating with three alternative waste fuels, including biomass pellets, wood waste, and refuse-derived fuel (RDF) from a combination of thermal, economic, and environmental perspectives. The focus of this paper is on system functionality adaptation to retrofit the current systems operational conditions. A one-dimensional numerical bed model integrated with a black-box overbed model was developed to carefully investigate the fuel bed’s thermal characteristics, as well as the boiler’s output. According to the results, the system operates more efficiently under the biomass pellets feeding and annually generates 548 GJ heat, while it drops significantly in other scenarios. The system was economically evaluated based on a 25-year life cycle cost analysis. Subsequently, an internal rate of return (IRR) of 36% was calculated for biomass pellets, while the value reduced by 50% and 27% regarding wood waste and RDF, respectively. The fuel cost was identified as the main contributor to the total life cycle cost of the heating system, regardless of which feeding fuel was utilized. A long-term environmental impacts assessment of the boiler operation emerged, to show how plant-based fuels can significantly decrease the impacts of climate change that have originated from fossil fuel usage. The current study concludes that all the proposed scenarios are feasible to different degrees, and can extensively benefit a diverse set of energy sectors.
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Włodarczyk, Renata, Robert Zarzycki, and Zbigniew Bis. "Combined system of energy generation from biomass and solar energy." E3S Web of Conferences 49 (2018): 00132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184900132.
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The study discussed the design and principle of operation of an intelligent system that uses renewable energy sources (RES) in the form of biomass and solar energy. The aim of the system is to supply heat to public utility buildings in Częstochowa, Poland. The system of renewable energy conversion includes boilers fuelled by biomass in the form of pellets and evacuated tube solar collectors. An additional equipment for the system is buffer tanks, computer-aided monitoring of operating parameters of the system and calorimeters with the system of automation and control of the system operation. The study discusses possible problems with the use of solar installations and processes of degradation of metal components, glass tubes and working medium. The basic criteria that have to be met by the working fluid in the system, parameters that have to be periodically controlled during the use of solar installations and mixtures of fluids available in the renewable energy market were presented.
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Zeńczak, Wojciech, and Agata Krystosik Gromadzińska. "Preliminary Analysis of the Use of Solid Biofuels in a Ship’s Power System." Polish Maritime Research 27, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2020-0067.
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Abstract This paper presents the results of applying ennobled solid biomass via mechanical compaction or torrefaction as fuel for ships, in terms of fire safety, environmental protection, the increase in liquid fuel prices and the dwindling resources of crude oil. The object of investigation is a ship of the ro-pax ferry type, with low cruising range, which is intended for service on the Baltic Sea. The ship’s power system is discussed and the results of calculations of the thermal cycle for a steam turbine power plant are presented. We present a simplified comparative analysis of a fuel bunker for a ship with a power plant including biomass fired boilers, and for a ship with a conventional solution of a motor power plant supplied by ultra-low sulphur fuel originating from crude oil. The advantages of applying a fluidised bed biomass fired boiler are highlighted, and selected results from tests of this boiler are presented. In addition, we assess potential fire hazards on the ship resulting from the storage and transport of pellets, and from pellets after torrefaction.
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Kaczmarczyk, Tomasz, Grzegorz Żywica, and Eugeniusz Inhatowicz. "Experimental research on the domestic ORC micro power plant with a commercial biomass boiler." E3S Web of Conferences 46 (2018): 00021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184600021.
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The purpose of the work was to experimentally evaluate the operation of the domestic ORC micro power plant that uses a commercial biomass boiler fueled with wood pellets. The boiler, with a maximum thermal power output of 45kWt, uses a heating jacket and thermal oil as a working medium. The prototypical domestic ORC micro power plant was equipped with a multistage radial-flow microturbine that can generate electricity (2.5kWe at a rotational speed of 24,000 rpm). The microturbine is a key component of the turbogenerator, which was manufactured in oilfree technology. The turbogenerator’s high-speed bearings are lubricated with the low-boiling medium’s vapour. The HFE7100 fluid was used as a working medium in the ORC installation. The paper discusses the thermodynamic conditions to be met for effective operation of the boiler and the results of experimental research. The operating characteristics of the ORC installation and the biomass boiler were presented. Problems that occurred while testing the micro-cogeneration power plant with the boiler and their impact on the electric and thermal efficiency of the cycle were discussed.
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Kraszkiewicz, Artur, Artur Przywara, Magdalena Kachel-Jakubowska, and Edmund Lorencowicz. "Combustion of Plant Biomass Pellets on the Grate of a Low Power Boiler." Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 7 (2015): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aaspro.2015.12.007.
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González, Juan F., Carmen M. González-Garcı́a, Antonio Ramiro, Jerónimo González, Eduardo Sabio, José Gañán, and Miguel A. Rodrı́guez. "Combustion optimisation of biomass residue pellets for domestic heating with a mural boiler." Biomass and Bioenergy 27, no. 2 (August 2004): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2004.01.004.
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Tucki, Karol, Olga Orynycz, Andrzej Wasiak, Antoni Świć, Leszek Mieszkalski, and Joanna Wichłacz. "Low Emissions Resulting from Combustion of Forest Biomass in a Small Scale Heating Device." Energies 13, no. 20 (October 20, 2020): 5495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205495.
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The paper concerns the analysis of harmful emissions during the combustion process in households. The subject of the analysis is a low emission heating device with an output of 50 kW for burning biomass of forest origin (low-quality hardwoods or softwoods). The proposed boiler is automatically fed from the connected container by means of a screw conveyor. In this way, the optimum amount of fuel is supplied for maximum heat output (adjustment of the ratio of primary air to fuel). The proposed biomass heating system is equipped with a primary and secondary air supply system and exhaust gas sensors. This ensures optimal regulation of the air mixture and efficient and clean combustion. Proper control of the combustion process, control of the air supply by means of a lambda sensor and power control of the system ensure a low-emission combustion process. The system precisely adjusts to the heat demand. This results in highly efficient heating technology with low operating costs. In the presented work, the emission of exhaust gases from the proposed heating device during the combustion of woodchips and beech–oak pellets were measured. It is demonstrated that the proposed design of the boiler equipped with intelligent control significantly reduces emissions when the biomass solid fuels are used, e.g., CO emissions from beech and oak chips and pellets in the low-emission boiler—18 extract pipes shows the value <100 ppm, which is even lower than when gas is burned in the other boilers; on the other hand, the pine chips show even higher emission when burned in the low-emission burner. Consequently, the choice of biomass source and form of the fuel play some role in the emissions observed.
