Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Automatic meter reading (AMR)'

The reduction of the impact of energy consumption is a priority issue and a major challenge that concerns every country in the world. This is a complex task that needs to be tackled from several angles in the search for areas where optimizations and savings can be made. In Sweden an electricity meter reading reform was fully implemented by 1st July 2009, including 5.2 million customers, and this created new set of circumstances in the Swedish electricity market. The main purpose of this thesis work has been to investigate the possibilities of increasing the use of remote meter readings. Two research questions have been: “How can the electricity market benefit from remote collected meter readings?” and “Where do barriers appear when utilizing meter readings?”. The work started in 2000/2001 to study Internet based applications that visualize electricity consumption patterns. Over these years the daily internet users have increased from approximately 40 % to 73 % and new markets for web-based applications have evolved. These solutions can be important in the forthcoming years as energy portals that hold new energy services. Experiences from new installations indicate that at least interested customers do submit information concerning building and household properties through internet. Still, it is challenging to enable the majority of customers to take part in these new solutions. It may therefore be important to remind customers on a regular basis in order maintain the frequency using the application and to make it habitual. Further the introduction of demand-based pricing allows electricity distribution utilities to achieve a stronger correlation between peak loads in the distribution network area and their revenues.

El món de les comunicacions per la xarxa elèctrica (CXE) pot ser dividit en tres grans tipus: CXE en baix voltatge (CXE-BV), en mig voltatge (CXE-MV) i en alt voltatge (CXE-AV). En aquests últims anys, les CXE-BV han atret una gran expectació, ja que les seves capacitats han fet d'aquesta tecnologia una bona opció com alternativa pel bucle local d'accés i pel desplegament de xarxes d'àrea local, focalitzades aquestes últimes en l'entorn domèstic. A més, les CXE-BV inclouen un conjunt d'aplicacions de baixa velocitat orientades a l'operador, com la lectura automàtica de comptadors (LAC), distribució de càrrega, facturació dinàmica, etc. Per altra banda, les CXE-MV i CXE-AV, històricament lligades a tasques de telecontrol i teleprotecció, s'estan començant a considerar com un canal de comunicacions eficient i fiable. El desenvolupament de sistemes digitals i els esforços d'estandardització estan fent d'aquests canals un medi atractiu per a que els operadors elèctrics ofereixin serveis de comunicacions, ja que no necessiten invertir en infraestructura perquè la xarxa elèctrica ja està desplegada.<br/>En aquesta Tesi s'introduiran i es comentaran les particularitats de les tres xarxes elèctriques, després, es mostraran al lector les solucions tecnològiques existents pels canals de BV basats en la norma Europea CENELEC així com pels canals d'AV, mostrant que els sistemes actuals de LAC ofereixen una diversitat freqüencial molt baixa i que els mòdems CXE-AV estan ancorats en estendards antiquats.<br/>Aquest treball es mou per les tres topologies de la xarxa, particularment, en aplicacions orientades a la banda CENELEC, en mesura i modelat de canal, i en mesura i disseny del nivell físic per sistemes CXE-BV, CXE-MV i CXE-AV respectivament. Els sistemes actuals que exploten la banda CENELEC ofereixen mecanismes d'explotació de la diversitat freqüencial del canal molt limitats o nuls, donant lloc a una baixa robustesa en front a interferències i soroll de fons acolorit. Aquest treball proposa un esquema de modulació multiportadora que, mantenint una complexitat baixa, ofereix unes altes prestacions permetent un bon nivell d'explotació de la selectivitat freqüencial. Per al que a CXE-MV respecta, aquesta Tesi desenvolupa un model de canal determinístic-estadístic pels anells urbans de distribució de potència i, finalment, en sistemes CXE-AV, aquest treball proposa, basat en mesures de canal i proves de camp, un nivell físic de banda ampla capaç de incrementar la velocitat de comunicació mentre manté una baixa densitat espectral de potència limitant així la interferència a altres sistemes.<br/>PARAULES CLAU: Power line communications (PLC), low voltage (LV), medium voltage (MV), high voltage (HV), automatic meter reading (AMR), orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), multicarrier spread spectrum (MC-SS), communication system design, channel measurements, channel modeling, scattering parameters.