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Kaczyńska, Katarzyna, Konrad Kaczyński, and Piotr Pełka. "Experimental determination of a mass loss of biomass pellets at different temperatures of the combustion chamber combusted in a stream of inert material." E3S Web of Conferences 82 (2019): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20198201007.
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In the herein paper, research on the mass loss of biomass pellets is presented. The research was carried out on a specially constructed test stand. In the research three types of pellet fuels were used, which were made of oak sawdust, sunflower husk and straw. The research was carried out at three different temperatures of the combustion chamber: 850°C, 750°C and 650°C. The research was carried out without inert material and mass rate flow Gs=2,5kg/m2s and Gs=5kg/m2s. Quartz sand was the inert material. It was expected that an increase in the temperature prevailing in the combustion chamber would accelerate the process of mass loss of the biomass pellet combustion. However, the results of the experiment indicated that this is not the case in every analyzed case. The mass flow rate of inert material intensifies the combustion process and accelerates the biomass pellets made of oak sawdust mass loss, but increasing the temperature in the combustion chamber accelerates the process of biomass pellets mass loss more than the mass flow rate of inert material. Based on the experimental tests carried out, it was found that biomass can be combusted in circulating fluidized bed boilers, albeit due to the diversified chemical composition of the biomass (alkali content), the boiler should be operated in such a way as to prevent the softening and melting temperature of the ash being exceeded.
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Müllerová, Jana, Jan Valíček, and Marta Harničarová. "Comparison of Performance and Emission Parameters in Two Developmental Stages of Boilers." Defect and Diffusion Forum 353 (May 2014): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.353.28.
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To meet the high demands of customers for low temperature boilers, a semi-automatic boiler MAGA PU 25 was developed. One of the main customer requirements is to get the best price-quality ratio. Another very important requirement is to meet emission standards. At the time of development of the boiler PU 25, the European standard STN EN 303-5 was valid in Slovakia. Because this boiler did not satisfy the strictest performance criteria, a new type of the boiler, i.e. boiler MAGA P 20, was designed; as a result of design modifications, this boiler fulfils these criteria. The article compares the designs and the results of testing both the boilers using a test fuel in an accredited laboratory. The article deals with testing a new biomass boiler developed to satisfy the highest safety and emission criteria. It presents the comparison of two boilers, namely the standard biomass boiler PU 20 and the latest P 20 version with specific design modifications. Laboratory tests have shown an increase in combustion efficiency to the desired level.
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Meiller, Martin, Jürgen Oischinger, Robert Daschner, and Andreas Hornung. "Development of a New Sensor Module for an Enhanced Fuel Flexible Operation of Biomass Boilers." Processes 9, no. 4 (April 9, 2021): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9040661.
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The heterogeneity of biogenic fuels, and especially biogenic residues with regard to water and ash content, particle size and particle size distribution is challenging for biomass combustion, and limits fuel flexibility. Online fuel characterization as a part of process control could help to optimize combustion processes, increase fuel flexibility and reduce emissions. In this research article, a concept for a new sensor module is presented and first tests are displayed to show its feasibility. The concept is based on the principle of hot air convective drying. The idea is to pass warm air with 90 °C through a bulk of fuel like wood chips and measure different characteristics such as moisture, temperatures and pressure drop over the bulk material as a function over time. These functions are the basis to draw conclusions and estimate relevant fuel properties. To achieve this goal, a test rig with a volume of 0.038 m3 was set up in the laboratory and a series of tests was performed with different fuels (wood chips, saw dust, wood pellets, residues from forestry, corn cobs and biochar). Further tests were carried out with conditioned fuels with defined water and fines contents. The experiments show that characteristic functions arise over time. The central task for the future will be to assign these functions to specific fuel characteristics. Based on the data, the concept for a software for an automated, data-based fuel detection system was designed.
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Moreira, Bruno Rafael de Almeida, Ronaldo da Silva Viana, Victor Hugo Cruz, Anderson Chagas Magalhães, Celso Tadao Miasaki, Paulo Alexandre Monteiro de Figueiredo, Lucas Aparecido Manzani Lisboa, et al. "Second-Generation Lignocellulosic Supportive Material Improves Atomic Ratios of C:O and H:O and Thermomechanical Behavior of Hybrid Non-Woody Pellets." Molecules 25, no. 18 (September 15, 2020): 4219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184219.
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Pellets refer to solid biofuels for heating and power. The pellet’s integrity is of great relevant to ensure safe and effective transportation and storage, and comfort to stakeholders. Several materials that are supportive, whether organic and inorganic, to pellets exist. However, no work in the literature is linking making hybrid non-wood pellets with addition of residual biomass from distillation of cellulosic bioethanol, and this requires further investigations. Figuring out how effective this challenging agro-industrial residue could be for reinforcing non-wood pellets is accordingly the scientific point of this study focusing on management of waste and valorization of biomass. The pilot-scale manufacturing of hybrid pellets consisted of systematically pressing sugarcane bagasse with the lignocellulosic reinforcement at the mass ratios of 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3 on an automatic pelletizer machine at 200 MPa and 125 °C. Elemental contents of C and H, durability, and energy density all increased significantly from 50.05 to 53.50%, 5.95 to 7.80%, 95.90 to 99.55%, and 28.20 to 31.20 MJ kg−1, respectively, with blending the starting material with the reinforcement at 1:3. Preliminary evidence of residual biomass from distillation of second-generation bioethanol capable of highly improving molecular flammable/combustible properties, mechanical stability, and fuel power of composite non-wood pellets exist.
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Szymajda, Aneta, Grażyna Łaska, and Magdalena Joka. "Assessment of Cow Dung Pellets as a Renewable Solid Fuel in Direct Combustion Technologies." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 23, 2021): 1192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14041192.
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Recently, biomass application as a renewable energy source is increasing worldwide. However, its availability differs in dependence on the location and climate, therefore, agricultural residues as cow dung (CD) are being considered to supply heat and/or power installation. This paper aims at a wide evaluation of CD fuel properties and its prospect to apply in the form of pellets to direct combustion installations. Therefore, the proximate, ultimate composition and calorific value were analyzed, then pelletization and combustion tests were performed, and the ash characteristics were tested. It was found that CD is a promising source of bioenergy in terms of LHV (16.34 MJ·kg−1), carbon (44.24%), and fixed carbon (18.33%) content. During pelletization, CD showed high compaction properties and at a moisture content of 18%,and the received pellets’ bulk density reached ca. 470 kg·m−3 with kinetic durability of 98.7%. While combustion, in a fixed grate 25 kW boiler, high emissions of CO, SO2, NO, and HCl were observed. The future energy sector might be based on biomass and this work shows a novel approach of CD pellets as a potential source of renewable energy available wherever cattle production is located.
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Kaczmarczyk, Tomasz Z., Grzegorz Żywica, and Eugeniusz Ihnatowicz. "The Experimental Investigation of the Biomass-Fired ORC System with a Radial Microturbine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 831 (April 2016): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.831.235.
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The paper presents the results of experimental investigation of the ORC system with a droplet separator (which was used to improve the quality of working medium vapour), a radial microturbine and a multi-fuel boiler. The research aimed at verifying the correctness of prototype microturbine performance in the ORC installation, equipped with a heat source in the form of the multi-fuel boiler. During these tests, a detailed assessment of the functioning of the microturbine and the boiler has been devoted more attention. The paper contains the characteristics of the heat exchangers installation that were obtained for the ORC system variant using a regenerative cycle. The multi-fuel boiler was fired with biomass (wood pellets). Two series of measurements were conducted for various flow rates and several selected temperatures of the working medium, glycol solution and thermal oil. On the basis of research carried out on the ORC with a radial microturbine, one can say that, physicochemical parameters of the HFE7100 medium obtained during the first measuring series, were as follows: temperature at the microturbine inlet 158.9 °C, pressure at the microturbine inlet 9.66 bar, flow rate 178.9 g/s at the microturbine discharge pressure of 1.75 bar. The second series of measurements gave the following results: temperature at the microturbine inlet 163.2 °C, pressure at the microturbine inlet 9.86 bar, flow rate 179.2 g/s at the microturbine discharge pressure of 1.88 bar. The maximum electrical power generated with the use of radial microturbine working in the regenerative ORC system reached about 1150 We.
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Limousy, L., M. Jeguirim, P. Dutournié, N. Kraiem, M. Lajili, and R. Said. "Gaseous products and particulate matter emissions of biomass residential boiler fired with spent coffee grounds pellets." Fuel 107 (May 2013): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.10.019.
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Negreanu, Gabriel-Paul, Ion Oprea, and Viorel Berbece. "Some design characteristics of micro steam turbines for agricultural biomass energy conversion." E3S Web of Conferences 180 (2020): 01017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018001017.
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The paper continues the study of reconversion of a 400 kW hot water boiler in a steam generator suitable to valorise the energy content of briquettes and pellets of agricultural biomass. After steam parameters selection (pressure, temperature, mass-flow rate), an overview of main steam machines types (axial, radial, screw, piston engine) is done. Further, a parallel design of most wide-spread ones (Laval, Curtis and radial) were performed, at different rotation speeds, in order to find the best configuration in respect with the flow section dimensions, internal efficiency and power (electrical and thermal) output. The results of the paper could be very useful for the investors in agricultural “waste-toenergy” projects in order to select appropriate technology and equipment.
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Geletukha, G. G. "ANALYSIS OF PELLETS AND BRIQUETTES PRODUCTION FROM CORN RESIDUES IN UKRAINE." Thermophysics and Thermal Power Engineering 42, no. 2 (April 25, 2020): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31472/ttpe.2.2020.9.
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The purpose of the study is to analyze the technical and economic basis for the development of the production of pellets and briquettes from by-products of grain corn in Ukraine. The objective of the work is to determine conditions that ensure feasibility of projects of this type in Ukraine. Results of estimation of energy potential of by-products of corn grain in Ukraine are presented. The country has a large potential for this type of biomass available for biofuels and energy production. Current trends in agricultural development indicate that this potential may even increase in the future. For Ukraine’s conditions, it is recommended to harvest by-products of grain corn in the form of rectangular bales with the use of a three-pass harvesting system. Fuel characteristics of corn stover are considered. In general, biomass of this type has fairly good fuel properties close to those of wood fuels. Due to this, biofuels made from corn stover can be burned in boiler equipment intended for wood biomass. The effective use of grain corn by-products is the production of briquettes and pellets. Under current conditions, a simple payback period for such business projects can be up to 4…5 years with the internal return rate of more than 22%. The biggest impact on the main economic indicators of the projects is made by the sale price of solid biofuels, the productivity of the equipment, as well as the price of raw material.
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Cherniavskyi, M. V., Ye S. Miroshnychenko, and O. Yu Provalov. "CONVERSION OF LOW AND MEDIUM POWER BOILERS FOR COMBUSTION OF SOLID FUEL BIOMASS." Energy Technologies & Resource Saving, no. 1 (March 20, 2021): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33070/etars.1.2021.08.