<br>El mundo de las comunicaciones por la red eléctrica (CRE) puede ser dividido en tres grandes tipos: CRE en bajo voltaje (CRE-BV), en medio voltaje (CRE-MV) y en alto voltaje (CRE-AV). En estos últimos años, las CRE-BV han atraído una gran expectación, ya que sus capacidades han hecho de esta tecnología una buena opción como alternativa para el bucle local de acceso y para el despliegue de redes de área local, focalizadas estas últimas en el entorno doméstico. Además, las CRE-BV incluyen un conjunto de aplicaciones de baja velocidad orientadas al operador como la lectura automática de contadores (LAC), distribución de carga, facturación dinámica, etc. Por otro lado, las CRE-MV y CRE-AV, históricamente ligadas a tareas de telecontrol y teleprotección, se están empezando a considerar como un canal de comunicaciones eficiente y fiable. El desarrollo de sistemas digitales y los esfuerzos de estandarización están haciendo de estos canales un medio atractivo para que los operadores eléctricos ofrezcan servicios de comunicaciones, ya que no necesitan invertir en infraestructura porque la red eléctrica ya está desplegada.<br/>En esta Tesis se introducirán y se comentarán las particularidades de las tres redes eléctricas, luego, se mostrarán al lector las soluciones tecnológicas existentes para los canales de BV basados en la norma Europea CENELEC así como para los canales de AV, mostrando que los sistemas actuales de LAC ofrecen una diversidad frecuencial muy baja y que los módems CRE-AV están anclados en estándares anticuados.<br/>Este trabajo se mueve por las tres topologías de red, particularmente, en aplicaciones orientadas a la banda CENELEC, en medida y modelado de canal, y en medida y diseño del nivel físico para sistemas CRE-BV, CRE-MV y CRE-AV respectivamente. Los sistemas actuales que explotan la banda CENELEC ofrecen mecanismos de explotación de la diversidad frecuencial del canal muy limitados o nulos, dando lugar a una escasa robustez frente a interferencias y ruido de fondo coloreado. Este trabajo propone un esquema de modulación multiportadora que, manteniendo una complejidad baja, ofrece unas altas prestaciones permitiendo un buen nivel de explotación de la selectividad frecuencial. Por lo que a CRE-MV respecta, esta Tesis desarrolla un modelo de canal determinístico-estadístico para los anillos urbanos de distribución de potencia y, finalmente, en sistemas de CRE-AV, este trabajo propone, basado en medidas de canal y pruebas de campo, un nivel físico de banda ancha capaz de incrementar la velocidad de comunicación mientras mantiene una baja densidad espectral de potencia limitando así la interferencia a otros sistemas.<br/>PALABRAS CLAVE: Power line communications (PLC), low voltage (LV), medium voltage (MV), high voltage (HV), automatic meter reading (AMR), orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), multicarrier spread spectrum (MC-SS), communication system design, channel measurements, channel modeling, scattering parameters.<br>The world of Power line communications (PLC) can be divided into three main types: low voltage PLC (LV-PLC), medium voltage PLC (MV-PLC) and high voltage PLC (HV-PLC). These last years, LV-PLC has attracted a great expectation since its wideband capabilities has made this technology a suitable choice for last-mile access and in-home communications. Moreover, LV-PLC also includes a utility oriented low frequency and low speed applications, such as automatic meter reading (AMR), load distribution, dynamic billing and so on. On the other hand, MV-PLC and HV-PLC, historically oriented to teleprotection and telecontrol tasks, are being considered as a reliable communication channel. The development of digital equipment and the standardization efforts are making those channels an attractive medium for electrical utilities telecommunications services, since the network, as well as in LV-PLC, is already deployed. <br/>In this PhD dissertation, the three different PLC topologies are reviewed and the different communications techniques in such channels exposed. Then, a deep technological review of existing AMR solutions for the European CENELEC band, as well as HV-PLC systems is given, showing that existing AMR systems deliver low frequency diversity and HV-PLC systems are anchored in old fashioned standards.<br/>This work walks around the three topologies, specifically, CENELEC band utility oriented applications, channel measurement and modeling and channel measurement and physical layer design, regarding LV-PLC, MV-PLC and HV-PLC respectively. Existing CENELEC compliant systems deliver low or none frequency diversity mechanisms, yielding in a low robustness against colored noise and interference. This work propose a multicarrier based physical layer approach that, while keeping the complexity low, delivers high performance allowing a great level of frequency diversity. Focusing on MV-PLC, a hybrid deterministic-statistical channel model for urban underground rings is developed and, finally, in HV-PLC systems, this work proposes, based on measurements and field tests, a wideband physical layer in order to increase data rate while keeping low both the power spectral density and possible interference to other systems.<br/>KEYWORDS: Power line communications (PLC), low voltage (LV), medium voltage (MV), high voltage (HV), automatic meter reading (AMR), orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), multicarrier spread spectrum (MC-SS), communication system design, channel measurements, channel modeling, scattering parameters.