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The paper analyzes the existing fleet and the possibilities of replacing anthracite and natural gas boilers of low and medium capacity and substantiates that the reconstruction with conversion to biomass is appropriate for boilers with a thermal capacity of more than 5 MW. The main problem is the reduction of heat perception of furnace screens and increase of heat removal to the convective pass due to the increased specific yield of biomass combustion products. Based on the analysis of changes in the nature of combustion processes and redistribution of heat exchange in the boiler, it was determined the criteria for the possibility of converting boilers from fossil fuels to biomass with maximum use of available equipment and the most acceptable fuel for this - agricultural pellets and wood waste. Technical solutions for the reconstruction of a boiler with a dense bed with a steam capacity of 20 t/h on anthracite (24 t/h on natural gas) have been developed and calculated with transfer to burning of granules of biomass and/or gas coal without change of dimensions of a fire chamber and without loss of thermal power due to compensation of the lowered heat absorption of a fire chamber by increase of a surface of a water economizer with corresponding decrease in an air heater. Technical solutions were used during the reconstruction of 4 boilers "Babcock-Wilcox" of Khorostkiv Sugar Plant. Co-combustion of biofuel pellets with coal is implemented in the range of components share from 0 to 100%. When burning granules, underburning in the fly ash is almost absent, ash deposits on convective surfaces are self-cleaning for several hours of work on gas coal. The solutions developed allowed to solve the problem of renovation of old boilers with the expansion of their fuel base and improvement of environmental performance through the use of biomass. Bibl. 18, Fig. 3, Tab. 4.
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Dunaevska, N. I., D. L. Bondzyk, M. M. Nehamin, Ye S. Miroshnichenko, I. V. Beztsennyi, V. Ya Yevtukhov, and T. S. Shudlo. "Technology of Anthracite and Solid Biofuels Co-Firing in Pulverized Coal Boilers of TPP and CHP." Science and innovation 16, no. 5 (October 30, 2020): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/scine16.05.079.
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Introduction. International experience provides many examples of highly efficient use of biomass for heat and electricity production in coal-fired boilers. For Ukraine that has large coal deposits and a potential of solid plant biomass, such technology has not been implemented yet. Problem Statement. Given the scarcity of anthracite group coal, searching for new non-project fuels for thermal energy is an urgent task in the view of Ukraine’s commitment to increase renewable energy production and the need to comply with strict European emission standards. Purpose. Development of optimal technological and operational conditions for co-firing of anthracite group coal and solid biomass. Materials and Methods. The objects of research are pulverized Ukrainian coal and solid biomass of plant origin. Experimental research methods with laboratory and pilot plants, as well as CFD modeling have been used. Results. Blends of coal and biomass burning conditions have been studied; optimal scheme for TPP-210A coal-fired boiler has been recommended; balance calculations in the joint torch that burns anthracite and solid biofuels have been made; according to the chosen design scheme a burner for biomass and coal co-firing for coal-fired boilers TPP-210A have been implemented and preliminary design of the burner has been prepared. The project can be used at any TPP-210A power boiler units, and with minor changes at most boilers that burn anthracite and lean coal. Conclusions. The use of 8-12% of biomass by heat can essentially intensify the processes of anthracite coal. It is recommended to supply biomass pellets from a separate tank via a special mill to the burner where fuel is injected into the pipeline with a conical divider at output. 3D modeling of co-firing has shown a temperature flow and a fuel burn-out growth. A preliminary design of the boiler burner TPP-210A for co-combustion of anthracite and 10% biomass has been made.
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Xu, Su, Wen Chao Liao, Bin Yan, and Yong Gui Tao. "Design of Automatic Device to Measure the Crush Resistance of Biomass Pellet Fuel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 339 (July 2013): 479–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.339.479.
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Crush resistance is an important standard parameter for evaluating the quality of biomass pellet fuel. Here, the measuring device used to determine the crush resistance of coke was used as reference, the 2-meter method parameter setting, adopted as China's standard. Using this, an automatic device to measure the crush resistance of biomass pellet fuel was designed. This device is composed of two parts, the first of which comprehensively simulates extrusion, friction and impact received by pellet fuel during packaging and transportation. The second part automatically separates fine pellets that do not meet necessary specifications. The device can run automatically, produce accurate and reliable results, and simplify the measurement procedure.
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Motyl, Przemysław, Danuta Król, Sławomir Poskrobko, and Marek Juszczak. "Numerical Modelling and Experimental Verification of the Low-Emission Biomass Combustion Process in a Domestic Boiler with Flue Gas Flow around the Combustion Chamber." Energies 13, no. 21 (November 9, 2020): 5837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13215837.
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The paper presents the results of numerical and experimental studies aimed at developing a new design of a 10 kW low-emission heating boiler fired with wood pellets. The boiler is to meet stringent requirements in terms of efficiency (η > 90%) and emissions per 10% O2: CO < 500 mg/Nm3, NOx ≤ 200 mg/Nm3, and dust ≤ 20 mg/Nm3; these emission restrictions are as prescribed in the applicable ECODESIGN Directive in the European Union countries. An innovative aspect of the boiler structure (not yet present in domestic boilers) is the circular flow of exhaust gases around the centrally placed combustion chamber. The use of such a solution ensures high-efficiency, low-emission combustion and meeting the requirements of ECODESIGN. The results of the numerical calculations were verified and confirmed experimentally, obtaining average emission values of the limited gases CO = 91 mg/Nm3, and NOx = 197 mg/Nm3. The temperature measured in the furnace is 450–500 °C and in the flue it was 157–197 °C. The determined boiler efficiency was 92%. Numerical calculations were made with the use of an advanced CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) workshop in the form of the Ansys programming and a computing environment with the dominant participation of the Fluent module. It was shown that the results obtained in both experiments are sufficiently convergent.
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Jan, Malaťák, and Bradna Jiří. "Heating and emission properties of waste biomass in burner furnace." Research in Agricultural Engineering 63, No. 1 (March 28, 2017): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/75/2015-rae.
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Utilization of waste suitable as a fuel for small combustion devices is a very important issue. Therefore, this article analyzes selected waste materials from agriculture and maintenance of municipal vegetation. The pellet samples from composting had very high ash content (22.39 and 36.85% wt.), which resulted in low values of net calorific value (12.66 and 10.24 MJ/kg), <br /> but also in bad properties of these samples in high concentration of harmful emission. Other problematic fuel samples were pellets from maintenance of city vegetation and reed canary grass, for which high concentration of carbon monoxide was measured during combustion process. The device used for these experiments is based on burner furnace. Combustion conditions could be improved by more uniform fuel supply to the burner and better control of combustion air. Boiler with advanced combustion control can reach better results during combustion process. Results in this article are valid for tested materials combusted in simple pellet burner with limited ability to control combustion process.
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Rodrigues, Bruna Virgínia Cunha, Angélica de Cássia Oliveira Carneiro, Claudio Mudadu Silva, Caio Moreira Miquelino Eleto Torres, and Mateus Alves de Magalhães. "Wet route pellets production using primary sludge from kraft pulp mill." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 36, no. 2 (April 2, 2021): 343–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2020-0105.
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Abstract The substantial expansion of the Brazilian pulp and paper industry in the last years resulted in a significant increase in the solid waste generation. This paper investigates the production of pellets using primary sludge from the effluent treatment plant of a kraft pulp mill, as a fuel for producing energy, using a novel wet route process. The pellet samples were produced in a laboratory pelletizing press, which has a horizontal circular matrix. The samples were characterized by moisture content, high heating value, ash content, dimensions (diameter and length), mechanical durability and fines content. The net heating value and energetic density were also measured. The pellets manufactured with primary sludge were compared to the European standard for non-woody pellets. Pelletization caused a reduction of the moisture content by 37.8 %, and increased the net heating value by 41 % and bulk density by approximately 39 %, which resulted in a 263 % increase in the material´s energetic density. Pellet production using a wet route process was appropriate for the primary sludge, and produced pellets with a high mechanical durability (99.3 %) and low fines content (0.062 %), indicating the potential of thermal valorization for incineration in the biomass boiler to produce high-quality steam.
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Konieczyński, Jan, Bogusław Komosiński, Ewelina Cieślik, Tomasz Konieczny, Barbara Mathews, Tomasz Rachwał, and Grzegorz Rzońca. "Research into properties of dust from domestic central heating boiler fired with coal and solid biofuels." Archives of Environmental Protection 43, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aep-2017-0019.
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Abstract The aim of this research was to assess the content and composition of the pollutants emitted by domestic central heating boilers equipped with an automatic underfeed fuel delivery system for the combustion chamber. The comparative research was conducted. It concerned fuel properties, flue gas parameters, contents of dust (fl y ash) and gaseous substances polluting the air in the flue gases emitted from a domestic CH boiler burning bituminous coal, pellets from coniferous wood, cereal straw, miscanthus, and sunflower husks, coniferous tree bark, and oats and barley grain. The emission factors for dust and gaseous air pollutants were established as they are helpful to assess the contribution of such boilers in the atmospheric air pollution. When assessing the researched boiler, it was found out that despite the development in design and construction, flue gases contained fly ash with a significant EC content, which affected the air quality.
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Braverman, V. Ya. "ON THE REPLACEMENT OF FOSSIL COAL IN LOCAL SOLID FUEL BOILERS." Energy Technologies & Resource Saving, no. 1 (March 20, 2019): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33070/etars.1.2019.01.
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The paper substantiates the need to replace fossil coal in local solid fuel boilers by biocoal produced from various types of agricultural waste. Selection of the best available technology for biocoal production should be based on an integrated assessment including economic, environmental and social aspects. It is noted that direct combustion of agricultural waste does not meet environmental safety standards and also requires significant costs for modernization of existing boiler equipment. It is proposed to produce biocoal from agricultural waste using modern methods of thermochemical treatment — torrefaction and carbonization. End-products of biomass torrefaction — biocoal pellets or briquettes — have high calorific value, low sulfur and heavy metal contents, and low nitrogen oxide emissions. Hydrothermal carbonization is currently the most advanced biomass processing technology. It completely prevents pollution and has a number of significant advantages over other methods of biomass treatment. These advantages make it possible to consider hydrothermal carbonization to be the best available technology for the production of biochar, liquid biofuel and other products from non-food biomass. Bibl. 15, Fig. 2, Tab. 1.
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Luschtinetz, Thomas, Wojciech Zeńczak, and Daniel Łuszczyński. "The Selected Results of the Experimental Research of Solid Fuel Pneumatic Transportation to Ship’s Boiler." Management Systems in Production Engineering 27, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mspe-2019-0023.
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AbstractThe article presents the problems related to the application of alternative fuel like solid biomass in the shipbuilding. The decreasing resources of the crude oil, the requirements regarding environmental protection as well as the increase of the liquid fuel prices were the reason for the study. The solid biomass comparing to the liquid or gaseous forms has relatively low calorific value. In order to increase this value the solid biomass is subject to the densification or torrefaction process and most often occurs in the shape of pellets. In this form it could be useful on ships. A test stand has been characterised where it can be experimentally verified whether ship’s rolling does affect the changes in flow resistance values during the pneumatic transportation of solid fuel from the storage facility to the boiler. On the basis of the measurements the hydraulic characteristics have been provided for the piping located on the movable platform with and without granular material. The changes in the platform oscillation period have influence on the change in the pressure inside transport piping for each investigated material. The results also show that the platform constantly inclinations do exert an influence on the pressure drop in the transport pipeline during transporting the granular material. It is smaller when the position is inclined. Comparing the results obtained for the different transported materials of a similar nature of the pressure fluctuations could be observed.
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Geletukha, G. G., T. A. Zheliezna, S. V. Drahniev, and A. I. Bashtovyi. "ANALYSIS OF POSSIBILITIES FOR THE PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF AGROBIOMASS BRIQUETTES IN UKRAINE. PART 1." Industrial Heat Engineering 40, no. 4 (December 14, 2018): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31472/ihe.4.2018.09.