<p>Detta examensarbete har genomförts vid Mälarenergi Elnät AB i Västerås. Undersökningen föranleddes av regeringsbeslutet om att elmätare måste avläsas en gång per månad från 2009. Konsekvensen för Mälarenergi är att de måste investera i ett automatiskt mätinsamlingssystem. Syftet med projektet har varit att skapa en generell investeringsmodell för att ekonomiskt utvärdera ett antal mätinsamlingssystem. I rapporten har Milabs, Seneas, Enermets, HM Powers, Iprobes samt Techems och Viterras system analyserats. Resultaten från investeringskalkylen visar att Mälarenergi kommer att göra en förlust på 5-8 MSEK/år under hela projektets livslängd (15 år). Den största delen av investeringen utgörs av hårdvarukostnader (50 %), medan drift- och underhållskostnader samt logistikkostnader utgör 20 % respektive 25 %. Mälarenergi Elnät bör budgetera 1 500-1 950 SEK/mätpunkt för projektet, beroende på systemval. En känslighetsanalys visar att driftskostnad och livslängd är avgörande faktorer, vilket medför att det är viktigare att satsa på ett robust och säkert system än det billigaste.</p>

In this thesis, the conventional low voltage power line communication methods is investigated in the axis of automated meter reading applications and the classification and experimental verification of common noise types for low voltage power line communication network. The investigated system provides the real time transmission of electricity consumption data recorded by electricity meters, initially to a local computer via a low voltage line through a low speed PLC (Power Line Carrier) environment and subsequently to a corporate network through a high speed data transmission medium. The automated meter system provides a more effective tracking and data acquisition, a more detailed and vigorous knowledge about consumer behavior for subscriber assessment in electricity distribution in association with a brand new management and system supervision concept in electricity distribution control and management technology. The theoretical studies are experimentally verified for the Turkish low voltage power infrastructure through laboratory experiments performed in METU Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Electrical Machines and Drives Laboratory and R&amp<br>D Laboratories of MAKEL facilities in Hadimk&ouml<br>y. The single phase voltage of the mains line between the phase and neutral is monitored to exhibit the disturbing effects of various noise sources. The resulting voltage spectrum is logged by using digital data acquisition devices in time and frequency domain. The waveforms are converted to frequency domain using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) functions of the MATLAB. The experimental results are compared to the theoretical findings obtained through literature survey.

Orientadores: Hermano Medeiros Ferrera Tavares, Marcos Carneiro da Silva<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e Computação<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T03:17:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Navarro_MaristelaDomeni_M.pdf: 2037867 bytes, checksum: a858cc3260dae4659d1b3cdfece3f4f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006<br>Resumo: Este trabalho objetiva verificar a viabilidade da utilização da rede das operadoras de televisão à cabo para medição remota e tarifação diferenciada de energia elétrica para consumidores alimentados em baixa tensão - Grupo B. Envolve a criação de protótipos de hardware e software para controle da comunicação, obtenção dos dados e controle operacional dos medidores de energia executados remotamente a partir de uma central. A arquitetura implementada tem três elementos principais: o Ponto de Presença, instalado no quadro de medidores do consumidor; o Controlador Central de Comunicação, instalado na operadora de televisão à cabo, responsável pela comunicação com os Pontos de Presença monitorados e pela concentração e envio de informações ao Centro de Aplicações, o último elemento da arquitetura. Resultados foram coletados e avaliados, abordando aspectos como a viabilidade técnica, vantagens e desvantagens. Esse trabalho proporcionou ainda um breve estudo de novas formas de comunicação remota com medidores usando outros meios físicos de comunicação<br>Abstract: This work was developed to verify the viability to use the cable TV infra-structure for remote measurement and billing for consumers fed in low tension - Group B. It involved the creation of hardware and software prototypes for control of the communication to collecting data remotely of the energy meter from a central office. The implemented architecture has three main elements: the Point of Presence, installed at the consumer side; the Central Controller, installed in the Cable TV headend, responsible for the communication with the Points of Presence and for the concentration and sending of information to the Application Center, the last element of the architecture. Results had been collected and evaluated, taking into account aspects as the viability technique, advantages and disadvantages. This work still provided a briefing study of new ways of remote communication with the energy meters using other infra-structure of communication<br>Mestrado<br>Automação<br>Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Energy management has been an important function of organisations since the oil crisis of the mid 1970’s led to hugely increased costs of energy. Although the financial costs of energy are still important, the growing recognition of the environmental costs of fossil-fuel energy is becoming more important. Legislation is also a key driver. The UK has set an ambitious greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction target of 80% of 1990 levels by 2050 in response to a strong international commitment to reduce GHG emissions globally. This work is concerned with the management of energy consumption in buildings through the analysis of energy consumption data. Buildings are a key source of emissions with a wide range of energy-consuming equipment, such as photocopiers or refrigerators, boilers, air-conditioning plant and lighting, delivering services to the building occupants. Energy wastage can be identified through an understanding of consumption patterns and in particular, of changes in these patterns over time. Changes in consumption patterns may have any number of causes; a fault in heating controls; a boiler or lighting replacement scheme; or a change in working practice entirely unrelated to energy management. Standard data analysis techniques such as degree-day modelling and CUSUM provide a means to measure and monitor consumption patterns. These techniques were designed for use with monthly billing data. Modern energy metering systems automatically generate data at half-hourly or better resolution. Standard techniques are not designed to capture the detailed information contained in this comparatively high-resolution data. The introduction of automated metering also introduces the need for automated analysis. This work assumes that consumption patterns are generally consistent in the short-term but will inevitably change. A novel statistical method is developed which builds automated event detection into a novel consumption modelling algorithm. Understanding these changes to consumption patterns is critical to energy management. Leicester City Council has provided half-hourly data from over 300 buildings covering up to seven years of consumption (a total of nearly 50 million meter readings). Automatic event detection pinpoints and quantifies over 5,000 statistically significant events in the Leicester dataset. It is shown that the total impact of these events is a decrease in overall consumption. Viewing consumption patterns in this way allows for a new, event-oriented approach to energy management where large datasets are automatically and rapidly analysed to produce summary meta-data describing their salient features. These event-oriented meta-data can be used to navigate the raw data event by event and are highly complementary to strategic energy management.