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The purpose of the work is to analyze existing preconditions, driving forces, and barriers for the widespread introduction of the production and use of fuel briquettes from biomass in Ukraine. The task of the work is to determine the advantages and prospects of the process, first of all, for domestic consumers, as well as to develop recommendations for creating a positive environment for the development of this segment of bioenergy in Ukraine. This part of the paper presents the current state of the market for solid biofuels in Ukraine. It is shown that in the biofuel market, the largest segment is solid biofuel in the form of firewood, wood chips, pellets and biomass briquettes, baled straw. Currently, a large amount of pellets and briquettes are exported from Ukraine to Europe due to the insufficient demand in the domestic market. The main features of the solid biofuels production in Ukraine are regional unevenness and relative non-uniformity of production as well as a large number of small-scale enterprises that work with traders. The advantages of the use of biomass briquettes as fuel were analyzed. The main advantages are the conformity of characteristics of briquettes with the requirements of boiler equipment for fuel, better ecological indicators in comparison with the burning of low-quality wood, no needs for specialized energy equipment in contrast with the use of pellets, availability of a significant amount of feedstock especially for briquettes from the biomass of agricultural origin. The current volume of the Ukrainian market for fuel briquettes from biomass for individual heating of the population can be estimated at the level of 500 th. t/year with its growth to over 3 million t/year until 2035. This part of the paper considers possible types of feedstock for the production of fuel briquettes and requirements for it. It is noted that the feedstock for the production of fuel briquettes can be soft and hard wood, straw, reed, sunflower husk, rice and buckwheat husk, flax sheave, and other vegetable residues. Typical requirements for the feedstock: water content – 6...12%, fraction composition – 2...10 mm.
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Geletukha, G. G., and O. I. Haidai. "ENERGY AND ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE LIFE CYCLE OF ENERGY USE OF MAIZE CROP RESIDUES." Thermophysics and Thermal Power Engineering 43, no. 1 (March 4, 2021): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31472/ttpe.1.2021.6.
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Maize crop residues have significant energy potential in Ukraine. The purpose of this work is to analyze the energy and environmental efficiency of thermal energy production from corn residues, taking into account the sustainability criteria. The task of the work is to quantitatively calculate energy and environmental efficiency indicators and compare them with values that meet the criteria of sustainable development. Using the life cycle assessment methodology, the cases of using bales, pellets and briquettes from plant biomass as fuel in a boiler with a capacity of 500 kW were considered. The calculation of the energy conversion factor and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions has been performed. It is shown that at distances of transportation of finished biofuel not exceeding 150 km, energy indicators (energy yield coefficient, specific cumulative energy demand) are within the recommended values corresponding to sustainable development. The distribution of primary energy consumption of fossil fuels by stages of the life cycle of thermal energy production from maize crop residues is shown. Reductions of greenhouse gas emissions from the introduction of heat production technologies from maize crop residues meet the new requirements of the European Parliament and of the Council Directive on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources on the use of renewable energy sources. It is shown that in general the production of pellets and briquettes from corn residues is energetically inexpedient when transporting biomass at a distance that meets the criteria of sustainable development.
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Gliński, Michał, Carsten Bojesen, Witold Rybiński, and Sebastian Bykuć. "Modelling of the Biomass mCHP Unit for Power Peak Shaving in the Local Electrical Grid." Energies 12, no. 3 (January 31, 2019): 458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12030458.
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In the article, the method and algorithm for a control strategy of the operation of a micro combined heat and power (mCHP) unit and for reducing the power consumption peaks (peak shaving) are proposed and analyzed. Two scenarios of the mCHP’s operation, namely with and without the control strategy, are discussed. For calculation purposes, a boiler fired with wood pellets coupled with a Stirling engine, manufactured by ÖkoFEN, was used. These results were used to analyze two scenarios of the control strategy. In this study, the operation of mCHP was simulated using the energyPRO software. The application of this control strategy to dispersed mCHP systems allows for a very effective “peak shaving” in the local power grid. The results of calculation using the new algorithm show that the electricity generated by the mCHP system covers the total demand for power during the morning peak and reduces the evening peak by up to 71%. The application of this method also allows for a better reduction of the load of conventional grids, substations, and other equipment.
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Czaplicka, Marianna, Ewelina Cieślik, Bogusław Komosiński, and Tomasz Rachwał. "Emission Factors for Biofuels and Coal Combustion in a Domestic Boiler of 18 kW." Atmosphere 10, no. 12 (December 3, 2019): 771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10120771.
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The differences in the pollutant emissions from the combustion of bituminous coal and biofuels (wood, straw, and miscanthus pellets) under real-world boiler operating conditions were investigated. The experiments were performed on an experimental installation that comprised an 18 kW boiler, used in domestic central heating systems, equipped with a retort furnace, an automatic fuel feeder, a combustion air fan, and a fuel storage bin. The emission factors of gaseous pollutants, particulate matter, organic carbon, elemental carbon, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), as well as some PAH concentration ratios for coal and biofuel combustion, were determined. The obtained results indicate that fuel properties have a strong influence on the emission factors of gaseous and carbonaceous pollutants. The total particulate matter (PM) emissions from the biofuel combustion were about 5-fold lower than those from the coal burned in the same boiler. The emission factors of the total carbons from the biofuel combustion were between 10 and 20 times lower than those from the coal combustion. The mean organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) emission factors, based on the burned fuel, were 161–232 and 42–221 mg/kg for the biofuels and 1264 and 3410 g/kg for the coal, respectively. The obtained results indicate that molecular diagnostic ratios, based on the concentration of PAHs, vary significantly, depending on the fuel type.
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Peters, Jens, Jan May, Jochen Ströhle, and Bernd Epple. "Flexibility of CFB Combustion: An Investigation of Co-Combustion with Biomass and RDF at Part Load in Pilot Scale." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 8, 2020): 4665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184665.