This master’s thesis is dealing with remote measuring systems and their utilization in power engineering. In the first part there are described requirements on an autonomous measuring system and description of AMM and AMR systems. Communicating and data flows working on accurately defined communicating layers are also depicted in this part. The attention is devoted to the possibility of data processing and functions of devices offered by these attributes. In the following part there are described reasons for utilization of remote measuring systems in power engineering and the main advantages of connection of more devices into one unit. After finding of required parametres and functions of systems, a suggestion of terminal device is created in the same way. The suggestion is described in the measuring part with A/D converter, processing in microprocessor, measuring and evaluating alogorithms and attributes of communication of bus used. The last part is devoted to utilization of remote analysis in small power stations in dispersed production. Formation of deformation of voltage, harmonic analysis of signal and its application for data processing are described there. Described analysis was tested on data acquired from a cogeneration unit.

L’évolution de l’équipement des réseaux d’eau potable a considérablement amélioré le pilotage de ces derniers. Le telérelevé des compteurs d’eau est sans doute la technologie qui a créé la plus grande avancée ces dernières années dans la gestion de l’eau, tant pour l’opérateur que pour l’usager. Cette technologie a permis de passer d’une information le plus souvent annuelle sur les consommations (suite à la relève manuelle des compteurs d’eau) à une information infra-journalière. Mais le télérelevé, aussi performant soit-il, a un inconvénient : son coût. L’instrumentation complète d’un réseau engendre des investissements que certains opérateurs ne peuvent se permettre. Ainsi la création d’un échantillon de compteurs à équiper permet d’estimer la consommation totale d’un réseau tout en minimisant les coûts d’investissement. Cet échantillon doit être construit de façon intelligente de sorte que l’imprécision liée à l’estimation ne nuise pas à l’évaluation des consommations. Une connaissance précise sur les consommations d’eau permet de quantifier les volumes perdus en réseau. Mais, même dans le cas d’une évaluation exacte des pertes, cela ne peut pas suffire à éliminer toutes les fuites sur le réseau. En effet, si le réseau de distribution d’eau potable est majoritairement enterré, donc invisible, il en va de même pour les fuites. Une fraction des fuites est invisible et même indétectable par les techniques actuelles de recherche de fuites, et donc irréparable. La construction d’un modèle de fuite multi-états permet de décomposer le débit de fuite suivant les différents stades d’apparition d’une fuite : invisible et indétectable, invisible mais détectable par la recherche de fuite et enfin visible en surface. Ce modèle, de type semi-markovien, prend en compte les contraintes opérationnelles, notamment le fait que nous disposons de données de panel. La décomposition du débit de fuite permet de fait une meilleure gestion du réseau en ciblant et adaptant les actions de lutte contre les fuites à mettre en place en fonction de l’état de dégradation du réseau<br>The evolution of equipment on drinking water networks has considerably bettered the monitoring of these lasts. Automatic meter reading (AMR) is clearly the technology which has brought the major progress these last years in water management, as for the operator and the end-users. This technology has allowed passing from an annual information on water consumption (thanks to the manual meter reading) toan infra-daily information. But as efficient as AMR can be, it has one main inconvenient : its cost. A complete network instrumentation generates capital expenditures that some operators can’t allowed themselves. The constitution of a sample of meters to equip enables then to estimate the network total consumption while minimizing the investments. This sample has to be built smartly so the inaccuracy of the estimator shouldn’t be harmful to the consumption estimation. A precise knowledge on water consumption allowsquantifying the water lost volumes on the network. But even an exact assessment of losses is still not enough to eliminate all the leaks on the network. Indeed, if the water distribution network is buried, and so invisible, so do the leaks. A fraction of leaks are invisible and even undetectable by the current technologies of leakage control, and so these leaks are un-reparable. The construction of a multi-state model enables us to decompose the leakage flow according to the different stages of appearance of a leak : invisible and undetectable, invisible but detectable with leakage control and finally detectable. This semi-Markovian model takes into account operational constrains, in particular the fact that we dispose of panel data. The leakage flow decomposition allows a better network monitoring but targeting and adapting the action of leakage reduction to set up according to the degradation state of the network

碩士<br>中國文化大學<br>建築及都市計畫研究所<br>94<br>The upcoming management of building or tower is along with the developing of computer technology and the level up of equipments. The maintenance and operation of equipments are changing from worker checking to intelligent automatic controller. In the past, the usage amount of water, electric or gas manually written down is replaced by the Automatic Meter Reading System (AMRS) for recording and billing in recent years. The modern trend for the information transmission record is transformed man-power of transcribing way by the past multi-labor forces and concentrated to the central supervisory system AMRS. In recent years the network technology is vigorous development, urged the various countries' energy company to study and develop the Internet transfer mode for straightly reading and receiving the data of energy and service request from the user, thus many types of AMR system are developed under this demand. However, the application of the intelligent AMR system for the monitoring, immediate interruption, or reloading control in meter and company terminal is not fully available yet. The aim of this study attempted to set up the energy utility controlling system including water, electricity and gas by the system design method performing. The intelligent tables were selected and the meter was connected with the energy company by the way of Internet. The way was to design one AMR system for providing the user easy accessing and browsing, and carrying on the real-time monitoring, readout the values, immediate interruption, or reloading control in work station through the homepage and manual dream. This AMR system was tested in lab by the simulation the water, electricity and gas used current capacity to perform the monitoring, data readout, immediate interruption, and reloading control.