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Co-combustion of biomass and solid fuels from wastes in existing highly efficient power plants is a low-cost solution that can be applied quickly and with low effort to mitigate climate change. Circulating fluidized bed combustion has several advantages when it comes to co-combustion, such as high fuel flexibility. The operational flexibility of circulating fluidized bed (CFB) co-combustion is investigated in a 1 MWth pilot plant. Straw pellets and refuse-derived fuel (RDF) are co-combusted with lignite at full load and part loads. This study focusses on the impact on the hydrodynamic conditions in the fluidized bed, on the heat transfer to the water/steam side of the boiler, and on the flue gas composition. The study demonstrates the flexibility of CFB combustion for three low-rank fuels that differ greatly in their properties. The co-combustion of RDF and straw does not have a negative effect on hydrodynamic stability. How the hydrodynamic conditions determine the temperature and pressure development along the furnace height is shown. The heat transfer in the furnace linearly depends on the thermal load. It increases slightly with an increasing share of straw and the influence of the hydrodynamic conditions on the heat transfer was low.
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Krüger, Dennis, and Özge Çepelioğullar Mutlu. "Demonstration of a Top-Lit Updraft Based Pyrolytic Burner with Low Emission Operation and Automatic Process Control." Energies 14, no. 13 (June 30, 2021): 3913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133913.
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In this study, a small-scale (4.7 kWfuel) biomass burner based on “top-lit updraft” (TLUD) technology with automatic process control was developed for process heat generation. The combustion experiments were performed using wood pellets to gain more insights on the process, its repeatability and the behaviors of the emitted gaseous and particulate emissions under different combustion phases. The emission values were compared with similar small-scale combustion technologies as well as the emission limits defined in official regulations. The results showed that the average emissions (based on standardized 13 vol. % O2 content in the dry flue gas (STP)) over the entire process from start-up to switch-off were 29.4 mg/m3 for CO, 80 mg/m3 for NOx, and 3.6 mg/m3 for total particle matter (TPM) measured within the hot gas. These results were below the official limits for wood-fueled small-scale systems. The developed process control approach resulted in very low residual O2 content in the flue gas (approx. 2 vol. %), high flue gas temperatures and repetition accuracy. Thus, the process offers potential for further development in terms of process control, scale-up, and application in different areas.
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Tryboi, O. V., T. A. Zheliezna, and A. I. Bashtovyi. "LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF HEAT PRODUCTION FROM ENERGY CROPS." Thermophysics and Thermal Power Engineering 43, no. 2 (March 22, 2021): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31472/ttpe.2.2021.6.
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The aim of the work is a life cycle assessment of heat production from energy crops by using energy yield coefficient and value of greenhouse gas emissions reduction. State of the art and prospects for growing energy crops in the EU and Ukraine are analyzed. Today, the area under energy crops in the EU and Ukraine is relatively small, but there is significant potential for the development of this sector, which requires further research and implementation of practical measures. Typically, the life cycle assessment of energy production from biomass includes a feedstock cycle, which begins with the phase of biomass collection, and a conversion subsystem. The main feature of the life cycle assessment concerning energy crops is including the phase of their growth in the feedstock cycle. Results of the study show that the energy efficiency of the life cycle of heat production from energy crops chips and pellets is quite high and meets the recommendation that the non-renewable energy yield coefficient should be at least more than 2. Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions during such a life cycle is 40-90% for a 500 kW boiler plant when transporting biofuels to the consumer at a distance of up to 500 km. Feasibility study of projects on growing energy crops and heat production from them shows that under the current conditions in Ukraine, such projects are on the verge of profitability and therefore may not be attractive enough for investors. To promote the development of this sector, it is recommended to introduce a state subsidy per hectare of a plantation area.
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Carmo-Calado, Luís, Manuel Jesús Hermoso-Orzáez, Roberta Mota-Panizio, Bruno Guilherme-Garcia, and Paulo Brito. "Co-Combustion of Waste Tires and Plastic-Rubber Wastes with Biomass Technical and Environmental Analysis." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (February 1, 2020): 1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031036.
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The present work studies the possibility of energy recovery by thermal conversion of combustible residual materials, namely tires and rubber-plastic, plastic waste from outdoor luminaires. The waste has great potential for energy recovery (HHV: 38.6 MJ/kg for tires and 31.6 MJ/kg for plastic). Considering the thermal conversion difficulties of these residues, four co-combustion tests with mixtures of tires/plastics + pelletized Miscanthus, and an additional test with 100% Miscanthus were performed. The temperature was increased to the maximum allowed by the equipment, about 500 °C. The water temperature at the boiler outlet and the water flow were controlled (60 °C and 11 L/min). Different mixtures of residues (0–60% tires/plastics) were tested and compared in terms of power and gaseous emissions. Results indicate that energy production increased with the increase of tire residue in the mixture, reaching a maximum of 157 kW for 40% of miscanthus and 60% of tires. However, the automatic feeding difficulties of the boiler also increased, requiring constant operator intervention. As for plastic and rubber waste, fuel consumption generally decreased with increasing percentages of these materials in the blend, with temperatures ranging from 383 °C to 411 °C. Power also decreased by including such wastes (66–100 kW) due to feeding difficulties and cinder-fusing problems related to ash melting. From the study, it can be concluded that co-combustion is a suitable technology for the recovery of waste tires, but operational problems arise with high levels of residues in the mixture. Increasing pollutant emissions and the need for pre-treatments are other limiting factors. In this sense, the thermal gasification process was tested with the same residues and the same percentages of mixtures used in the co-combustion tests. The gasification tests were performed in a downdraft reactor at temperatures above 800 °C. Each test started with 100% acacia chip for reference (like the previous miscanthus), and then with mixtures of 0–60% of tires and blends of plastics and rubbers. Results obtained for the two residues demonstrated the viability of the technology, however, with mixtures higher than 40% it was very difficult to develop a process under stable conditions. The optimum condition for producing a synthesis gas with a substantial heating value occurred with mixtures of 20% of polymeric wastes, which resulted in gases with a calorific value of 3.64 MJ/Nm3 for tires and 3.09 MJ/Nm3 for plastics and rubbers.