Ο στόχος της διπλωματικής αυτής είναι η περιγραφή της αναδυόμενης τεχνολογίας PLC (PowerLine Communication). Η τεχνολογία αυτή με τη χρήση του πανταχού παρόντος ηλεκτρικού δικτύου προσφέρει ακόμα και σε απομακρυσμένους χρήστες πληθώρα ευρυζωνικών υπηρεσιών και πρόσβαση στο διαδίκτυο, αποτελώντας μια ανταγωνιστική επιλογή τρόπου επικοινωνίας. Για την κατανόηση της PLC τεχνολογίας αρχικά κρίνουμε απαραίτητη την λεπτομερή περιγραφή της δομής του ηλεκτρικού δικτύου, του εξοπλισμού που απαιτείται για την εφαρμογή της και των αρχιτεκτονικών της. Στη συνέχεια γίνεται αναφορά στα προβλήματα που παρουσιάζονται και χρήζουν αντιμετώπισης. Επιπρόσθετα, γίνεται σύντομη παρουσίαση των εναλλακτικών υπηρεσιών και σύγκριση των PLC με αυτές. Η μετάδοση μέσω ηλεκτροφόρων καλωδίων προσφέρει ένα μεγάλο εύρος ζώνης, παρέχοντας μία γκάμα πολυάριθμων υπηρεσιών, όπως το έξυπνο σπίτι ή το AMR (Automatic Meter Reading) για τη διευκόλυνση τόσο των οικιακών χρηστών όσο και των επιχειρησιακών. Η χρήση των γραμμών ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας ως τηλεπικοινωνιακό κανάλι απαιτεί την εφαρμογή των κατάλληλων τεχνικών πρόσβασης. Οι πιο διαδεδομένες τεχνικές είναι οι FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access), TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) και CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) . Η παρούσα διπλωματική επικεντρώθηκε στην TDMA και την FDMA με διαμόρφωση σήματος OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) η οποία ονομάζεται OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access). Πραγματοποιήθηκαν εξομοιώσεις σε Matlab διάφορων αλγορίθμων αναλογικής δικαιοσύνης με τεχνική OFDMA και ταυτόχρονη εξομοίωση της TDMA. Στόχος είναι να συγκρίνουμε τους αλγόριθμους αυτούς ως προς το συνολικό ρυθμό μετάδοσης και τη δικαιοσύνη κατανομής των πόρων στους χρήστες. Από τη σύγκριση αυτή προκύπτει ότι η τεχνική TDMA αποδίδει λιγότερο, ενώ από τους υπόλοιπους αλγόριθμους τα καλύτερα αποτελέσματα επιφέρει ο αλγόριθμος των Bill et al., με ισορροπία του συνολικού ρυθμού μετάδοσης και της επιθυμητής δικαιοσύνης.<br>Main goal of this diploma thesis is the description of the up and coming PLC (PowerLine Communication) technology. This technology offers access to the web and to several broadband services to even distant and isolated users, by exploiting the power line grid, widely spread to nearly all surface land sites, consisting this way a competitive communication alternative. For a better comprehension of the PLC technology, this work starts with a detailed description of the power line grid, the several PLC technology architectures and the necessary equipment for their application. Following this work, there is a reference to any possible problems that need to be overcome and a short comparative presentation of the PLC technology versus other alternatives to it. The data transmission over electricity lines offers a wide bandwidth and thus it may support a variety of applications, as the smart home and AMR (Automatic Meter Reading) for the proper service of either domestic or industrial users. The use of electricity power lines as a communication channel necessitates the application of multiple access Strategies as FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access), TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) and CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), which are currently the most popular. This thesis is focused on TDMA and FDMA with OFDM signal modulation. This technique is called OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access). Several proportional rate constraints algorithms were simulated in Matlab applying both OFDMA and TDMA strategies in order to compare these algorithms in terms of the maximized total throughput and the fair allocation of resources to the end users (fairness). From this comparison it comes up that TDMA technique is less efficient, whereas from the other algorithms the most efficient is the one of Bill et al., that offers a good balance between total throughput and fairness.

碩士<br>國立高雄應用科技大學<br>電機工程系<br>98<br>Because of shortage of natural resources, Taiwan must rely on the imported fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum for power generation. The demand of fossil fuel for all over the world causes increasing energy cost, concentration of carbon dioxide and global warming. Thus, to execute energy-saving policies and to reduce the amount of carbon producing can help many countries to decrease the amount of energy usage and global warming. Advanced metering infrastructure are not only important trend in the future of power company, but also absolutely can increase power quality and stability. This thesis proposes an Data Concentrate Unit (DCU) to integrate with smart meters. The system executes various commands from master station to proceed actions such as load management and real-time management to measure different power consumption with power line carrier (PLC) communication. The DCU also provides an EEPROM to access smart meters. By analyzing the power profiles, the control center can distribute demand response request to analyze the power usage and the load reduction.

碩士<br>國立臺灣海洋大學<br>電機工程學系<br>97<br>Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) has been a tendency to alleviate the labor of human meter-reading in the power company. The main purpose of this thesis is to discuss the Power Line Carrier (PLC) for the layout application of AMR. PLC puts digital data on the ac power line to carry out the signal transmission. Power companies have the highest coverage of low-voltage power line network. The use of this feature can speed up the deployment of AMR. Both commercially available electronic meters and several program modules developed in this thesis are used to construct an AMR test system for exploring the application of PLC for AMR layout. In addition, massive meter data are created from a personal computer to test the transmission capacity and the transmission time of the PLC in order to verify the stability of the communication quality of AMR. The application of PLC to enable the AMR system has been verified from the results of conducted experiments. Keyword: Power Line Carrier (PLC), Automatic Meter Reading (AMR), Meter.