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Gupta, R., M. Kapsali, and M. Gregg. "Comparative building performance evaluation of a ‘sustainable’ community centre and a public library building." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 38, no. 6 (June 26, 2017): 691–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624417717202.
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This paper uses a forensic building performance evaluation approach to undertake a comparative evaluation of the in-use energy and environmental performance data (collected over two years) of two civic buildings located in Southeast England – a small community centre (<1000 m2) and a medium-sized public library building (∼4500 m2), which are designed to high sustainability standards (EPC A rating) and low heating demand met by on-site low/zero carbon technologies. Although both buildings achieved measured air-permeability rates of ∼5 m3/h.m2, they encountered similar issues related to poor documentation of ‘as-built’ drawings, poor handover and guidance, problems with integrating and maintaining new technologies (heat pumps, biomass boilers and solar thermal), lack of calibration of sub-meters, and issues with automatic window controls. However, the actual annual energy use of the community centre is similar to the design prediction, while it is almost double the prediction in the case of the library building. This is because the community centre management team overcame some of the issues through their continuous engagement and interest in the building’s performance, whereas the management team of the Library building failed to engage with energy management, resulting in disuse of the biomass boiler and solar thermal system. Practical application: Comparative building performance evaluation (BPE) systematically reveals the similarities and differences in the actual energy and environmental performance of two ‘sustainable’ civic buildings. Careful management of heating and electricity loads, good occupant control over the indoor environment and high performance of low-carbon technologies in the Community Centre results in the building performing better than good practice benchmark. Regular changes in facility management (FM) staff result in inadequate energy management and control over heating, ventilation and lighting, that undermines occupant comfort and leads to excessive energy use in the library building. For civic buildings to perform as designed, it is vital that metering, sub-metering and controls are set up, commissioned and used properly by the FM team. Design teams should ensure that easy-to-understand user guides are made available before handover for FM and occupants.
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"05/00313 Combustion optimization of biomass residue pellets for domestic heating with a mural boiler." Fuel and Energy Abstracts 46, no. 1 (January 2005): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6701(05)80314-5.
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Baumgarten, Björn, Peter Grammer, Ferdinand Ehard, Oskar Winkel, Ulrich Vogt, Günter Baumbach, Günter Scheffknecht, and Harald Thorwarth. "Novel metal mesh filter using water-based regeneration for small-scale biomass boilers." Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, August 29, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-00959-9.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Particulate matter emissions are a key issue of modern biomass boilers. A novel gas cleaning method using a metal mesh filter combined with water-based cleaning was developed and tested. The filter was tested batch-wise. Flue gas of a commercial 50-kW boiler was filtered until a pressure drop of 2000 Pa was reached. Afterwards, the filter was regenerated. The initial prototype used ultrasound in order to remove the filter cake from the filter candles. Regeneration was complete and, even after boiler malfunctions producing tar, the filter cake could still be removed. Given the good results, a second cleaning mode, flushing the filter candles with water, was tested. The results were as good as with ultrasonic cleaning. Peak mass collection efficiency was very high with 98 ± 2% (burning wood pellets). However, directly after cleaning, the first layer of filter cake has to be developed. In this initial phase, collection efficiency is low. Service time until maximum pressure drop was reached depended on the gas velocity. Using pellets as fuel, at a gas velocity of 66.6 m/h, 12-h service time was reached and 4.1 g dust was collected per square meter filter surface, while at 33.3 m/h, service time increased to 55 h and collected dust to 13.9 g/m2. Using low-quality wood chips, the raw gas dust loading was much higher but also the maximum loading of the filter was higher with 13.3 to 28.9 g dust separated per square meter. Still, the service time decreased to 3.4 respective 38 h. Peak collection efficiency increased to 99.5 ± 0.8%. The overall collection efficiency including the buildup of the filter cake depends on the gas velocity and fuel. It ranges from 74 ± 4 to 91 ± 1%. The feasibility of the filter concept could be proven, and further development towards a commercial application is in progress. Metal mesh filters with countercurrent cleaning showed a high potential given their simple and robust design, as well as high collection efficiency.
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Colantoni, A., E. Paris, L. Bianchini, S. Ferri, V. Marcantonio, M. Carnevale, A. Palma, V. Civitarese, and F. Gallucci. "Spent coffee ground characterization, pelletization test and emissions assessment in the combustion process." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (March 4, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84772-y.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractIndustrial development and increased energy requirements have led to high consumption of fossil fuels. Thus, environmental pollution has become a profound problem. Every year, a large amount of agro-industrial, municipal and forest residues are treated as waste, but they can be recovered and used to produce thermal and electrical energy through biological or thermochemical conversion processes. Among the main types of agro-industrial waste, soluble coffee residues represent a significant quantity all over the world. Silver skin and spent coffee grounds (SCG) are the main residues of the coffee industry. The many organic compounds contained in coffee residues suggest that their recovery and use could be very beneficial. Indeed, thanks to their composition, they can be used in the production of biodiesel, as a source of sugar, as a precursor for the creation of active carbon or as a sorbent for the removal of metals. After a careful evaluation of the possible uses of coffee grounds, the aim of this research was to show a broad characterization of coffee waste for energy purposes through physical and chemical analyses that highlight the most significant quality indexes, the interactions between them and the quantification of their importance. Results identify important tools for the qualification and quantification of the effects of coffee waste properties on energy production processes. They show that (SCG) are an excellent raw material as biomass, with excellent values in terms of calorific value and low ash content, allowing the production of 98% coffee pellets that are highly suitable for use in thermal conversion systems. Combustion tests were also carried out in an 80kWth boiler and the resulting emissions without any type of abatement filter were characterized.