碩士<br>元智大學<br>電機工程學系<br>95<br>A Comparative Analysis of Automatic Meter Reading Solutions By Using Modbus Technology Student：Te-Kuei Chen Advisor：Dr. Jong-Chwen Wang Submitted to Department of Electrical Engineering College of Electrical and Communication Engineering Yuan Ze University ABSTRACT With flourishing development of science and technologies, and because of the continuous electrical industrial liberalization and internet applications, intelligent management information networks are starting to utilize modern telecommunication technologies to develop “Automatic Meter Reading ” systems, which is capable of reading “power consuming related data” from the electrical system of each customer unit automatically through the internet. Other related tasks are to develop “intelligent meters”, and “building/home automation system” etc. and to implement “Automatic readings”, “time electricity billing”, “instant electricity billing”, and “direct load control” etc. on overall electrical energy managements for effective energy conservation and utilization. With this new “Automatic Meter Reading” system in place, for buildings, communities and residential housing units, it will provide various kinds of added user services (Such as home automation, energy conservation & management, information service, remote control and monitoring, home security etc.) to meet customers’ higher living demands/standards in the future information age and it will also create/expand new markets and business opportunities in home automation and entertainments. In this study, a comparative analysis will be performed using Modbus based technologies to assess technology applicability, to evaluate overall system performance and life time costs and reliability etc. For this project, on the issue of “ System Integration of the developed “Automatic Meter Reading”, vigorous examinations will be done from three viewpoint directions, i.e. principles, technology and practicality. Independent assessment and evaluation will be carried out and analytical results will be presented to governmental organizations and officers such as The Taiwan Power Company and Energy Source Bureau of the Ministry of Economy for consultations and references. This project will design the law and carry on the studying of experiment simulation construction through the system to such energy control systems as the electricity in the building, air conditioner,etc., Dr.eye: choose the gauge outfit of several types and connect the number value that quantity counts of the gauge outfit to the central monitoring system via internet network transmission means. Design one set and can offer and use the family to surf the Net to browse through, and the control end can monitor, read number value immediately, carry the operation webpage controlled in interdiction and involution far immediately, is using the situation of the flow to monitor, read storing with the simulation electricity of real case and air conditioner, carry out and carry intelligent electricity and air conditioner controlled in interdiction and involution and read the form control system automatically far.

碩士<br>中國文化大學<br>建築及都市計畫研究所<br>94<br>Meter readings have long relied on personnel physical assess to the establishments. As the rapid changes of society and lifestyle, condominiums have become the dominant forms of housing complex in the city. Such shifts have introduced further security and management complications for meter readings, as most housing units engage automatic lockdown. This is particular evident for families with double incomes. In addition, the security and fire safety have gained significant attentions recently. With the development and advances in the telecommunication, automatic meter reading (AMR) has become more sophisticated and equipped with safety and security functionalities. Based on the motivations described above, this study primarily focuses on the discussions and applications of the optimal working model for automatic meter reading (AMR) in condominiums. This report consists of six chapters and 26 sections. The first chapter establishes the preliminaries of this study. It includes motivations, purposes, limitations, procedures, methodology, flows, and related keywords. The second chapter consolidates the AMR infrastructure, communication network, installation case study, and research plan. It analyzes AMR system design and implementation, and current statues for residential condominiums. Related theories for optimal implementation and survey methodologies are also addressed. The third chapter outlines the plans of interview and survey for domestic AMR that include the objective, approach, participants, flows, and contents. Finally, it presents the interviews with the domestic electricity corporations, equipment retailers, technology innovation institutes, and government administration. The fourth chapter reports and analyzes the surveys of AMR system controls, cost effectiveness, space requirement, and related statues. The analyses include the current implementation and optimal operating model. The fifth chapter compares the current implementation and optimal model with the discussions on the differences and rationales. In addition, it examines the possible obstacles for AMR implementation and proposes plausible solution, establishes the direction for future development, and finally consolidates the optimal operating model. The last chapter, chapter six, presents the conclusions and recommendations based on this study. The AMR infrastructure and space requirement have been classified into two groups, existing and modern condominiums, based on the construction time of the buildings. The primary components include the electrical meters with inlays of interface units and centralized transmission units installed on the condominiums or within the public areas of the community. The centralized transmission units that perform simultaneous readings should utilize RF or RS-485 for signal relays, and the transmission network between collector units and utility controllers should exploit broadband connections. It is recommended that government statues impose the mandatory constructions of residential AMR as the essential infrastructure. The statues should institute plans and advocate energy corporations that implement AMR. Revisions of related laws, statues, and standards should also be materialized for the development and implementation of residential AMR.

碩士<br>國立高雄應用科技大學<br>電機工程系博碩士班<br>103<br>The purpose of this thesis is to establish an Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) system which includes microprocessor, communication module and smart power module to real-time monitor customers' electricity status. Meanwhile the derivation of electricity theft identification methods will be executed to support possible electricity theft candidate to reduce non-technical loss for Taipower. The proposed AMR system captures parameters from various types of power meter over Modbus TCP/IP protocol, and applies microprocessor to transfer data to server via GSM/GPRS wireless communication technology. Taipower applies MDVPN architecture for communications security and data privacy and develops a Web based man machine interface to show customers' electricity information. Furthermore, this thesis establish and derive 5 electricity theft methods which include real-time identification way, NBS data comparison way, AMI data comparison way, rational electricity identification way, and SVM (support vector machine) way by using real-time and historical data and data classification technique. Finally, on site real testing and total evaluation are examined to justify the practicality of the proposed system and methods.

碩士<br>國立虎尾科技大學<br>電機工程研究所<br>96<br>Recently, the technology of wireless internet is spread out rapidly and applied to different fields. By using WLASN to construct Automatic Meter Reading System, it will take the place of conventional manual data recording. ZigBee wireless communication is a system conforming to IEEE 802.15.4 protocol. The characteristics of it include: two-way transmission, easy to be coded and decoded, high reliability, network detection and superior in monitoring than communication. Moreover, ZigBee consumes very little power. It reduces the problems of exchanging the battery frequently. On the other hand; the function of coding the information with AES-128bits makes it very reliable and safe. It is the most important issue and never to be over-emphasized for information security nowadays. The purpose of this study is focused on WLASN Automatic Meter Reading System , which is based on ZigBee. By using light sensor, the information detected can be transferred to adjuster by means of ZigBee module. The information collected will then be transferred and saved in the terminal. Achieve the purpose of monitoring electronic system thoroughly. Not only does the breakdown point and distribution of electricity can be monitor rapidly, but the electricity dispersion can be allotted properly by data integration. The AMR system mentioned in the thesis has the advantages as followed: reading the data of customers’ consumption, alarm when the conditions exceed the setting point, monitoring power system, checking if the system and the usage of power still work or not and seizing the pattern of customers’ usage.

碩士<br>元智大學<br>電機工程學系<br>95<br>With flourishing development of science and technologies, and because of the continuous electrical industrial liberalization and internet applications, intelligent management information networks are starting to utilize modern telecommunication technologies to develop “Automatic Meter Reading ” systems, which is capable of reading “Power Consuming Related Data” from the electrical system of each customer unit automatically through the internet. With this new “Automatic Meter Reading” system in place, for buildings, communities and residential housing units, it will provide various kinds of added user services (such as home automation, energy conservation & management, information service, remote control and monitoring, home security etc.) to meet customers’ higher living demands/standards in the future information age and it will also create/expand new markets and business opportunities in home automation and entertainments. Electrical home appliances products of new generation of type, build and form a set of true electronic systems, this not only offers the traditional electric apparatus to use the facility. It also offer a more comfortable and energy-conserving environment to users. In the future, the performance measures of electrical appliances at home can be monitored and transmitted through internet by digital data. The related manufactures and service companies will be regularly routine-monitoring on-line to enhance their overall service quality. Not only we are able to maintain the best service conditions of these electrical appliances, but also can assumers and manufactures avoid unnecessary waste of time and resources. Thus, the utilization of internet and PLC technologies combined with the proposed solutions using LonWorks will effectively solve electrical appliances malfunctions and technical problems at each home and even further provide added values to each home on energy management/service and home entertainment.

碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>通訊工程學系在職專班<br>101<br>We often see water, electric and gas meters known as home three meters in family life, we see meter readers about every two months to record the family use water, electricity, gas usage amount and then calculate the cost of notifying the user fees, but some gas meters within the family record inconvenience caused, so government agencies to amend the table for home three automatic meter reading communication interface standards, so that the relevant vendors in the communications equipment meets three tables with automatic meter reading function. Existing in promoting progress on three tables automatically read to the most urgency gas meter, in 2011 February 1 the government announced the implementation of Natural Gas Business Act to require the gas company must have earthquakes every year to promote the implementation of interdiction, the pressure is too low interdiction and communications functions of the microcomputer gas meter promotion plan, so the gas company in recent years has started to promote micro gas meters with different means of communication to make benefit assessment. Therefore, how to optimize the microcomputer gas meter is the gas company's important decisions. The pursuit of "Cost and Performance" optimization, you can use different algorithms to find the optimal solution validation, more popular in recent years, PSO algorithm (PSO), because with fast convergence and fewer parameters set for the advantages of such a dynamic environment, at home and abroad in recent years gradually become a hot field of optimization research issues. The purpose of this research, primarily for the characteristics of particle swarm optimization algorithm, by collecting gas companies try to promote relevant data to particle swarm optimization algorithm is applied to the optimization of micro gas meters for optimal performance with the least cost and to find the next appropriate optimal solution, as the provision of other gas companies in the future replacement of the reference gas meter microcomputer.